Laparoscopy - Knowledge

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than a single load clip applier that would have to be taken out, reloaded and reintroduced for each clip application) made general surgeons more comfortable with making the leap to laparoscopic cholecystectomies ( gall bladder removal). On the other hand, some surgeons continue to use the single clip appliers as they save as much as $ 200 per case for the patient, detract nothing from the quality of the clip ligation, and add only seconds to case lengths. Both laparoscopy tubal ligations and cholecystectomies may be performed using suturing and tying, thus further reducing the expensive cost of single and multiclips (when compared to suture). Once again this may increase case lengths but costs are greatly reduced (ideal for developing countries) and widespread accidents of loose clips are eliminated.

405:. Due to the relatively high cost of the equipment required, it has not become commonplace in most traditional practices today but rather limited to specialty practices. Many of the same surgeries performed in humans can be applied to animal cases – everything from an egg-bound tortoise to a German Shepherd can benefit from MIS. A paper published in JAVMA (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association) in 2005 showed that dogs spayed laparoscopically experienced significantly less pain (65%) than those that were spayed with traditional "open" methods. 910:. Cuschieri took advantage of smaller cameras to perform operations with smaller cuts and shorter recovery times. After some controversy and patient deaths, new laparoscopic training centres were set up as most surgeons lacked the necessary specialised training to perform laparoscopic surgery. The first opened in Dundee in 1991 and became the Cuschieri Skills Centre at Ninewells Hospital in 2004. As of 2008, 40 specialist centres around the world base their laparoscopic training on the Cuschieri Skills Centre. 385: 356:). Many other surgeons feel that since they will have to make a larger incision for specimen removal anyway, they might as well use this incision to have their hand in the operative field during the procedure to aid as a retractor, dissector, and to be able to feel differing tissue densities (palpate), as they would in open surgery. This technique is called hand-assist laparoscopy. Since they will still be working with scopes and other laparoscopic instruments, CO 298: 31: 249:. Nevertheless, laparoscopes are rigid endoscopes. Rigidity is required in clinical practice. The rod-lens-based laparoscopes dominate overwhelmingly in practice, due to their fine optical resolution (50 μm typically, dependent on the aperture size used in the objective lens), and the image quality can be better than that of the digital camera if necessary. The second type of laparoscope is very rare in the laparoscope market and in hospitals. 689: 875:, which still produces various endoscopic instruments. In 1985, he constructed the pelvi-trainer = laparo-trainer, a practical surgical model whereby colleagues could practice laparoscopic techniques. Semm published over 1000 papers in various journals. He also produced over 30 endoscopic films and more than 20,000 colored slides to teach and inform interested colleagues about his technique. His first atlas, 393:

emerged as a highly competitive new sub-specialty within various fields of surgery. Surgical residents who wish to focus on this area of surgery gain additional laparoscopic surgery training during one or two years of fellowship after completing their basic surgical residency. In OB-GYN residency programs, the average laparoscopy-to-laparotomy quotient (LPQ) is 0.55.

196: 335:. Since the gallbladder is similar to a small balloon that stores and releases bile, it can usually be removed from the abdomen by suctioning out the bile and then removing the deflated gallbladder through the 1 cm incision at the patient's navel. The length of postoperative stay in the hospital is minimal, and same-day discharges is safe for most patients. 1238: 755: 319:

which improves tidal volume by a decrease in the pressure on the diaphragm. This position also decreases the preload on the heart and causes a decrease in the venous return leading to hypotension. The pooling of blood in the lower extremities increases the stasis and predisposes the patient to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

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With laparoscopy providing tissue diagnosis and helping to achieve the final diagnosis without any significant complication and less operative time, it can be safely concluded that diagnostic laparoscopy is a safe, quick, and effective adjunct to non‑surgical diagnostic modalities, for establishing a

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In January 2022, a robot performed the first ever successful laparoscopic surgery without the help of a human. The robot performed the surgery on the soft tissue of a pig. It succeeded at intestinal anastomosis, a procedure that involves connecting two ends of an intestine. The robot, named the Smart

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In the ensuing several decades, numerous individuals refined and popularized the approach further for laparoscopy. The advent of computer chip-based television cameras was a seminal event in the field of laparoscopy. This technological innovation provided the means to project a magnified view of the

