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the
Burgundians arrive, Grimhild demands the hoard from them, but Högni replies that it was left behind. Grimhild attempts to convince Atli's brother Bloedel and Thidrek (Dietrich von Bern) to help her take revenge, but both refuse. Finally, she provokes a fight by bringing her and Atli's son into the hall, seating him across from Högni, and telling the son to hit Högni. Högni reacts to a second blow by cutting off the prince's head, leading to a terrible massacre. After severe fighting, Gunnar is captured, and Grimhild tells Atli to throw him in a tower full of snakes. Högni now leads the Burgundians, who lock themselves in the king's hall. Grimhild orders the hall set on fire, and in the following battle Gisler and Gernoz die. Grimhild sticks a piece of flaming wood into her dead brothers' mouths to see if they are dead, causing an enraged Thidrek to kill her.
768:(c. 1250), Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gibeche. She possesses a rose garden that is guarded by twelve heroes, including her fiancé, Siegfried. Desiring to see whether Siegfried can beat Dietrich von Bern in combat, she challenges Dietrich to bring twelve of his own heroes for a day of tournaments in the rose garden. The winner will receive a garland and a kiss from her as a reward. Dietrich accepts the challenge, and the heroes come to Worms. Eventually, all of the Burgundian heroes are defeated, including Siegfried, who flees to Kriemhild's lap in fear when Dietrich starts breathing fire. Dietrich's warrior Ilsan, a monk, punishes Kriemhild for her haughtiness in challenging Dietrich by demanding so many kisses from Kriemhild that his rough beard causes her face to bleed. In one version of the poem, Hagen curses Kriemhild for having provoked the combat.
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impenetrable
Siegfried may be wounded. Once Siegfried is murdered while hunting with Hagen and Gunther, his body is thrown in front of Kriemhild's bedroom door. Kriemhild quickly realizes that Siegfried was murdered by Gunther and Hagen. Kriemhild sees to Siegfried's burial and refuses to return to Xanten with Siegfried's father, instead remaining in Worms near her family and Siegfried's tomb. Eventually, Gunther and his brothers are able to reconcile with Kriemhild, but she refuses to forgive Hagen. Kriemhild has the hoard of the Nibelungen, which she has inherited after Siegfried's death, brought to Worms. She uses the hoard to acquire warriors; Hagen, realizing that she is dangerous, conspires to steal the hoard and sink it in the Rhine.
732:, Grimhild (Kriemhild) is the daughter of king Aldrian of Niflungaland and Oda, sister of king Gunnar (Gunther), Gisler (Giselher), and Gernoz (Gernot), and half sister of Högni (Hagen). When Sigurd (Siegfried) comes to Gunnar's kingdom one day, he marries Grimhild and suggests that Gunnar marry Brunhild. Some time later, Grimhild and Brunhild argue over precedent in the king's hall. Brunhild accuses Grimhild of not even being married to a man of noble birth, whereupon Grimhild reveals that Sigurd and not Gunnar took Brunhild's virginity, showing a ring that Sigurd had given her as proof. Brunhild then agitates for Sigurd's murder; once Grimhild's brothers have murdered Sigurd, they place his corpse in her bed.
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get along, but in the private while they are watching a tournament, they soon argue over which of them has the highest ranking husband. Brunhild accuses
Kriemhild of being married to a vassal. The queens part in anger. Later, the two queens encounter each other before entering the cathedral at Worms for mass. Brunhild and Kriemhild each insist that they should be allowed to enter the church before the other. Brunhild repeats her accusation that Kriemhild is married to a vassal publicly. Kriemhild then declares that Siegfried, and not Gunther, has taken Brunhild's virginity, displaying Brunhild apparent proof. Kriemhild then enters the church before Brunhild.
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for five years. After that time he will marry her and they will travel to hell together. Kriemhild prays to avoid this fate. Finally, Siegfried (Seyfrid) arrives to save her, but the dragon appears. The dragon forces
Siegfried and Kriemhild to flee into the depths of the mountain, where they find the treasure of the Nibelungen and a sword that can cut through the dragon's skin. Siegfried defeats the dragon, and Kriemhild and Siegfried return to Worms, where they are married and Siegfried rules together with Kriemhild's brothers. Her brothers, however, resent how powerful Siegfried has become and after seven years, they murder him.
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632:. Her brothers are Gunther, Gernot, and Giselher, with Gunther being the king. The poem opens when Kriemhild has a dream that she raised a falcon only to see it killed by two eagles. Her mother explains to her that this means she will love a man very much, but he will be killed. One day, Siegfried comes to the Burgundian court, intending to woo Kriemhild. The two do not speak for a year, but once Siegfried has helped the Burgundians in a war the two are allowed to see each other for the first time. They fall deeply in love and see each other daily. Once Siegfried has helped Kriemhild's brother king Gunther acquire
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captured. Gudrun and Atli then accuse each other of causing the slaughter. Atli kills Gunnar and Högni and then tells Gudrun. She curses him, and he offers her some form of compensation, which she refuses. Gudrun pretends to have reconciled herself with the situation, but secretly kills her sons and feeds them to Atli. She tells Atli what he has eaten then kills Atli with the help of Högni's son
Hniflung. While he dies, Atli claims to have treated Gudrun well and accuses her of being cruel. Gudrun defends herself and promises to bury Atli appropriately, and tries to kill herself.
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and a daughter named
Svanhild. Some time later, Gudrun and Brunhild have a quarrel while washing their hair in a river: Brunhild says that she cannot have the water that touched Gudrun's hair touch hers, for she is married to the braver husband. The fight leads Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who rode through the flames to woo Brunhild, producing a ring that Sigurd had taken from Brunhild as proof. This knowledge leads Brunhild to agitate for Sigurd's murder, which is performed by Gudrun's half-brother Guthorm, who also kills the young Sigmund.
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Gudrun's brothers. He invites them to his hall intending to kill them for the gold. Gudrun warns them, but the warning is ignored. When the brothers arrive, Gudrun first attempts to mediate between the two sides, but afterwards fights with her brothers until they are captured and then killed. During the preparations for the funeral feast for her brothers, Gudrun kills Atli's sons. She feeds their flesh to Atli. Then she kills Atli in his bed with the help of Högni's son
Niflung. Finally, they set the palace on fire and kill everyone inside.
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245:, Gunther's wife, over their respective ranks. In both traditions, once Sigurd has been murdered, Gudrun is married to Etzel/Atli, the legendary analogue of Attila the Hun. In the Norse tradition, Atli desires the hoard of the Nibelungen, which the Burgundians had taken after murdering Sigurd, and invites them to his court; intending to kill them. Gudrun then avenges her brothers by killing Atli and burning down his hall. The Norse tradition then tells of her further life as mother of
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queens continue their quarrel in the king's hall the next day. Brunhild then persuades Gunnar and Högni to have Sigurd killed, claiming that Sigurd slept with her. The murder is carried out by their younger brother
Guthorm. Guthorm attacks Sigurd while he is asleep in bed with Gudrun; Sigurd is mortally wounded, but kills Guthorm. He then assures Gudrun that he never deceived Gunnar and dies. Gudrun then cries out loudly, which Brunhild answers with a loud laugh.
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mockingly asks Hagen whether he has brought her what he stole at Worms. Later, Kriemhild confronts Hagen with a group of Huns, and Hagen provokes her by bragging that he killed
Siegfried. None of the Huns is brave enough to attack, and the Burgundians prevent an attack that Kriemhild had planned for that night. The next day, Kriemhild convinces Etzel's brother Bloedelin to attack the Burgundians' supplies; this occurs while Etzel, Kriemhild, and their son
1093:, Gudrun lies besides Sigurd's corpse but is unable to weep. Two other women attempt to comfort her by telling of their own grief, but it is only when Gudrun's sister Gullrönd uncovers Sigurd's body and tells her to kiss it that she is able to weep. Gudrun now accuses Gunnar of the murder and denies him any right to Sigurd's treasure. She warns that she will avenge her husband. It is implied that if Gudrun had been unable to weep, she may have died.
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1038:, a collection of heroic and mythological Nordic poems, appears to have been compiled around 1270 in Iceland, and assembles mythological and heroic songs of various ages. As elsewhere in the Scandinavian tradition, Gudrun is portrayed as the sister of Gunnar and Högni. Depending on the poem Guthorm is either her full brother, step-brother, or half-brother. A sister Gullrönd also appears in one poem.
1229:, Atli invites Gudrun's brothers Högni and Gunnar to his hall with the intent of killing them. The brothers come, although Gudrun has sent them a warning. Once Gunnar and Högni are dead, Gudrun offers Atli a drink and invites him and the Huns to a feast. After all are drunk, she reveals that Atli has eaten his sons, kills him, then sets the hall on fire, killing everyone within, including herself.
