722:" over a greater range of frequencies than a Western octave and for the intervals between notes to be different from those in a Western scale. Tunings have often been idiosyncratic with variations over time and from one player to another. A mbira key produces a rich complex of overtones that varies from one instrument to another depending on its maker's intentions and accidents of fabrication, such that some instruments simply sound better when some notes of a familiar tuning are pushed. With the increased popularity of the mbira dzavadzimu in North America, Europe, and Japan in recent decades, Zimbabwean mbira makers have tended to tune their instruments more uniformly for export, but much variation is still found among mbira in their homeland.
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notes going up the scale in a right-left-right-left progression, is that modal 1-3-5 or 1-3-5-7 chords are made by playing adjacent tines. If chords are played in the lower octave, the same notes will appear on the opposite side of the kalimba in the upper octave, which makes it very easy to simultaneously play a melody in the upper octave and an accompanying harmony in the lower octave. So, the arrangement of notes on the Hugh Tracey kalimba (and on virtually any kalimba that copies the instrument) makes certain complex musical operations very simple.
1250:
869:
685:
52:
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428:, and from the east coast to the west coast, though many or most groups of people in Africa did not possess mbiras. There were thousands of different tunings, different note layouts, and different instrument designs, but there is a hypothetical tuning and note layout of the original metal-tined instrument from 1,300 years ago, referred to as the 'kalimba core'.
1172:
1077:, Zimbabwe) lecturer in the department of music and musicology has suggested a letter notation; the upper keys as (from first left upper key) E, D, C, F, C, D, and E and the lower or bottom keys as (from the first lower key) A, G, F, A, F, C, D, and E. But the Maraire number notation has remained the internationally accepted system (Chirimumimba, 2007).
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alternative tunings move the kalimba to non-modal scales (such as Middle-Eastern scales). Each note of the kalimba can be tuned independently (unlike a guitar), so any scale, western or non-western, is possible, and traditional
African scales are still accessible to this modern African instrument. Composer
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originated mbira nyunga nyunga number notation. The upper row keys (from left) are keys 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 while the bottom row keys are notated as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15. Maraire brought awareness of this instrument to the United States when he came to the
University of Washington as
957:
the keys in the right register from above (thumb) and below (index finger). The fingers of the left hand stabilise the left side of the instrument, with most fingers reaching slightly behind the instrument. Both registers on the left side of the instrument are played with the left thumb. Some mbira
710:
It is common on
African mbira and other lamellophones to have the lowest notes in the centre with higher notes to the far left and the far rightâthis is an ergonomic nicety, in that the thumb can pivot such that all the tines are easy to reach. However, traditional African tunings use notes that do
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in the 1970s. These musicians included mbira on stage accompanying modern rock instruments such as electric guitar and bass, drum kit, and horns. Their arrangements included numerous songs directly drawn from traditional mbira repertoire. Other notable influencers bringing mbira music out of Africa
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Alternative tunings are possible, as the tines of most kalimbas are easily pushed in and out to sharpen or flatten their pitch. Some alternative tunings simply change the key of the kalimba, without changing the note layout scheme. C major is a popular tuning, sold by multiple manufacturers. Other
1210:
in the key of G. The arrangement of the notes on the Hugh Tracey kalimba borrows from the typical scheme with the lowest notes in the center and the upper notes on the left and the right, with the notes in the ascending scale alternating strictly right-left and going outwards towards the two sides.
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in the 1960s from Tete province of
Mozambique to Kwanongoma College of African music (now United College of Music) in Bulawayo. Two keys were then added to make fifteen (Chirimumimba, 2007), in two rows. The mbira nyunga nyunga is similar in construction to the mbira dzavadzimu, but has no hole in
418:
Various kinds of plucked idiophones and lamellaphones have existed in Africa for thousands of years. The tines were originally made of bamboo but over the years metal keys have been developed. These types of instrument appear to have been invented twice in Africa: a wood or bamboo-tined instrument
1214:
The diatonic western kalimba tuning which Tracey used was practical for a worldwide instrumentâwith hundreds of
African kalimba tunings, the chosen Western standard would maximise the number of people who would immediately connect with the kalimba. The practicality of this note arrangement, with
734:
has developed a "mbira orchestra" that has seven different tunings, each starting on a different interval of the same seven-note scale, where it is possible to play all instruments in a single performance. The seven tunings that
Garikayi uses are: Bangidza, Nyabango, Nhemamusasa, Chakwi, Taireva,
423:
valley around 1,300 years ago. Metal-tined instruments traveled all across the continent, becoming popular among the Shona of
Zimbabwe (from which the word mbira comes) and other indigenous groups in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The mbira was differentiated in its physical form and social uses as it
1460:, one of main antagonists of the game is named Krazy Kalimba. Being a member of the musical instrument-themed Tiki Tak Tribe, his design features a "crown" evoking the keys of a kalimba, and he plays kalimba music as part of his hypnotic chant used to make various animals do his bidding.
