Kiritimati - Knowledge

839: 546: 819: 101: 3333:"On the 24th, about half an hour after day-break, land was discovered bearing North East by East, half East. Upon a nearer approach, it was found to be one of those low islands so common in this ocean; that is, a narrow bank of land incloseing the sea within. A few cocoa-nut trees were seen in two or three places; but in general, the land has a very barren appearance. ... The meeting with Soundings determined me to anchor to try to get some turtle, as the island seemed to be a good place for them and to be without inhabitents." 2142: 1103: 434: 857: 2973: 71: 3166: 2306: 2294: 710:, claimed in 1948 that there was historical basis to argue that Kiritimati ("Acea" on the Spanish maps) and some other islands had never been considered part of the Carolines, supported by the charts and maps of the time. Despite having sought acknowledgement of the issue regarding interpretation of the treaty, no Spanish government has made any attempt to assert sovereignty over Kiritimati, and the case remains a historical curiosity. 2090: 803: 2282: 1244: 1111: 227: 2878: 796:) come from the nuclear testing period, during which at times over 4,000 servicemen were present. By 1969, military interest in Kiritimati had ended and the facilities were mostly dismantled. However, some communications, transport, and logistics facilities were converted for civilian use, which Kiritimati uses to serve as the administrative centre for the Line Islands. 42: 2693: 108: 78: 54: 1148:. Aloha was continuing to serve Kiritimati from 2000 to 2003 with 737 jet service to and from Honolulu nonstop. Air Pacific ran flights to Kiritimati until 2008, when they ceased service over concerns about the condition of the runway. Services resumed in 2010. A monthly air freight service is flown using a chartered 3382:, and therefore was not affected on the part of Spain to any cessation of transfer. Theoretically Spain would then have the only jurisdiction and right to the island. Pastor Santos presented his thesis to the Spanish government in 1948. In the Council of Ministers of Spain on 12 January 1949, the 2948:

It may seem that the former numbers of seabirds may only ever be approached again by the wholesale eradication of the feral cats. While this has been since shown to be feasible, it is not clear whether even a severe curtailing of the cat population would be desirable: Though it previously was assumed

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can in some years be found on the island; the population became established in the 19th century. Their depredations seriously harm the birdlife. Since the late 19th century, they have driven about 60% of the seabird species from the mainland completely, and during particular dry spells they

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Company. After WWII in 1947 there were 52 inhabitants. After the nuclear tests, in 1963, this had increased to 477, reducing to 367 by 1967 but increasing again to 674 in 1973, 1,265 in 1978, 1,737 in the 1985 census, 2,537 in 1990, 3,225 in 1995, 3,431 in 2000, 5,115 in 2005, 5,586 in 2010 and 6,456

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with the U.S. in control of the island garrison. The atoll was important to hold, since Japanese occupation would allow interdiction of the Hawaii-to-Australia supply route. For the first few months there were next to no recreational facilities on the island, and the men amused themselves by shooting

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The Minister of Foreign Affairs informed the Council of Ministers of the situation in which we find ourselves in view of information and public commentary in the press and because of the requests made of the Spanish administration. The Ministry recognises that it is a certain fact and historic truth

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Egg collecting for food on a massive scale was frequent in the past but is now outlawed. It is to be noted that the sooty terns for example could sustain occasional collection of effectively all of a season's eggs (over 10 million), if given sufficient time to recover and if cats are absent. In

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The United Kingdom detonated some 5 megatonnes of TNT (21 PJ) of nuclear payload near and 1.8 megatonnes of TNT (7.5 PJ) directly above Kiritimati in 1957–1958, while the total yield of weapons tested by the United States in the vicinity of the island between 25 April and 11 July

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chicks seem to be a favourite food of the local cat population. There are some measures being taken to ensure the cat population does not grow. That lowering the cat population by some amount would much benefit Christmas and its inhabitants is generally accepted, but the situation is too complex to

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In July 2022 The Southern Cross NEXT 15,857 km submarine cable system, entered service, connecting Los Angeles and Sydney with dedicated 377 kilometers (one fiber pair) branch to Tabwakea, Kiritimati. Cable landing station located in Tabwakea, owned by Bwebwerikinet Limited. As of October 2023

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was stronger than expected, resulting in the blast demolishing buildings and infrastructure. Islanders were usually not evacuated during the nuclear weapons testing, and data on the environmental and public health impact of these tests remains contested. Servicemen believe that cancer and genetic

2181:). The latter species is dominant on the drier parts of the lagoon flats where it grows up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. Tree heliotrope is most commonly found a short distance from the sea- or lagoon-shore. In some places near the seashore, a low vegetation dominated by Polynesian heliotrope ( 1374:

years; 873 mm (34.4 in) on average per year, in some years it can be as little as 177 mm (7.0 in) and much of the flats and ponds can dry up such as in late 1978. On the other hand, in some exceptionally wet years abundant downpours in March–April may result in a total annual

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Possession of an unneutered female cat on Kiritimati is illegal, and owners need to prevent their domestic cats from running wild (such animals are usually quickly killed in traps set for this purpose). Nighttime cat hunting has made little effect on the cat population. As noted above, vigorous

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In recent years, surfers have discovered that there are good waves during the Northern Hemisphere's winter season and there are interests developing to service these recreational tourists. There is some tourism-related infrastructure, such as a small hotel, rental facilities, and food services.

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especially are strongly affected by hunting and disturbance. Tropicbirds are mainly poached for their feathers, which are used in local arts and handicraft; it would certainly be possible to obtain them from living birds as was routinely done at the height of the Polynesian civilisation.

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The biggest hazard caused by a changing climate would seem to be more prolonged and/or severe droughts, which could even precipitate the island's abandonment (as happened in 1905). However, it is not clear how weather patterns would change, and it may be that precipitation increases.

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weather station and communications center. The airstrip also provided rest and refuelling facilities for planes travelling between Hawaii and the South Pacific. The 1947 census listed only 47 inhabitants on the island. The U.S. Guano Islands Act claim was formally ceded by the

2863:(Caranx ignobilis) are found in large numbers both inside and outside of the lagoon and along the surrounding reefs. Very large specimens of Giant Trevally can be found around these surrounding reefs and they are sought after by many fishermen in addition to Bonefish. 1268:. The southeastern part of the lagoon area is partially desiccated. The lagoon area currently consists of a 160 km (62 sq mi) main lagoon at Burgle Channel. Southeast of this, the lagoon gradually transitions into a network of subsidiary lagoons, 3390:

due to Article 3 of the Treaty of 1 July 1899, that Spain reserved a series of rights in Micronesia and for another thing, the specifications of the territories which Spain ceded in 1899 leaves apart certain groups of islands in the same zone.

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are plentiful on Kiritimati, and make up the bulk of the breeding bird population. There are 18 species of seabirds breeding on the island, and Kiritimati is one of the most important breeding grounds anywhere in the world for several of these:

377:;. The atoll is about 150 km (93 mi) in perimeter, while the lagoon shoreline extends for over 48 km (30 mi). Kiritimati comprises over 70% of the total land area of Kiribati, a country encompassing 33 Pacific atolls and islands. 984:. There are five main villages on the island, four populated and one abandoned; Banana, Tabwakea, Paris, and London, which are located along the main road on the northern tip of the island, and Poland, which is across the main lagoon to the South.: 1291:

with about 312.38 km (120.61 sq mi) land area surrounding a lagoon area of roughly the same size. Kiritimati has the largest land area in the world amongst atolls that contain a lagoon, and the third largest land area overall, after

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The islands' remote location in the Central Pacific has meant that communications with the world has always been challenging. As of October 2023 all calls and data rely on satellite connection only with very slow internet connection.