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The restricted vision, the difficulty in handling of the instruments (new hand-eye coordination skills are needed), the lack of tactile perception, and the limited working area are factors adding to the technical complexity of this surgical approach. For these reasons, minimally invasive surgery has

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Prior to Mühe, the only specialty performing laparoscopy on a widespread basis was gynecology, mostly for relatively short, simple procedures such as a diagnostic laparoscopy or tubal ligation. The introduction in 1990 of a laparoscopic clip applier with twenty automatically advancing clips (rather

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In 1975, Tarasconi, from the Department of Ob-Gyn of the University of Passo Fundo Medical School (Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil), started his experience with organ resection by laparoscopy (Salpingectomy), first reported in the Third AAGL Meeting, Hyatt Regency Atlanta, November 1976 and later published

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The gas used to make space and the smoke generated during surgical procedures can leak into the operating room through or around access devices as well as instruments. The gas plume can pollute the airspace shared by the operating team and patient with particles and potentially pathogens, including

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will have to be maintained in the patient's abdomen, so a device known as a hand access port (a sleeve with a seal that allows passage of the hand) must be used. Surgeons who choose this hand-assist technique feel it reduces operative time significantly versus the straight laparoscopic approach. It

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There are also user-friendly nonrobotic assistance systems that are single-hand guided devices with a high potential to save time and money. These assistance devices are not bound by the restrictions of common medical robotic systems. The systems enhance the manual possibilities of the surgeon and

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Surgeons must use tools to interact with tissue rather than manipulate it directly with their hands. This results in an inability to accurately judge how much force is applied to tissue and higher risk of damaging tissue by applying more force than necessary. This limitation also reduces tactile

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due to an increase in the venous return from lower extremities. This position results in cephalic shifting of the viscera, which accentuates the pressure on the diaphragm. In the case of reverse Trendelenburg position, pulmonary function tends to improve as there is a caudal shifting of viscera,

840:. Following his lecture on laparoscopic appendectomy, the president of the German Surgical Society wrote to the Board of Directors of the German Gynecological Society suggesting suspension of Semm from medical practice. Subsequently, Semm submitted a paper on laparoscopic appendectomy to the 368:

and speed up recovery times, while maintaining an enhanced visual field for surgeons. Due to improved patient outcomes, in the last two decades, laparoscopic surgery has been adopted by various surgical sub-specialties, including gastrointestinal surgery (including bariatric procedures for

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Silecchia G, Campanile FC, Sanchez L, Ceccarelli G, Antinori A, Ansaloni L, Olmi S, Ferrari GC, Cuccurullo D, Baccari P, Agresta F, Vettoretto N, Piccoli M (September 2015). "Laparoscopic ventral/incisional hernia repair: updated Consensus Development Conference based guidelines ".

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Yi X, Chen S, Wang W, Zou L, Diao D, Zheng Y, He Y, Li H, Luo L, Xiong W, Wan J (August 2017). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Laparoscopic and Open Distal Pancreatectomy of Nonductal Adenocarcinomatous Pancreatic Tumor (NDACPT) in the Pancreatic Body and Tail".

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In certain advanced laparoscopic procedures, where the specimen removed is too large to pull through a trocar site (as is done with gallbladders), an incision larger than 10 mm must be made. The most common of these procedures are removal of all or part of the colon

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therapy during laparoscopic surgery may minimise the incidence of adhesion formation. Other techniques to reduce adhesion formation include the use of physical barriers such as films or gels, or broad-coverage fluid agents to separate tissues during healing following

352:). Some surgeons perform these procedures completely laparoscopically, making the larger incision toward the end of the procedure for specimen removal, or, in the case of a colectomy, to also prepare the remaining healthy bowel to be reconnected (create an 509:

Some surgeries (carpal tunnel for instance) generally turn out better for the patient when the area can be opened up, allowing the surgeon to see the surrounding physiology, to better address the issue at hand. In this regard, keyhole surgery can be a

551:. While these injuries are rare, significant complications can occur, and they are primarily related to the umbilical insertion site. Vascular injuries can result in hemorrhage that may be life-threatening. Injuries to the bowel can cause a delayed 174:

Laparoscopic surgery includes operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, whereas keyhole surgery performed on the thoracic or chest cavity is called thoracoscopic surgery. Specific surgical instruments used in laparoscopic surgery include

826:. He was the first to perform a surgical laparoscopic process with standard sutures and simple instruments This was meant to facilitate the application of laparoscopic surgery to all economic sectors by avoiding expensive materials and devices. 2756:

Ahmed K, Keeling AN, Fakhry M, Ashrafian H, Aggarwal R, Naughton PA, Darzi A, Cheshire N, Athanasiou T, Hamady M (January 2010). "Role of virtual reality simulation in teaching and assessing technical skills in endovascular intervention".

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is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.

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Mayol J, Garcia-Aguilar J, Ortiz-Oshiro E, De-Diego Carmona JA, Fernandez-Represa JA (June 1997). "Risks of the minimal access approach for laparoscopic surgery: multivariate analysis of morbidity related to umbilical trocar insertion".

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Although laparoscopy in adults is widely accepted, its advantages in children are questioned. Benefits of laparoscopy appear to recede with younger age. Efficacy of laparoscopy is inferior to open surgery in certain conditions such as

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There are many International and American Surgical Associations involved in surgical education and training for laparoscopy, thoracoscopy and many minimally invasive procedures for both adults and pediatrics. These societies include:

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The major problems during laparoscopic surgery are related to the cardiopulmonary effect of pneumoperitoneum, systemic carbon dioxide absorption, venous gas embolism, unintentional injuries to intra-abdominal structures and patient

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are fibrous deposits that connect tissue to organ post surgery. Generally, they occur in 50-100% of all abdominal surgeries, with the risk of developing adhesions the same for both procedures. Complications of adhesions include

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sensation, making it more difficult for the surgeon to feel tissue (sometimes an important diagnostic tool, such as when palpating for tumors) and making delicate operations such as tying sutures more difficult.

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also gives them more options in dealing with unexpected adverse events (e.g., uncontrolled bleeding) that may otherwise require creating a much larger incision and converting to a fully open surgical procedure.

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was published in 1976, a slide atlas on pelviscopy, hysteroscopy, and fetoscopy in 1979, and his books on gynecological endoscopic surgery in German, English, and many other languages in 1984, 1987, and 2002.

891:. Afterward, laparoscopy gained rapid acceptance for non-gynecologic applications. The first video-assisted laparoscopic surgery was performed in 1987, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Before this time, the 2610:

Peng Y, Zheng M, Ye Q, Chen X, Yu B, Liu B (January 2009). "Heated and humidified CO2 prevents hypothermia, peritoneal injury, and intra-abdominal adhesions during prolonged laparoscopic insufflations".

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The tool endpoints move in the opposite direction to the surgeon's hands due to the pivot point, making laparoscopic surgery a non-intuitive motor skill that is difficult to learn. This is called the

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Kane TD, Brown MF, Chen MK (May 2009). "Position paper on laparoscopic antireflux operations in infants and children for gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Pediatric Surgery Association".

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In 1972, H. Courtenay Clarke invented, published, patented, presented, and recorded on film laparoscopic surgery, with instruments he invented and were marketed by the Ven Instrument Company of

619:. This produces a sensation of pain that may extend to the patient's shoulders in about 80% of women for example. In all cases, the pain is transient, as the body tissues will absorb the CO 481:

While laparoscopic surgery is clearly advantageous in terms of patient outcomes, the procedure is more difficult from the surgeon's perspective when compared to conventional, open surgery:

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Shabanzadeh DM, Sørensen LT (December 2012). "Laparoscopic surgery compared with open surgery decreases surgical site infection in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Mirhashemi R, Harlow BL, Ginsburg ES, Signorello LB, Berkowitz R, Feldman S (September 1998). "Predicting risk of complications with gynecologic laparoscopic surgery".

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Gosemann JH, Lange A, Zeidler J, Blaser J, Dingemann C, Ure BM, Lacher M (August 2016). "Appendectomy in the pediatric population-a German nationwide cohort analysis".

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Hatzinger, Martin; Kwon, S.T.; Langbein, S.; Kamp, S.; Häcker, Axel; Alken, Peter (2006). "Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy".