398:
have both suggested that mbira (and other metal lamellaphones) are thoroughly
African, being found only in areas populated by Africans or their descendants. Similar instruments were reported to be used in Okpuje, Nsukka area of the south eastern part of Nigeria in the early 1900s.
1238:
324:, a percussion instrument. It is often an important instrument played at religious ceremonies, weddings, and other social gatherings. The "Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe" was added to the
1011:, considered a sacred instrument by the Shona people. It is usually played to facilitate communication with ancestral spirits, bringing the spirit of the dead back on its homestead. Within the Shona tradition, the mbira may be played with paired performers in which the
818:), Sekuru Gora claims to have invented this tuning at a funeral ceremony. The mourners were singing a familiar song with an unfamiliar melody and he went outside the hut and tuned his mbira to match the vocal lines. Other mbira players dispute that he invented it.
212:
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and named ''Kalimba'' after an ancient predecessor of the mbira family of instruments. The kalimba is basically a westernised younger version of mbira. It was popularized in the 1960s and early 1970s largely due to the successes of such musicians as
725:
Tunings vary from family to family referring to relative interval relationships and not to absolute pitches. The most common tuning played throughout
Zimbabwe and among non-Zimbabwean mbira players worldwide is Nyamaropa, similar to the western
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2325:
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of the mbira. The
Gravikord was invented in 1986 by Bob Grawi, an American musician and artist. It is also tuned in the key of G major/E minor in an extended version of the Hugh Tracey kalimba tone layout with a range of
1932:"Amazon.com: Kalimba Thumb Piano 17 Key, Portable Finger Piano/Mbira/Sanza Kit for Kids and Adults, Solid KOA With Key Locking System, Tune Hammer, Study Instruction, Cloth Bag, Study Guide Sticke: Musical Instruments"
837:
754:) (considered the oldest and most representative in Shona culture) It emphasizes togetherness through music, creating polyrhythms through having two Mbira players at once, having singing styles accompany an
972:") are often affixed to the soundboard to create a buzzing sound when the instrument is played. In a traditional setting, this sound is considered extremely important, as it is believed to attract
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and die out rather quickly, leaving an almost pure tone. When a tine is plucked, the adjacent tines also create secondary vibrations that increase the harmonic complexity of an individual note.
232:
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Mahororo, and Mavembe (all of which are also names of traditional songs save for Mavembe and Nyabango). The closest to what is commonly named "Nyamaropa" is his "Nhemamusasa" tuning.
1261:
2758:, "A community of mbira players, researchers, makers & lovers, for the enhancement of the Mbira, music & fashion. Mbira Transfiguration & Permanence", based in
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The nhare has 23 to 24 keys and was originated from Zimbabwe. In the Zimbabwean tradition, nhare was used for rituals of communicating with Musikavanhu or Nyadenga (God).
715:, and traditional mbira note layouts are often idiosyncratic, sometimes with adjacent tines making part of a scale, but then an odd note thrown in that defies the pattern.
2183:
The instrument is, in slightly varying forms, several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa, but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become a national instrument
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1791:
474:. An example from the kutsinhira part of the traditional mbira dzavadzimu piece "Nhema Musasa" is given by David PeĂąalosa, who observes that the left hand plays the
1249:
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of the right hand is placed through a hole in the bottom right corner of the soundboard, with the little finger entering from the front of sound board, and the
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822:
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are instruments which have little tines, or "lamellae", which are played by plucking. Unlike stringed instruments or air-column instruments like flutes, the
1859:
2726:: A free online platform featuring computer-generated playback and visualisation of mbira transcriptions, with the long-term goal of cultural preservation.
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1435:
story of a young girl who learns to play the mbira, later inspiring a new generation of mbira players after becoming an established artiste as an adult.
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805:
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325:
176:
435:, a westernised version designed and marketed by the ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracey, leading to a great expansion of its distribution outside Africa.
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70:
finger harp, gourd piano, ikembe, kalimba, kilembe, likembe, likimba, marimbula, mbla, sansa, sansu, sanza, thumb piano, timbrh, zanzu, finger piano
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478:"bass line," while the right hand plays the upper melody. The composite melody is an embellishment of the 3:2 cross-rhythm (also known as a
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804:
467:
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1632:
766:(a soft breathy voice at the bottom of the singer's range) or both elements. A single Mbira is considered incomplete for a performance.
