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396:, graduating with a 1st grade diploma. On 30 October 1911, while studying in Saint Petersburg, Laidoner married Maria Skarbek-Kruszewska, a descendant of Polish nobility, whom he had met earlier in Vilnius. The couple had a son, Michael (also called Mihhail and nicknamed MiĆĄa) on 21 March 1913. Michael Laidoner died on 21 April 1928, aged fifteen, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head while alone in his bedroom. His father was away on business in
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357:, to a farmhand Jaak Laidoner (1854â1911) and his wife Mari (nĂ©e Saarsen; 1851â1938) as the first of four sons. He studied at Viiratsi Elementary School and finished his basic education at Viljandi Town School in 1900. As Laidoner's parents were poor, he could not continue his studies and voluntarily joined the
857:
Laidoner's reputation in
Estonia has remained controversial; although he has been hailed as a national hero for his leadership skills and success as a military commander in the War of Independence, he has been criticized for his support of Konstantin PĂ€ts and his involvement in the 1934 coup d'Ă©tat
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was declared and
Laidoner was appointed commanderâinâchief of the armed forces. Although the actual coup attempt was over in five hours, the pursuit of coupists continued and the situation remained tense for several weeks. On 8 January 1925, after the martial law was abolished, Laidoner resigned as
400:. The cause of death was officially ruled accidental, however later statements from his mother and classmates implied that he had been suicidal prior to his death. After Michael's death, the Laidoners adopted Maria's nephew, Aleksei Kruszewski.
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and sent back to his regiment. In the following year, he was appointed to the
General Staff and was dispatched to serve for one year as company commander in the 1st Caucasus Rifle Regiment. He then served at the Staff of the
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582:
On 1 January 1919, the
Estonian Army had just over 13,000 men, with 5,700 of them facing 8,000 Soviets on the Viru Front. In the first days of January, the Estonian forces managed to halt the Soviet advance at the
630:
in World War I and due to the limited size of the forces available to him, Laidoner chose to achieve crucial victories â capturing strategically important roads and railway stations â with smaller and more mobile
745:". Laidoner remained commander-in-chief of the armed forces and oversaw national defence politics. His reforms included a large-scale weapons and equipment modernization program, expanding the military via
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Laidoner had a crucial role in organizing and training the army in a very short time as well as establishing an effective command structure within the armed forces. Learning from his experience with
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declared martial law and appointed
Laidoner commanderâinâchief of the armed forces. The aim of declaring martial law was to halt the political rise of the
469:, landed on the mainland. On the following day, Laidoner resigned from his post as division commander and left for Russia. On 24 February 1918, Estonia
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1978:
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381:, Georgia. From 1905 to 1909, he held various positions in the regiment, eventually becoming company deputy commander. In 1908, he was promoted to
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on 24 February 1919, Laidoner reported that the Soviet forces have been driven out of
Estonia, as well as capturing over 6,000 men and 40 guns.
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on 8 December. The provisional government first appointed him chief of staff on 14 December, and then on 23 December, commander-in-chief of the
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Rahvuskogu (National
Assembly), consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Council. As the commanderâinâchief, Laidoner became an
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On 5 January 1918, Laidoner was appointed commander of the newly formed 1st
Estonian Division. On 18 February 1918, the negotiations over the
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795:. Laidoner was officially removed from his position as the commanderâinâchief on 22 June 1940. On 19 July, he and his wife were deported to
2016:
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1811:
Deemant, Kaupo; Herodes, Priit; LÀÀn, Irene; LÀÀn, Tanel; Pihlak, Jaak; Pillak, Peep; Reintam, Marika; Walter, Hannes; Ăun, Mati (1999).
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667:. He served as the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee and was part of the Estonian delegation in the General Assembly of the
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and a number of former
Latvian, Lithuanian and Polish statesmen and their families. From there, they were moved to a prison in
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region. The report
Laidoner's committee submitted played an important role in demarcating the border between Turkey and Iraq.
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of the same corps. In October 1915, he was made aide to the commander of the intelligence department of the Staff of the
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Laidoner's memorial in his birthplace in Vardja was destroyed after the Soviet occupation in 1940 and restored in 1990.