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is part of the atoll proper but unconnected to the Kiritimati mainland. It is a sand/coral island of 19 ha (47 acres), divides Burgle Channel into the northern and the southern entrance, and has a large seabird colony. Islets

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layers excavated in fire pits show alternating bands of charcoal indicating heavy use and local soil indicating a lack of use. As such, some researchers have suggested that Kiritimati was used intermittently (likely by people from

5071:. Tabiteuea North 2008 Socio-Economic Profile. Strengthening Decentralized Governance in Kiribati Project (Report). Kiribati: Ministry of Internal and Social Affairs. May 2013 . p. 48 (PDF p. 13 of 15). Archived from 3181:

Given that the island was apparently settled to some extent in prehistoric times, it may have already lost bird species then. The geological data indicates that Kiritimati is very old and was never completely underwater in the

3312:) and Christmas Island: Two panels of text, beneath the map, in both French and German, mention the discoveries and report that Christmas Island was not inhabited. The text also claims that it is based on a map published in 3122:

population more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) to the southeast. It may have been, but probably was not, limited to Kiritimati; while no remains have been found, little fieldwork has been conducted, and judging from the

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A rising sea level does not appear to be particularly problematic; the increasing flooding of the subsidiary lagoons would provide easily observed forewarning, and might even benefit seabird populations by making the

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which have a total combined area of about 168 km (65 sq mi). Thus, the land and lagoon areas can only be given approximately, as no firm boundary exists between the main island body and the salt flats.

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are given. Kiribati's Wildlife Conservation Unit participates in the Kiritimati Development Committee and the Local Land Planning Board, and there exists an integrated program of wildlife conservation and education.

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There is no reliable data on the environmental and public health impact of the nuclear tests conducted on the island in the late 1950s. A 1975 study claimed that there was negligible radiation hazard; certainly,

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can be encountered every now and then. Around 7 October (±5 days), some 20 million sooty shearwaters pass through here en route from the North Pacific feeding grounds to breeding sites around

2619:) and the goats. The rat seems to have been introduced by seafarers many centuries before Cook arrived in 1777 (he mentioned them already being present); goats have been extinct since 14 January 2004. 3675:

DiPiazzi, Anne (June 2001). "An Island for Gardens, an Island for Birds and Voyaging: A Settlement Pattern for Kiritimati and Tabuaeran, Two "Mystery Islands" in the Northern Lines, Republic of Kiribati".

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Townsend, Charles Haskins; Wetmore, Alexander (1919). "Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the tropical Pacific in charge of Alexander Agassiz, on the U.S. Fish Commission steamer

5562: 1300:. Kiritimati is often cited as being the world's largest atoll by land area, however, because Lifou Island and Rennell Island do not have lagoons and therefore end up being overlooked as atolls. 373:

Kiritimati is one of the world's largest atolls in terms of land area, consisting of about 312.38 km (120.61 sq mi) land area and a 328 km (127 sq mi) network of

5082: 5065: 702:, being formed by the Equator and 11°N Latitude and by 133° and 164° Longitude. In 1899, Spain sold the Marianas, Carolines, and Palau to Germany after its defeat in 1898 in the 1348:. On the northwestern peninsula for example, the land rises only to some 7 m (23 ft), which is still considerable for an atoll. Due to its isolation in the vast Pacific Ocean, 4603:

Penhallurick, John; Wink, Michael (2004). "Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome

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declared that the proposal had passed to the first stage of public attention. The Cabinet of Diplomatic Information of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs circulated the following note:

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theory, even egg collecting on a scale that significantly decreases costly food imports could be possible, but not until the cat and rat populations have been brought under control.

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from 15 May to 19 June 1957 and used Kiritimati as the operation's main base. On 8 November 1957, the first H-bomb was detonated over the southeastern tip of Kiritimati in the

3162:. Given the uncertainties surrounding the introduction date and maximum population of the former, the cats seem to be the main culprits in the Kiritimati sandpiper's extinction. 4420: 4845: 4163: 3531: 2969:

protection of active nesting grounds from cats by traps and poison, supplemented by shooting, while otherwise leaving them alone to hunt rats may well be the optimal solution.

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under the "Gilbert and Ellice Island Colony Wild Birds Protection Ordinance" of 1938. Access to Cook Island, Motu Tabu, and Motu Upua was restricted. Kiritimati was declared a

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landing station was built, but still not commissioned. Apart from Australia and US, the cable will also provide direct low latency connection to Fiji, New Zealand and Tokelau.

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by locals has been encouraged, and was highly successful at limiting the pig population to a sustainable level, while providing a source of cheap protein for the islanders.

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London is the main village and hosts the port facility, and the ministry of the Line and Phoenix islands. Poland hosts a Catholic church, dedicated under the auspices of

626:(some 12 metres; 39 feet high) after himself. English and two teenagers were marooned on the island for a year and a half (1917–1919) as transport had stopped due to the 2236:) supplement it. The last species dominates in the coastal grasslands. The wetter parts of the lagoon shore are often covered by abundant growth of shoreline purslane ( 1087:

and North East Point. It has a paved runway with a length of 6,900 feet (2,103 m) and was for some time the only airport in Kiribati to serve the Americas, via an

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Permanent settlement started in 1882, mainly by workers in coconut plantations and fishermen. In 1902, the British Government granted a 99-year lease on the island to

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are found on Kiritimati; as most are plentiful around settlements, former military sites and roads, it seems that these only became established in the 20th century.

4666: 2359:) make up the entire landbird fauna. About 1,000 adult bokikokikos are to be found at any date, but mainly in mixed grass/shrubland away from the settlements. 5143: 3618: 418:. During these tests, the island was not evacuated, exposing the i-Kiribati residents and the British, New Zealand, and Fijian servicemen to nuclear radiation. 3524: 4086: 5253: 1375:

precipitation of over 2,500 mm (98 in). Kiritimati is thus affected by regular, severe droughts. They are exacerbated by its geological structure;

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proposed using this island as a launch site for crewed spacecraft, based on its proximity to the equator, and the generally empty ocean down-range (east).

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seem(ed) to be resident birds, unwilling to undertake long-distance migrations, an appropriate treatment would be to consider the extinct population the

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Archaeological sites on the island are concentrated along the east (windward) side of the island and known sites represent a series of habitation sites,

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Based on Pastor Santos' interpretation, Kiritimati was not included in the description of the territory transferred to Germany, since it wasn't part of

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Overfishing and pollution have impacted on the ocean surrounding the island. In the ocean surrounding uninhabited islands of the Northern Line Islands,

2627:) were present at some time, perhaps introduced by 19th century sailors or during the nuclear tests. They were not able to gain a foothold between 3261:(though the government of Kiribati wished to re-open its campus on Kiritimati instead) in addition to a Catholic senior high, St. Francis High School. 2961:. Kiritimati's cats meanwhile, are very fond of young seabirds; it even seems that their behaviour shifts accordingly, with cats being generally less 151: 995:

but may be relocated closer to London to prevent groundwater contamination. Paris is an abandoned village and is no longer listed in census reports.

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from sites on the island place the period of human use between 1250 and 1450 AD. Permanent human settlement on Kiritimati likely never occurred.

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make the most likely candidates, given their former presence in the region, and that conditions on Kiritimati would seem well suited. Perhaps a

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damage were consequences of their occupational exposure and have sought apologies and compensation without success. A spokesperson for the UK's

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into the lagoon. The settlement didn't endure: Extreme drought killed 75% of the coconut palms, and the island was abandoned from 1905 to 1912.

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on Kiritimati; beach naupaka scrub dominates the vegetation on much of the island, either as pure stands or interspersed with tree heliotrope (

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remains a concern; with the population rising and spreading out on Kiritimati, formerly remote bird colonies have become more accessible; the

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has carried out three large studies of nuclear test veterans and found no valid evidence to link participation in these tests to ill health."

4164:"Vol 1: Basic Information and Tables. Part B: Personal (Population) Tables. Table 3: Population by Village, Sex and Age Group" 3908:

Where the Whalers Went: An index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century

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In general, El Niño conditions will cause seabird populations to drop, taking several years to recover at the present density of predators.

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to be increased about threefold on average in veterans who participated in the tests; most of the relevant data remains classified to date.

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research facility on Kiritimati. The Kiribati Institute of Technology (KIT), based on Tarawa, opened a campus on Kiritimati in June 2019.

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The island's population increased from about 2,000 in 1989 to about 5,000 in the early 2000s. Kiritimati has three representatives in the

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breeding grounds at North West Point also became restricted-access zones. Two years later, active conservation measures got underway.

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s less accessible to predators. In fact, geological data suggests that Kiritimati has withstood prehistoric sea level changes well.