718:
Historically, mbira tunings have not mapped exactly onto Western scales; it is not unusual for a seven-note sequence on a mbira to be "
2302:"Between the Marimba Thumb Piano and the Grand Piano: Musicians and Black Musicalities in 19th-century Brazil with Dr. Rafael Galante"
1723:
1703:
1168:). They seem to have faded into obscurity as they didn't make it to the present day, although "modern" Kalimbas now exist in Brazil.
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where it traditionally played the entertainment role during social gatherings and commemorations. Jeke (Jack) Tapera introduced the
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702:* Note intervals can vary, but all the octaves are divided into a heptatonic scale, many being diatonic or at least nearly diatonic
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influenced the origins of the marimbula, whose history is poorly documented but is suspected to have originated in eastern Cuba.
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The first documentation of Kalimbas in Brazil dates back to 1723 where they are referred to as marimbas (not to be confused with
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piece aid the participants in going into trance, which in Shona culture aids the spirits in taking over the participant's body.
706:* The key numbering and color codes portrayed here are arbitrary and simply to communicate the layout (not traditional approach)
2485:
562:
832:(close to Phrygian mode), same musical relationship as the mavembe, but the nemakonde tuning is a very low pitched version.
2750:, a Zimbabwean Music Festival held annually in North America that offers many opportunities to learn and listen to mbira.
700:* Some mbira have extra keys (e.g. extra â17â on left side, or higher notes on the right beyond key â23â are most common)
953:
reaching around the back to stabilise the instrument. This leaves the thumb and index finger of the right hand open to
618:
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spread. Kalimba-like instruments came to exist from the northern reaches of North Africa to the southern extent of the
320:
family of musical instruments. In Eastern and Southern Africa, there are many kinds of mbira, often accompanied by the
2963:
2772:
1768:
1456:
1088:(2014), creating soundscapes and using western composition techniques like the canon, impossible to play on a mbira.
790:, usually a Nyamaropa tuned mbira with the right side notes the same octave as the left (an octave lower than usual).
547:
1523:"Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe"
1380:
Modern kalimba, the mbira inspired instruments of Hugh Tracey. Named after the original kalimba (ancestor of mbira).
1337:
octaves. Music and playing techniques learned on this kalimba can be easily transferred and played on the Gravikord.
2088:
2025:
1931:
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During these all-night ceremonies, people call upon the spirits to answer questions. The variations of notes in an
566:
551:
169:
Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe
1914:
1070:
2170:
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Kubik, Gerhard (1998) Kalimba â Nsansi â Mbira. Lamellophone in Afrika. With CD. Berlin: Museum fĂźr VĂślkerkunde
1431:
which included a button allowing users to hear and play the instrument virtually. The doodle also featured the
800:), the highest pitch of the traditional mbira tunings. The name means "the gentle rain before the storm hits".
300:, played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs (at minimum), the right
31:
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1224:
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in the late 1950s, popularising similar instruments outside of Africa. Tracey's design was modelled after the
2378:
2574:
1444:
1344:
1207:
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appeared on the west coast of Africa about 3,000 years ago, and metal-tined lamellophones appeared in the
2249:(1st Paperback ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 17â18.
2221:
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1469:
1395:
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Njari mbira has 30 to 32 keys and was also originated from Zimbabwe particularly Masvingo and Makonde.
91:
2715:
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1874:
1800:
1081:
352:
1004:
613:
1305:
1300:, a modern invention consisting of as many as 150 tines configured in a special order based on the
1050:
931:
704:* This diagram does not represent every mbira dzavadzimu, but does represent the most common layout
2688:
Musical Instruments of Africa; Their Nature, Use, and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People
1603:
Musical Instruments of Africa: Their Nature, Use, and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People
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possess an extra key in the upper left register which is hit from below by the left index finger.
2755:
2681:
2422:
1906:
1735:
1157:
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321:
285:
2594:
296:. They consist of a wooden board (often fitted with a resonator) with attached staggered metal
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Mbira matepe which has 26 keys originated from along the borders of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
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1882:
1808:
1387:
1301:
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391:
381:
361:
249:
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1352:
1041:, has estimated that "there are at most ten thousand people in the world who play mbira."
1034:
868:
751:
727:
454:, giving the mbira a characteristic sound. The inharmonic overtones are strongest in the
425:
336:
38:
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2444:
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1955:
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1804:
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the soundboard. Key pitch radiates out from the center, rather than from left to right.
891:", national instrument of Zimbabwe) is a musical instrument that has been played by the
2555:
2107:
1789:
Chapman, David M. F. (January 2012). "The tones of the kalimba (African thumb piano)".