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separates the two and demands that Hagen give back to her what he has taken from her. Hagen says he cannot tell her where the hoard is as long as his lord
Gunther lives; Kriemhild then has Gunther decapitated. Hagen then reveals that the hoard is in the Rhine; Kriemhild takes Siegfried's sword, which Hagen had stolen, and beheads him with it herself. Dietrich's mentor
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1162:, but ignores Brunhild and includes the detail that Gudrun went into the woods to mourn over Sigurd's body. The inclusion of the figure of Thiodrek points to continental influence on the poem. The last stanza is incomplete, and scholars debate whether the poem originally also included Gudrun's killing of Atli and his sons.
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make her forget about Sigurd first. Some time later Atli invites Gunnar and Högni intending to betray them and take their gold. Gudrun attempts to warn her brothers, but they come anyway. After they are taken prisoner by Atli, she asks her sons to intervene with their father on Gunnar and Högni's behalf, but they refuse.
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Gudrun will afterwards lose him due to conflict. When Sigurd comes to the court, Gudrun's mother Grimhild gives Sigurd a potion to forget his betrothal to Brunhild, and he marries Gudrun. Sigurd then helps Gunnar woo Brunhild, using a spell taught them by Grimhild, and for a time Brunhild and Gudrun share Gjuki's court.
1210:. Michael Curschmann argues that the poem is a transformation of a continental Germanic legend in which Dietrich (Thjodrek) is accused of sleeping with Etzel's wife Helche (Herkja), with whom he had a close relationship; an Old Norse poet then made Herkja into a concubine and accuser and made Gudrun into the accused.
1018:). When Atli invites Gudrun's brothers and kills them for their gold, Gudrun kills her two sons by Atli. She makes their skulls into drinking goblets and cooks their hearts, giving them to Atli to eat. She then tells Atli what she has done, and later kills Atli together with Högni's son. She then burns down the hall.
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Generally, none of the poems in the collection is thought to be older than 900 and some appear to have been written in the thirteenth century. It is also possible that apparently old poems have been written in an archaicizing style and that apparently recent poems are reworkings of older material, so
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The author of the saga has made a number of changes to create a more or less coherent story out of the many oral and possibly written sources that he used to create the saga. The author mentions alternative Scandinavian versions of many of these same tales, and appears to have changed some details to
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In the saga, Gudrun is the daughter of Gjuki, sister to Gunnar and Högni, and Guthorm. Gudrun is introduced to the saga having a bad dream; she chooses to go to Brunhild to have this dream interpreted. Brunhild explains that Gudrun will marry Sigurd, even though he is betrothed to Brunhild, and that
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The poem proper starts after Gudrun has learned of Svanhild's death: she stirs up her three sons to kill Jormunrek and avenge their sister. The brothers agree, warning her, however, they will surely die. This leads Gudrun to tell them of her own woes in life. Once she is left alone, Gudrun calls for
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retells the story of Sigurd's life from his arrival at Gunnar's court to his murder. Gudrun plays a passive role in the poem. She is shown to wake up in a pool of blood from the dying Sigurd, who then makes a short speech to her blaming Brunhild, predicting the murder of their son, assuring her that
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Siegfried is forced to publicly deny the accusation to Gunther, and beats Kriemhild to punish her. Brunhild is not satisfied, however, and Hagen convinces Gunther to have Siegfried murdered. Under the pretext that he wants to protect Siegfried, Hagen convinces Kriemhild to reveal the only spot where
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is a Scandinavian innovation that brings this legend into direct contact with the more famous legend of Sigurd. Edward Haymes and Susan Samples believe that it is a relatively late development. Other scholars date it to the tenth century, however, on the basis of a version of the story cited in the
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Scholars are generally in agreement that Gudrun's original role in the destruction of Burgundians was that of the Scandinavian tradition, in which she avenges her brothers. Her role then altered in the continental tradition once the story of the destruction of the Burgundians became attached to the
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and tells the story of her tribulations leading to her marriage to Atli. She recounts how Sigurd was killed and how she then wandered to Denmark, where she stayed with King Half for three and a half years. Then her family came for her, and her mother Grimhild gave her a potion to forget her sorrow.
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Gudrun is introduced as the daughter of Gjúki and Grimhild, full sister to Gunnar and Högni, and half-sister to Guthorm. Gudrun marries Sigurd when he comes to Gjúki's kingdom. When Sigurd returns from aiding Gunnar in his wooing of Brunhild, Sigurd and Gudrun have two children, a son named Sigmund
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In the middle of the ballad, a dragon abducts Kriemhild from her home in Worms. The dragon holds Kriemhild captive for years in his lair of mount Trachenstein (dragon stone), treating her well. One day it lays its head in her lap and transforms into a man, explaining that she needs to stay with him
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Some time later, Atli (Etzel) woos Grimhild to be his new wife. Seven years later Grimhild convinces Atli to invite the Burgundians (called Niflungs) to visit her by mentioning the hoard of the Nibelungen which her brothers had stolen from her. Atli is seized by greed for the hoard and agrees. Once
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Some years pass, and Kriemhild and Siegfried have a son whom they name Gunther. One day, Brunhild, who had been convinced that Siegfried was Gunther's vassal rather than an equal king, convinces Gunther to invite his sister and Siegfried to stay with them at Worms. Initially, Brunhild and Kriemhild
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Jan-Dirk Müller, however, argues that we cannot know for sure which version of Gudrun's role is more original, as neither resembles the actual historical destruction of the Burgundians or the end of Etzel's kingdom. He suggests that the change in roles may be because of the continental tradition's
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Gudrun afterwards flees to the Danish king Half, but is later retrieved by her family. Grimhild gives her daughter a potion to make her forget her anger against her brothers, then convinces a reluctant Gudrun to marry Atli. Atli and Gudrun are not happily married, and Atli soon desires the gold of
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One day Gudrun and Brunhild quarrel while washing their hair; Brunhild insists that her husband Gunnar is a higher-ranking man than Sigurd. This causes Gudrun to reveal that it was Sigurd in Gunnar's shape who won Brunhild, and she shows Brunhild a ring that Brunhild had given Sigurd as proof. The
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with several important differences. Gudrun tries to warn her brothers of Atli's betrayal, but they decide to come anyway. Gudrun greets her brothers when they arrive and tries to negotiate between them and Atli, but when she sees that this is not possible she fights together with them until she is
1021:
Afterwards, Gudrun tries to drown herself in the sea, but she washes ashore in the land of King Jonak. Jonak marries her and has three sons with her, Sorli, Hamdir, and Erp. Svanhild, Sigurd's daughter, is also raised there, before being married to king Jormunrek. When Jormunrek kills Svanhild for
825:
In the Heldenbuch-Prosa, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gibeche and married to Siegfried. She arranges for the disaster at Etzel's hall in order to take vengeance on Dietrich von Bern for having killed Siegfried in the rose garden. She provokes the fighting by having her and Etzel's son brought
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is proceeded by a brief prose interlude that explains that tried to drown herself in the sea after killing Atli, but was instead taken to the land of King Jonak, who married her and with whom she had three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp, and where she also raises Svanhild, her daughter with Sigurd.
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is a short prose section connecting the death of Sigurd to the following poems about the Burgundians (Niflungs) and Atli (Attila). Atli, who is Brunhild's brother, blames Gunnar for Brunhild's death, and in order to placate him Gunnar marries Gudrun to Atli. Gudrun must be given a magic potion to
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arranges for Kriemhild and Etzel to leave the hall. Kriemhild later demands that Gunther surrender Hagen to her, but he refuses: she then has the hall set on fire. Eventually, Dietrich von Bern captures Gunther and Hagen as the last survivors in the hall, handing them over to Kriemhild. Kriemhild
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Victor Millet notes that the detail of the potion of forgetting helps explain why Gudrun does not seek to avenge Sigurd; he connects this to a possible attempt to discount the continental version of the story, which the poet appears to have known. The use of the name Grimhild for her mother, the
1397:, most scholars believe that the destruction of the Burgundians and the murder of Sigurd were originally separate traditions. Gudrun's two names may result from the merging of two different figures, one who was the wife of Sigurd, and one who was the brother of the Burgundians killed by Attila.
