167:, one of the parties vying for control after the 13th Dalai Lama's death, conspired to accuse Kunphela of playing a role in the sudden death of the Dalai Lama, and gathered the support of a large number of abbots and monks. The charge was also given support by several Lungshar's friends in the Kashag, who confirmed that only Kunphela accompanied the Dalai Lama all the time. In the meanwhile, Lungshar took advantage of the Trongdra soldiers' dissatisfaction and successfully persuaded them to mutiny. On the third day after death of the Dalai Lama, the entire regiment demonstrated before the Norbulingka and demanded its own disbandment. The regiment was then disbanded on the Kashag's order.
39:
47:
28:
257:
In 1952, Kunphela was one of the staff members of the Grain
Procurement Bureau, an newly established institution under the Kashag for resolving the problem of grain shortage. In 1956, Kunphela became the deputy director of the Bureau of Geology under the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous
170:
After the desertion of the
Trongdra Regiment, Kunphela was arrested and confined in the Sharcenchog prison. Lungshar sought to inflict death or mutilation on Kunphela, but the suggestion was opposed by the Assembly. Eventually, Kunphela was only convicted of failing to deliver prompt notification
159:
After the death of the 13th Dalai Lama in
December 1933, Kunphela's status became unclear. Initially, Kunphela was confident of his position because of his control of the Trongdra Regiment. He held the power to organize the construction of the Dalai Lama's tomb, and a large part of lay officials
253:
Government in Tibet. Thubten Sangbo, the
Tibetan Government's representative in Nanking, was informed. The news soon reached Lhasa, and led to Reting's arrest. Kunphela was allowed back to Lhasa in 1948, obviously because of his role in the Reting affair. According to Sampho Tenzin Dhondup,
254:
Kunphela's motive was a conflict from the time
Kunphela worked for Reting's trade company in India: Kunphela made several purchases in Bombay, but was not reimbursed for his loss even though Reting's company was far from short of funds.
146:
By 1933, Kunphela had gained the authority of appointing and dismissing government officials. He also controlled the importation and distribution of arms and ammunition. Kunphela issued orders without the need of confirmation of the
215:, a leading figure in the party, were discovered in Tibet. Under pressure from the Tibetan Government, the Government of India placed Kunphela under surveillance after 1946 and deported him to China one year later. At the time,
203:
in 1939. According to
Pandatsang, the primary goals of the party were "liberation of Tibet from the existing tyrannical government," and a political and societal revolution in Tibet for a secular government under the
160:
present in the
National Assembly, composing of government officials and abbots of key monasteries, supported him to become regent even though the position was traditionally for an incarnate lama.
96:'s rule, known as the "strong man of Tibet". Kunphela was arrested and exiled after the death of the Dalai Lama in 1933. He later escaped to India and became a co-founder of the India-based
100:
with the aim of establishing a secular government in Tibet. He worked in
Nanking after the attempt to start a revolution in Tibet failed, and returned to Tibet in 1948.
179:, the most inauspicious day of the year. All his property and that of his relatives was confiscated. Kunphela's father was sent back to serve as a serf in Nyemo.
266:. Kunphela became vice-director of the Executive Office under the General Office of the Preparatory Committee. He died in Lhasa on December 22, 1963, aged 58.
120:. His intelligence gained the Dalai Lama's attention, and subsequently he became a household servant, and then the favorite personal attendant, known as
219:
offered him a position as a lecturer which would have allowed him to legally remain in India. Kunphela refused the offer and left for
Shanghai in 1947.
236:
38:
143:
under his control. The soldiers were recruited from middle-class families, and the equipment and training far exceeded other
Tibetan troops.
136:
Electrical Machine Office, in charge of several mints and munition factories that were considered the most modern ones of Tibet at the time.
187:
Kunphela fled to India in 1937 together with Canglocen, a well-known poet and ex-official who was exiled because of supporting Lungshar. In
570:
258:
Region (PCTAR). He attended the 8th anniversary celebrations of China in Beijing, and was received, along with other Tibetan visitors, by
575:
65:
on August 31, 1933, the official Kunphel is on the extreme right. He was responsible for the modernization of the Tibetan National Mint.
151:
or the Dalai Lama, and his orders were obeyed as much as those from the Dalai Lama himself. He was known as the "strong man of Tibet".
205:
565:
51:
92:, was a Tibetan politician and one of the most powerful political figures in Tibet during the later years of the
475:
Qiepai; Hou Qingxian (2008). "Researches into Tudenggongpei's political career and reasons for his turnaround".
200:
97:
246:
534:
81:
560:
555:
212:
62:
250:
216:
42:
Kunphela and Tashi Dhondup with Baby Austin at Dekyi-Lingka (the British Residence) in 1933 Lhasa
513:
497:
192:
176:
444:
Dawa (2007). "The full story of Gyentsan Tuden Gongpye joining Tibet Revolutionary Party".