1405:
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684:
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1401:
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1001:
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784:), played by the Mujuru family. The name refers to their ancestral burial grounds.
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305:
301:
289:
80:
2194:
Williams, B. Michael. (2001) Learning Mbira: A Beginning. Everett, PA: HoneyRock.
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1979:
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309:
2003:
1980:"N. Scott Robinson-World Music and Percussion, Frame Drums, Riq, Tambourines"
1894:
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In the mid 1950s mbira instruments were the basis for the development of the
2933:
1501:
1486:
1432:
1311:
1143:
1023:, the responder, "interlocks" a subsequent part. The ritual is known as the
954:
447:
317:
99:
84:
2671:
2654:
2614:
1902:
1820:
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is frequently played at religious ceremonies and social gatherings called
326:
UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
2844:
2836:
1698:; Routledge; Abdingdon-on-THames, Oxfordshire, England: 2018. 144 pp.
1439:
1340:
1191:
1013:
990:
896:
475:
293:
192:
117:
1718:; University of California Press; Oakland, California: 1979. 280 pp.
2871:
2867:
2856:
2714:, "the non-profit organization devoted to Shona mbira music", based in
2626:
2478:
The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe
1835:
The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins
1383:
1370:
1165:
479:
365:
17:
1886:
1812:
1285:
680:
Tuning chart for the Tracey 15-note alto kalimba (treble key missing).
2852:
2848:
2817:
2721:
2511:
Unlocking Mbira : Chord Progression and System of Mbira Workbook
1424:
1366:
1358:
1348:
1231:. The BohlenâPierce scale subdivides the just twelfth into 13 steps.
1223:
has tuned the Hugh Tracey alto kalimba to the chromatic steps of the
1153:
1113:
1038:
927:
762:(High emotional notes that are at the top of a singer's range) &
202:
188:
107:
1414:(also MarimbĂłl), a bass instrument used in the Caribbean and Mexico.
696:* Key â1â is the lowest note, ascending to the highest note key â23â
1716:
Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe
1607:(1st ed.). New York, New York: John Day Company, Inc. p.
2639:
The evolution of African music and its function in the present day
1176:
1170:
1147:
1118:
1117:
1074:
938:) in three different registersâtwo on the left, one on the right.
867:
846:(flattened whole tone, approaching seven tone equal temperament).
683:
675:
407:
406:
1255:
An octagonal mbira of high craftsmanship which spans two octaves.
926:
consists of between 22 and 28 keys constructed from hot- or cold-
376:, who was one of the pioneer teachers of mbira dzavadzimu in the
2928:
2510:
2496:
1362:
1277:
1183:
1084:(1963) uses a Mbira Nyunga Nyunga in the electronic composition
985:
873:
2768:
37:"Zanza" redirects here. For the Rurouni Kenshin character, see
2621:(Note: this article is the original source of the Matepe song
2564:
Learn to Play Mbira : Traditional Songs and Improvisation
1633:"Sub-Saharan African Instruments at the National Music Museum"
1049:
The nyunga nyunga which normally has 15 keys, originated from
596:
530:
489:
264:
2579:
My people: the incredible writings of Credo Vusa'mazulu Mutwa
2567:
2563:
2529:
2514:
2500:
2735:
2655:"The Mbira class of African Instruments in Rhodesia (1932)"
267:
252:
1860:"Vibrational frequencies and tuning of the African mbira"
1674:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 274â275.
1293:
Instruments related to or inspired by the mbira include:
2729:
2525:
2004:"Mbira webstore (world wide shipping) | MBIRA ZVAKANAKA"
2747:
694:* Same color keys are the same notes (usually octaves)
2497:
Discover Mbira : Ancient Zimbabwean Trance Music
276:
27:
African musical instrument of the lamellophone family
2379:"Chords on the 17-Note Kalimba in C - Kalimba Magic"
915:
can be used to play over one hundred songs, such as
261:
2921:
2900:
2893:
2826:
2810:
2803:
2711:
1423:On May 21, 2020, as part of Zimbabwe Culture Week,
1408:, in Western Ethiopia on the border of South Sudan.
730:. Names may also vary between different families;
698:* Key â2â is often only found on the mavembe tuning
258:
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231:
223:
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184:
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146:
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126:
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90:
74:
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61:
2744:(2014), electronic mbira composition by M.Regtien.
