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part of their religious training. During
Kachina ceremonies, each child receives their own doll. The dolls are then taken home and hung up on the walls or from the rafters of the house, so that they can be constantly seen by the children. The purpose of this is to help the children learn to know what the different kachinas look like. It is said that the Hopi recognize over 200 kachinas and many more were invented in the last half of the nineteenth century. Among the Hopi, kachina dolls are traditionally carved by the maternal uncles and given to uninitiated girls at the Bean Dance (Spring Bean Planting Ceremony) and Home Dance Ceremony in the summer. These dolls are very difficult to classify not only because the Hopis have a vague idea about their appearance and function, but also because these ideas differ from mesa to mesa and pueblo to pueblo.
262:
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1062:, have ceremonies in which masked men, called kachinas, play an important role. Masked members of the tribe dress up as kachinas for religious ceremonies that take place many times throughout the year. These ceremonies are social occasions for the village, where friends and relatives are able to come from neighboring towns to see the dance and partake in the feasts that are always prepared. When a Hopi man places a mask upon his head and wears the appropriate costume and body paint, his personal identity is lost and the spirit of the kachina he is supposed to represent takes its place. Besides the male kachinas are many female kachinas called kachin-manas, but women never take the part of male or female kachinas.
674:. Although some archaeological investigations have taken place, they have not been able to clarify which tribe, Zuni or Hopi, developed the Kachina Cult first. Both Zuni and Hopi kachinas are different from each other but have certain similarities and features. In addition, both Zuni and Hopi kachinas are highly featured and detailed, while the kachinas of the Rio Grande Pueblos look primitive in feature. The Hopis have built their cult into a more elaborate rite, and seem to have a greater sense of drama and artistry than the Zunis. On the other hand, the latter have developed a more sizable folklore concerning their kachinas.
31:
1146:, where both the Hopis and the kachinas settled. With their powerful ceremonies, the kachinas were of much help and comfort, for example bringing rain for the crops. However, all of the kachinas were killed when the Hopis were attacked and the kachinas' souls returned to the underworld. Since the sacred paraphernalia of the kachinas were left behind, the Hopis began impersonating the kachinas, wearing their masks and costumes, and imitating their ceremonies in order to bring rain, good crops, and life's happiness.
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The clowns play an important role-embodying wrong social behavior, they are soon put in their place by the katsinam for all to see. The presence of clowns in the morality play makes people more receptive to the messages of proper social convention and encourages a crucial human trait: a keen sense of
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Kachinas are understood as having human-like relationships: families such as parents and siblings, as well as marrying and having children. Although not worshipped, each is viewed as a powerful being who, if given veneration and respect, can use his particular power for human good, bringing rainfall,
143:
The kachina concept has three different aspects: the supernatural being, the kachina dancers, and kachina dolls (small dolls carved in the likeness of the kachina, that are given only to those who are, or will be responsible for the respectful care and well-being of the doll, such as a mother, wife,
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Another account says that the Hopis came to take the kachinas for granted, losing all respect and reverence for them, so the kachinas returned to the underworld. However, before they left, the kachinas taught some of their ceremonies to a few faithful young men and showed them how to make the masks
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Kachina dolls are small brightly painted wooden "dolls" which are miniature representations of the masked impersonators. These figurines are given to children not as toys, but as objects to be treasured and studied so that the young Hopis may become familiar with the appearance of the kachinas as
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Kachinas are spirits or personifications of things in the real world. These spirits are believed to visit the Hopi villages during the first half of the year. The local pantheon of kachinas varies from pueblo community to community. A kachina can represent anything in the natural world or
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The clown's more subtle and sacred role is in the Hopis' ritual performances. The sacred functions of the clowns are relatively private, if not held secret by the Hopi, and as a result have received less public exposure. When observing the preparations taking place in a
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There are two different accounts in Hopi beliefs for the origins of kachinas. According to one version, the kachinas were good-natured spirit-beings who came with the Hopis from the underworld. The kachinas wandered with the Hopis over the world until they arrived at
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personages play dual roles. Their prominent role is to amuse the audience during the extended periods of the outdoor celebrations and
Kachina Dances where they perform as jesters or circus clowns. Barry Pritzker stated, regarding the role of clowns in Hopi dances,
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Beginning around 1900, there was a great deal of interest in the
Kachina figurines, especially among tourists, and the dolls became sought-after collectibles. For this reason, many Hopi began making the figurines commercially to make a living.