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is only preserved fragmentarily: the surviving part of the poem tells the story of Sigurd's murder. The poem briefly shows Gudrun's surprise and grief at Sigurd's death, as well as her hostility to Brunhild. She is portrayed as a less important character than Brunhild. The lost part of the poem
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of the Huns seeks Kriemhild's hand in marriage, and she reluctantly agrees. Thirteen years after her arrival in Etzel's kingdom, she convinces Etzel to invite her brothers to a feast. Gunther agrees and the Burgundians and their vassals arrive at Etzel's court. Kriemhild greets her brothers but
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Gudrun now attempts to drown herself, but she is instead washed up in the land of king Jonak, who marries her. They have three sons, Hamdir, Sorli, and Erp. Gudrun's daughter with Sigurd, Svanhild, is also raised at Jonak's court. Svanhild marries King Jormunrek, but kills her on suspicion of
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1058:, a prophecy that Sigurd receives about his future life and deeds, it is mentioned that Gudrun will be his wife, and that Brunhild will feel insulted by this. The prophecy ends shortly after describing Gudrun's grief and blaming her mother Grimhild for the whole debacle.
253:. In the continental tradition, Kriemhild instead desires revenge for her brothers' murder of Siegfried, and invites them to visit Etzel's court intending to kill them. Her revenge destroys both the Huns and the Burgundians, and in the end she herself is killed.
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to prove her innocence. To perform the ordeal, she puts her hand into the kettle of boiling water, and because she is innocent, she is unscathed. Herkja is then forced to perform the same ordeal and burns herself. As a punishment, she is killed by being
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into the hall and having the child provoke Hagen, who kills him. This leads to an outbreak of hostilities in which many heroes die. When Dietrich takes Gunther and Hagen prisoner, she cuts off their heads, causing Dietrich to cut her to pieces.
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Some of the differences and similarities between Gudrun and Kriemhild in the Scandinavian and continental Germanic traditions can be seen in the following two stanzas taken from original sources. The first is Kriemhild's introduction in the
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for Kriemhild, as she develops from a relatively mild-manner courtly lady into a forceful and ferocious avenger of her dead husband. Various versions of the text judge her actions differently; in the A and B versions, she is condemned as a
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Then she was forced to marry Atli. One night, Atli awoke and told Gudrun that he had had a dream that she would kill him and cause him to eat his sons. Gudrun interprets the dream in a way that makes it seem harmless.
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in 436/437, possibly with the help of Hunnish mercenaries. The downfall of this kingdom was blamed on Attila and combined with his death at the hands of his wife at some early point in the development of the legend.
610:(c. 1200): she is the first character to be introduced and the romance ends with her death. The poem is even called "Kriemhild" in at least one manuscript. It has even been argued that the epic represents a sort of
1096:
The poem focuses entirely on Gudrun's grief at the death of Sigurd, omitting almost all details surrounding his death. The three women, including Gudrun's sister Gullrönd, are probably inventions of the poet.
959:. In this version, in which "Jarmericus" is a Danish king, Gudrun appears as a powerful sorceress who casts spells on the weapons of the brothers coming to avenge Svanhild's death that make them invincible.
542:, her husband. In the oral tradition, Brunhilda's name has become attached to the murderer rather than the wife. The second element of Fredegund's name, meanwhile, corresponds with the first in Gudrun's.
522:
In the first instance, Gudrun's quarrel with Brunhild, which results in Sigurd's death at the urging of the latter, is widely thought to have its origins in the quarrel between the two historical
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580:
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match the stories known by his Scandinavian audience. The saga's version of the downfall of the Burgundians represents a unique mix of elements known from the Norse and continental traditions.
693:, Kriemhild was acting out of true love for Siegfried and the true treachery was that of Hagen. This is underlined by having Hildebrand specifically blame Hagen for the disaster, calling him a
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saga. In this version she willingly gives up the Nibelungs' ring and gold after Siegfried's death, having realized the deadly curse they bring on all who would try to claim them for their own.
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Although the poem is placed before the poems about Atli's death in the codex, references to Gudrun being without kin seem to indicate that it takes place after the death of the Burgundians.
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is the earliest attestation of the full Scandinavian version of Gudrun's life, dating to around 1220. Snorri tells the story of Gudrun in several chapters of the section of the poem called
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This version of the poem makes the destruction of the Burgundians look like the result of a feud between Atli and Gudrun; Atli is even said to execute Gunnar and Högni to hurt his wife.
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version m includes a version of Siegfried's freeing of Kriemhild from a dragon, meaning the legend developed by 1400. The earliest surviving copy of the ballad itself is from 1530.
2899:, Issue 7, Winter 1992. "In Norway, the oskorei is led by Sigurd Svein and Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail")—the Sigurdhr Fáfnisbani and Gudhrun Gjúkadottir of the Eddic lays."
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adultery, Gudrun tells her sons to kill him, giving them special weapons that could not be pierced by iron. The sons die in the attempt, leading to the extinction of Gjúki's line.
966:. Victor Millet nevertheless believes that Saxo is of little value as a source for authentic heroic traditions, as he appears to have thoroughly altered whatever sources he used.
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Curschmann, Michael (1988). "Eddic poetry and continental heroic legend: the case of the third lay of Guðrún (Guðrúnarqviða)". In Calder, Daniel G; Christy, T. Craig (eds.).
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of Diebolt von Hanowe and afterwards contained in printings until 1590, is considered one of the most important attestations of a continued oral tradition outside of the
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Saxo probably completed his history before 1208, making this the earliest version of the Scandinavian tradition to have survived and roughly contemporary with the
270:. As Wagner's cycle ends with Siegfried's funeral and its immediate aftermath, it does not include her marriage to Atli/Etzel or revenge for Siegfried's death.
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and the Scandinavian tradition as well. This is taken as evidence that these elements of the tradition existed in oral story-telling into the late Middle Ages.
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fairly closely, although there is no indication that the author knew the other text. The author appears to have been working in Norway and to have known the
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470:), the cognate name to Kriemhild. Victor Millet suggests that the name, along with the mother's wickedness, may derive from the continental tradition.
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923:) is mentioned as a popular story that the German courtly public enjoyed hearing, along with tales of Sigurd's death and the hoard of the Nibelungs.
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he has not slept with Brunhild, and noting that he brothers still live. After this, she disappears from the poem and is only mentioned by Brunhild.
1463:, who lived in the tenth century, although other scholars date it instead to around 1000 and believe that the attribution to Bragi is incorrect.
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Das Nibelungenlied und die Klage. Nach der Handschrift 857 der Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen. Mittelhochdeutscher Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar
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Gudrun is believed to have her origins in two historical figures who featured in two originally independent traditions, one about the death of
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3329:
3302:
3283:
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3156:
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621:(fiend) for her bloody revenge, but the C version emphasizes her love for her dead husband as her motivation and absolves her of most blame.
588:
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916:
The phrase "Kriemhilden hôchzît" (Kriemhild's festival) is attested in other medieval German works to denote an especially bloody battle.
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3348:
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3207:
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shows knowledge of continental traditions with the figure of Thiodrek. In addition, Herkja corresponds to the German Helche (in the
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186:
128:
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1459:: the narrator there refers to Ermanaric's killers as descendants of Gjúki, Gudrun's father. This poem is attributed to the poet
600:
Kriemhild, holding Gunther's head, prepares to kill Hagen with Siegfried's sword while Hildebrand watches. Hundeshagenscher Kodex
1404:. This is also the first secure attestation of a combined legend of the death of Sigurd and the destruction of the Burgundians.
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are seated in the hall with Burgundians. Upon hearing of the attack, Hagen decapitates the Hunnish prince. Fighting erupts, but
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McKinnell, John (2014). "Female Reactions to the Death of Sigurðr". In McKinnell, John; Kick, Donata; Shafer, John D. (eds.).
853:, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Gybich and sister of Gunther, Gyrnot (Gernot), and Hagen. The name Gybich agrees with the
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adultery. Gudrun then rallies her sons to avenge their half-sister, giving them armor that cannot be cut through by iron.
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The destruction of the Burgundian kingdom derives from the destruction of a historical Burgundian kingdom, ruled by king
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as his bride, Kriemhild and Siegfried are also married. The couple then leaves from Siegfried's own kingdom at Xanten.
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5263:
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Quinn, Judy (2015). "Scenes of vindication. Three Icelandic heroic poems in relation to the continental traditions of
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Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names
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The name of Kriemhild's father, Gibeche, corresponds to Gjúki in the Scandinavian tradition, and is also found in the
195:
86:
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cognate name for Kriemhild, and that character's manifest wickedness may also derive from the continental tradition.