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741:, Laidoner established an authoritarian rule, disbanding political parties and limiting free speech, the so-called "
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639:-sized units, supported by armoured trains and armoured cars. After the end of the war, Laidoner was promoted to
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on 21 March 1920, before resigning as commanderâinâchief and retiring from active service on 26 March 1920.
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373:(Vilnius) from 1902 to 1905. He graduated top of his class in April 1905 and was promoted to the rank of
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On 1 December 1924, the Estonian Communists, together with assault groups sent from the Soviet Union,
2011:
2006:
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Laidoner with senior commanders of the Estonian Armed Forces in 1920. From upper left: General Major
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appointed him commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the newly independent Republic of Estonia.
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377:. He was then sent to serve in the 13th Yerevan Grenadier Regiment, which was then stationed in
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31 January] 1884 â 13 March 1953) was an Estonian general and statesman. He served as
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Maria Laidoner was released in 1954 and was allowed to return to Estonia. She died in 1978 in
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and their potential success in the upcoming presidential elections. Together with PĂ€ts and
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and was among the most influential people in the Estonian politics between the world wars.
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1951:
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803:. On 23 June 1941, they were put under house arrest and then imprisoned on 28 June by the
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In 1925, Laidoner was commissioned by the League of Nations to head a special mission to
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member of the National Council. On 24 February 1939, he was promoted to the rank of
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in 1917, he commanded the Estonian national units of the Russian army. In 1918, the
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Laidoner â vĂ€ejuht. Johan Laidoner kĂ”rgema operatiivjuhi ja strateegia kujundajana
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in 1940, he was arrested and deported to Russia, where he died in prison in 1953.
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827:. On 16 April 1952, Laidoner was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was sent to
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moved against the Soviet forces in Southern Estonia. Following the liberation of
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labor camp on 26 November 1941 with chest trauma listed as the cause of death.
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333:) from 1920 to 1929. He was once again appointed commander-in-chief during the
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named in his honour was opened in Laidoner's former residence in Viimsi Manor.
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663:(Parliament of Estonia) and from 1920 to 1929 as a member of the conservative
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361:. From 1901 to 1902, he served in the 110th Kama Infantry Regiment, based in
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1652:"SĂ”javĂ€gede Ălemjuhataja kindralleitnant J. Laidoner kĂ”rgendati kindraliks"
603:. Within 11 days, the 1st Division advanced 200 kilometres east, while the
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Laidoner has a number of monuments, memorials and places named after him.
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Laidoner's adopted son Aleksei was also arrested by the NKVD. He died in
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Viimsi Manor was Laidoner's summer residence. Today it is known as the
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released a commemorative stamp to honour Laidoner's 125th anniversary.
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450:). From March to September 1917, he served as staff commander of the
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promoted Laidoner, then still residing in Petrograd, to the rank of
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Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
2102:
Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I
908:
Laidoner has a plaque dedicated to him in Vilnius Military Academy.
432:. In March 1915, Laidoner was appointed to the senior staff of the
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line and on 3 January, Laidoner launched a counter-offensive with
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Upon his graduation in 1912, Laidoner was promoted to the rank of
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regarding the mistreatment and deportations of Christians in the
1883:Ălemjuhataja kindral Johan Laidoner. VabadussĂ”ja vĂ”idurikas juht
804:
711:
517:, Commander in Chief General Lieutenant Johan Laidoner, Admiral
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Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence
1924:
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Taloussanomat: Kohukirja kuumentaa pian Suomen ja Viron vÀlejÀ
547:
invaded Estonia on 28 November, marking the beginning of the
454:
and from October to November 1917, as staff commander of the
440:
and on 15 August 1916, Laidoner was promoted to the rank of
891:
of General Laidoner was unveiled next to the ruins of the
702:. The government called an emergency meeting during which
707:
commanderâinâchief and left military service once again.
551:. On 30 November, Laidoner left Petrograd and arrived in
1960:
at the International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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Kindral Johan Laidoner ja Eesti Vabariigi hukk 1939â1940
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Equestrian statue of General Johan Laidoner in Viljandi.
2132:
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
858:
as well as the surrender to the Soviet Union in 1940.
1822:Ăhtekuuluvuse teel. Johan Laidoneri kirjad abikaasale
898:
In Viljandi, a square and a park are named after him.