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satellite tracking station. The abandoned Aeon Field had at one time been proposed for reuse by the Japanese for their now-canceled

1039:, handling some cargo, was built by the Japanese at London. Marine fish provide a large portion of the island's nutrition, although 707: 24: 5567: 5246: 3931: 2900:

in May 1975, in accordance with the Wildlife Conservation Ordinance of the then self-governing colony. Ngaontetaake and the

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and confirmed by an agreement signed on 17 December 1885. Its Article 2 specifies the limits of Spanish sovereignty in

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A voyage to the Pacific Ocean, ... performed under the direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in His Majesty's Ships the

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brine shrimp in the salt ponds was abandoned in 1978. In recent years there have been attempts to explore the viability of live

802: 70: 4797: 2444:) – important breeding colony, possibly the largest worldwide of this subspecies; 4,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 400:, Kiribati). Although it lies 2,460 km (1,530 mi) east of the 180th meridian, the Republic of Kiribati realigned the 5173: 2965:, and congregating in numbers at active bird colonies; they generally eschew hunting rats when seabird chicks are in plenty. 1367: 4301: 545: 5503: 3144:

disappeared in the earlier part of the 19th century or so, almost certainly due to predation by introduced mammals. While

3087: 1415: 1080: 992: 5153:. Official government report on the island's infrastructure, ecology, and ongoing issues. 20 January 2013. Archived from 3035:

impact on Kiritimati is thus unpredictable. El Niño events seem to become shorter but more frequent in a warmer climate.

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Much of the island's infrastructure and habitation, with the notable exception of the airport area, is located to the

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is an abandoned airport, constructed before the British nuclear tests. It is located on the southeastern peninsula.

3935: 2171: 2147: 2009: 566: 504: 2495:) – among the very largest breeding colonies in the world; about 1,000,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 4658: 3009: 2130:), at Southeast Point, Northwest Point, and on Motu Tabu. The latter was planted there in recent times. About 50 703: 5045: 4945: 2724: 4588: 4561: 2744: 2141: 433: 5046:

VSA Assignment Description Assignment title English Language Trainer (of Trainers/ Teachers) Country Kiribati

4087:"The Devastating Legacy of British and American Nuclear Testing at Kiritimati (Christmas) and Malden Islands" 4008:. Instituto de Estudios Africanos (in Spanish). Madrid, ES: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 1136:(TRW) with each service operating once a week with the service to Papeete being operated in association with 2488: 2454: 2238: 733: 401: 5019: 3366: 3327: 2930: 2832:) regularly nest in small numbers on Kiritimati. The lagoon is famous among sea anglers worldwide for its 2571: 2310: 695: 649: 516: 477: 4064: 3954: 3530:. A Directory of Wetlands in Oceania (Report). Slimbridge, UK; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 5262: 2632: 2563: 2377: 2183: 1102: 1004: 981: 554: 1043:

has caused a drastic decrease in the populations of large, predatory fish over the last several years.

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visited the island on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1777 and the island was put on a map in 1781 as

2777: 2384:) – important breeding colony; 8,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline, fewer than 3,000 in 1984 2214: 2013: 1256:

Kiritimati's roughly 328 km (127 sq mi) lagoon area opens to the sea in the northwest;

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There is a primary school in Poland and two high schools on the road between Tabwakea and Banana; one

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To a limited extent, permits to enter the restricted areas for purposes like research or small-scale

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There is a small amount of tourism, mainly associated with anglers interested in lagoon fishing (for

1012: 769: 492: 396:, and is therefore one of the first inhabited places on Earth to experience New Year's Day (see also 4169:. Report on the Kiribati 2015 Census of Population and Housing (Report). 2015. S. 50. Archived from 4043:"The atomic history of Kiritimati – a tiny island where humanity realised its most lethal potential" 2265:, despite having also spread conspicuously, is considered to be more beneficial than harmful to the 5537: 5516: 4030:

Weaver, Zay (1967). Territories under Spanish Sovereignty in Oceania (Report). Koror: Palau Museum.

3761:"Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta – two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos" 3760: 3567: 3108: 2972: 2226: 2056: 1344:, southeast of Artemia Corners, is the highest point on the atoll, at about 13 m (43 ft) 784:

The United States also conducted 22 successful nuclear detonations over the island as part of

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to the north) as a place to gather resources such as birds and turtles in a similar fashion to the

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observed the bird, and it was painted by William Ellis (linked below). The single specimen was in

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introduced its weekly nonstop jet service between Honolulu and the island in 1986 operated with a

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vessels visited the island from at least 1822. and it was claimed by the United States under the

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on the admiral Jellicoe, causing a short standoff until some explanation defused the situation.

641:. English, thinking that the rescue ship was German and the war was still in effect, pulled his 619:

to a village where Stanisław (Stanislaus) Pełczyński, his Polish plantation manager then lived.

5212: 4925:, from August 1899 to March 1900, Commander Jefferson F. Moser, U.S.N., commanding". 4203: 3165: 2524:) – important breeding colony; 12,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline, 6,500 afterwards 2305: 4870: 4823: 4762: 4703: 4009: 3911: 3778: 3226: 3139: 3124: 3113: 3072: 3001: 2954: 2729: 2579: 2517: 2448: 2405: 2344: 2071: 1948: 1210: 846: 785: 741: 723: 719: 658: 622:

Joe English, of Medford, Massachusetts, Rougier's plantation manager from 1915 to 1919, named

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sharks in the lagoon. The island's first airstrip was constructed at this time to supply the

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This article is about Kiribati's atoll in the Pacific Ocean. For Australia's territory, see

2293: 1370:, Kiritimati is located in an equatorial dry zone and rainfall is rather low except during 1197:

packages during which some of the normally closed areas can be visited are also available.

5493: 5446: 5426: 5365: 5270: 5052: 4497:"JAXA | Results of the Third Flight Experiment of High Speed Flight Demonstration Phase I" 4134: 3119: 2997: 2648: 2555: 2437: 2426: 2388: 2247: 2219: 2189: 2126: 2089: 2082:

forest, on which this tiny parrot depends, makes Kiritimati a suboptimal habitat for this

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colony in 1931, there were only 38 inhabitants on the island, most of them workers of the

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is constantly high. Consequently, Kiritimati is one of the rather few places close to the

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grows more stunted, and Polynesian heliotrope, yellow and common purslane as well as the

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There is a government high school, Melaengi Tabai Secondary School, which is located on

2681: 2471:) – largest breeding colony in the world; 24,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2316:. Those on Kiritimati will reuse nests for several years, unlike in most other colonies. 4862: 4757: 4722: 4698: 4353: 3323: 3242: 3151: 3032: 3025: 2893: 2860: 2854: 2794: 2712: 2685: 2612: 2551: 2499: 2464: 2033: 1392: 1326:(also called Motu Upou or Motu Upoa, 19 ha or 47 acres) at the northern side, and 1297: 1248: 1231:

satellite launching spot at 0° N 154° W, about 370 kilometres (200

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The Discoveries of the World, from their First Original unto the Year of our Lord 1555

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The temperature is constantly between 24 and 30 °C (75 and 86 °F) with more

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of the flats, they will not last long should they escape into the surrounding ocean.

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Emmanuel Rougier: des Isles d'Auvergne à l'Océanie (Fidji, Tahiti, Christmas Island)

4789: 4774: 4638: 4522: 1387:. Kiritimati is a raised atoll, and although it does occasionally receive plenty of 1243: 5498: 5431: 5418: 5298: 5200: 5181: 4224: 3741: 3708:"TOWARDS A FIRST PREHISTORY OF KIRITIMATI (CHRISTMAS) ISLAND, REPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI" 3434: 3198: 3128: 3091: 3080: 2825: 2811: 2747: 2675: 2528: 2079: 1293: 1092: 1088: 666:

between the U.S. and Kiribati. The treaty was signed in 1979 and ratified in 1983.

