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235:, published in 1866, there were 2000 people employed in the japanning and tin-plate industries in Wolverhampton and Bilston at the time. Japanning firms ranged in size from small family workshops, which often adjoined the proprietor's home, to a few large factories employing over 250 people. In the larger workshops, the production of tin plate and papier-mâché articles and the japanning process all took place under one roof, while small workshops tended to carry out only one or two of the trades, usually tin-plate working and japanning.
205:. The popularity of japanning continued to be seen as a womanly pursuit until 1760, by which point it began to become a commercial trade in the UK. Today, japanning exists primarily as a conservation craft – it so extremely rare to make it for new items so it is taught from a conservation/restoration approach for example as part of the City & Guilds three-year Conservation course and Painter Stainers Decorative Surface Fellowship.
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the development of electroplating. In response, makers of japanned ware began to focus on more utilitarian items, including japanned cash boxes. Many turned to other trades, including enamelling, electroplating and the manufacture of copper and brass coal scuttles, fire screens and kettles. By the 1920s, the
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At the height of its popularity, richly decorated japanned ware was to be seen in every middle-class home, but from the mid-19th century, this began to change. By the 1880s, the japanning and tin-plate industries were in decline. This was due partly to changes in fashion and taste and partly due to
111:
As the demand for all things japanned grew, the
Italian technique for imitating Asian lacquerwork also spread. The art of japanning developed in seventeenth-century Britain, France, Italy, and the Low Countries. The technique was described in design and pattern manuals such as Stalker and Parker's
254:, whose japanning factory began making bicycles in 1887. The bicycle manufacturing part of the business quickly became more successful than the production of decorative japanned ware. Marston's wife thought the gilt on the black japanned bicycles looked like sunbeams and the bicycles were branded
90:
Originating in India, China and Japan as a decorative coating for pottery, authentic East Asian lacquered ware made its way into Europe by the 17th century. In the late 17th century, high
European demand (along with rumors that East Asian manufacturers reserved their higher-quality work for their
116:, published in Oxford in 1688. Colonial Boston was a major center of the japanning trade in America, where at least a dozen cabinetmakers included it among their specialties. In England, decoupage, the art of applying paper cutouts to other items, became very popular, especially the
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as a feminine pastime. These mock lacquerware techniques were often suggested to be applied to textiles, and by the 18th century are found on cabinets, tea-trays, powderboxes, drawers, and large flat
English household furniture in the manors and houses of the landed gentry.
250:' decorative japanned ware industry had largely died out. Many firms began to supply japanned metal to the newly established bicycle and motor vehicle industries, and some even made their own bicycles. The most successful of these was
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were important centres for the manufacture of japanned ware. Trade directories for 1818 list 20 firms of japanners in
Wolverhampton and 15 in Bilston. According to Samuel Timmins' book
63:, but was later much used on small items in metal. The word originated in the 17th century. American work, except in the carriage and early automobile industries, is more often called
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A large amount of early amateur japanning can be attributed to the rise of the artform as a suitable pastime for young ladies between the late 17th and 18th century.
159:(1766) were all aimed at a female audience, and some of which were also written by female authors. Certainly by 1710, "japanning" was regarded by many including
83:. Black is common and japanning is often assumed to be synonymous with black japanning. The European technique uses varnishes that have a resin base, similar to
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in the UK. Popular motifs included landscapes containing 'woods, cottages, rivers, trees, hills, sun, moon stars'. Other popular adopters included the wife of
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Ironware was japanned black, for decorative reasons. It was also used to render it rustproof, suitable for carrying water. A significant industry developed at
2049:
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Women and Things, 1750-1950: Gendered
Material Strategies, Maureen Daly Goggin, Beth Fowkes Tobin, 2017 / No.5 ; Womens Crafts, Ariane Fennetaux, 2017
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Study and
Practise the Noble and Commendable Art of Drawing, Colouring and Japanning ... with Plain and Easy Rules for the Ladies Japanning
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is noted as one of these early adopters of the craft which was subsequently taught in London, but a number of pattern books such as
87:, applied in heat-dried layers which are then polished, to give a smooth glossy finish. It can also come in reds, greens and blues.