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The Hopi have four groups of clowns, some of which are sacred. Adding to the difficulty in identifying and classifying these groups, there are a number of kachinas whose actions are identified as clown antics. Barton Wright's
157:, from a revered ancestor to an element, a location, a quality, a natural phenomenon, or a concept; there may be kachinas for the sun, stars, thunderstorms, wind, corn, insects, as well as many other concepts.
258:, Taalawsohu), the dolls, or the people who dress as kachinas for ceremonial dances. These are all understood to embody all aspects of the same belief system. Some of the wuyas include:
1617:
Stewart, Tyrone. Dockstader, Frederick. Wright, Barton. "The Year of The Hopi: Paintings & Photographs by Joseph Mora, 1904-06." New York, Rizzoli
International Publications, 1979.
37:, Water-Drinking Maiden, Hopi 1899. She wears a headdress with stepped Earth signs and corn ears. Water Drinking Woman seems to be a name for the corn itself, one of many forms of the
238:, are ceremonial objects with religious meaning. Hopi carvers alter these, removing their religious meaning, to meet the demand for decorative commercial objects sought by non-Hopi.
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agrarian society. They revolve around the winter and summer solstices, incorporate the importance of weather, especially rain, and ensure successful crops. According to Tanner, "
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The Zuni believe that the kachinas live in the Lake of the Dead, a mythical lake which is reached through
Listening Spring Lake. This is located at the junction of the
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The underworld is a concept common to all the Pueblo
Indians. It is a place where the spirits or shades live: the newly born come from there and the dead return there.
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and costumes. When the other Hopi realized their mistake, they remorsefully turned to the kachinas' human substitutes, and the ceremonies have continued since then.
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is "the presence of life in all objects that fill the universe. Everything has an essence or a life force, and humans must interact with these or fail to survive."
210:. To the Hopis, kachinas are supernatural beings who visit the villages to help the Hopis with everyday activities and act as a link between gods and mortals.
261:
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The most widely publicised of Hopi kachina rites is the "Snake Dance", an annual event during which the performers danced while handling live snakes.
1620:
Talayesua, Don C. "Sun Chief: The
Autobiography of a Hopi Indian." New Haven, Connecticut: Institute of Human Relations/Yale University Press, 1942.
1578:
Schaafsma, Polly; & Schaafsma, Curtis F. (1974). Evidence for the origins of the Pueblo katchina cult as suggested by
Southwestern rock art.
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224:, occurs in February and is associated with the bean planting, the growing season, and coming of age. The last katsina ceremony,
1701:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on kachinas
1698:
1604:
Sekaquaptewa, Helen. "Me & Mine: The Life Story of Helen
Sekaquaptewa." Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1969.
228:, occurs in July and is associated with the harvest, after which the katsinam return to their home in the San Francisco Peaks.
1623:
Titiev, Mischa. "Old Oraibi: A Study of The Hopi
Indians of the Third Mesa." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum, 1944.
217:
are "the spirits of all things in the universe, of rocks, stars, animals, plants, and ancestors who have lived good lives."
124:
cultures located in the south-western part of the United States. In the Pueblo cultures, kachina rites are practiced by the
1654:
Wright, Barton. "Hopi Kachinas: The Complete Guide to Collecting Kachina Dolls." Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Press, 1977.
689:
a kachina when he wears the mask), and third the carved, painted, and dressed doll." The list of Zuni kachinas includes:
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30:
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Kennard, Edward A. & Edwin Earle. "Hopi Kachinas." New York: Museum of The American Indian, Hye Foundation, 1971.
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In many ways the Kachina rites are the most important ceremonial observances in the Hopi religious calendar. Within
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healing, fertility, or protection, for example. The central theme of kachina beliefs and practices as explained by
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1407:. Edited by E. C. Parsons. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, 23, 2 volumes; 1936. P411-12.
