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From 1833 until his death in 1852, he led a community of followers, whose beliefs centered on non-violence, passive resistance to resettlement, abstinence from alcohol, and meditation. He favored moderate, nonviolent accommodation and coexistence with
American westward expansion, and a settled
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by his tribe. He wandered between frontier settlements in
Indiana and Illinois begging for food until a Catholic priest took him in to teach him Christianity. Kennekuk decided to renounce alcohol and began preaching to persuade others to do the same. His people welcomed him back, and by 1816
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agricultural life. These views caused him and his followers to suffer derision and alienation from some of the other
Kickapoo bands. His tribal community's religious outlook embodied a type of Christian evangelism in some respects and a group of
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Kennekuk, then in his mid-twenties, had become a leading chief of the
Vermilion band. Within a short time, alcohol use among his followers had declined significantly and his community became more cohesive and productive.
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Reverend
William H. Honnell, who visited a few years after Kennekuk's death, reported that Kennekuk went back and forth between Christian teachings and "heathenism."
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47:. One source translates his name as "the drunkard's son." As a young man, he killed his uncle in a fit of drunken rage, and was
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and spiritual leader of the
Vermilion band of the Kickapoo nation. He lived in East Central Illinois much of his life along the
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Lesley, Elena (2019) "Cultural
Impairment and the Genocidal Potential of Intoxicants: Alcohol use in Colonial North America,"
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Unrau, William, "White Man's Wicked Water: the
Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802-1892."
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White Man's Wicked Water: The
Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802–1892.
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Herring, Joseph B. "Kenekuk, the
Kickapoo Prophet: Acculturation without Assimilation."
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converts joined his following over time. He died on the reservation in Kansas in 1852.
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Some Kickapoo descendants still follow the tenets of his preaching.
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Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America
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Milo Custer, "Kannekuk or Keeanakuk: The Kickapoo Prophet,"
36:(c. 1790–1852), also known as the "Kickapoo Prophet", was a
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Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal,
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Contains a rather detailed study of Keannakuk (Kennekuk)
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University of Oklahoma Press, April 15, 1975 pp. 109–118
104:(1908-1984) Vol. 11, No. 1, Apr., 1918, pp. 48-56.
102:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society,
235:"Portrait of Kennekuk, "The Kickapoo Prophet""
185:"Reminiscences of Reverend William H. Honnell"
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90:University of Kansas Press, 1988, pp. 47–48.
163:Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1996.
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254:"Kennekuk's prayer-stick illustration"
211:Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border,
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337:19th-century Native American leaders
327:Native American temperance activists
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119:vol. 9, no. 3, 1985, pp. 295–307.
88:Kenekuk: The Kickapoo Prophet.
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332:American temperance activists
16:For the town in Kansas, see
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117:American Indian Quarterly,
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277:Kansas Historical Society
273:"George Remsburg Papers"
134:Vol. 13: Issue 1: 88-97.
29:Kennekuk in about 1832.
209:Arrell Morgan Gibson,
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86:Herring, Joseph B.,
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147:The Annals of Iowa,
173:Student Britannica
159:Unrau, William E.
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322:1852 deaths
317:1790 births
296:Categories
220:0806112646
75:References
63:Potawatomi
49:ostracized
34:Keannekeuk
38:Kickapoo
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284:2012
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216:ISBN
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56:Life
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