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https://www.departedwings.com/The%20Airlines/Aloha%20Airlines/Aloha%20Airlines.htm

2692: 1110: 5088:. Tabiteuea North 2008 Socio-Economic Profile (Report). May 2013 . Archived from 4747: 4331: 1099:, Hawaii. Te Mauri Travel no longer offers weekly charter flights from Honolulu. 4471: 4261: 4247: 3218: 3213: 3203: 3005: 2950: 2935: 2913: 2850: 2842: 2666: 2600: 2395: 2201: 1419: 1400: 1355: 1273: 1117: 1040: 683: 627: 459: 442: 2892:

In December 1960, the British colonial authority gazetted Kiritimati as a

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have been shown to eat seabird nestlings. Most nesting birds, in particularly

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of note to be found on Kiritimati and in the waters immediately adjacent. The

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by Polynesian rats, and no black rat population is found on Kiritimati today.

2416: 2336: 2286: 2245:

Perhaps the most destructive of the recently introduced plants is sweetscent (

2078:) has largely failed; a few birds seem to linger on, but the lack of abundant 2060: 1371: 1269: 1228: 1194: 1150: 1051: 1032: 1008: 699: 508: 314: 294: 53: 5055:." Volunteer Service Abroad (Te Tūao Tāwāhi). Retrieved on 6 July 2018. p. 7. 4013: 1358:

is a large bay which extends along the southwest coast of Kiritimati Island.

569:. The company planted 72,863 coconut palms on the island and introduced 166: 153: 5451: 5343: 4688: 3746:

A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean

3258: 3238: 3159: 3155: 2978: 2819: 2781: 2652:

simply go and eradicate them outright (which is theoretically possible; see

2639: 2628: 2620: 2535:) – important breeding colony; 3,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2513:) – important breeding colony; 9,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2461:) – important breeding colony; 1,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2433:) – important breeding colony; 6,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2266: 2210: 2113: 2109: 1341: 765: 757: 753: 749: 455: 361: 306: 4766: 4707: 4448:. Finding north swells in the South Pacific. 8 January 2010. Archived from 4108: 3186:

at least; thus it might have once harboured highly distinct wetland birds.

2949:

that the small Polynesian rat is of little, if any, harm to seabirds, even

2485:

worldwide on Motu Upua; 12,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline

2205:, also growing up to 2 m tall, is abundant. On the southeastern peninsula, 41: 3193:

diversity on Kiritimati nonetheless limits the range of such hypothetical

2554:

to stop over or even stay all winter. The most commonly seen migrants are

736:

by the United Kingdom and the USA. The United Kingdom conducted its first

476:

The atoll was then discovered by Europeans with the Spanish expedition of

3975: 3183: 2926: 2833: 2053: 1399:, and the absence of dense vegetation cover on much of the island, while 1384: 1190: 1155: 1125: 1096: 1069: 1055: 898: 729: 642: 527: 385: 353: 333: 252: 232: 5231: 3773: 3689: 2711:

which have reached the island by their own means. Commonly seen are the

2259:

as it overgrows and displaces herbs and grasses. The introduced creeper

5456: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5288: 5283: 5278: 4986: 4723:"Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the northern Line Islands" 3590: 3209: 3190: 3132: 3044: 2846: 2755: 2587: 2363: 2332: 2270: 2252: 2177: 2135: 2117: 2083: 1404: 1376: 1318: 1059: 635: 592: 577: 531: 496: 393: 381: 5477: 5408: 5354: 5338: 5313: 5293: 3563:"Some Account of the Natural History of the Fanning Group of Islands" 3305: 2708: 2664:

exists. They were once plentiful and wreaked havoc especially on the

2049: 1380: 1221: 1133: 832:

tests were hoisted by balloon; this is the East Point balloon anchor.

631: 374: 5224: 4978: 4820:"DNA damage to nuclear test vets prompts call for study of children" 4630: 3643:

Edward R. Lovell; Taratau Kirata; Tooti Tekinaiti (September 2002).

3615:

Office of Te Beretitenti – Republic of Kiribati Island Report Series

3393:

However, no Spanish government has made any attempt in this respect.

1054:

covers about 51 square kilometres (20 sq mi). In addition

3891:; King, James; Anderson, William (June 1784). Douglas, John (ed.). 3581: 3562: 3245:. In the case of the rails (which would have almost certainly been 3028:

rose to 90% and breeding success dropped to zero during that time.

356:. The name is derived from the English word "Christmas" written in 5403: 5388: 5194:

The only Kiritimati Sandpiper specimen ever studied by scientists.

4894: 3225:

was also present; such a bird would probably have belonged to the

3164: 2971: 2876: 2807: 2763: 2720: 2691: 2680: 2671: 2591: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2166: 2140: 2088: 1276: 1242: 1109: 1101: 1047: 1036: 687: 544: 539: 470: 432: 345: 4158: 4156: 3024:" devastated seabird populations on Kiritimati. In some species, 4421:"FCC Approves Cable Landing License for the Southern Cross Next" 3194: 2222: 2041: 1408: 1396: 1303:

In addition to the main island, there are several smaller ones.

1217: 764:

1962 was 24 megatonnes of TNT (100 PJ). During the British

491:. This discovery was referred by a contemporary, the Portuguese 5235: 4826:. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011 3833:. New York, NY: The American Geographical Society. p. 122. 3177:) might once have had a similar-looking relative on Kiritimati. 2818:(97 g/m), whereas low shark numbers have been observed at 2550:

Kiritimati's lagoon and the saltflats are a prime location for

2289:

continue to nest on Kiritimati than anywhere else in the world.

3863:"Christmas Island History: Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati" 3534:; Asian Wetland Bureau. pp. 187–228. Archived from 3344:

After his rescue, English's adventures were chronicled in the

2124:) plantation. There are three small woods of catchbird trees ( 558: 3831:

The Pacific Basin: A history of its geographical explorations

2335:

have been recorded from Kiritimati. As noted above, only the

2024:

in 2015. This was the fastest population growth in Kiribati.

425:; access to five particularly sensitive areas is restricted. 2810:

comprised 74% of the top predator biomass (329 g/m) at

2108:

The natural vegetation on Kiritimati consists mostly of low

4909:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London, UK. pp. 188–189. 4135:"Nuclear test veteran wants government apology over blasts" 3851:. Series I. Vol. 30. London, UK: Hakluyt Society. 3330:(1717–1777) was also an engraver. James Cook described it: 3201:

due to its remote location. At least one, possibly several

1352:

is the 33rd most topographically isolated summit on Earth.

634:

and around the world. English was later rescued by British

392:. Kiritimati is in the world's furthest forward time zone, 3810:

Maude, H.E. (1959). "Spanish discoveries in the Pacific".

3351:

https://www.roland-klinger.de/christmas-island/english.htm

2916:

is a major sponsor of conservation efforts on Kiritimati.

1260:(the entrance to the lagoon) is divided into the northern 678:

between Germany and Spain in 1885 which was arbitrated by

3910:. Canberra, AU: Pacific Manuscripts Bureau. p. 149. 3361:

The first contingent of Americans was a company from the

1379:"dry" Pacific islands are more typically located in the " 404:

in 1995, placing Kiritimati to the west of the dateline.

2643:

will cross the mudflats and feast upon the birds on the

412:

conducted on and around Kiritimati by the United Kingdom

4356:. Asia & the Pacific Policy Society. 27 August 2020 1027:

Most of the atoll's food supplies have to be imported.

5201:"Photos of British nuclear tests off Christmas Island" 4562:"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for London, Kiribati" 4300:. Pacific Islands Report. 28 June 2010. Archived from 3233:) group, as that species today occurs as a vagrant in 1031:

can be in short supply, especially around November in

4867:

Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds

3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3118:

or Kiritimati sandpiper, distinct from the surviving

3000:

was successfully minimised. More recently however, a

2611:

The only mammals native to the region are the common

615:) where he established the port. He gave the name of 5180:. London, UK: Natural History Museum. Archived from 4330:. Asia Pacific Airlines. 6 July 2010. Archived from 4067:. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization 3532:

International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau

2986:

test – detonates over Kiritimati's South East Point.