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The Kachina & The White Man: A Study of The Influence of White Culture on The Hopi Kachina Cult,
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involves three basic concepts: first, a supernatural being; second, the masked dancer (and the Zuni
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1614:. Edited by E. C. Parsons. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, 23, 2 volumes; 1936.
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The Kachina and the White Man: a study of the influences of White culture on the Hopi kachina cult
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The Kachina and the White Man: a study of the influences of White culture on the Hopi kachina cult
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The Kachina and the White Man: a study of the influences of White culture on the Hopi kachina cult
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Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, selected papers
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clowns getting ready for their ceremonial performance, Alexander Stephen was told, "We
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Native paths: American Indian art from the collection of Charles and Valerie Diker
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Anderson, Frank G. (1956). Early documentary material on the Pueblo kachina cult.
379:
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Anderson, Frank G. (1960). Inter-tribal relations in the Pueblo kachina cult. In
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Anderson, Frank G. (1955). The Pueblo Kachina Cult: A Historical Reconstruction.
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identifies, classifies, and illustrates the extensive array of clown personages.
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Stephen, Alexander M. "Hopi Journal." New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.
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History and Background of Zuni Culture, in Patterns and Sources of Zuni Kachinas
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often refers to the spiritual beings themselves (said to be connected with the
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1356:. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cransbrook Institute of Science. pp. 28â29.
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1474:. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science. pp. 10â11.
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1375:(rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp.
1285:. Bloomsfield Hills, Mich.: Cransbrook Institute of Science. p. 9.
1218:(rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp.
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are venerated, as are the welcome kachinas who bring many blessings."
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Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: Rainmakers From the Gods
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Drawings of kachina dolls, Plate 11 from an 1894 anthropology book
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Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law,
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Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law,
1538:
Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law,
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Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law
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Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: Cranbook Institute of Science, 1954.
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tribes, as well as in most Pueblo tribes in New Mexico.
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Wright, Barton (2008), "Hopi Kachinas: A Life Force",
1442:
Hopi Kachina Dolls: with a Key to their Identification
1371:
Hopi Kachina Dolls: with a Key to their Identification
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Hopi Kachina Dolls: with a Key to their Identification
81:
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116:) is a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the
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Dolls of the Tusayan Indians by Jesse Walter Fewkes.
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1575:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
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1331:. Hamsen Publishing Company. pp. 37â39, 155.
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27:Spirit being in western Pueblo religious beliefs
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246:The most important Hopi kachinas are known as
1675:, USA: Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons, 6.3
8:
1642:Wright, Barton (1965). Roat, Evelyn (ed.).
1303:. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 26â33.
1393:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 28 March 2008.
1558:Hopi Kachinas: History, Legends, and Art
655:Religious ceremonies are central to the
213:According to Susanne and Jake Page, the
1194:Sacred Women in North American Rock Art
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202:, the kachinas are said to live on the
1730:Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas
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1196:, August 20, 2011. Image is from the
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1612:Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen
1591:"Hopi Social Structure as Related to
1041:pueblo, Arizona, sometime before 1900
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1491:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
1405:Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen
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220:The first ceremony of the year, the
1553:. Santa Fe: State Planning Office..
1527:The Pueblo Indians of North America
1650:. USA: Museum of Northern Arizona.
1560:. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2013.
1264:, UNP - Nebraska, pp. 383â405
25:
1470:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1954).
1352:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1954).
1281:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1954).
1110:are the fathers of all Kachina."
636:Native American tribes in Arizona
272:(Pahlikmana), late 19th century.
1571:Schaafsma, Polly (Ed.). (1994).
62:
1438:Colton, Harold Sellers (1959).
1367:Colton, Harold Sellers (1959).
1210:Colton, Harold Sellers (1959).
1659:"Hopi Kachinas: A Life Force,"
1529:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
1:
1556:Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob.
1573:Kachinas in the pueblo world
1198:Bureau of American Ethnology
661:Father Sky and Mother Earth
1766:
1525:Dozier, Edward P. (1970).
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268:Pueblo (Native American).
1518:Dockstader, Frederick J.
1502:Anthropological Quarterly
1420:. Northland Publishing;
932:Salimopia Itapanahnan'ona
1725:Native American religion
1630:. Northland Publishing;
1299:Pritzker, Barry (2011).