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operative field onto a monitor and, at the same time, freed both the operating surgeon's hands, thereby facilitating performance of complex laparoscopic procedures.

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Gallagher AG, McClure N, McGuigan J, Ritchie K, Sheehy NP (September 1998). "An ergonomic analysis of the fulcrum effect in the acquisition of endoscopic skills".

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Although procedure times are usually slightly longer, hospital stay is less, and often with a same day discharge which leads to a faster return to everyday living.

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in The Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 1981. This laparoscopic surgical procedure was the first laparoscopic organ resection reported in medical literature.

446:) for laparoscopic surgery, as opposed to general anesthesia required for many non-laparoscopic procedures, can produce fewer complications and quicker recovery. 4480: 1308:"The Cholecystectomy As A Day Case (CAAD) Score: A Validated Score of Preoperative Predictors of Successful Day-Case Cholecystectomy Using the CholeS Data Set" 1726:

Zhang CD, Chen SC, Feng ZF, Zhao ZM, Wang JN, Dai DQ (August 2013). "Laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in Asia: a meta-analysis".

4545: 171:, a long fiber optic cable system that allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location. 1026:

application, can be used. A dye test may be performed to detect any blockage in the reproductive tract, wherein a dark blue dye is passed up through the

566:. This incidence of iatrogenic dissemination of cancer might be reduced with special measures as trocar site protection and midline placement of trocars. 844:, at first rejected as unacceptable for publication on the grounds that the technique reported on was "unethical," but finally published in the journal 331:, four incisions of 0.5–1.0 cm, or more recently, a single incision of 1.5–2.0 cm, will be sufficient to perform a laparoscopic removal of a 4550: 3840: 4286: 443: 4443: 1528:"Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs" 637:) from previous abdominal surgery may pose added risk for laparoscopic surgery and are considered relative contra-indications for this approach. 46: 3203: 2034: 1436:

Ma Y, Yang Z, Qin H, Wang Y (December 2011). "A meta-analysis of laparoscopy compared with open colorectal resection for colorectal cancer".

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or in reverse Trendelenburg. These positions have an effect on cardiopulmonary function. In Trendelenburg's position, there is an increased

3998: 3833: 2571:"Adhesion-related readmissions following gynaecological laparoscopy or laparotomy in Scotland: an epidemiological study of 24 046 patients" 2259:

Segura-Sampedro, Juan José; Morales-Soriano, Rafael; Pineño Flores, Cristina; Craus-Miguel, Andrea; Sugarbaker, Paul H. (13 March 2021).

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The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing conventional

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A digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system

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that leak current into surrounding tissue. The resulting injuries can result in perforated organs and can also lead to peritonitis.

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Westebring-van der Putten EP, Goossens RH, Jakimowicz JJ, Dankelman J (2008). "Haptics in minimally invasive surgery--a review".

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introduced into the abdominal cavity is removed through the incisions during surgery. Gas tends to rise, and when a pocket of CO

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Elfiky, Assem (July 2004). "Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in paediatrics: Two-year experience in a university hospital".

1575:"Minimally invasive surgical approach versus open procedure for pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 615:(the muscle that separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavities and facilitates breathing), and can exert pressure on the 3983: 3934: 3430: 381:(especially in morbidly obese patients), and is now deemed safe when applied to surgery for cancers such as cancer of colon. 179:, scissors, probes, dissectors, hooks, and retractors. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of 3957: 2367:"Warmed, humidified CO2 insufflation benefits intraoperative core temperature during laparoscopic surgery: A meta-analysis" 746:

conclusive diagnosis, but whether it will replace imaging studies as a primary modality for diagnosis needs more evidence.

4365: 4109: 377:, the approach has proven to be beneficial in reducing post-operative morbidities such as wound infections and incisional 4631: 4350: 4177: 4123: 4054: 3883: 3874: 3594: 1083: 1063: 152: 3919: 2843:

Saeidi, H.; Opfermann, J. D.; Kam, M.; Wei, S.; Leonard, S.; Hsieh, M. H.; Kang, J. U.; Krieger, A. (26 January 2022).