1062:

are exported. A 1970s project to commercially breed

706:. However Emilio Pastor Santos, a researcher of the 5563:

Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act

5486: 5470: 5417: 5364: 5269: 4721:Sandin, Stuart A.; et al. (27 February 2008). 4196:"Line Islands: A gradient of human impact on reefs" 2888:) has become a serious weed in parts of Kiritimati. 2199:) is found. In the south and on the sandier parts, 305: 300: 290: 280: 272: 264: 259: 248: 240: 216: 208: 200: 192: 182: 145: 134: 129: 4911:link is to JPEG of full text of 2nd edition (1785) 3304:This is the first separately-issued map to depict 2546:) – 12,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2402:) – 20,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 16:Coral atoll in the northern Line Islands, Kiribati 3440:with 290 km (110 sq mi) land area. 3237:, and related forms are resident in southeastern 2853:of marine species. Though the tilapias thrive in 2412:) – 8,000 birds before the 1982–1983 decline 2285:Despite massive declines in recent decades, more 462:documented use of the five central atolls of the 4844:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4225:https://www.timetableimages.com/i-uz/vk8106b.jpg 3978:. West Haven Veterans Museum and Learning Center 3318:of 1780. This previously-produced map, from the 3286:Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands Development 2657: 365: 4667:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4472:"JAXA | High Speed Flight Demonstration "HSFD"" 4298:"CHRISTMAS ISLE CELEBRATES RESUMED AIR SERVICE" 4032:– partial translation of Pastor y Santos (1950) 3759:Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (October 2008). 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 2048:fauna is scant; there are no truly native land 1227:Kiritimati is also located fairly close to the 380:It lies 232 km (144 mi) north of the 46:Photograph from the International Space Station 4944:Zusi, Richard L.; Jehl, Robert R. Jr. (1970). 4643:– species name probably soon to be changed to 4025: 4023: 3748:. Vol. 1. Luke Hansard. pp. 181–182. 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3241:. These birds would have fallen victim to the 2688:, a common sight all over the tropical Pacific 2351:) – if any remain at all – and the occasional 1430:Climate data for London, Kiritimati, Kiribati 1330:(2.7 ha or 7 acres) at the eastern side. 1193:in particular) or offshore fishing. Week-long 1072:and chilled fish exports and salt production. 1050:(dried coconut pulp); the state-owned coconut 5247: 4927:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3098:dispute regarding the Kiritimati population. 2982:Round C1 – the first successful British 2269:, as it provides good nesting sites for some 2116:. What little woodland exists is mainly open 8: 4869:. University of Chicago Press. p. 282. 4262:"Aloha Airlines September 2, 2003 Route Map" 4006:Territorios de soberanía española en Oceanía 3765:The Spanish Lake: The Pacific since Magellan 2792:) are also notable. Introduced brine shrimp 1120:was serving Kiritimati in 1981 with nonstop 866:remembering the people involved in the tests 760:) also took place above or near Kiritimati. 32: 4857: 4855: 4399:"Southern Cross NEXT Cable System Overview" 4248:"Aloha Airlines January 10, 2000 Route Map" 3934:. Office of Insular Affairs (Report). U.S. 3150:generally manage to hold their own against 2052:and only one native land bird – Kiribati's 5254: 5240: 5232: 4109:"DNA tests for UK's nuclear bomb veterans" 3645:"Status report for Kiribati's coral reefs" 1426: 1340:) on the north coast of the south-eastern 875: 52: 40: 31: 4756: 4746: 4697: 4687: 4476:JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 3772: 3580: 3047:and thus somewhat protected from storms. 2099:), Kiritimati's most typical woody plant. 1106:Cassidy International Airport, Kiritimati 388:, and 5,360 km (3,330 mi) from 384:, 2,160 km (1,340 mi) south of 4587:In the strict sense, i.e. excluding the 4376:"Southern Cross NEXT Is Now In-Service!" 2957:, are now accepted to be jeopardised by 599:house (now only small ruins) located at 538:of 1856, though little actual mining of 3602: 3600: 3452: 3297: 1235:) to the east in international waters. 965: 798: 196:640.38 km (247.25 sq mi) 5219:. Christmas Island :: Kiritimati. 4837: 1391:, little is retained given the porous 779:National Radiological Protection Board 441:Kiritimati was initially inhabited by 332: 3955:"Christmas Island and Father Rougier" 3678:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 2660:for details. A limited population of 2067:). The 1957 attempt to introduce the 1368:Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 7: 4800:from the original on 2 February 2017 3701: 3699: 3670: 3668: 3154:, they are highly vulnerable to the 2798:populate the island's saline ponds. 1316:(3.5 ha or 8.6 acres) with its 4521:Calder, Joshua (14 December 2003). 4202:. 23 September 2013. Archived from 3869:from the original on 6 January 2017 3418:Usually described as a sub-species 5225:"Kiribati National Tourism Office" 3818:(4). Wellington, New Zealand: 296. 2382:Phaethon rubricauda melanorhynchus 1418:than seasonal variation. Easterly 669: 107: 77: 14: 4996:from the original on 4 March 2016 4946:"The systematic relationships of 4568:from the original on 11 June 2016 3812:Journal of the Polynesian Society 3791:from the original on 17 July 2014 3712:Journal of the Polynesian Society 3624:from the original on 14 July 2016 877:Kiritimati population by village 708:Spanish National Research Council 603:, across the Burgle Channel from 25:Christmas Island (disambiguation) 5213:"Various pictures of Kiritimati" 4788:Wolman, David (31 August 2008). 4004:Pastor y Santos, Emilio (1950). 3525:"Teeb'aki, Republic of Kiribati" 3409:Validity of subspecies disputed. 2008:At the first census done in the 1046:Exports of the atoll are mainly 855: 837: 817: 801: 752:test. Subsequent tests in 1958 ( 694:was analysed by a commission of 225: 106: 99: 76: 69: 4045:. The Conversation. 4 July 2019 3326:, initially in July 1780. 2323: 2230:, and Pacific Island thintail ( 1083:(CXI) is located just north of 686:of Spain over the Caroline and 648:Kiritimati was occupied by the 5174:"William Ellis' plate 64" 4822:(Press release). New Zealand: 4578:Retrieved on 24 November 2011. 2421:Onychoprion fuscatus oahuensis 1: 4958:(Charadriiformes; Charadrii)" 4419:Qui, Winston (31 July 2020). 4065:"8 November 1957 – Grapple X" 3906:Langdon, Robert, ed. (1984). 3744:(1803). Hansard, Luke (ed.). 3523:Scott, Derek A., ed. (1993). 3365:, a National Guard unit from 3322:, was published by the elder 3138:The Kiritimati population of 2840:), and has been stocked with 1416:diurnal temperature variation 1366:Despite its proximity to the 1322:forest and the shrub-covered 1081:Cassidy International Airport 993:Cassidy International Airport 788:in 1962. Some toponyms (like 595:trees there. He lived in his 580:in the island date to Father 4748:10.1371/journal.pone.0001548 4089:. Just Security. 11 May 2018 3718:(3): 273–294. Archived from 3363:102nd Infantry Regiment 3131:would have offered suitable 2442:Procelsterna cerulea cerulea 674:During the dispute over the 487:in 1537, that charted it as 416:by the United States in 1962 5553:American nuclear test sites 4895:"Birds of Christmas Island" 3895:. Vol. 2. p. 180. 3561:Streets, Thomas H. (1877). 3384:Minister of Foreign Affairs 3271:List of Guano Island claims 3083:'s visit. The expedition's 2873:Protected areas of Kiribati 2867:Conservation and extinction 2786:strawberry land hermit crab 2698:strawberry land hermit crab 2341:Acrocephalus aequinoctialis 2301:was named after Kiritimati. 