2685:
2540:
1600:
2108:"Mbira: Constraint and Mobility in Shona Society"
2050:Journal of International Library of African Music
2738: : Mbira Masters Video and Notation Archive
1867:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1792:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1017:, the caller, leads the performed piece as the
331:A modern interpretation of the instrument, the
1314:, an electrified double harp that is a modern
30:"Kalimba" redirects here. For other uses, see
2780:
8:
335:, was commercially produced and exported by
44:
2645:: Institute for the Study of Man in Africa.
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
1696:Tracing the Mbira Sound Archive in Zimbabwe
565:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
524:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2897:
2807:
2787:
2773:
2765:
1672:African Cultures and Societies Before 1885
2670:
2613:
1736:"My Story of Hugh Tracey â Kalimba Magic"
1570:
1568:
664:Learn how and when to remove this message
646:Learn how and when to remove this message
585:Learn how and when to remove this message
1448:features a character playing the mbira.
1284:
1276:
1267:Gaya Street Sunday Market, Kota Kinabalu
343:
2974:Precolonial African musical instruments
1514:
1233:
690:mbira dzavadzimu tuning and key layout
165:
43:
2090:Getting Started with Mbira dzaVadzimu
2027:Getting Started with Mbira dzaVadzimu
1404:(also tom, thom or toom), popular in
1066:a visiting artist from 1968 to 1972.
380:; and the writings and recordings of
304:(most mbira), and sometimes the left
7:
2595:"The Matepe Mbira Music of Rhodesia"
1318:and kalimba hybrid, inspired by the
563:adding citations to reliable sources
468:sub-Saharan African music traditions
2220:Staff Reporter (29 February 2016).
2064:"Mbira Junction / Garikai Tirikoti"
177:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
1037:, director of the Mbira Centre in
368:and karimba music to the American
25:
2969:Equatoguinean musical instruments
2742:Daddy Mbira - Mbira Penguin Talks
2276:. Boston, MA: Schirmer. pp.
2273:Music of the Peoples of the World
2137:. Boston, MA: Schirmer. pp.
2134:Music of the Peoples of the World
1361:, an instrument common among the
1086:Daddy Mbira - Mbira Penguin Talks
993:resonator) to amplify its sound.
505:This section has multiple issues.
2169:. March 16, 2006. Archived from
1576:"Making music: Zimbabwe's mbira"
1260:
1248:
1236:
979:During a public performance, an
847:
833:
819:
801:
767:
601:
535:
494:
248:
50:
2425:from the original on 2021-12-11
2415:"Gods Must Be Crazy, 1980 song"
2222:"The irony of mbira instrument"
889:"mbira of the ancestral spirits
513:or discuss these issues on the
92:HornbostelâSachs classification
2984:Pitched percussion instruments
2979:Zimbabwean musical instruments
2486:University of California Press
2350:"Marimbula history and origin"
1837:p. 35. Redway, CA: Bembe Inc.
743:Common names for tunings are:
466:Mbira music, like much of the
1:
2659:African Music Society Journal
2602:African Music Society Journal
1175:An example of a Marimbula in
688:
1599:Olatunji, Babatunde (1965).
1527:Intangible Cultural Heritage
930:metal affixed to a hardwood
899:for thousands of years. The
112:clear, percussive, chimelike
2959:African musical instruments
2682:Olatunji, Michael Babatunde
2526:Traditional Mbira Song Book
2326:"Kalimba history in Brazil"
2006:(in Japanese). 27 July 2016
1858:; Mitran, S. (2008-02-01).
1457:Donkey Kong Country Returns
1229:Just Her â Jester â Gesture
814:(also: Gandanga) (close to
711:not lie on the grid of the
621:. The specific problem is:
156:
3000:
2723:sympathetic-resonances.org
1467:
1427:honoured the mbira with a
1289:Signature Series Gravikord
1243:Hugh Tracey treble kalimba
1141:
1111:
983:is frequently placed in a
617:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
36:
29:
2167:Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
2046:"THE SYSTEM OF THE MBIRA"
1071:Midlands State University
450:of a plucked lamella are
173:
153:
49:
2575:Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu
1833:PeĂąalosa, David (2010).
1442:setting, the 1980 movie
885:"voice of the ancestors"
883:, the mbira dzavadzimu (
623:Redundancies from merge.
32:Kalimba (disambiguation)
2732:Mbira Education Website
2270:Alves, William (2009).
2245:Berliner, Paul (1978).
2131:Alves, William (2009).
1000:is very significant in
2672:10.21504/amj.v4i3.1439
2615:10.21504/amj.v4i4.1681
1984:www.nscottrobinson.com
1761:"Hugh Tracey Kalimbas"
1694:Gimenez Amoros, Luis;
1670:Falola, Toyin (2000).