1072:
424:, meaning battle or conflict. There is no consensus about the first element though, and it is also variously spelled
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553:, who was rumored to have murdered him. The written form Ildico is generally taken to represent the Germanic name
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It has been suggested that Siegfried's liberation of Kriemhild may be a repurposing of a lost German story about
74:
1182:, Atli's concubine Herkja accuses Gudrun of sleeping with Thiodrek. Gudrun denies the charges and engages in an
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and corresponds to the Old Norse Gjúki, and the fact that Hagen is one of Kriemhild's brothers accords with the
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Kriemhild tells her mother Ute of a dream that predicts her tragic love for Siegfried. Hundeshagenscher Kodex
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3861:
3594:
1239:, possibly dating from the ninth century. Gudrun feeding Atli his sons may derive from the antique story of
262:
61:
31:
455:, meaning terrible. Yet another theory derives the first element from a verb similar to Middle High German
5138:
4798:
3509:
527:
223:
207:
5187:
4994:
4756:
4007:
3827:
717:(c. 1250) is written in Old Norse, the majority of the material is translated from German (particularly
4088:
4053:
3502:
976:
407:, meaning secret. On the continent, this name is only attested for an apparently unrelated figure (see
241:
and marries the hero Siegfried/Sigurd. Both traditions also feature a major rivalry between Gudrun and
5078:
4952:
4917:
4833:
4826:
4812:
4000:
3935:
3606:
764:
754:
Dietleib and Walther both receive a garland of roses from Kriemhild. Image from a text of the Berlin
919:
In a song of the mid-thirteenth-century wandering lyric poet Der Marner, "whom Kriemhild betrayed" (
233:
In both the Continental (German) and Scandinavian traditions, Gudrun/Kriemhild is the sister of the
5085:
5057:
4717:
4479:
3536:
1206:, Erka), the first wife of Etzel (Atli) in the continental tradition. She only appears here in the
219:
69:
53:
473:
Scholarly opinion diverges as to which name is more original: either both names are old, the name
5092:
5008:
4924:
4910:
3669:
3354:
685:, the poem nevertheless goes to great lengths to absolve her of blame for the catastrophe of the
628:, Kriemhild is the daughter of king Dancrat and queen Ute of Burgundy, a kingdom centered around
392:
137:
42:
4444:
4297:
3396:
1491:
451:
with a short vowel represents an alteration of the original root to be more similar to the word
750:
5120:
5064:
4931:
4791:
4409:
4046:
3925:
3814:
3808:
3462:
3443:
3344:
3325:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3222:
3203:
3171:
3152:
3118:
3090:
1147:
906:
713:
657:
779:(fiend) and she derives great joy from watching the knights fight in at times brutal combat.
5071:
4973:
4770:
4749:
4619:
4598:
4346:
4332:
4150:
3986:
3791:
3613:
3560:
1335:
1125:
996:
946:
927:
892:
151:
99:
1280:
5219:
5201:
4889:
4556:
4514:
4200:
3972:
3581:
3324:. Translated by Larrington, Carolyne (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University. 2014.
1477:
1183:
771:
The poem takes a highly critical judgment of Kriemhild. As in the A and B versions of the
677:
5022:
4696:
4689:
4388:
4325:
3514:
3145:
Gentry, Francis G.; McConnell, Winder; Müller, Ulrich; Wunderlich, Werner, eds. (2011) .
1455:
1312:
1054:
1425:
story of Sigurd's murder. These changes occurred sometime before the composition of the
930:(late thirteenth-century) records that Attila the Hun was killed by his wife Kriemhild.
5226:
5166:
5159:
5145:
5029:
4882:
4868:
4605:
4563:
4360:
4234:
4080:
4062:
4039:
3910:
3885:
3834:
3664:
1508:
1482:
1460:
1417:
1297:
629:
606:
592:
Kriemhild finds Siegfried's corpse in front of her bedroom door. Hundeshagenscher Kodex
257:
215:
46:
2895:
Kveldulf Hagen Gundarsson, "The Folklore of the Wild Hunt and the Furious Host", from
5242:
5173:
5050:
5043:
5001:
4500:
4486:
4032:
3600:
955:
902:
897:
840:
The dragon lays its head in Kriemhild's lap. Woodcut for an early modern printing of
612:
1247:, however. The poem is particularly notable in that Sigurd is not mentioned at all.
665:, outraged that a woman has killed a great warrior, then hacks Kriemhild to pieces.
5113:
5099:
4987:
4731:
4640:
4353:
3358:
1451:
1413:
37:
4276:
3750:
3709:
1316:: she encourages her sons to avenge Svanhild, which they reluctantly agree to do.
1225:
315:
81:
3146:
3087:
Germania : comparative studies in the old Germanic languages and literatures
1146:, Gudrun is at Atli's court. She laments of her fate to Thiodrek (Þjódrekr, i.e.
57:
Kriemhild discovers Siegfried's corpse. Painting by Johann Heinrich Füssli, 1817.
4980:
4724:
4654:
4647:
4626:
4570:
4507:
4416:
4367:
3979:
3781:
3587:
3366:
3219:
Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles
2694:
2692:
2338:
2336:
1504:
1292:
Svanhild is married to Jormunrek, who later kills her on suspicion of jealousy.
1034:
984:
539:
437:
234:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
721:) oral tales, as well as possibly some from German written sources such as the
383:) is straightforward: it consists of two elements. The first is Proto-Germanic
4903:
4861:
4819:
4668:
4633:
4584:
4577:
4549:
4465:
4458:
4423:
4395:
4311:
4304:
4269:
4142:
3930:
3786:
3719:
1473:
1385:, Gudhrun Gjúkadottir is referred to as Guro Rysserova ("Gudrun Horse-tail").
992:
885:
811:
807:
718:
662:
535:
504:
65:
Kriemhild accuses Hagen of murdering Siegfried. Painting by Emil Lauffer, 1879
1077:
probably shows Gudrun to reveal Sigurd and Gunnar's deception in the wooing.
4945:
4703:
4493:
4248:
3714:
1446:
1442:
1382:
1376:
950:
531:
250:
246:
227:
3740:
545:
In the case of the destruction of the Burgundians, Gudrun can be traced to
3497:
17:
4959:
4875:
4777:
4710:
4675:
4535:
4437:
4430:
4374:
4290:
4283:
4262:
4241:
4227:
3950:
3945:
3920:
3674:
3644:
1323:, but more recent scholarship suggests it may actually be fairly recent.
1188:
888:
records that Attila's wife killed him to avenge the death of her father.
869:
633:
463:
242:
3477:
3409:
3383:
3370:
3186:
3133:
3073:
836:
443:) meaning mask. Another theory connects it an otherwise unattested root
4847:
4612:
4591:
4542:
4528:
4472:
4381:
4255:
3915:
3735:
3694:
3684:
3659:
3649:
3575:
909:
by singing of "the famous treachery of Grimhild against her brothers" (
491:
238:
5194:
5106:
5036:
4966:
4763:
4661:
4521:
4451:
4402:
3955:
3900:
3704:
3639:
1529:
1244:
1240:
1015:
1003:. His presentation of the story is very similar to that found in the
901:
that a Saxon minstrel tried unsuccessfully to warn the Danish prince
648:
550:
546:
523:
516:
489:
was created to share the same first element as the other Burgundians
409:
211:
203:
3760:
3528:
697:(fiend), the male counterpart to the accusation that Kriemhild is a
1351:
is dated to sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century.
1300:
to see her. They will then burn together on the same funeral pyre.
4805:
4682:
4339:
4169:
3765:
3745:
3699:
3679:
1784:, p. 91, "Ditz Puech heysset Chrimhilt." Ambraser Heldenbuch.
1648:
1646:
1644:
1522:
1279:
975:
835:
749:
595:
587:
579:
519:
and another about the destruction of the Burgundians by the Huns.
80:
68:
60:
52:
36:
3853:
1429:(c. 1200), the first text to securely attest either development.
313:
And this is how Gudrun is described at the end of the Eddic poem
3755:
3689:
3513:
3425:. Translated by Byock, Jesse L. New York, London: Penguin Books.
1158:. Its account of Sigurd's death generally follow the account in
675:
Although Kriemhild does not appear as a living character in the
4173:
3857:
3532:
2811:
2698:
2342:
2192:
2093:
1715:
1618:
3484:. Vol. 28. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 424–426.
3416:. Vol. 16. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 149–153.
3377:. Vol. 24. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 112–117.
3193:. Vol. 13. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 473–476.
3140:. Vol. 26. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 549–554.
1400:
The first attestation of Kriemhild or Gudrun, however, is the
321:
280:
163:
3480:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
3412:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
3390:. Vol. 4. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 231–235.
3386:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
3373:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
3189:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
3136:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
3080:. Vol. 1. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 465–467.
3076:. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.).
953:)'s death that includes Gudrun (as Guthruna) in Latin in his
117:
3842:
The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs
1687:
1685:
1235:
is commonly supposedly to be one of the oldest poems in the
49:' work, Sigurd the Volsung. (London: Kelmscott Press, 1898).