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472:
Eerdmans, Emily (2006). "The
International Court Style: William & Mary and Queen Anne, 1689–1714: The Call of the Orient".
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It is distinct from true East Asian lacquer, which is made by coating objects with a preparation based on the dried sap of the
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Objects, Audiences, and
Literatures: Alternative Narratives in the History of design, David Raizman, Carma Gorman, 2009, p16
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The Art of
Japanning: Varnishing, Pollishing, and Gilding ... Published at the Request of Several Ladies of Distinction
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Robert Stroud & Co's Niphon (Japan) Works, c. 1865. Lower
Villiers Street, Blakenhall Wolverhampton
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Classic English Design and Antiques: Period Styles and Furniture: The Hyde Park Antiques Collection
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these conflated forms went so far from the source material, they can said to be an early form of
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The London Experience of Secondary Education, Margaret E. Bryant, 1986, p75, Athlone Press
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Georgian japanned tin tea tray—severely worn—black lacquer and gilt made in Birmingham, UK
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in 1732. One of her 'japanned cabinets' was bought and displayed in the Blue bedroom by
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made before the mid-1930s. Later, it was used as an insulating film on
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Art's Master-piece. OR, A Companion for the Ingenious of either Sex
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The technique was also developed to protect metal objects such as
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http://www.wolverhamptonhistory.org.uk/work/industry/japanning
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375:"A Study of the Methods and Operations of Japanning Practice"
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Japanning is most often a heavy black "lacquer", almost like
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Tides in English Taste 1619-1800, Beverly Allan, 1958, p.206
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forms derived from travellers accounts and artwork from the
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The Ladies Amusement or, Whole Art of Japanning Made Easy
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The history of Wolverhampton, the city and its people
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Type of European lacquerwork imitating Japanese urushi
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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
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The Lady's Delight, or Accomplished Female Instructor
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516:at the Wolverhampton History and Heritage Website
457:. Manchester University Press. pp. 134–136.
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102:A japanned pocket watch from the 18th century
8:
320:. It was also used as the substrate for the
312:, builders' hardware, and in North America,
233:Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District
76:tree, which was not available in Europe.
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48:is a type of finish that originated as a
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400:The Learned Lady in England, 1650-1760,
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509:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911.
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30:For lacquerwork from Japan, see
153:The Young Ladies School of Arts
151:(1758, 1762 & 1771), &
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2226:Japan in non-Japanese culture
2055:Caricature Carvers of America
404:, 2019, Chapter 3, Education
258:and their factory was named
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212:Wolverhampton and Bilston
453:Rowlands, M. B. (1975).
139:by Mrs. Artlove (1730),
506:Encyclopædia Britannica
381:(42): 669. 11 Mar 1920.
318:transformer laminations
59:. It was first used on