1637:collections.nmmusd.org
1445:The Gods Must Be Crazy
1290:
1282:
1179:
1161:
1126:
876:
872:Mbira dzavadzimu in a
713:Western tempered scale
707:
681:
415:
316:, part of the plucked
2680:Warner Dietz, Betty;
2543:Drums in the Americas
2226:Southern Times Africa
2068:www.mbirajunction.com
1482:Electric lamellophone
1470:List of mbira players
1345:electric lamellophone
1288:
1280:
1174:
1151:
1121:
968:, or other objects ("
871:
687:
679:
410:
288:, traditional to the
2520:Gahadzikwa, Fungai;
2383:www.kalimbamagic.com
2173:on December 26, 2007
1740:www.kalimbamagic.com
1152:A Kalimba player in
628:improve this section
559:improve this section
382:Zimbabwean musicians
353:Earth, Wind and Fire
2585:: Blue Crane Books.
2551:: Oak Publications.
2163:"Music in Zimbabwe"
2087:Williams, Michael.
2024:Williams, Michael.
1879:2008ASAJ..123.1169M
1805:2012ASAJ..131..945C
1714:Berliner, Paul F.;
1306:Isomorphic keyboard
1273:Related instruments
1225:BohlenâPierce scale
1206:kalimbas are tuned
1055:mbira nyunga nyunga
1045:Mbira Nyunga Nyunga
941:While playing, the
344:mbira nyunga nyunga
286:musical instruments
227:2020 (15th session)
219:Inscription history
46:
2964:Comb lamellophones
2796:Plucked idiophones
2627:Zimbabwean Marimba
2467:General references
1419:In popular culture
1390:people of western
1291:
1283:
1227:in a piece called
1180:
1162:
1158:Eduard Hildebrandt
1127:
877:
708:
682:
416:
396:Babatunde Olatunji
284:) are a family of
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2907:Without resonator
2889:
2888:
2630:
2537:Howard, Joseph H.
2403:Celebrating Mbira
2287:978-0-495-50384-2
2247:The Soul of Mbira
2148:978-0-495-50384-2
1956:"Tune Your Mbira"
1887:10.1121/1.2828063
1813:10.1121/1.3651090
1549:"What is Kalimba"
998:mbira dza vadzimu
974:ancestral spirits
852:
838:
824:
806:
772:
732:Garikayi Tirikoti
674:
673:
666:
656:
655:
648:
619:quality standards
610:This section may
595:
594:
587:
528:
413:mbira dza vadzimu
370:Pacific Northwest
337:ethnomusicologist
312:classify it as a
241:
240:
164:
163:
85:Plucked Idiophone
16:(Redirected from
2991:
2922:Cut-out lamellae
2910:With resonator (
2898:
2808:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2754:Archived Link -
2701:
2698:John Day Company
2691:
2676:
2674:
2646:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2599:
2586:
2552:
2546:
2489:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2449:Super Mario Wiki
2445:"Tiki Tak Tribe"
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2356:. Archived from
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2217:
2202:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2044:Tracey, Andrew.
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1913:. Archived from
1873:(2): 1169â1178.
1864:
1852:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1767:. Archived from
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1629:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1351:and invented by
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1302:circle of fifths
1264:
1252:
1240:
1063:Dumisani Maraire
981:mbira dzavadzimu
924:mbira dzavadzimu
913:mbira dzavadzimu
901:mbira dzavadzimu
864:Mbira dzavadzimu
854:
853:
840:
839:
826:
825:
808:
807:
774:
773:
739:Specific tunings
669:
662:
651:
644:
640:
637:
631:
605:
604:
597:
590:
583:
579:
576:
570:
539:
531:
520:
498:
497:
490:
392:Joseph H. Howard
362:Dumisani Maraire
280:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
166:
62:Other instrument
56:Mbira dzavadzimu
54:
47:
21:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2917:
2885:
2822:
2799:
2798:(lamellophones)
2793:
2708:
2679:
2649:
2633:
2625:, as played by
2597:
2589:
2573:
2556:Kwenda, Forward
2535:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2112:www2.kenyon.edu
2106:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1832:
1828:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1492:Music of Africa
1477:
1472:
1466:
1421:
1353:Ernst Zacharias
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1200:
1190:along with the
1146:
1140:
1138:In the diaspora
1135:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1082:Maarten Regtien
1080:Dutch composer
1047:
1035:Albert Chimedza
866:
861:
848:
834:
820:
802:
768:
752:Mixolydian mode
741:
728:Mixolydian mode
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
692:
670:
659:
658:
657:
652:
641:
635:
632:
625:
606:
602:
591:
580:
574:
571:
556:
540:
499:
495:
488:
464:
441:
426:Kalahari Desert
405:
278:
251:
247:
180:
97:
57:
42:
39:Sagara Sanosuke
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:Laced lamellae
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2860:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2730:MbiraMagic.Com
2727:
2719:
2707:
2706:External links
2704:
2703:
2702:
2677:
2647:
2631:
2629:band Musango.)