1327:Wright, Barton (1988).
947:Salimopia Thluptsin'ono
1646:This is a Hopi Kachina
1551:Rock Art in New Mexico
1175:Kachina Natural Bridge
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1403:Stephen, Alexander.
968:Shulawitsi An Tatchu
950:Sate'tshi E'lashokti
944:Salimopia Thlian'ona
941:Salimopia Shikan'ona
938:Salimopia Shelow'ona
857:Nahalish Awan Mosona
250:. In Hopi, the term
1568:; pp. 124â138
1515:(pp. 377â383).
1200:21st Annual Report.
1054:, particularly the
935:Salimopia Kohan'ona
715:Awan Pithlashiwanni
204:San Francisco Peaks
1740:New Mexico culture
1628:Clowns of the Hopi
1580:American Antiquity
1418:Clowns of the Hopi
1262:Hopi Katsina Songs
1170:Hopi Kachina dolls
1128:Hopi Kachina dolls
1116:Clowns of the Hopi
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208:Flagstaff, Arizona
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1589:Schlegel, Alice,
1566:978-0-7643-4429-9
1037:Kachina dancers,
959:Shalako Anuthlona
893:Oky'enawe (Girls)
768:Ishan Atsan Atshi
638:â located in the
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1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:0-87358-572-0
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1391:"Hopi people"
1386:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:9780960132249
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:9781604137989
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1258:"Appendix 3:"
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:Wright (2008)
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:Wright (1965)
1229:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1122:Kachina dolls
1121:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
860:Nahalish Okya
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
762:Hilili Kohana
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:Atoshle Otshi
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
677:According to
675:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
651:Zuni kachinas
650:
645:
642:and Northern
641:
637:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Söhönasomtaka
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
398:
396:
395:Kokyang Wuhti
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Ketowa Visena
368:
366:
363:
360:
358:
357:Huruing Wuhti
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Hahay-i Wuhti
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:Angwushahai-i
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:Hopi religion
194:Hopi kachinas
193:
188:
184:
179:
175:
168:
166:
164:
163:Wright (2008)
158:
156:
147:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Pueblo people
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
59:
52:
47:
40:
36:
35:Palahiko Mana
32:
19:
1715:Hopi culture
1677:, retrieved
1671:
1662:
1645:
1627:
1611:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1557:
1550:
1537:
1532:Glenn, Edna
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1441:
1433:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1385:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1328:
1300:
1282:
1276:
1266:, retrieved
1261:
1252:
1247:, p. 4.
1240:
1235:, p. 4.
1228:
1213:
1205:
1189:
1165:Heard Museum
1148:
1140:
1131:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1064:
1049:
896:Ololowishkia
845:Mukikw' Okya
821:Kwamumu Okya
686:
682:
676:
665:
654:
640:Grand Canyon
549:Tsimon Maana
499:Shalako Mana
494:Shalako Taka
270:Kachina Doll
269:
251:
247:
245:
235:
230:
225:
221:
219:
214:
212:
197:
183:Heard Museum
172:
159:
151:
144:or sister).
142:
136:and certain
134:Zuni peoples
113:
109:
101:
97:
93:
57:
55:
50:
39:Corn Maidens
34:
1595:Symbolism,"
1534:"Kachinas,"
1144:Casa Grande
1104:Pai'yakyamu
1001:Upikaiapona
887:Nepaiyatemu
872:Na'le Otshi
830:Mahedinasha
809:Komokatsiki
803:Kokothlanna
756:Hemushikiwe
753:Hemokatsiki
718:Awan Tatchu
712:Awan Pekwin
624:Wuyak-kuyta
514:Tanik'tsina
475:Pöqangwhoya
406:Kwasai Taka
399:Koshari or
256:Fifth World
1709:Categories
1679:2010-06-22
1549:. (1972).
1497:, 404â419.