2065:Acrocephalus aequinoctialis 1903:Average precipitation days 1689:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1549:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1138:Union de Transports Aeriens 571:silver-lipped pearl oysters 501:Tratado dos Descubrimientos 364:, in which the combination 5584: 5558:British nuclear test sites 5548:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 5111:The Christmas Island Story 4657:Shaffer, Scott A. (2006). 3936:Department of the Interior 3893:Third voyage of James Cook 3767:. Vol. I. ANU Press. 3433:e.g. on remote and rugged 3010:chromosomal translocations 2870: 2172:Heliotropium foertherianum 2151:) in typical habitat on a 2148:Heliotropium foertherianum 2093:Flowers of beach naupaka ( 2010:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1994: 1429: 1407:which have an effectively 1140:(UTA), a French airline. 1035:years. A large and modern 824:The bombs for the British 717: 670:Spain's sovereignty rights 567:Levers Pacific Plantations 18: 5512: 4354:"Fishing for new friends" 4278:. Fiji Sun. 27 March 2010 4200:World Resources Institute 3932:Formerly Disputed Islands 3829:Brand, Donald D. (1967). 3706:Anderson, Atholl (2000). 2754:) is not as common as on 2533:Sula dactylatra personata 2522:Fregata minor palmerstoni 2255:, which is considered an 1946: 1902: 1828: 1758: 1688: 1618: 1548: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1383:belt" at about 30°N or S 1312:s) in the lagoon include 966: 950: 937: 920: 907: 894: 777:stated in 2018 that "the 330:Gilbertese pronunciation: 221: 120:Show map of Pacific Ocean 63: 51: 39: 5217:pbase.com/keithcollicoat 5118:Boulagnon, Paul (2003). 4790:"This place is the bomb" 4442:"Merry Christmas Island" 3953:Christian Beslu (1998). 3315:The Gentleman's Magazine 3175:Gallirallus philippensis 2725:Cryptoblepharus boutonii 1205:Prospective launch sites 732:Kiritimati was used for 5568:Former disputed islands 5113:. Stacey International. 4863:Steadman, David William 4689:10.1073/pnas.0603715103 4523:"Island Misinformation" 2717:Lepidodactylus lugubris 2489:Wedge-tailed shearwater 2459:Nesofregetta fuliginosa 2455:Polynesian storm petrel 2331:More than 35 bird 2239:Sesuvium portulacastrum 2193:) and common purslane ( 1224:space shuttle project. 734:nuclear weapons testing 690:islands as part of the 421:The entire island is a 414:in the late 1950s, and 402:International Date Line 366: 276:16.6/km (43/sq mi) 58:Map of the Line Islands 5022:. 2007. Archived from 5020:BirdLife International 3367:New Haven, Connecticut 3178: 3127:'s habits, almost all 2987: 2931:red-tailed tropicbirds 2889: 2736:) is seen less often. 2701: 2689: 2572:bristle-thighed curlew 2322:See also "Extinction" 2317: 2302: 2290: 2156: 2100: 1253: 1114: 1107: 562: 438: 437:Location of Kiritimati 301:Additional information 255: (pop. 3,547) 204:13 m (43 ft) 201:Highest elevation 23:. For other uses, see 5263:Geography of Kiribati 5127:Sheers, Owen (2008). 5109:Bailey, Eric (1977). 5095:on 14 September 2018. 5078:on 14 September 2018. 5018:. Species Factsheet. 4564:. Weatherbase. 2011. 3942:on 30 September 2007. 3306:Sandwich Islands 3168: 3114:Prosobonia cancellata 3077:Prosobonia cancellata 2976:8 November 1957 2975: 2880: 2695: 2684: 2633:competitive exclusion 2564:Pacific golden plover 2400:Anous minutus marcusi 2378:red-tailed tropicbird 2308: 2296: 2284: 2184:Heliotropium anomalum 2165:) is the most common 2144: 2092: 1995:Source: Weatherbase 1246: 1160:Asia Pacific Airlines 1113: 1105: 982:Maneaba ni Maungatabu 812:test on 28 April 1958 555:Handley Page Hastings 548: 436: 167:1.85000°N 157.40000°W 5026:on 29 September 2007 4276:"Kiritimati calling" 3652:Centre IRD de Nouméa 3328:Tobias Conrad Lotter 3320:Gentleman's Magazine 3189:The limited overall 3020:The 1982–1983 "mega- 2920:Former egg gathering 2576:Numenius tahitiensis 2479:Puffinus nativitatis 2475:Christmas shearwater 2299:Christmas shearwater 2187:), yellow purslane ( 2044:adapted to drought. 1479:Record high °C (°F) 1216:There is a Japanese 1209:In the early 1950s, 1013:University of Hawaii 704:Spanish–American War 517:Tobias Conrad Lotter 515:(Turtles Island) by 503:of 1563. During his 478:Hernando de Grijalva 354:Republic of Kiribati 352:. It is part of the 90:Show map of Kiribati 5517:Outline of Kiribati 5205:lorry.org/cassandra 5176:. Picture library. 5051:6 July 2018 at the 5016:"Tuamotu Sandpiper" 4739:2008PLoSO...3.1548S 4680:2006PNAS..10312799S 4674:(34): 12799–12802. 4623:2004EmuAO.104..125P 3774:10.22459/SL.11.2004 3722:on 13 February 2018 3568:American Naturalist 3109:nominate subspecies 2802:Ecology of the reef 2511:Fregata ariel ariel 2431:Onychoprion lunatus 2362:On the other hand, 2227:Cassytha filiformis 1759:Record low °C (°F) 1619:Daily mean °C (°F) 1262:Cook Island Passage 878: 862:Memorial tablet in 775:Ministry of Defence 692:Spanish East Indies 370:is pronounced /s/. 334:[kiˈrɪsmæs] 268:7,380 (2020 census) 172:1.85000; -157.40000 163: / 36: 5543:Atolls of Kiribati 5184:on 2 December 2013 5083:"Part 1 of 4" 5066:"Part 2 of 4" 4840:cite press release 4592:eastern reef egret 4452:on 11 January 2010 4304:on 3 December 2021 4176:on 29 October 2019 4115:. 16 February 2018 3541:on 30 August 2018. 3179: 3141:P. cancellata 2988: 2898:Wildlife Sanctuary 2890: 2838:Albula glossodonta 2790:Coenobita perlatus 2772:Cardisoma carnifex 2702: 2690: 2560:Arenaria interpres 2544:Sula sula rubripes 2507:lesser frigatebird 2493:Puffinus pacificus 2410:Gygis microrhyncha 2353:eastern reef egret 2345:Rimitara lorikeets 2318: 2303: 2291: 2262:Tribulus cistoides 2157: 2101: 1289:raised coral atoll 1254: 1115: 1108: 876: 714:Nuclear bomb tests 563: 509:Captain James Cook 447:Radiometric dating 439: 423:Wildlife Sanctuary 249:Largest settlement 209:Highest point 35:(Christmas Island) 5525: 5524: 4824:Massey University 4324:"Flight Schedule" 3962:roland-klinger.de 3784:978-1-920942-17-5 3227:sacred kingfisher 3125:Tuamotu sandpiper 3073:Tuamotu sandpiper 3016:1982–1983 El Niño 3002:Massey University 2991:Radiation hazards 2955:Procellariiformes 2730:four-clawed gecko 2638:Up to 2,000 2580:wandering tattler 2518:great frigatebird 2449:Procellariiformes 2406:Little white tern 2343:), perhaps a few 2175:) and bay cedar ( 2145:Tree heliotrope ( 2072:Rimitara lorikeet 1999: 1998: 1949:relative humidity 1338:La colline de Joe 1264:and the southern 1211:Wernher von Braun 991:. Banana is near 978: 977: 847:Operation Dominic 844:A US test in the 786:Operation Dominic 724:Operation Dominic 720:Operation Grapple 536:Guano Islands Act 360:according to its 323: 322: 5575: 5471:West of Gilberts 5384:Enderbury Island 5256: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5228: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5178:piclib.nhm.ac.uk 5169: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5148: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4962: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4760: 4750: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4691: 4663: 4654: 4648: 4645:Ardenna pacifica 4642: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3938:. Archived from 3928: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3865:. Jane Resture. 3859: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3776: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3612: 3608:"20. Kiritimati" 3604: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3558: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3529: 3520: 3441: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3302: 3276:Lists of islands 3171:buff-banded rail 3088:William Anderson 2981: 2822:and Kiritimati. 