2591:Tracey, Andrew
2587:
2571:
2553:
2533:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2474:Berliner, Paul
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2436:
2406:
2395:
2385:. 21 June 2019
2370:
2354:www.google.com
2341:
2330:www.google.com
2317:
2293:
2286:
2262:
2255:
2237:
2203:
2187:
2154:
2147:
2123:
2099:
2079:
2055:
2036:
2016:
1995:
1971:
1947:
1936:www.amazon.com
1923:
1920:on 2020-06-13.
1847:
1826:
1799:(1): 945â950.
1781:
1765:www.danmoi.com
1752:
1742:. 13 June 2019
1727:
1724:978-0520033153
1707:
1704:978-1138585102
1687:
1680:
1662:
1653:
1624:
1617:
1591:
1564:
1553:kalimbahq.com/
1540:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1468:Main article:
1465:
1462:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:Gambela Region
1399:
1396:Congo Republic
1388:Ngala-speaking
1381:
1378:
1373:, and eastern
1356:
1338:
1309:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1199:
1196:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Outside Africa
1131:
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1046:
1043:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
841:
827:
809:
791:
785:
775:
740:
737:
672:
671:
654:
653:
609:
607:
600:
593:
592:
543:
541:
534:
529:
503:
502:
500:
493:
487:
484:
463:
460:
440:
437:
404:
401:
364:, who brought
357:Thomas Mapfumo
239:
238:
237:Representative
235:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
181:
174:
171:
170:
162:
161:
151:
150:
144:
143:
140:
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
94:
88:
87:
78:
76:Classification
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2996:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2694:New York City
2690:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:New York City
2545:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2360:on 2021-08-29
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2256:0-520-04268-9
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:0-9634060-4-3
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1856:McNeil, L. E.
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:1-886502-80-3
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1771:on 2020-08-04
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:0-89089-769-7
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1643:on 2020-05-29
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1618:0-381-97013-2
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1321:
1320:cross rhythms
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:lamellophones
1185:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1122:A Zimbabwean
1120:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
987:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
951:middle finger
948:
944:
943:little finger
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
845:
842:
831:
828:
817:
816:Phrygian mode
813:
810:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
779:
776:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
738:
736:
733:
729:
723:
721:
716:
714:
691:
686:
678:
668:
665:
650:
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444:Lamellophones
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421:Zambezi River
414:
411:A Zimbabwean
409:
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386:Paul Berliner
383:
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378:United States
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349:Maurice White
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148:Playing range
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2862:Heteroglot (
2753:
2736:Mbira.Online
2722:
2718:, California
2687:
2665:(3): 78â95.
2662:
2658:
2651:Tracey, Hugh
2643:Johannesburg
2638:
2635:Tracey, Hugh
2622:
2608:(4): 37â61.
2605:
2601:
2583:Johannesburg
2578:
2560:Fowler, Andy
2542:
2522:Fowler, Andy
2507:Fowler, Andy
2493:Fowler, Andy
2477:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2418:
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2382:
2373:
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2358:the original
2353:
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2329:
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2306:sppo.osu.edu
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2177:December 17,
2175:. Retrieved
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1926:
1915:the original
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1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
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1583:. Retrieved
1579:
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1552:
1543:
1533:11 September
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
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1451:In the 2010
1450:
1443:
1438:Despite its
1437:
1422:
1402:Thoom Otieno
1394:and eastern
1292:
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1217:
1213:
1208:diatonically
1201:
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1108:Mbira matepe
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636:October 2014
633:
626:Please help
622:
611:
581:
575:October 2014
572:
557:Please help
545:
521:
514:
508:
507:Please help
504:
472:cross-rhythm
470:is based on
465:
442:
432:
430:
417:
412:
390:
374:Ephat Mujuru
351:of the band
332:
330:
314:lamellaphone
290:Shona people
243:
242:
175:
155:Varies, see
154:
81:Lamellophone
2756:Mbira.co.zw
2748:Zimfest.org
2568:Mbira Magic
2530:Mbira Magic
2515:Mbira Magic
2501:Mbira Magic
2476:(c. 1978).