243:
124:. In the 1920s, he oversaw a series of construction tasks including the renovation of the
117:
93:
55:
109:
133:
73:
58:
549:
502:
125:
140:
129:
27:
263:
259:
139:
In 1932, he successfully persuaded the Dalai Lama to allow him to establish a
46:
188:
32:
518:
A history of modern Tibet, Volume 2: The calm before the storm, 1951–1955
228:
164:
17:
232:
504:
A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The demise of the Lamaist state
172:
148:
171:
about the Dalai Lama's illness, and sentenced to exile for life to
108:
Kunphela was born as Dechen Chödrön in a "taxpayer" serf family in
113:
26:
196:
282:
280:
278:
249:
was appealing to the Kuomintang government to overthrow the
427:
425:
316:
314:
312:
242:
In 1947, Kunphela discovered that the ex-regent of Tibet,
299:
297:
295:
175:. He was banished in public on the second day before the
235:
for a while, but was eventually able to work for the
227:
After the deportation, Kunphela lived in poverty in
501:
199:nationalist and intellectual, and started the
8:
112:in 1905. At the age of 12, he was sent to
462:
431:
416:
404:
380:
356:
332:
320:
286:
368:
303:
237:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
45:
37:
274:
392:
344:
7:
183:Founding of Tibet Improvement Party
116:as a servant in the palace of the
88:, 1905 – 1963), commonly known as
25:
520:. University of California Press.
508:. University of California Press.
132:. In 1931, he became the head of
541:. New York: Potala Publications.
527:The history of Tibet, Volume III
477:Journal of Aba Teachers' College
1:
571:20th-century Tibetan people
446:Journal of Tibet University
211:In 1946, the activities of
592:
576:Tibetan emigrants to India
539:Tibet: A political history
529:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
525:McKay, Alex, ed. (2003).
239:following an invitation.
77:
201:Tibet Improvement Party
98:Tibet Improvement Party
535:Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D.
247:Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen
66:
43:
35:
128:and the expansion of
49:
41:
30:
514:Goldstein, Melvyn C.
498:Goldstein, Melvyn C.
86:thub bstan kun vphel
63:Frederick Williamson
566:Tibetan politicians
419:, pp. 450–453.
383:, pp. 172–174.
289:, pp. 147–155.
217:Varanasi University
163:In the meanwhile,
67:
44:
36:
206:Republic of China
141:Trongdra Regiment
78:ཐུབ་བསྟན་ཀུན་འཕེལ
16:(Redirected from
583:
542:
530:
521:
509:
507:
485:
484:
472:
466:
460:
454:
453:
441:
435:
429:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
307:
301:
290:
284:
193:Pandatsang Rapga
177:Tibetan New Year
79:
61:photographed by
21:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
582:
581:
580:
546:
545:
533:
524:
512:
496:
493:
488:
474:
473:
469:
461:
457:
443:
442:
438:
430:
423:
415:
411:
403:
399:
391:
387:
379:
375:
367:
363:
355:
351:
343:
339:
331:
327:
319:
310:
302:
293:
285:
276:
272:
244:Reting Rinpoche
225:
185:
157:
118:13th Dalai Lama
106:
94:13th Dalai Lama
70:Thubten Kunphel
59:Drapshi Lekhung
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
589:
587:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
548:
547:
544:
543:
531:
522:
510:
492:
489:
487:
486:
479:(in Chinese).
467:
465:, p. 407.
463:Goldstein 2004
455:
448:(in Chinese).
436:
434:, p. 461.
432:Goldstein 1989
421:
417:Goldstein 1989
409:
407:, p. 176.
405:Goldstein 1989
397:
395:, p. 526.
385:
381:Goldstein 1989
373:
371:, p. 275.
361:
359:, p. 167.
357:Goldstein 1989
349:
347:, p. 522.
337:
335:, p. 151.
333:Goldstein 1989
325:
323:, p. 475.
321:Goldstein 1989
308:
306:, p. 274.
291:
287:Goldstein 1989
273:
271:
268:
224:
221:
213:Gendün Chöphel
184:
181:
156:
153:
105:
102:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
588:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
551:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
505:
499:
495:
494:
490:
482:
478:
471:
468:
464:
459:
456:
451:
447:
440:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
401:
398:
394:
389:
386:
382:
377:
374:
370:
369:Shakabpa 1984
365:
362:
358:
353:
350:
346:
341:
338:
334:
329:
326:
322:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
304:Shakabpa 1984
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
279:
275:
269:
267:
265:
261:
255:
252:
248:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
174:
168:
166:
161:
154:
152:
150:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:Potala Palace
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:Rise to power
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
71:
64:
60:
57:
53:
48:
40:
34:
29:
19:
538:
526:
517:
503:
480:
476:
470:
458:
449:
445:
439:
412:
400:
388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
328:
256:
241:
226:
210:
186:
169:
162:
158:
145:
138:
121:
107:
89:
85:
69:
68:
31:Kunphela in
561:1963 deaths
556:1905 births
191:, they met
130:Norbulingka
550:Categories
491:References
393:McKay 2003
345:McKay 2003
264:Zhou Enlai
260:Mao Zedong
223:Later life
189:Kalimpong
33:Kalimpong
537:(1984).
516:(2004).
500:(1989).
229:Shanghai
165:Lungshar
155:Downfall
90:Kunphela
18:Kunphela
233:Nanking
134:Trapchi
74:Tibetan
52:Tibetan
251:Taktra
197:Khamba
173:Kongpo
149:Kashag
122:jensey
270:Notes
114:Lhasa
110:Nyemo
82:Wylie
54:coin
483:(1).
452:(1).
262:and
231:and
195:, a
56:mint
50:The
552::
481:25
450:22
424:^
311:^
294:^
277:^
208:.
84::
80:,
76::
72:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