566:
The highest command of Estonian Army visited general
509:, Colonel Jaan Rink. From bottom left: General Major
365:(now Kaunas, Lithuania), and went on to study at the
2097:
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class
1779:(in Estonian). Estonian Defence Forces. 22 June 2004
807:. In September 1942, the Laidoners were sent to the
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Last known photo of Laidoner in Soviet prison (1952)
2142:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
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Martti Turtola: Viro pyrki liittoon Stalinin kanssa
1496:"The period of national military units - 1917-1918"
258:
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2147:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
1598:Year of the Sword. The Assyrian Christian Genocide
1582:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Tammiskilp. pp. 5â6.
2167:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
2127:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
2137:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
2122:Recipients of the Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 3rd class
2117:Recipients of the Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 2nd class
2112:Recipients of the Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 1st class
1979:CommanderâinâChief of the Estonian Armed Forces
281:CommanderâinâChief of the Estonian Armed Forces
186:CommanderâinâChief of the Estonian Armed Forces
2157:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class
2152:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
779:1941 mugshot of Laidoner after his arrest 1940
671:from 1922 to 1929, where he was known for his
465:broke down and German forces, who had already
337:, and then again from 1934 to 1940. After the
714:, investigating the allegations made against
8:
2092:Recipients of the Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
2087:Estonian people who died in Soviet detention
1920:General Johan Laidoner â Estonian War Museum
1777:"Viljandis avati kindral Laidoneri ausammas"
1660:. No. 53. 23 February 1939. p. 19.
1429:Erelt, Pekka; Vahter, Tarmo (5 April 2019).
659:After the war, Laidoner was a member of the
1813:Kindral Johan Laidoner â 115 aastat sĂŒnnist
1546:"Ajutise Valitsuse koosolekute protokollid"
1524:(in Estonian). Tallinn: Olion. p. 10.
388:From 1909 to 1912, Laidoner studied at the
1963:
428:. On 26 November 1914, he was promoted to
349:Johan Laidoner was born on Raba estate in
226:Order of the Estonian Red Cross, 1st Class
222:Order of the Cross of the Eagle, 1st Class
40:
29:
2072:Russian military personnel of World War I
753:was enacted, which saw the creation of a
2162:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
1804:Johan Laidoner â mĂ€lestusi kaasaeglasilt
954:
860:
782:
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677:
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1802:Vabariigi Ohvitseride Keskkogu (1934).
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1217:Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 3rd Class (Latvia)
1205:Order of LÄÄplÄsis, 2nd Class (Latvia)
911:
619:on 20 January 1919. On Estonia's first
424:, Laidoner served as staff aide of the
248:
1845:Johan Laidoner 12.02.1884 â 13.03.1953
1626:"Riigivanema kÀsukiri KaitsevÀgedele"
1402:
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987:Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class 1st Rank
690:, in 1938. Estonia and Finland had a
7:
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1569:
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1476:(in Estonian). Johan Laidoneri Selts
214:Cross of Liberty, 3rd Class 1st Rank
210:Cross of Liberty, 1st Class 1st Rank
2042:Members of the Riigikogu, 1926â1929
2037:Members of the Riigikogu, 1923â1926
2032:Members of the Riigikogu, 1920â1923
771:Soviet occupation, arrest and death
655:Laidoner as a member of parliament.
574:on 31 May 1919; BuĆak-BaĆachowicz (
2177:Inmates of Vladimir Central Prison
1820:LÀÀn, Irene; Hiio, Toomas (2008).
1130:Order of the White Rose of Finland
725:On 12 March 1934, the State Elder
390:Imperial Nicholas Military Academy
25:
1755:"About the museum â Introduction"
1317:Order of St Michael and St George
615:, he was promoted to the rank of
1983:1918â1920, 1924â1925, 1934â1940
1474:"Kes oli kindral Johan Laidoner"
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543:on 11 November 1918, the Soviet
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2107:Knights of the Legion of Honour
2082:Estonian people of World War II
2052:Estonian independence activists
2027:Farmers' Assemblies politicians
1081:Order of Saint Anna, 4th Class
1030:Order of the Estonian Red Cross
1015:Order of the Cross of the Eagle
959:Estonian awards and decorations
527:Estonian Provisional Government
452:1st Caucasus Grenadier Division
325:, he served as a member of the
316:Estonian Provisional Government
244:
2067:Imperial Russian Army officers
1677:. Kalmistud.ee. Archived from
1038:Russian awards and decorations
933:Plaque for Laidoner in Vilnius
1:
1885:. Tallinn: Kooli-Kooperatiiv.