2454:19 February
1298:Array mbira
1221:Georg Hajdu
1204:Hugh Tracey
1198:Hugh Tracey
1092:Njari mbira
1069:Recently a
1061:Zimbabwe's
962:Bottle caps
947:ring finger
881:Shona music
798:Dorian mode
794:Katsanzaira
782:Ionian mode
630:if you can.
340:Hugh Tracey
224:Inscription
67:Other names
2953:Categories
2877:Individual
2835:Idioglot (
2828:Guimbardes
2762:, Zimbabwe
2389:2020-05-29
2364:2021-08-29
2335:2021-08-29
2311:2021-08-29
2231:2016-04-15
2117:2020-05-30
2073:2020-05-30
2010:2020-05-30
1989:2020-05-30
1965:2020-05-30
1941:2020-05-30
1775:2020-05-01
1746:2020-05-01
1647:2020-05-29
1585:2014-07-09
1558:2022-04-24
1497:Polyrhythm
1453:video game
1355:, in 1963.
1142:See also:
1051:Manicaland
1020:kutsinhira
970:machachara
932:soundboard
922:A typical
796:(close to
780:(close to
778:Dambatsoko
750:(close to
510:improve it
452:inharmonic
306:forefinger
302:forefinger
2934:Music box
2712:Mbira.org
1895:0001-4966
1509:Citations
1502:Xylophone
1487:Gravikord
1440:Botswanan
1412:MarĂmbula
1312:Gravikord
1144:marimbula
844:Saungweme
830:Nemakonde
764:Mahon'era
748:Nyamaropa
720:stretched
546:does not
516:talk page
448:overtones
439:Acoustics
328:in 2020.
318:idiophone
199:Reference
100:idiophone
98:(Plucked
2845:genggong
2837:angkuoch
2716:Berkeley
2684:(1965).
2653:(1969).
2637:(1961).
2593:(1970).
2577:(1969).
2539:(1967).
2482:Berkeley
2423:Archived
1911:24997642
1903:18247916
1821:22280717
1580:BBC News
1529:. UNESCO
1475:See also
1433:animated
1392:DR Congo
1375:DR Congo
1347:made by
1341:Guitaret
1186:African
1166:marimbas
1014:kushaura
1005:religion
991:calabash
911:"). The
907:(sing. "
897:Zimbabwe
859:Variants
788:Dongonda
758:such as
612:require
476:ostinato
384:made by
294:Zimbabwe
193:Zimbabwe
142:moderate
2872:morsing
2868:kouxian
2857:mukkuri
2841:ÄĂ n mĂ´i
2562:(2019)
2524:(2016)
2509:(2015)
2495:(2020)
2429:13 June
2419:YouTube
1875:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1464:Players
1384:Kisanji
1371:Burundi
1332:⁄
1009:culture
936:gwariva
812:Mavembe
614:cleanup
567:removed
552:sources
480:hemiola
433:kalimba
403:History
366:marimba
333:kalimba
185:Country
18:Kalimba
2864:khomuz
2853:kubing
2849:gogona
2818:Cricri
2760:Harare
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2145:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1841:
1819:
1722:
1702:
1678:
1615:
1429:doodle
1425:Google
1386:among
1367:Rwanda
1359:Ikembe
1349:Hohner
1160:(1846)
1154:Brazil
1124:matepe
1114:Matepe
1039:Harare
966:shells
955:stroke
928:forged
905:mapira
486:Tuning
462:Rhythm
456:attack
213:Africa
209:Region
189:Malawi
157:Tuning
128:Attack
118:Volume
108:Timbre
2912:mbira
2811:Clack
2804:Frame
2598:(PDF)
2139:66â67
2094:(PDF)
2031:(PDF)
1960:MBIRA
1918:(PDF)
1907:S2CID
1863:(PDF)
1343:, an
1304:(see
1281:Sanza
1192:CajĂłn
1177:Haiti
1100:Nhare
1075:Gweru
1029:Mbira
1025:Bira.
1002:Shona
887:, or
756:Mbira
360:are:
322:hosho
298:tines
244:Mbira
203:01541
138:Decay
96:122.1
45:Mbira
2929:Comb
2894:Comb
2880:Sets
2623:Siti
2456:2023
2431:2020
2282:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2179:2007
2143:ISBN
1899:PMID
1891:ISSN
1839:ISBN
1817:PMID
1720:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1535:2021
1363:Hutu
1316:kora
1202:The
1184:Cuba
1007:and
996:The
986:deze
949:and
909:bira
874:deze
760:Huro
550:any
548:cite
394:and
355:and
279:BEER
233:List
191:and
132:fast
2667:doi
2610:doi
1883:doi
1871:123
1809:doi
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1365:of
1182:In
1156:by
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