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formation is a risk associated with both laparoscopic and open surgery and remains a significant, unresolved problem.

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Smaller incision, which reduces pain and shortens recovery time, as well as resulting in less post-operative scarring.

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Reduced exposure of internal organs to possible external contaminants, thereby reduced risk of acquiring infections.

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injuries during insertion into the abdominal cavity, as the trocar is typically inserted blindly. Injuries include

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There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an open procedure. These include:

3517: 4636: 4426: 4340: 4248: 4167: 3939: 3929: 563: 867:(also termed cervical intra-fascial Semm hysterectomy). He also developed a medical instrument company Wisap in 721:, whereby a single central hospital can operate several remote machines at distant locations. The potential for 4730: 4585: 4243: 3924: 3866: 2316:"Gastrointestinal complications of laparoscopic/robot-assisted urologic surgery and a review of the literature" 771: 640: 53: 3396: 1771:"Laparoscopic versus open repair for perforated peptic ulcer: A meta analysis of randomized controlled trials" 2892:

Thai, Mai Thanh; Phan, Phuoc Thien; Hoang, Trung Thien; Wong, Shing; Lovell, Nigel H.; Do, Thanh Nho (2020).

2538:"Postoperative abdominal adhesions and their prevention in gynaecological surgery. Expert consensus position" 1527: 4679: 4595: 4220: 3978: 3825: 3570: 2365:

Dean, Meara; Ramsay, Robert; Heriot, Alexander; Mackay, John; Hiscock, Richard; Lynch, A. Craig (May 2017).

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gas. This elevates the abdominal wall above the internal organs to create a working and viewing space. CO

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and is followed with the laparoscope through its passage out into the fallopian tubes to the ovaries.

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In recent years, electronic tools have been developed to aid surgeons. Some of the features include:

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It is difficult to credit one individual with the pioneering of the laparoscopic approach. In 1901,

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Stabilization — Electromechanical damping of vibrations, due to machinery or shaky human hands

649: 644: 402: 176: 3342:"Erich Mühe and the Rejection of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (1985): A Surgeon Ahead of His Time" 2893: 1155: 4789: 4150: 3993: 3563: 3548: 3423:"World's First Series of Robotic Pediatric Cases Performed at Cairo University Hospital in Egypt" 3322: 2923: 2905: 2738: 2482:

Brüggmann D, Tchartchian G, Wallwiener M, Münstedt K, Tinneberg HR, Hackethal A (November 2010).

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The surgeon has a limited range of motion at the surgical site, resulting in a loss of dexterity.

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Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR), was designed by a team of Johns Hopkins University researchers.

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technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an

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In 1981, Semm, from the gynecological clinic of Kiel University, Germany, performed the first

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has less wound problems than open surgery, the former is associated with more intra-abdominal

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laparoscopic procedures there is a risk of port site metastases, especially in patients with

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his/her team, regarding the need of replacing static holding force during the intervention.

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Li H, Zheng J, Cai JY, Li SH, Zhang JB, Wang XM, Chen GH, Yang Y, Wang GS (November 2017).

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Kaban GK, Czerniach DR, Litwin DE, Litwin DE (2003). "Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery".

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Lower AM, Hawthorn RJ, Clark D, Boyd JH, Finlayson AR, Knight AD, Crowe AM (August 2004).

2261:"Laparoscopy technique in the setting of peritoneal metastases to avoid port site relapse" 1117: 1007: 907: 892: 888: 808: 722: 707: 683: 544: 540: 328: 199: 2943:"Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Chronic Abdominal Conditions with Uncertain Diagnosis" 1627:"VS open hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 848:. The abstract of his paper on endoscopic appendectomy can be found at the journal site. 580:

during surgery and peritoneal trauma due to increased exposure to cold, dry gases during

264:) to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm 2424:"Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures" 1769:

Tan S, Wu G, Zhuang Q, Xi Q, Meng Q, Jiang Y, Han Y, Yu C, Yu Z, Li N (September 2016).

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Clarke, H. Courtenay (1972). "Laparoscopy—New Instruments for Suturing and Ligation".

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Some patients have sustained electrical burns unseen by surgeons who are working with

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Semm established several standard procedures that were regularly performed, such as

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Kaloo, Philip; Armstrong, Sarah; Kaloo, Claire; Jordan, Vanessa (30 January 2019).