2543:
2541:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
462:
In the Scandinavian tradition, Gudrun's mother is known as
2602:
2600:
2587:
2585:
1753:
1751:
303:
She was called Kriemhilt—she grew to be a beautiful woman.
108:
2979:
2977:
1416:(Gunther) and located on the Rhine, by the Roman general
172:
105:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2449:
2447:
2239:
2237:
2152:
2150:
1738:
1736:
210:
and literature. She is believed to have her origins in
3257:
Die dänischen Nibelungenballaden: Texte und Kommentare
1631:
1629:
1627:
1571:
1569:
187:
157:
129:
120:
3343:. Toronto: University of Toronto. pp. 249–267.
305:
For her sake many knights were to lose their lives.
299:
There grew up in Burgundy a most noble maiden.
178:
175:
160:
114:
111:
5211:
5130:
4741:
4219:
4134:
4124:
Das Nibelungenlied: Ein Heldenepos in 39 Abenteuern
4115:
4072:
4017:
3964:
3893:
3800:
3774:
3728:
3632:
3567:
3089:. Wolfeboro, N.H.: D. S. Brewer. pp. 143–160.
1389:
Theories about the development of the Gudrun figure
1319:This lay is often supposed to be the oldest in the
1154:The poem is probably one of the most recent in the
561:and would thus correspond to the second element in
169:
166:
154:
102:
3440:Medieval Nordic Literature in its European Context
1437:Attachment to the legend of Ermanaric and Svanhild
786:and Heldenbuch-Prosa (see below); this shows the
3403:. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 121–127.
1296:death and hopes that Sigurd will ride back from
1014:Following this, Gudrun is married to king Atli (
884:The ninth-century anonymous Saxon poet known as
847:In the late medieval/early modern heroic ballad
569:Continental Germanic traditions and attestations
790:connection to an oral tradition outside of the
557:, which would be a diminutive form of the name
292:dar umbe muosen degene vil verliesen den lîp.
4185:
3869:
3544:
3217:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996).
3031:
2659:
2438:
2354:
1985:
1961:
1793:
1703:
1441:The attachment of Gudrun's legend to that of
420:is less clear. The second element is clearly
288:daz in allen landen niht schoeners mohte sîn,
8:
3524:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 926.
3115:The Nibelungenlied. The Lay of the Nibelungs
2315:
949:records a version of the story of Jorumrek (
534:, the latter of whom had Brunhild's husband
290:Kriemhilt geheizen. si wart ein schoene wîp.
3482:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3414:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3388:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3375:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3191:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3138:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
3106:The Poetic Edda, Volume I: The Heroic Poems
3078:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
1310:Gudrun appears briefly at the beginning of
911:notissimam Grimildae erga fratres perfidiam
286:Ez wuohs in Burgonden ein vil edel magedîn,
4192:
4178:
4170:
3876:
3862:
3854:
3551:
3537:
3529:
2683:
2671:
2477:
2465:
1007:(see below), but is considerably shorter.
3442:. Oslo: Dreyers Forlag. pp. 78–125.
3295:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter
3148:The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia
2618:
2559:
2547:
2520:
2508:
2426:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2204:
2129:
1937:
1757:
1727:
1676:
1652:
1587:
1507:played Kriemhild in an adaptation of the
395:loss of a nasal before a dental spirant (
3104:Dronke, Ursula (ed. and trans.) (1969).
2606:
2591:
2303:
934:Scandinavian traditions and attestations
301:No one in all the lands could be fairer.
3043:
2995:
2968:
2956:
2291:
2180:
2156:
2117:
2069:
1913:
1901:
1877:
1841:
1817:
1805:
1781:
1769:
1560:
1548:
1541:
872:, though this is far from certain. The
798:obvious knowledge of the earlier poem.
604:Kriemhild is the main character of the
447:. According to both theories, the form
391:, meaning battle; it shows the typical
3240:. Berlin: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag.
3055:
3019:
3007:
2983:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2799:
2782:
2770:
2746:
2734:
2710:
2647:
2635:
2576:
2532:
2489:
2453:
2414:
2327:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2228:
2216:
2168:
2141:
2105:
2081:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1973:
1949:
1925:
1889:
1865:
1853:
1829:
1742:
1691:
1664:
1635:
1599:
1575:
1408:Role in the destruction of Burgundians
818:, with many details agreeing with the
7:
3316:(3 ed.). Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
2758:
2722:
1042:that reliable dating is impossible.
432:. One theory derives it from a root
3198:Haymes, Edward R. (trans.) (1988).
3117:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1490:). Kriemhild was played by actress
1488:Die Nibelungen: Kriemhild's Revenge
1061:The poem is probably not very old.
403:). The second element is Old Norse
725:. Therefore, it is included here.
485:is the original name and the name
477:is the original name and the name
25:
3401:Die altnordische heroische Elegie
3151:. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
880:Other traditions and attestations
27:Legendary figure in Germanic lore
4911:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter)
3623:
3496:
3297:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
3113:Edwards, Cyril (trans.) (2010).
1483:Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache
758:play, SB Berlin mgf 800, Bl. 2v.
150:
98:
3821:The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
3423:The Prose Edda: Norse Mythology
1433:more favorable view of Attila.
481:a later invention, or the name
352:will any wife go thus in armour
266:, Siegfried's wife is known as
3236:Heinzle, Joachim, ed. (2013).
1339:follows the plot given in the
905:of the betrayal of his cousin
362:bright lady, before she died.
1:
4105:Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King
3384:"Burgunden 3: Burgundensagen"
3276:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik
3255:Holzapfel, Otto, ed. (1974).
3170:. Oxford: Oxford University.
3166:Gillespie, George T. (1973).
3132:Friis-Jensen, Kasten (2004).
4319:Companions of Saint Nicholas
5181:Hirschsprung (Black Forest)
3382:Rosenfeld, Hellmut (1981).
3274:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015).
3200:The Saga of Thidrek of Bern
850:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
842:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
831:Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
647:Thirteen years later, king
87:Karl Schmoll von Eisenwerth
5290:
5153:Volksmärchen der Deutschen
4988:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter)
3438:". In Mundal, Else (ed.).
3421:Sturluson, Snorri (2005).
3108:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1374:
1284:Gudrun agitating her sons.
810:, first found in the 1480
29:
4212:German-speaking countries
4207:
3621:
3476:Würth, Stephanie (2005).
3408:Sprenger, Ulrike (1999).
3395:Sprenger, Ulrike (1992).
3312:Müller, Jan-Dirk (2009).
3278:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
3032:Haymes & Samples 1996
2660:Haymes & Samples 1996
2439:Haymes & Samples 1996
2355:Haymes & Samples 1996
1986:Haymes & Samples 1996
1962:Haymes & Samples 1996
1794:Haymes & Samples 1996
1704:Haymes & Samples 1996
926:The Hungarian chronicler
4785:Christman Genipperteinga
4151:The Ring of the Nibelung
4143:The Ring of the Nibelung
1262:tells the same story as
1109:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
1102:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
538:murdered by his brother
218:, and two queens of the
5259:Fictional German people
5131:Legends and fairy tales
4939:Kunigunde von Orlamünde
4897:Heinrich von Winkelried
4026:Der Ring des Nibelungen
3994:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
3521:Encyclopædia Britannica
3510:Phillips, Walter Alison
3293:Millet, Victor (2008).
3259:. Göppingen: Kümmerle.
3072:Beck, Heinrich (1973).
1655:, pp. 21–22 n. 12.
1259:Atlamál hin groenlenzku
1252:Atlamál hin groenlenzku
784:Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
354:to avenge her brothers.
348:The whole tale is told:
263:Der Ring des Nibelungen
199:
141:
73:Kriemhild and Gunther,
32:Gudrun (disambiguation)
5016:Rüdiger von Bechelaren
4799:Eppelein von Gailingen
3461:. Stuttgart: Metzler.
3459:Germanische Heldensage
3457:Uecker, Heiko (1972).
3341:Essays on Eddic Poetry
3185:Glauser, Jürg (1999).
2024:, pp. xxvii–xxix.
1285:
988:
844:
759:
601:
593:
585:
528:Brunhilda of Austrasia
346:
325:
297:
284:
224:Brunhilda of Austrasia
208:Germanic heroic legend
206:and a major figure in
90:
78:
75:Johann Heinrich Füssli
66:
58:
50:
5254:German heroic legends
5188:Venusberg (mythology)
4995:Pied Piper of Hamelin
4841:Götz von Berlichingen
4757:Arnold von Winkelried
4008:Biterolf und Dietleib
3828:The Lord of the Rings
3221:. New York: Garland.
3202:. New York: Garland.
2998:, pp. 1009–1010.
2959:, pp. 1008–1009.
1940:, p. 20, 52, 59.
