240:
little
English content" (Bilby 1983: 38). While Kromanti is not a functioning language, those possessed by ancestral spirits are attributed the ability to speak it. More remote ancestors are compared with more recent ancestors on a gradient, such that increasing strength and ability in the use of the non-creolized Kromanti are attributed to increasingly remote ancestors (as opposed to the Jamaican Maroon Creole used to address these ancestors).
239:
The term "Kromanti" is used by participants in such ceremonies to refer to an
African language spoken by ancestors in the distant past, prior to the creolization of Jamaican Maroon Creole. This term is used to refer to a language which is "clearly not a form of Jamaican Creole and displays very
228:). Another distinct ritual language (also called Kromanti) consisting mostly of words and phrases from Akan languages, is also used by Jamaican Maroons in certain rituals including some involving
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558:"How the "Older Heads" Talk: A Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language and Its Relationship to the Creoles of Suriname and Sierra Leone"
522:"How the "Older Heads" Talk: A Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language and Its Relationship to the Creoles of Suriname and Sierra Leone"
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273:: Some words in the Maroon Creole have a vowel in the final syllable, compared to Jamaican Creole. Some examples are:
305:: Many words that have a lateral liquid /l/ in Jamaican Creole have a trill /r/ in Maroon Creole. Some examples are:
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220:, with little to no contribution from other African languages. Today, the Maroon Spirit language is used by
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in 1800. Their creole language highly influenced the local creole language that evolved into present day
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267:
Bilby discusses several phonological distinctions between
Jamaican Creole and Jamaican Maroon Creole.
337:: There are several instances where the "deep creole" uses /e/ while the "normal creole" uses /ai/.
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or when addressing those who are possessed and sometimes used as a kind of code.
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in 1796, where they were sent in exile. They eventually traveled to
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Some phonological characteristics of
Jamaican Maroon Creole
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The language was brought along by the maroon population to
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562:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
526:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
454:Taylor, Patrick; Ivor Case, Frederick (2013).
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460:. University of Illinois Press. p. 479.
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457:The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions
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671:Extinct languages of North America
604:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
483:African Language Studies Volume 12
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676:Languages of the African diaspora
651:English-based pidgins and creoles
176:component, specifically from the
686:Pidgin and creole language stubs
27:English-based creole of Jamaica
164:and formerly mother tongue of
1:
245:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)
188:. It is distinct from usual
50:, Charles Town, Scott's Hall)
232:by ancestral spirits during
435:West African Pidgin English
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212:. It is also more purely
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539:10.1163/13822373-90002097
420:Jamaican Maroon religion
142:Jamaican Maroon language
556:Bilby, Kenneth (1983).
520:Bilby, Kenneth (1983).
404:
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194:creoles of Sierra Leone
192:, being similar to the
600:-related article is a
154:Jamaican Maroon Creole
146:Maroon Spirit language
661:Languages of Jamaica
170:English-based creole
430:Sierra Leonean Krio
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234:Kromanti ceremonies
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681:Spirit possession
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425:Spirit possession
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16:(Redirected from
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666:Ritual languages
656:Jamaican Maroons
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582:on 18 July 2011.
578:. Archived from
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546:on 18 July 2011.
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271:Vowel epithesis
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162:ritual language
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568:(1/2): 37–88.
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182:Central Region
172:with a strong
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102:Language codes
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606:expanding it
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253:Sierra Leone
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168:. It is an
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500:|work=
362:"to climb"
335:/ai/ to /e/
249:Nova Scotia
226:Coromantees
645:Categories
441:References
282:"to fight"
230:possession
158:Deep patwa
89:Deep patwa
48:Moore Town
35:Deep patwa
502:ignored (
492:cite book
350:"Normal"
314:"pleased"
224:(largely
128:Glottolog
109:ISO 639-3
414:See also
400:"night"
381:"white"
290:"forest"
204:such as
202:Suriname
150:Kromanti
85:Suriname
82:Atlantic
18:Kromanti
486:. 1971.
345:"Deep"
330:"belly"
322:"black"
303:Liquids
298:"mouth"
180:of the
44:Jamaica
594:pidgin
464:
218:Patois
210:Ndyuka
206:Sranan
200:) and
40:Region
592:This
367:klaim
319:braka
311:priis
186:Ghana
160:is a
602:stub
596:and
504:help
462:ISBN
405:nait
386:wait
376:wete
357:krem
327:bere
295:mutu
287:wudu
279:fete
257:Krio
214:Akan
208:and
198:Krio
174:Akan
134:None
115:None
61:None
570:doi
534:doi
395:net
247:to
184:of
156:or
119:mis
647::
566:57
564:.
560:.
530:57
528:.
524:.
512:^
496::
494:}}
490:{{
259:.
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148:,
144:,
633:e
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619:v
608:.
572::
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506:)
470:.
196:(
121:)
117:(
46:(
20:)
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