1483:References
1268:2022-10-30
1126:See also:
1039:Shongopovi
1016:Wilatsukwe
998:Tsathlashi
995:Tomtsinapa
974:Shumaikoli
965:Shulawitsi
962:Shi-tsukia
929:Saiyathlia
926:Saiyatasha
908:Pakok'Okya
878:Natshimomo
869:Na'le Okya
812:Kothlamana
735:Chathlashi
700:Ainshekoko
668:Zuni River
544:Tsa'kwayna
465:Patsava HĂș
460:Polik-mana
456:Pahlikmana
287:Ahöl Maana
1028:Yeibichai
1025:Yamuhakto
1022:Wo'latana
989:Thlewekwe
983:Temtemshi
920:Potsikish
911:Pasikiapa
902:Paiyatamu
854:Nahalisho
848:Muluktaka
836:Mitsinapa
833:Mitotasha
774:Itsepasha
759:Hetsululu
728:Chakwaina
706:A'thlanna
569:Tukwinong
564:Tsowilawu
441:Nakiatsop
385:Kokopelli
130:Hopi-Tewa
112:, plural
1508:, 31â44.
1301:The Hopi
1154:See also
1004:Upo'yona
875:Natashku
851:Muyapona
827:Lapilawe
815:Koyemshi
800:Kokokshi
793:Kianakwe
786:Kanilona
783:Kanatshu
771:Itetsona
724:Bitsitsi
670:and the
614:Wupa-ala
609:Wukoqala
594:Ursisimu
451:Ongtsomo
436:Muyingwa
390:Kokosori
365:Kaletaka
215:katsinam
148:Overview
114:katsinim
94:katchina
18:Katsinam
1428:. 1994.
1137:Origins
1010:Wakashi
954:Shalako
923:Saiyapa
914:Pautiwa
881:Nawisho
863:Nalashi
842:Mukikwe
839:MĂłkwala
824:Kwelele
818:Kwamumu
806:Kokwele
780:Kalutsi
744:Hainawi
741:Eshotsi
738:Chilili
703:Anahoho
697:Ainawua
683:kachina
646:regions
644:Arizona
634:Map of
589:Tungwup
584:Tumuala
539:Tsaveyo
446:Nataska
416:Masau'u
401:Koyaala
312:Alosaka
302:Ahulani
138:Keresan
110:katsina
102:katsina
98:katcina
92:; also
58:kachina
1638:. 1994
1634:
1564:
1424:
1335:
1307:
1108:Koyala
1093:humor.
1069:Clowns
1013:Wamuwe
1007:Wahaha
980:Suyuki
977:Siwolo
917:Posuki
905:Pakoko
884:Neneka
789:Kiaklo
777:Kakali
765:Hututu
750:Hehe'a
694:A'Hute
681:, "...
619:Wupamo
604:Wiharu
599:We-u-u
559:Tsiwap
554:Tsitot
534:Tokoch
524:Tiwenu
489:Saviki
484:Pahana
480:Pohaha
470:Patung
426:Maswik
421:Mastop
411:Lemowa
380:Kököle
375:Kötsav
361:Kalavi
342:He-e-e
332:Eototo
222:Powamu
155:cosmos
1665:2008.
1601:2008.
1540:2008.
1181:Notes
1160:Awelo
1085:Clown
1050:Many
899:Owiwi
890:Ohapa
866:Na'le
747:Hehea
579:Tumas
509:Soyal
317:Angak
307:Akush
292:Aholi
282:Ahöla
226:Niman
206:near
100:, or
1632:ISBN
1593:Tihu
1562:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1100:Kiva
1060:Zuni
1058:and
1056:Hopi
657:Zuni
529:Toho
519:Tawa
431:Mong
297:Ahul
266:Hopi
252:wuya
248:wuya
242:Wuya
236:tihĂŒ
132:and
126:Hopi
106:Hopi
1661:in
1597:in
1536:in
1448:5â6
1377:2â4
1220:1â3
956:(6)
482:or
458:or
185:in
108::
1711::
1584:39
1582:,
1506:29
1504:,
1495:11
1493:,
1319:^
1291:^
1260:,
687:is
352:Hu
234:,
128:,
120:,
104:;
96:,
79:iË
76:tÊ
56:A
41:.
1450:.
1379:.
1341:.
1313:.
1222:.
189:.
88:/
85:É
82:n
73:Ë
70:É
67:k
64:/
60:(
20:)
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