1500:Ring of the Nibelungs
1381:In the legend of the
1283:
1160:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
1073:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
1066:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
979:
945:The Danish historian
921:wen Kriemhilt verriet
891:The Danish historian
839:
753:
599:
591:
583:
327:Fullrœtt er um þetta:
84:
72:
64:
56:
40:
5079:Walram of Thierstein
4953:Matthias Klostermayr
4834:Giselher of Burgundy
4827:Genevieve of Brabant
4813:Frederick Barbarossa
4001:Rosengarten zu Worms
3505:at Wikimedia Commons
3432:Þiðreks saga af Bern
1497:In the 2005 TV epic
1347:, and therefore the
855:Rosengarten zu Worms
765:Rosengarten zu Worms
745:Rosengarten zu Worms
681:, the sequel to the
356:She caused the death
30:For other uses, see
5274:Mythological queens
5139:Grimms' Fairy Tales
5086:Walter of Aquitaine
5058:The Smith of Kochel
3359:10.3138/j.ctt6wrf94
2874:, pp. 316–317.
2850:, pp. 315–316.
2773:, pp. 299–300.
2713:, p. 299, 307.
2686:, p. 308 n. 5.
2674:, pp. 149–152.
2621:, pp. 257–258.
2562:, pp. 258–259.
2405:, pp. 101–102.
2393:, pp. 100–101.
2171:, pp. 467–469.
2096:, pp. 186–187.
2048:, pp. 361–363.
2012:, pp. 271–272.
2000:, pp. 273–274.
1988:, pp. 118–119.
1952:, p. 264, 266.
1928:, pp. 270–273.
1892:, pp. 184–185.
1856:, pp. 182–183.
1832:, pp. 181–182.
1694:, pp. 195–196.
1667:, pp. 305–306.
1503:, American actress
1184:ordeal of hot water
981:Brynhild och Gudrun
689:. According to the
459:, meaning to rage.
329:ferr engi svá síðan
220:Merovingian dynasty
85:Kriemhild's Death,
5269:Legendary Norsemen
5264:Nibelung tradition
5093:Werner Stauffacher
5009:Punker of Rohrbach
4925:Knight of the Swan
4089:The Dragon's Blood
3670:Helgi Hundingsbane
3436:the Nibelungenlied
3314:Das Nibelungenlied
3134:"Saxo Grammaticus"
3022:, pp. 307–38.
2812:Gentry et al. 2011
2761:, p. 466-467.
2699:Gentry et al. 2011
2381:, pp. 99–100.
2343:Gentry et al. 2011
2207:, p. 16 n. 8.
2193:Gentry et al. 2011
2120:, p. 167–168.
2094:Gentry et al. 2011
1716:Gentry et al. 2011
1619:Gentry et al. 2011
1467:In popular culture
1286:
989:
845:
775:, she is called a
760:
602:
594:
586:
393:North Sea Germanic
341:biǫrt, áðr sylti.
196:Middle High German
91:
79:
67:
59:
51:
43:Edward Burne-Jones
5236:
5235:
5121:Xaver Hohenleiter
5065:Till Eulenspiegel
4932:Konrad Baumgarten
4918:Klaus Störtebeker
4792:Dietrich von Bern
4410:Feuermann (ghost)
4167:
4166:
3926:Dietrich von Bern
3851:
3850:
3815:Hagbard and Signy
3595:Norna-Gests þáttr
3515:"Kriemhild"
3501:Media related to
3449:978-82-8265-072-4
3331:978-0-19-967534-0
3304:978-3-11-020102-4
3285:978-3-503-15573-6
3247:978-3-618-66120-7
3158:978-0-8153-1785-2
3124:978-0-19-923854-5
3010:, pp. 32–33.
2947:, pp. 52–53.
2935:, pp. 19–20.
2911:, pp. 51–52.
2737:, p. 48, 51.
2369:, pp. 98–99.
2316:Friis-Jensen 2004
1904:, pp. 62–63.
1602:, pp. 44–45.
1200:Guðrúnarkviða III
1179:Guðrúnarkviða III
1171:Guðrúnarkviða III
1148:Dietrich von Bern
907:Magnus the Strong
658:Dietrich von Bern
416:The etymology of
375:The etymology of
368:
367:
335:Hon hefir þriggia
311:
310:
202:) is the wife of
16:(Redirected from
5281:
5229:
5222:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5072:Volker von Alzey
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4974:Otto the Younger
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4771:Baron Munchausen
4766:
4759:
4752:
4750:Albrecht Gessler
4734:
4727:
4720:
4718:Will-o'-the-wisp
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4599:Nixie (folklore)
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4480:Jack o' the bowl
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4347:Dwarf (folklore)
4342:
4335:
4333:Drak (mythology)
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3627:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3500:
3485:
3472:
3453:
3426:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3362:
3335:
3317:
3308:
3289:
3270:
3251:
3232:
3213:
3194:
3181:
3162:
3141:
3128:
3109:
3100:
3081:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2897:Mountain Thunder
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
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2780:
2774:
2768:
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2756:
2750:
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2732:
2726:
2720:
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2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1445:(Jǫrmunrek) and
1196:Guðrúnarkviða II
1189:drowned in a bog
1143:Guðrúnarkviða II
1135:Guðrúnarkviða II
997:Snorri Sturluson
947:Saxo Grammaticus
893:Saxo Grammaticus
808:Heldenbuch-Prosa
802:Heldenbuch-Prosa
322:
281:
204:Sigurd/Siegfried
190:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
21:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:German folklore
5218:
5207:
5202:Walpurgis Night
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4890:Hans von Trotha
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4557:Mare (folklore)
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4515:Knecht Ruprecht
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4445:Heinzelmännchen
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4298:Buschgroßmutter
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4215:
4203:
4201:German folklore
4198:
4168:
4163:
4130:
4111:
4068:
4054:Götterdämmerung
4013:
3973:Nibelungenklage
3960:
3889:
3882:
3852:
3847:
3796:
3770:
3724:
3628:
3619:
3582:Heysham hogback
3563:
3557:
3508:
3493:
3488:
3475:
3469:
3456:
3450:
3429:
3420:
3407:
3394:
3381:
3367:McTurk, Rory W.
3365:
3351:
3338:
3332:
3322:The Poetic Edda
3320:
3311:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3273:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3216:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3178:
3165:
3159:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2684:Larrington 2014
2682:
2678:
2672:Curschmann 1988
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2478:Larrington 2014
2476:
2472:
2466:Larrington 2014
2464:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:, p. 1038.
1768:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1634:
1625:
1617:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1518:
1492:Margarete Schön
1478:Thea von Harbou
1469:
1439:
1410:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1331:
1308:
1278:
1255:
1221:
1174:
1138:
1121:
1105:
1090:Guðrúnarkviða I
1085:
1082:Guðrúnarkviða I
1069:
1050:
1030:
1001:Skáldskaparsmál
974:
943:
936:
895:records in his
882:
834:
804:
748:
709:
691:Nibelungenklage
678:Nibelungenklage
673:
670:Nibelungenklage
578:
571:
513:
373:
364:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
350:never after her
349:
343:
340:
338:
336:
334:
333:brœðr at hefna.
332:
330:
328:
307:
304:
302:
300:
294:
291:
289:
287:
214:, last wife of
188:
153:
149:
130:
101:
97:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5227:Swiss folklore
5223:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5167:Nibelungenlied
5163:
5160:Gespensterbuch
5156:
5149:
5146:Deutsche Sagen
5142:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5030:Schinderhannes
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4883:Hans von Sagan
4879:
4872:
4869:Hagen (legend)
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4606:Ork (folklore)
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4564:Mephistopheles
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4361:Ekke Nekkepenn
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4235:Alp (folklore)
4231:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4097:Die Nibelungen
4093:
4085:
4081:Die Nibelungen
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3956:Etzel (Attila)
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:Nibelungenlied
3883:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3835:Nibelungenlied
3831:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3607:Skáldskaparmál
3603:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3492:
3491:External links
3489:
3487:
3486:
3478:"Sigurdlieder"
3473:
3467:
3454:
3448:
3427:
3418:
3410:"Gudrunlieder"
3405:
3397:"Guðrúnarhvǫt"
3392:
3379:
3371:"Ragnarsdrápa"
3363:
3349:
3336:
3330:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3233:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3176:
3163:
3157:
3142:
3129:
3123:
3110:
3101:
3095:
3082:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3058:, p. 115.
3048:
3046:, p. 475.
3036:
3034:, p. 126.
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2986:, p. 198.
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2923:, p. 195.
2913:
2901:
2888:
2886:, p. 317.
2876:
2864:
2862:, p. 316.
2852:
2840:
2838:, p. 313.