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has had a strong military interest as well, with the intention of providing mobile

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Clarke HC (April 1972). "Laparoscopy--new instruments for suturing and ligation".

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Karadag MA, Cecen K, Demir A, Bagcioglu M, Kocaaslan R, Kadioglu TC (April 2015).

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In gynecology, diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to inspect the outside of the

922: 815:, was important in popularizing laparoscopy in the UK. He published a textbook, 726: 626: 577: 552: 406: 349: 332: 253: 211: 203: 2770: 2726: 1783: 1770: 1543: 1323: 1242: 1188:"Secrets of safe laparoscopic surgery: Anaesthetic and surgical considerations" 409:, thoracoscopy, and cystoscopy are all performed in veterinary medicine today. 364:

Conceptually, the laparoscopic approach is intended to minimise post-operative

4704: 4646: 4623: 4390: 4258: 4037: 4015: 3809: 3740: 3725: 3707: 3669: 2624: 2554: 2537: 2499: 2071: 1906: 1871: 1496: 1449: 1057: 1015: 856: 555:. It is very important that these injuries be recognized as early as possible. 246: 3472:"Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons - Focus. Clarity. Innovation" 3248: 3213: 3137: 2959: 2810: 2447: 2390: 2284: 2044: 1824: 1643: 1504: 1331: 1213: 770:, Germany, performed the first laparoscopic procedure in dogs, and, in 1910, 700:

Visual magnification — use of a large viewing screen improves visibility

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as seen through a laparoscope. Clockwise from the top left, the text reads: '

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During the laparoscopic procedure, the position of the patient is either in

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hematoma, umbilical hernias, umbilical wound infection, and penetration of

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performed the first minimally invasive surgery in the UK with his team at

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Update Date: 21 August 2009. Updated by: James Lee, MD // No longer valid

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have since become more common and are typically laparoscopic procedures.

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after working with multiple researchers from across the world, including

559: 144:(usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids 2332: 1051: – Surgical technique that limits size of surgical incisions needed 3949: 2794:"Robotic single port surgery: Current status and future considerations" 2382: 2167: 2143:

Rodriguez, Anthony, Carpal Tunnel Surgery in Review, Beklind, 2009p.234

1808:"Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia" 1237: 1014:. Usually, one incision is placed near the navel and a second near the 1003: 872: 767: 470: 370: 273: 265: 156: 133: 67: 2663: 81: 4666: 4230: 1255:

Bhandarkar D, Mittal G, Shah R, Katara A, Udwadia TE (January 2011).

1027: 999: 868: 528: 378: 269: 125: 108: 2845:"Autonomous robotic laparoscopic surgery for intestinal anastomosis" 887:, professor of surgery in Germany, performed the first laparoscopic 754: 543:. The risk of such injuries is increased in patients who have a low 16:

Minimally invasive operation within the abdominal or pelvic cavities

2910: 373:), gynecologic surgery, and urology. Based on numerous prospective 327:

Rather than a minimum 20 cm incision as in traditional (open)

183:. The first laparoscopic procedure was performed by German surgeon 148:

or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.

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Stephen W, Eubanks S, Lee L, Swanstrom LL, Soper NJ, eds. (2004).

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Cahill, R. A.; Dalli, J.; Khan, M.; Flood, M.; Nolan, K. (2020).

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Laparoscopic techniques have also been developed in the field of

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of Sweden performed the first laparoscopic operation in humans.

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Use of regional anesthesia (with the recommendation of using a

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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

167:, and shorter recovery time. The key element is the use of a 3555: 1257:"Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: How I do it?" 960:

Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons

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training tools to improve physicians' proficiency in surgery

3112:"Patrick Steptoe, CBE, MBChB, D.Se., FRCS (Ed), FRCOG, FRS" 2709:

Limchantra, Ice V.; Fong, Yuman; Melstrom, Kurt A. (2019).

1042: – Examination of a joint via small surgical incision 781:

The first publication on modern diagnostic laparoscopy by

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Tarasconi JC (October 1981). "Endoscopic salpingectomy".