2778:Geograpsus grayi 2540:red-footed booby 2516:Central Pacific 2415:Central Pacific 2371:Phaethontiformes 2314:red-footed booby 2215:Boerhavia repens 2178:Suriana maritima 2162:Scaevola taccada 2096:Scaevola taccada 2022: 2014:Emmanuel Rougier 1427: 1287:Kiritimati is a 1153: 989:Saint Stanislaus 959: 930: 879: 859: 841: 821: 805: 700:South Micronesia 676:Caroline Islands 664:Treaty of Tarawa 630:breaking out in 590: 582:Emmanuel Rougier 525: 486: 464:Caroline Islands 460:ethnographically 369: 348:in the northern 339:Christmas Island 337:, also known as 336: 331: 231: 229: 228: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 121: 110: 109: 103: 91: 80: 79: 73: 56: 44: 37: 21:Christmas Island 5583: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5508: 5494:Carondelet Reef 5482: 5466: 5447:Starbuck Island 5427:Caroline Island 5413: 5366:Phoenix Islands 5360: 5271:Gilbert Islands 5265: 5260: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5185: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5160:on 14 July 2016 5157: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5105: 5103:Further reading 5100: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5053:Wayback Machine 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4979:10.2307/4083710 4960: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4836: 4829: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4631:10.1071/MU01060 4602: 4601: 4597: 4586: 4582: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4334:on 11 July 2011 4322: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4206:on 20 June 2020 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4021: 4003: 4002: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3845:Galvão, António 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3785: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3560: 3559: 3546: 3538: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3432: 3428: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3397: 3377: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3343: 3339: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3267: 3255: 3231:T. sanctus 3152:Polynesian rats 3120:Tuamotu Islands 3065: 3041: 3018: 2993: 2977: 2946: 2922: 2886:Pluchea odorata 2875: 2869: 2804: 2739:There are some 2734:Gehyra mutilata 2704:There are some 2649:Spectacled tern 2609: 2568:Pluvialis fulva 2556:ruddy turnstone 2552:migratory birds 2469:Pterodroma alba 2438:blue-grey noddy 2427:Spectacled tern 2389:Charadriiformes 2279: 2248:Pluchea odorata 2233:Lepturus repens 2190:Portulaca lutea 2159:Beach naupaka ( 2153:Hawaiian island 2127:Pisonia grandis 2106: 2030: 2016: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1364: 1252: 1241: 1207: 1187: 1174: 1149: 1130:Papeete, Tahiti 1124:jet flights to 1078: 1025: 1001: 957: 928: 927: 889: 874: 867: 860: 851: 842: 833: 822: 813: 806: 726: 716: 672: 584: 519: 513:île des Tortues 480: 431: 329: 319: 236: 226: 224: 171: 169: 165: 162: 157: 154: 152: 150: 149: 125: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 115: 111: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 85: 81: 59: 47: 34: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5581: 5579: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5170: 5151:climate.gov.ki 5138: 5137:External links 5135: 5134: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5057: 5037: 5007: 4973:(4): 760–780. 4948:Aechmorhynchus 4936: 4913: 4882: 4875: 4851: 4811: 4780: 4713: 4649: 4617:(2): 125–147. 4595: 4580: 4553: 4528: 4513: 4501:global.jaxa.jp 4488: 4463: 4433: 4411: 4397:Qiu, Winston. 4389: 4367: 4345: 4315: 4289: 4267: 4253: 4239: 4228: 4217: 4187: 4152: 4141:. 18 June 2018 4126: 4100: 4078: 4056: 4034: 4019: 3989: 3967: 3945: 3923: 3916: 3898: 3880: 3854: 3836: 3821: 3802: 3783: 3751: 3733: 3695: 3684:(2): 149–170. 3664: 3635: 3596: 3582:10.1086/271824 3544: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3426: 3411: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3371: 3354: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3324:Thomas Kitchin 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3243:Polynesian rat 3064: 3061: 3040: 3039:Climate change 3037: 3033:Global warming 3017: 3014: 2992: 2989: 2959:Rattus exulans 2945: 2942: 2921: 2918: 2894:bird sanctuary 2868: 2865: 2861:Giant Trevally 2855:brackish water 2830:Chelonia mydas 2803: 2800: 2795:Artemia salina 2713:mourning gecko 2686:Mourning gecko 2617:Rattus exulans 2613:Polynesian rat 2608: 2605: 2596:dabbling ducks 2548: 2547: 2536: 2527:Austropacific 2525: 2514: 2500:Pelecaniformes 2497: 2496: 2486: 2472: 2465:Phoenix petrel 2462: 2446: 2445: 2434: 2424: 2413: 2403: 2386: 2385: 2329: 2328: 2278: 2275: 2122:Cocos nucifera 2105: 2102: 2029: 2026: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1393:carbonate rock 1363: 1360: 1298:Rennell Island 1258:Burgle Channel 1249:nautical chart 1247: 1240: 1237: 1206: 1203: 1186: 1183: 1173: 1172:Communications 1170: 1146:Boeing 737-200 1142:Aloha Airlines 1122:Boeing 727-100 1077: 1074: 1065:Artemia salina 1024: 1021: 1017:climatological 1000: 997: 976: 975: 970: 964: 963: 960: 952: 948: 947: 944: 939: 935: 934: 931: 929:(Banana Wells) 922: 918: 917: 914: 909: 905: 904: 901: 896: 892: 891: 886: 883: 873: 872:Present status 870: 869: 868: 861: 854: 852: 843: 836: 834: 823: 816: 814: 807: 800: 715: 712: 671: 668: 499:, in his book 495:, governor of 493:António Galvão 430: 427: 398:Caroline Atoll 321: 320: 318: 317: 311: 309: 303: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 266: 262: 261: 257: 256: 250: 246: 245: 242: 241:Island council 238: 237: 222: 219: 218: 217:Administration 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 147: 143: 142: 136: 132: 131: 127: 126: 113: 112: 105: 104: 98: 97: 96: 95: 83: 82: 75: 74: 68: 67: 66: 65: 64: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 45: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5580: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5462:Vostok Island 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5442:Malden Island 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:McKean Island 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Birnie Island 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5131:. Granta 101. 5130: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5091: 5084: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4876:0-226-77142-3 4872: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4542: 4541:OpenStreetMap 4538: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4400: 4393: 4390: 4378:. 7 July 2022 4377: 4371: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3917:0-86784-471-X 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3742:Burney, James 3737: 3734: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 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2952: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826:Green turtles 2823: 2821: 2817: 2816:Palmyra Atoll 2813: 2809: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:Marion Island 2650: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:Rattus rattus 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:Tringa incana 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483:subpopulation 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2357:Egretta sacra 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2257:invasive weed 2254: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1831:precipitation 1827: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1422:predominate. 