2828:
2826:, p. 319.
2816:
2804:
2802:, p. 300.
2787:
2785:, p. 307.
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2725:, p. 165.
2715:
2703:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2662:, p. 124.
2652:
2650:, p. 306.
2640:
2638:, p. 305.
2623:
2619:McKinnell 2014
2611:
2609:, p. 152.
2596:
2594:, p. 151.
2581:
2579:, p. 298.
2564:
2560:McKinnell 2014
2552:
2550:, p. 259.
2548:McKinnell 2014
2537:
2535:, p. 297.
2525:
2523:, p. 252.
2521:McKinnell 2014
2513:
2511:, p. 257.
2509:McKinnell 2014
2494:
2492:, p. 301.
2482:
2480:, p. 146.
2470:
2468:, p. 145.
2458:
2456:, p. 294.
2443:
2441:, p. 119.
2431:
2427:Gillespie 1973
2419:
2417:, p. 288.
2407:
2403:Sturluson 2005
2395:
2391:Sturluson 2005
2383:
2379:Sturluson 2005
2371:
2367:Sturluson 2005
2359:
2357:, p. 127.
2347:
2332:
2330:, p. 291.
2320:
2318:, p. 555.
2308:
2306:, p. 125.
2296:
2294:, p. 474.
2284:
2272:
2270:, p. 231.
2260:
2248:
2246:, p. 138.
2233:
2221:
2219:, p. 467.
2209:
2205:Gillespie 1973
2197:
2195:, p. 169.
2185:
2173:
2161:
2146:
2144:, p. 469.
2134:
2130:Gillespie 1973
2122:
2110:
2108:, p. 428.
2098:
2086:
2084:, p. 364.
2074:
2072:, p. 136.
2062:
2060:, p. 366.
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1976:, p. 267.
1966:
1964:, p. 114.
1954:
1942:
1938:Gillespie 1973
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1868:, p. 183.
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1796:, p. 152.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1758:Gillespie 1973
1747:
1732:
1728:Rosenfeld 1981
1720:
1708:
1696:
1681:
1679:, p. 232.
1677:Rosenfeld 1981
1669:
1657:
1653:Gillespie 1973
1640:
1623:
1604:
1592:
1588:Gillespie 1973
1580:
1565:
1553:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:Nibelungenlied
1495:
1468:
1465:
1461:Bragi Boddason
1438:
1435:
1427:Nibelungenlied
1418:Flavius Aetius
1409:
1406:
1402:Nibelungenlied
1390:
1387:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1330:
1325:
1307:
1302:
1277:
1272:
1254:
1249:
1220:
1215:
1173:
1168:
1137:
1132:
1120:
1115:
1104:
1099:
1084:
1079:
1068:
1063:
1049:
1044:
1029:
1024:
991:The so-called
973:
968:
964:Nibelungenlied
942:
937:
935:
932:
881:
878:
874:Nibelungenlied
833:
828:
816:Nibelungenlied
803:
800:
794:, despite the
792:Nibelungenlied
773:Nibelungenlied
747:
742:
723:Nibelungenlied
708:
703:
687:Nibelungenlied
683:Nibelungenlied
672:
667:
626:Nibelungenlied
607:Nibelungenlied
577:
575:Nibelungenlied
572:
570:
567:
512:
509:
372:
369:
366:
365:
358:of three kings
344:
331:brúðr í brynio
309:
308:
295:
276:Nibelungenlied
258:Richard Wagner
239:Gunther/Gunnar
216:Attila the Hun
47:William Morris
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5286:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Völsung cycle
5247:
5246:
5244:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:Stauffacherin
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5002:Princess Ilse
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:Petermännchen
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:King Goldemar
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:Klabautermann
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:Das Rheingold
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:Völsunga saga
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:Related works
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:Other figures
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:Volsunga saga
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:Sigurd stones
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3588:Niflung Cycle
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:Völsung Cycle
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:9781442615885
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3266:3-87452-237-7
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3209:0-8240-8489-6
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3177:9780198157182
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:, p. 35.
2970:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2814:, p. 16.
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2749:, p. 55.
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2701:, p. 76.
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:Sprenger 1999
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:Sprenger 1999
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:, p. 50.
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2345:, p. 12.
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:Sprenger 1992
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2258:, p. 48.
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:, p. 44.
2230:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2183:, p. 68.
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2159:, p. 67.
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:, p. 19.
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2036:, p. 42.
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:, p. 62.
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:, p. 42.
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1844:, p. 40.
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:, p. 56.
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:, p. 53.
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:, p. 21.
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:, p. 20.
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:, p. 70.
1717:
1712:
1709:
1706:, p. 22.
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:, p. 45.
1637:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:, p. 75.
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 22.
1589:
1584:
1581:
1578:, p. 12.
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1551:, p. 10.
1550:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:Völsunga Saga
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1336:Völsunga saga
1329:
1328:Völsunga saga
1326:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:Dráp Niflunga
1119:
1118:Dráp Niflunga
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1005:Völsunga saga
1002:
998:
994:
986:
982:
978:
972:
969:
967:
965:
960:
958:
957:
956:Gesta Danorum
952:
948:
941:
940:Gesta Danorum
938:
933:
931:
929:
928:Simon of Kéza
924:
922:
917:
914:
912:
908:
904:
903:Canute Lavard
900:
899:
898:Gesta Danorum
894:
889:
887:
879:
877:
875:
871:
866:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:
843:
838:
832:
829:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
799:
797:
796:Rosengarten's
793:
789:
788:Rosengarten's
785:
780:
778:
774:
769:
767:
766:
757:
752:
746:
743:
741:
737:
733:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
715:
711:Although the
707:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
671:
668:
666:
664:
659:
655:
650:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
613:Bildungsroman
609:
608:
598:
590:
582:
576:
573:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
510:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
363:
345:
342:
339:banorð borit,
324:
323:
320:
318:
317:
306:
296:
293:
283:
282:
279:
277:
271:
269:
265:
264:
259:
254:
252:
249:and enemy of
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:
183:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
125:
95:
88:
83:
76:
71:
63:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5114:Wolfdietrich
5100:William Tell
5023:Schildbürger
4854:
4732:Wolpertinger
4697:Wiedergänger
4690:Weiße Frauen
4641:Rhinemaidens
4389:Ewiger Jäger
4354:Easter Bunny
4326:Doppelgänger
4210:Folklore of
4209:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4122:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4061:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3905:
3884:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3807:
3654:
3612:
3605:
3593:
3586:
3574:
3568:Attestations
3519:
3481:
3458:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3340:
3321:
3313:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3237:
3218:
3199:
3190:
3167:
3147:
3137:
3114:
3105:
3086:
3077:
3074:"Atlilieder"
3051:
3044:Glauser 1999
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2996:Heinzle 2013
2991:
2969:Lienert 2015
2964:
2957:Heinzle 2013
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2614:
2555:
2528:
2516:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2292:Glauser 1999
2287:
2282:, p. 2.
2275:
2263:
2251:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2181:Lienert 2015
2176:
2164:
2157:Lienert 2015
2137:
2125:
2118:Lienert 2015
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2070:Lienert 2015
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1914:Lienert 2015
1909:
1902:Lienert 2015
1897:
1885:
1878:Lienert 2015
1873:
1861:
1849:
1842:Lienert 2015
1837:
1825:
1818:Lienert 2015
1813:
1806:Lienert 2015
1801:
1789:
1782:Lienert 2015
1777:
1770:Heinzle 2013
1765:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1672:
1660:
1595:
1583:
1563:, p. 5.