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324:photographic process.
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483:978-0-8478-2863-0
195:Catherine Walpole
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1959:Heat bending
1904:Edge banding
1676:Router plane
1671:Rebate plane
1631:Finger plane
1362:
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1060:
1040:
1034:Lignum vitae
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786:
751:Wood carving
726:Shipbuilding
711:Root carving
671:Log building
636:Chip carving
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300:Applications
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252:John Marston
244:
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187:Japonaiserie
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129:Molly Verney
126:
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89:
81:enamel paint
78:
71:
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45:
44:
2231:Lacquerware
2180:WikiProject
2126:Rift sawing
2116:Flat sawing
2004:Wood drying
1681:Scrub plane
1666:Razee plane
1616:Block plane
1470:Mitre clamp
1417:Wood scribe
1368:Combination
1110:Purpleheart
806:Douglas fir
756:Woodturning
589:Occupations
551:Woodworking
334:Japan black
310:hand planes
286:South Wales
260:Sunbeamland
122:Mary Delany
118:botanically
57:lacquerwork
2205:Categories
2135:Techniques
2084:Conversion
2014:Wood stain
1942:Treatments
1730:Birdsmouth
1696:Spokeshave
1646:Jack plane
1636:Fore plane
1475:Pipe clamp
1440:Band clamp
1364:Carpenters
1185:Engineered
1135:Rubberwood
984:Eucalyptus
788:Calocedrus
701:Pyrography
666:Kohlrosing
361:References
54:East Asian
2236:Paper art
1924:Parquetry
1919:Oystering
1914:Marquetry
1755:Butterfly
1422:Workbench
1354:Sandpaper
1334:Mitre box
1279:Drawknife
1269:Burnisher
1254:Abrasives
1203:Hardboard
864:Afromosia
746:Whittling
696:Parquetry
681:Marquetry
626:Certosina
621:Carpentry
611:Cabinetry
558:Overviews
514:Japanning
354:Decoupage
278:Pontypool
177:grotesque
61:furniture
46:Japanning
2170:Category
1949:Adhesive
1929:Purfling
1909:Intarsia
1850:Profiles
1775:Dovetail
1714:Geometry
1553:Hand saw
1538:Crosscut
1523:Circular
1518:Chainsaw
1465:Holdfast
1130:Rosewood
1062:American
1057:Mahogany
1029:Jelutong
999:Hornbeam
964:Cocobolo
959:Chestnut
874:Andiroba
686:Millwork
651:Intarsia
646:Fretwork
641:Ébéniste
570:Glossary
328:See also
147:(1751),
143:(1741),
135:(1697),
65:toleware
50:European
18:Japanned
2190:Commons
2106:Whipsaw
2101:Sawmill
1994:Varnish
1989:Thermal
1964:Lacquer
1899:Binding
1868:Chamfer
1735:Biscuit
1701:Surform
1593:Whipsaw
1563:Keyhole
1548:Fretsaw
1528:Compass
1513:Bucksaw
1503:Bandsaw
1498:Backsaw
1480:Sawbuck
1450:F-clamp
1445:C-clamp
1319:Jointer
1223:Plywood
1175:Zebrano
1115:Ovankol
1080:Meranti
1068:African
1039:Linden
994:Hickory
949:Cedrela
944:Camphor
939:Bubinga
934:Boxwood
914:Bilinga
899:Avodire
816:Juniper
801:Cypress
676:Luthier
565:History
322:tintype
290:Bilston
256:Sunbeam
229:Bilston
201:in his
193:, Lady
85:shellac
2241:Resins
2096:Hewing
1835:Splice
1790:Halved
1785:Groove
1780:Finger
1760:Coping
1745:Bridle
1722:Joints
1603:Planes
1588:Veneer
1578:Scroll
1573:Ripsaw
1558:Jigsaw
1533:Coping
1432:Clamps
1359:Square
1349:Shaper
1344:Router
1324:Mallet
1299:Gimlet
1274:Chisel
1170:Willow
1160:Walnut
1150:Totara
1140:Sapele
1105:Poplar
1090:Padauk
1052:Merbau
1024:Jarrah
1009:Imbuia
1004:Idigbo
969:Cumaru
954:Cherry
879:Anigre
841:Spruce
794:Cedrus
661:Khatam
616:Caning
579:lumber
480:
182:Indies
1974:Paint
1883:Ovolo
1878:Ogive
1863:Bevel
1830:Scarf
1815:Miter
1583:Table
1568:Miter
1543:Frame
1460:Gripe
1376:Speed
1372:Miter
1304:Gauge
1294:Float
1289:Fence
1284:Drill
1242:Tools
1165:Wenge
1155:Utile
1120:Ramin
1075:Maple
1047:Lovoa
1019:Iroko
989:Hazel
974:Ebony
919:Birch
909:Beech
904:Balsa
894:Aspen
889:Apple
869:Alder
826:Kauri
821:Larch
783:Cedar
766:Woods
741:Treen
347:Raden
93:Italy
1873:Ogee
1858:Bead
1800:Knee
1770:Dado
1750:Butt
1490:Saws
1402:Vise
1339:Rasp
1264:Adze
1145:Teak
1100:Plum
1095:Pear
856:Hard
836:Rimu
831:Pine
775:Soft
575:Wood
478:ISBN
280:and
227:and
1999:Wax
1969:Oil
1805:Lap
1740:Box
1508:Bow
1380:Try
1259:Axe
1213:OSB
1208:MDF
1085:Oak
1014:IpĂŞ
979:Elm
884:Ash
846:Yew
811:Fir
292:in
284:in
282:Usk
155:by
2207::
1378:,
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577:(
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529:v
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