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:precipitation 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:South Passage 1263: 1259: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:Potable water 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 998: 996: 994: 990: 985: 983: 974: 971: 969: 961: 956: 953: 949: 945: 943: 940: 936: 932: 926: 923: 919: 915: 913: 910: 906: 902: 900: 897: 893: 887: 884: 881: 880: 871: 865: 858: 853: 850:series, 1962 849: 848: 840: 835: 831: 827: 820: 815: 811: 804: 799: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 771: 767: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746:Malden Island 743: 740:test series, 739: 738:hydrogen bomb 735: 731: 725: 721: 713: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680:Pope Leo XIII 677: 667: 665: 660: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 639:John Jellicoe 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 609:Bridges Point 606: 602: 598: 594: 588: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 560: 556: 552: 547: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 484: 479: 474: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 452: 451:Stratigraphic 448: 444: 435: 428: 426: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 408:Nuclear tests 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:San Francisco 387: 383: 378: 376: 371: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 343:Pacific Ocean 340: 335: 327: 316: 313: 312: 310: 308: 304: 299: 296: 293: 291:Ethnic groups 289: 286: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234: 220: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 176: 148: 144: 141: 140:Pacific Ocean 137: 133: 128: 102: 72: 62: 55: 50: 43: 38: 30: 26: 22: 5504:Winslow Reef 5499:Filippo Reef 5436: 5432:Flint Island 5419:Line Islands 5353: 5216: 5204: 5193: 5186:. 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Retrieved 3614: 3575:(2): 65–72. 3572: 3566: 3536:the original 3435:subantarctic 3429: 3423:microrhyncha 3419: 3414: 3374: 3357: 3347:Boston Globe 3345: 3340: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3256: 3230: 3217: 3208: 3202: 3199:biogeography 3188: 3180: 3174: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3129:Line Islands 3112: 3102: 3100: 3092:Joseph Banks 3081:Captain Cook 3076: 3066: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3042: 3030: 3019: 2994: 2967: 2958: 2947: 2934: 2923: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2859: 2849:to decrease 2841: 2837: 2829: 2824: 2812:Kingman Reef 2805: 2793: 2789: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2752:Birgus latro 2751: 2748:coconut crab 2738: 2733: 2723: 2716: 2706:"supertramp" 2703: 2700:in its shell 2665: 2644: 2637: 2631:by cats and 2624: 2616: 2610: 2583: 2575: 2567: 2559: 2549: 2543: 2538:Indopacific 2532: 2529:masked booby 2521: 2510: 2505:Indopacific 2498: 2492: 2481:) – largest 2478: 2468: 2458: 2447: 2441: 2430: 2420: 2409: 2399: 2394:Micronesian 2387: 2381: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2340: 2330: 2321: 2260: 2246: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2146: 2125: 2121: 2118:coconut palm 2107: 2094: 2080:coconut palm 2075: 2064: 2057:reed-warbler 2031: 2007: 1833:mm (inches) 1413: 1377:climatically 1365: 1354: 1349: 1337: 1336:(originally 1333: 1332: 1328:Ngaontetaake 1327: 1323: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1294:Lifou Island 1286: 1272:, partially 1265: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1226: 1215: 1208: 1199: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1164: 1158:operated by 1116: 1095:) flight to 1093:Fiji Airways 1079: 1063: 1045: 1026: 1002: 986: 979: 972: 967: 845: 829: 825: 809: 808:The British 793: 789: 783: 762: 727: 673: 654:World War II 647: 623: 621: 616: 608: 604: 601:Benson Point 600: 596: 576:Many of the 575: 564: 542:took place. 512: 505:third voyage 500: 488: 475: 468: 440: 420: 406: 379: 372: 350:Line Islands 338: 325: 324: 273:Pop. density 260:Demographics 223: 187:Line Islands 29: 5030:24 February 4891:Cook, James 4506:22 February 4481:22 February 4382:21 December 3976:"The 102nd" 3889:Cook, James 3219:Todiramphus 3204:Gallirallus 3006:New Zealand 2963:territorial 2914:New Zealand 2851:overfishing 2843:Oreochromis 2814:and 57% at 2760:Ghost crabs 2741:crustaceans 2676:Pig hunting 2667:Onychoprion 2607:Other fauna 2601:New Zealand 2594:, and even 2396:black noddy 2349:Vini kuhlii 2287:sooty terns 2253:camphorweed 2202:Sida fallax 2196:P. oleracea 2076:Vini kuhlii 2046:Terrestrial 2040:consist of 2017: [ 1420:trade winds 1401:evaporation 1395:, the thin 1356:Vaskess Bay 1305:Cook Island 1274:hypersaline 1270:tidal flats 1118:Air Tungaru 1089:Air Pacific 1041:overfishing 742:Grapple 1–3 728:During the 684:sovereignty 628:Spanish flu 585: [ 520: [ 481: [ 183:Archipelago 170: / 158:157°24′00″W 146:Coordinates 5538:Kiritimati 5532:Categories 5437:Kiritimati 5399:Nikumaroro 5304:Butaritari 5188:15 October 4952:Prosobonia 4933:: 151–225. 4901:Resolution 4804:30 January 4589:amphibious 4546:18 October 4360:3 December 4328:Flyapa.com 4308:3 December 4282:3 December 4145:31 January 4119:31 January 4093:3 December 4071:3 December 4049:3 December 3982:3 December 3873:27 January 3448:References 3421:Gygis alba 3247:flightless 3235:Micronesia 3223:kingfisher 3197:, as does 3160:feral cats 3147:Prosobonia 3116:cancellata 3104:Prosobonia 3085:naturalist 3063:Extinction 2951:house mice 2944:Feral cats 2909:ecotourism 2902:sooty tern 2882:Sweetscent 2871:See also: 2782:land crabs 2745:amphibious 2719:) and the 2662:feral pigs 2640:feral cats 2621:Black rats 2417:sooty tern 2337:bokikokiko 2211:spiderling 2132:introduced 2069:endangered 2061:bokikokiko 2004:Demography 1350:Joe's Hill 1334:Joe's Hill 1279:ponds and 1229:Sea Launch 1195:ecotourism 1166:Aeon Field 1151:Boeing 727 1132:(PPT) and 1052:plantation 1009:Protestant 1007:, and one 968:Kiritimati 888:Population 826:Grapple Z1 718:See also: 624:Joe's Hill 443:Polynesian 358:Gilbertese 326:Kiritimati 295:I-Kiribati 285:Gilbertese 265:Population 244:Kiritimati 212:Joe's Hill 155:01°51′00″N 114:Kiritimati 84:Kiritimati 33:Kiritimati 5452:Tabuaeran 5344:Tabiteuea 5129:Bomb Gone 4956:Phegornis 4923:Albatross 4905:Discovery 4893:(1785) . 4014:912692168 3310:O-Why-hee 3292:Footnotes 3259:Tabuaeran 3253:Education 3239:Polynesia 3207:and / or 3156:black rat 3096:taxonomic 3026:mortality 3004:study of 2979:Grapple X 2820:Tabuaeran 2629:predation 2586:); other 2267:ecosystem 2220:parasitic 2207:S. fallax 2114:grassland 2110:shrubland 1411:climate. 1342:peninsula 1324:Motu Upua 1314:Motu Tabu 1281:salt pans 1239:Geography 1076:Transport 1058:fish and 999:Education 810:Grapple Y 794:Main Camp 766:Grapple X 754:Grapple Y 750:Grapple X 696:cardinals 659:Air Force 456:Tabuaeran 362:phonology 315:UTC+14:00 307:Time zone 281:Languages 130:Geography 5164:28 April 5049:Archived 4991:Archived 4903:and the 4865:(2006). 4830:25 March 4798:Archived 4775:12343048 4767:18301734 4727:PLOS ONE 4708:16908846 4639:83202756 4566:Archived 4139:BBC News 4113:BBC News 3867:Archived 3847:(1865). 3795:28 April 3789:Archived 3726:20 March 3690:20706989 3657:29 March 3628:28 April 3619:Archived 3617:. 2012. 3265:See also 3184:Holocene 2933:and the 2927:Poaching 2834:bonefish 2656:) – see 2588:seabirds 2436:Central 2376:Eastern 2364:seabirds 2271:seabirds 2036:and the 1947:Average 1829:Average 1385:latitude 1191:bonefish 1156:Honolulu 1126:Honolulu 1097:Honolulu 1070:crayfish 1056:aquarium 1023:Commerce 1005:Catholic 899:Tabwakea 885:Village 730:Cold War 643:revolver 578:toponyms 549:View of 528:Augsburg 445:people. 386:Honolulu 253:Tabwakea 233:Kiribati 135:Location 5457:Teraina 5334:Nonouti 5329:Nikunau 5324:Marakei 5289:Aranuka 5284:Abemama 5279:Abaiang 5000:2 March 4987:4083710 4758:2244711 4735:Bibcode 4699:1568927 4676:Bibcode 4619:Bibcode 4607:gene". 4456:2 March 4426:13 July 4404:13 July 4338:2 March 4210:17 June 3591:2448050 3210:Porzana 3191:habitat 3133:habitat 3101:As all 3071:of the 3045:leeward 3022:El Niño 2998:fallout 2847:tilapia 2767:Ocypode 2756:Teraina 2709:lizards 2672:noddies 2578:), and 2333:species 2136:species 2084:species 2054:endemic 2050:mammals 2028:Ecology 1898:(24.8) 1405:Equator 1372:El Niño 1362:Climate 1319:Pisonia 1185:Tourism 1128:(HNL), 1060:seaweed 1033:La Niña 958:(ruins) 890:(2015) 864:Paisley 636:admiral 611:(today 605:Londres 593:coconut 561:, 1956. 557:of the 553:from a 532:Whaling 497:Ternate 429:History 382:equator 375:lagoons 341:) is a 5478:Banaba 5409:Rawaki 5379:Canton 5355:Tarawa 5349:Tamana 5339:Onotoa 5314:Maiana 5294:Arorae 4985: 4873: 4773: 4765: 4755: 4706: 4696: 4637: 4572:14 May 4180:7 July 4012: 3914: 3781: 3688: 3589: 3008:found 2808:Sharks 2784:, the 2728:; 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