1561:Edwards 2010
1556:
1549:Heinzle 2013
1544:
1528:
1521:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1456:Ragnarsdrápa
1454:
1452:Skaldic poem
1440:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1414:Gundicharius
1411:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1380:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:Thidrekssaga
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:Guðrúnarhvöt
1288:
1287:
1275:Guðrúnarhvöt
1274:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1204:Thidrekssaga
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
963:
961:
954:
944:
939:
925:
920:
918:
915:
910:
896:
890:
883:
873:
867:
863:
859:Thidrekssaga
858:
854:
848:
846:
841:
830:
824:
820:Thidrekssaga
819:
815:
805:
795:
791:
787:
783:
781:
776:
772:
770:
763:
761:
755:
744:
738:
734:
730:Thidrekssaga
729:
727:
722:
712:
710:
705:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
669:
646:
642:
638:
625:
623:
618:
611:
605:
603:
574:
562:
558:
554:
544:
521:
514:
500:
496:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
472:
467:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
415:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
387:, Old Norse
384:
380:
376:
374:
360:of a nation,
347:
326:
314:
312:
298:
285:
275:
272:
267:
261:
255:
232:
145:
93:
92:
4981:Peter Klaus
4725:Witte Wiwer
4655:Santa Claus
4627:Poltergeist
4571:Moss people
4508:King Laurin
4417:Feldgeister
4368:Elwetritsch
4154:(2000-2001)
4146:(1989-1990)
4135:Comic Books
4100:(1966/1967)
4040:Die Walküre
3980:Poetic Edda
3809:Þiðrekssaga
3782:Andvaranaut
3187:"Hamðismál"
3056:McTurk 2003
3020:Millet 2008
3008:Müller 2009
2984:Millet 2008
2945:Millet 2008
2933:Müller 2009
2921:Millet 2008
2909:Millet 2008
2884:Millet 2008
2872:Millet 2008
2860:Millet 2008
2848:Millet 2008
2836:Millet 2008
2824:Millet 2008
2800:Millet 2008
2783:Millet 2008
2771:Millet 2008
2747:Millet 2008
2735:Millet 2008
2711:Millet 2008
2648:Millet 2008
2636:Millet 2008
2577:Millet 2008
2533:Millet 2008
2490:Millet 2008
2454:Millet 2008
2415:Millet 2008
2328:Millet 2008
2280:Millet 2008
2268:Millet 2008
2256:Uecker 1972
2244:Millet 2008
2229:Uecker 1972
2217:Millet 2008
2169:Millet 2008
2142:Millet 2008
2106:Millet 2008
2082:Millet 2008
2058:Millet 2008
2046:Millet 2008
2034:Uecker 1972
2022:Haymes 1988
2010:Millet 2008
1998:Millet 2008
1974:Millet 2008
1950:Millet 2008
1926:Millet 2008
1890:Millet 2008
1866:Millet 2008
1854:Millet 2008
1830:Millet 2008
1743:Müller 2009
1692:Millet 2008
1665:Millet 2008
1636:Uecker 1972
1600:Uecker 1972
1576:Dronke 1969
1505:Alicia Witt
1341:Poetic Edda
1321:Poetic Edda
1237:Poetic Edda
1208:Poetic Edda
1156:Poetic Edda
1035:Poetic Edda
1027:Poetic Edda
985:Anders Zorn
756:Rosengarten
714:Þiðrekssaga
706:Þiðrekssaga
540:Chilperic I
438:Old English
337:þióðkonunga
41:Woodcut by
5243:Categories
5174:Freischütz
5051:Tannhäuser
4904:Hildebrand
4862:Gundomar I
4820:Friar Rush
4669:Tatzelwurm
4634:Rasselbock
4585:Nachzehrer
4578:Nachtkrapp
4550:Lutzelfrau
4459:Hinzelmann
4424:Frau Holle
4312:Christkind
4305:Changeling
4270:Belsnickel
3931:Hildebrand
3894:Characters
3787:Barnstokkr
3468:3476101061
3228:0815300336
3096:0859912442
3065:References
1474:Fritz Lang
993:Prose Edda
971:Prose Edda
886:Poeta Saxo
812:Heldenbuch
777:vâlandinne
719:Low German
699:vâlandinne
663:Hildebrand
619:vâlendinne
536:Sigebert I
505:Gundomar I
251:Jormunrekr
235:Burgundian
18:Kriemhilde
4946:Lohengrin
4704:Wild Hunt
4494:Klagmuhme
4277:Bergmönch
4249:Aufhocker
4158:Siegfried
4047:Siegfried
3906:Kriemhild
3901:Siegfried
3751:Hreiðmarr
3715:Svanhildr
3710:Sinfjötli
3503:Kriemhild
2759:Beck 1973
2723:Beck 1973
1480:produced
1472:In 1924,
1443:Ermanaric
1395:Atlakviða
1393:Based on
1383:Wild Hunt
1377:Wild Hunt
1371:Wild Hunt
1313:Hamðismál
1305:Hamðismál
1264:Atlakviða
1233:Atlakviða
1226:Atlakviða
1218:Atlakviða
1055:Grípisspá
1047:Grípisspá
951:Ermanaric
701:(fiend).
563:Kriemhild
532:Fredegund
483:Kriemhild
479:Kriemhild
468:Grimhildr
418:Kriemhild
371:Etymology
316:Atlakviða
228:Fredegund
200:Kriemhilt
146:Kriemhild
138:Old Norse
5212:See also
4960:Nibelung
4876:Hannikel
4778:Brunhild
4711:Wild man
4648:Rübezahl
4536:Lindworm
4438:Heimchen
4375:Erdhenne
4291:Bogeyman
4284:Bieresel
4263:Beerwolf
4242:Askafroa
4228:Alberich
3951:Nibelung
3946:Alberich
3936:Giselher
3921:Brunhild
3645:Brynhild
3512:(1911).
3369:(2003).
1516:See also
1447:Svanhild
870:Brunhild
634:Brunhild
555:*Hildiko
549:'s wife
526:queens,
524:Frankish
464:Grimhild
397:*Gunþrūn
247:Svanhild
243:Brunhild
4848:Gunther
4613:Perchta
4592:Nis Puk
4543:Lorelei
4529:Krampus
4473:Irrwurz
4466:Hödekin
4396:Fänggen
4382:Erlking
4256:Bahkauv
4127:(novel)
3941:Rüdiger
3916:Gunther
3801:Related
3775:Objects
3736:Andvari
3720:Völsung
3695:Sigmund
3685:Siggeir
3650:Granmar
3576:Beowulf
987:, 1893.
762:In the
728:In the
654:Ortlieb
624:In the
511:Origins
501:Guthorm
492:Gunther
457:grimmen
268:Gutrune
5195:Vineta
5107:Witege
5037:Sigurd
4967:Ortnit
4855:Gudrun
4764:Attila
4742:People
4662:Schrat
4522:Kobold
4452:Hemann
4403:Fasolt
4220:Beings
4160:(2007)
4108:(2004)
4092:(1957)
4084:(1924)
4063:Sigurd
4018:Operas
3741:Fáfnir
3705:Sigurd
3660:Gunnar
3655:Gudrun
3640:Attila
3633:People
3465:
3446:
3357:
3347:
3328:
3301:
3282:
3263:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3174:
3155:
3121:
3093:
1530:Procne
1245:Procne
1241:Tereus
1016:Attila
695:vâlant
551:Ildico
547:Attila
517:Sigurd
499:) and
497:Gunnar
487:Gudrun
475:Gudrun
434:*Grīm-
410:Kudrun
401:Guðrún
385:*gunþ-
381:Guðrún
377:Gudrun
212:Ildico
142:Guðrún
94:Gudrun
89:, 1911
77:, 1807
45:, for
4806:Faust
4683:Uhaml
4676:Türst
4431:Gütel
4340:Drude
4116:Books
4073:Films
3911:Hagen
3766:Regin
3746:Grani
3700:Signy
3680:Rerir
3675:Högne
3665:Hogni
3355:JSTOR
1537:Notes
1523:Medea
1194:Like
649:Etzel
630:Worms
503:(see
449:Grim-
445:Krēm-
441:grīma
436:(cf.
430:Crem-
426:Grim-
422:-hild
389:gunnr
237:king
191:-hilt
189:KREEM
144:) or
133:-roon
3792:Gram
3756:Odin
3690:Sigi
3559:The
3463:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3434:and
3345:ISBN
3326:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3172:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3091:ISBN
1476:and
1333:The
1243:and
1123:The
1032:The
806:The
559:Hild
530:and
453:grim
428:and
226:and
131:GUUD
3761:Ótr
1298:Hel
1223:In
1176:In
1140:In
1087:In
1052:In
995:of
983:by
913:).
507:).
413:).
405:rún
399:to
260:'s
256:In
5245::
3518:.
3399:.
3353:.
2976:^
2790:^
2691:^
2626:^
2599:^
2584:^
2567:^
2540:^
2497:^
2446:^
2335:^
2236:^
2149:^
1750:^
1735:^
1684:^
1643:^
1626:^
1607:^
1568:^
1198:,
1191:.
822:.
565:.
319::
278::
230:.
222:,
198::
194:;
164:iː
140::
136:;
118:uː
4193:e
4186:t
4179:v
3877:e
3870:t
3863:v
3552:e
3545:t
3538:v
3471:.
3452:.
3361:.
3334:.
3307:.
3288:.
3269:.
3250:.
3231:.
3212:.
3180:.
3161:.
3127:.
3099:.
1730:.
1494:.
1486:(
495:(
466:(
379:(
182:/
179:t
176:l
173:ɪ
170:h
167:m
161:r
158:k
155:ˈ
152:/
148:(
124:/
121:n
115:r
112:d
109:ʊ
106:ɡ
103:ˈ
100:/
96:(
34:.
20:)
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