1319:, Honorary Knight Commander (
921:Laidoner's memorial in Vardja
793:Soviet Union occupied Estonia
1630:National Archives of Estonia
1550:National Archives of Estonia
1366:Estonian War of Independence
549:Estonian War of Independence
481:Estonian War of Independence
323:Estonian War of Independence
285:Estonian War of Independence
200:Estonian War of Independence
48:Estonian War of Independence
2047:Members of the RiiginÔukogu
2017:People from Viljandi Parish
1937:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1230:Order of Vytautas the Great
568:StanisĆaw BuĆak-BaĆachowicz
335:1924 Communist coup attempt
2193:
1522:LĂŒhike vabadussĂ”ja ajalugu
1431:""Ema, ma lasen end maha""
1283:Order of Polonia Restituta
410:Caucasus Military District
1985:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1862:Rosenthal, Reigo (2008).
1498:. Estonian Defence Forces
1268:Order of Virtuti Militari
1168:German Olympic Decoration
1114:
1109:Golden Weapon for Bravery
1094:Order of Saint Stanislaus
1036:
957:
521:and Colonel Rudolf Reiman
467:captured Estonian islands
39:
2057:Estonian anti-communists
2022:People from Kreis Fellin
1890:Turtola, Martti (2008).
1702:Historiska institutionen
1580:Eesti sÔjavÀgi 1920-1940
1408:"General Johan Laidoner"
1249:Order of the White Eagle
739:Minister of the Interior
1675:"Laidoneride pereplats"
1602:Oxford University Press
1285:, Grand Cross (Poland)
1052:Order of Saint Vladimir
1000:Order of the White Star
829:Vladimir Central Prison
700:attempted a coup d'Ă©tat
473:, but was subsequently
463:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
426:3rd Caucasus Army Corps
367:Infantry Officer School
275:(12 February [
218:Order of the White Star
1815:. Tallinn: Tammiskilp.
951:Awards and decorations
870:
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780:
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578:) talks with Laidoner.
522:
456:62nd Infantry Division
434:21st Infantry Division
306:in 1901 and fought in
302:, Laidoner joined the
300:Governorate of Livonia
77:Governorate of Livonia
1925:Johan Laidoneri Selts
1843:Pillak, Peep (1999).
1757:. Estonian War Museum
1410:. Estonian War Museum
1270:, 5th Class (Poland)
975:, 1st Class 1st Rank
864:
791:On 17 June 1940, the
786:
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557:Estonian Armed Forces
525:On 4 April 1918, the
488:
471:declared independence
359:Imperial Russian Army
345:Early life and career
304:Imperial Russian Army
283:during the 1918â1920
157:Years of service
147:Imperial Russian Army
1881:Tuisk, Mart (1938).
1705:. Diva-Portal, 2019.
692:secret military pact
46:Laidoner during the
1806:. Tallinn: Ăhiselu.
1067:Order of Saint Anna
882:Estonian War Museum
867:Estonian War Museum
686:, commander of the
665:Farmers' Assemblies
541:German capitulation
499:Aleksander TÔnisson
475:occupied by Germany
420:At the outbreak of
1950:2022-03-25 at the
1847:. Tallinn: Umara.
1578:Ăun, Mati (2001).
1298:Order of the Sword
1187:Order of LÄÄplÄsis
871:
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641:lieutenant general
597:Finnish volunteers
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448:lieutenant colonel
312:Russian Revolution
2062:Estonian generals
1995:
1994:
1986:Succeeded by
1967:Military offices
1905:978-9985-62-632-0
1873:978-9949-438-51-8
1866:. Tallinn: Argo.
1681:on 1 October 2017
1611:978-0-19-063346-2
1552:. 20 January 1919
1371:Gustaf Mannerheim
1327:
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889:equestrian statue
669:League of Nations
539:). Following the
339:Soviet occupation
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751:new constitution
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513:, General Major
497:, General Major
394:Saint Petersburg
310:. Following the
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237:Maria Kruszewska
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682:Laidoner and
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1973:New creation
1972:
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1796:Bibliography
1783:30 September
1781:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:30 September
1759:. Retrieved
1741:(in Finnish)
1738:Ilta-Sanomat
1736:
1728:
1723:(in Finnish)
1718:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1685:30 September
1683:. Retrieved
1679:the original
1655:
1646:
1636:30 September
1634:. Retrieved
1620:
1600:. New York:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1556:30 September
1554:. Retrieved
1540:
1521:
1512:
1502:30 September
1500:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:30 September
1478:. Retrieved
1443:25 September
1441:. Retrieved
1434:
1424:
1414:28 September
1412:. Retrieved
1115:
1096:, 2nd Class
1069:, 2nd Class
1054:, 4th Class
1037:
1032:, 1st Class
1017:, 1st Class
958:
887:In 2004, an
872:
856:
840:
833:
790:
758:
747:conscription
724:
709:
697:
688:Finnish Army
673:isolationist
658:
625:
605:2nd Division
593:1st Division
581:
575:
530:
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511:Andres Larka
491:Ernst PÔdder
460:
443:Podpolkovnik
441:
419:
402:
387:
348:
330:
320:
296:Kreis Fellin
289:
272:
271:
192:Battles/wars
172:
105:Soviet Union
101:Russian SFSR
92:(1953-03-13)
2012:1953 deaths
2007:1884 births
1954:at Estonica
1894:. Tallinn:
1824:. Tallinn:
704:martial law
519:Johan Pitka
422:World War I
416:World War I
308:World War I
196:World War I
2001:Categories
1989:Jaan Maide
1854:9985895045
1377:References
903:Eesti Post
760:ex officio
515:Jaan Soots
505:, Colonel
503:Karl Parts
501:, Colonel
383:lieutenant
327:parliament
321:After the
111:Allegiance
62:1884-02-12
1720:Iltalehti
1657:Uus Eesti
1234:Lithuania
901:In 2009,
836:Solikamsk
755:bicameral
661:Riigikogu
633:battalion
532:Polkovnik
331:Riigikogu
259:Signature
232:Spouse(s)
177:(General)
164:1934â1940
162:1924â1925
160:1901â1920
1948:Archived
1896:TÀnapÀev
1596:(2016).
1520:(1992).
1330:See also
847:Viljandi
843:JĂ€mejala
675:stance.
545:Red Army
379:Manglisi
292:Viiratsi
290:Born in
182:Commands
141:Service/
97:Vladimir
73:Viiratsi
18:Laidoner
1935:at the
1172:Germany
1134:Finland
845:, near
825:Ivanovo
765:general
637:company
553:Tallinn
537:colonel
430:captain
253:
241:
174:Kindral
135:Estonia
1902:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1826:Varrak
1608:
1528:
1302:Sweden
1253:Poland
1191:Latvia
1153:France
853:Legacy
813:Moscow
737:, the
716:Turkey
635:- and
585:Valkla
493:, Dr.
398:Kohila
351:Vardja
247:
206:Awards
143:branch
132:
120:
69:Vardja
821:Kirov
797:Penza
720:Mosul
613:Narva
609:Tartu
589:Kehra
572:Pskov
371:Vilna
363:Kovno
251:)
243:(
239:
1900:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1785:2017
1763:2017
1687:2017
1638:2017
1606:ISBN
1558:2017
1526:ISBN
1504:2017
1482:2017
1445:2024
1416:2017
805:NKVD
712:Iraq
611:and
599:and
576:left
277:O.S.
249:1911
169:Rank
87:Died
56:Born
811:in
392:in
369:in
2003::
1898:.
1828:.
1746:^
1735:â
1717:â
1666:^
1654:.
1604:.
1566:^
1453:^
1433:.
1385:^
1323:)
1304:)
1255:)
1236:)
1193:)
1174:)
1155:)
1136:)
767:.
559:.
477:.
458:.
412:.
385:.
353:,
298:,
294:,
245:m.
103:,
99:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
1908:.
1876:.
1857:.
1838:.
1787:.
1765:.
1689:.
1640:.
1614:.
1560:.
1534:.
1506:.
1484:.
1447:.
1418:.
1251:(
895:.
869:.
694:.
587:-
535:(
446:(
329:(
64:)
60:(
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