895:

was visualised by surgeons directly via a laparoscope.

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Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa; Ashish Kulshrestha (2016).

1060: – Surgical procedure to open the abdominal cavity 1053:

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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

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for adequate visualization and operative manipulation.

2711:"Surgical Smoke Exposure in Operating Room Personnel" 1573:

Wang S, Shi N, You L, Dai M, Zhao Y (December 2017).

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El-Sharkawy, A. M.; Tewari, N.; Vohra, R. S. (2019).

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British Association Of Paediatric Endoscopic Surgeons

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for insufflation, has been shown to reduce this risk.

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therapy, which is the use of heated and humidified CO

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Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies

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Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons

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Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons

1134:(2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 155:, bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern 66: 52: 40: 23: 3471: 3198:. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Pvt. Ltd. p. 5. 980:European Society of Paediatric Endoscopic Surgeons 2694:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1479:Sami Walid, M.; Heaton, Richard L. (1 May 2011). 785:appeared in 1947, followed by the publication of 729:while keeping trained doctors safe from battle. 717:Robotic surgery has been touted as a solution to 256:cable system connected to a "cold" light source ( 132: 'to see') is an operation performed in the 3297:Semm K (March 1983). "Endoscopic appendectomy". 2941:Nar AS, Bawa A, Mishra A, Mittal A (July 2014). 2759:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 1526:Devitt CM, Cox RE, Hailey JJ (September 2005). 1069:Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery 664:poses the most significant problem. The use of 519:Some of the risks are briefly described below: 3652:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 3544:Surgical Device Poses a Rare but Serious Peril 2027:Mastery of endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery 1186:Srivastava, Arati; Niranjan, Ashutosh (2010). 1132:Mastery of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery 964:Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons 301:Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery. 4481:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 3841: 3571: 2531: 2529: 2527: 1106: 1104: 842:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 8: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2477: 2475: 925:removal in 2001. The first robotic advanced 611:rises in the abdomen, it pushes against the 3493:"International Pediatric Endosurgery Group" 2428:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 929:series were performed overseas in Egypt at 877:More Details on Pelviscopy and Hysteroscopy 4619: 4431: 4128: 3888: 3879: 3848: 3834: 3826: 3578: 3564: 3556: 3196:Textbook of Practical Laparoscopic Surgery 967:World Association of Laparoscopic Surgeons 863:and finally laparoscopic-assisted vaginal 737:Non-robotic hand-guided assistance systems 29: 3497:International Pediatric Endosurgery Group 3357: 3127: 3086: 3076: 2968: 2958: 2909: 2868: 2819: 2809: 2671: 2586: 2553: 2507: 2455: 2398: 2341: 2331: 1998: 1988: 1833: 1823: 1782: 1652: 1642: 1598: 1339: 1282: 1272: 1221: 1203: 1018:. A special type of laparoscope called a 977:International Pediatric Endosurgery Group 4287:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization 753: 444:combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia 425:, which reduces the chance of needing a 4444:Artificial extracorporeal liver support 2240:Fuller J, Scott W, Ashar B, Corrado J. 1100: 1010:, as, for example, in the diagnosis of 2792:Samarasekera D, Kaouk JH (July 2014). 2687: 692:A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine 20: 3429:. Computer Motion Inc. Archived from 1721: 1719: 1674: 1672: 1620: 1618: 1485:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 706:Simulators — use of specialized 623:and eliminate it through respiration. 7: 3999:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery 3542:Feder, Barnaby J. (17 March 2006). " 3272:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 3061:"Kurt Semm: A laparoscopic crusader" 1388: 1386: 1156:"Training in diagnostic laparoscopy" 527:The most significant risks are from 218:There are two types of laparoscope: 4048:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 3856:Tests and procedures involving the 3110:Edwards, R. G. (1 September 1996). 2371:Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery 1049:Invasiveness of surgical procedures 77: 4486:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure 2488:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 151:Laparoscopic surgery, also called 14: 3385:. London: John Murray Publishers. 1631:World Journal of Gastroenterology 1365:Surgical Technology International 1261:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery 1192:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery 1162:from the original on 14 July 2014 805:hysteroscopy from the mid-1970s. 3460:(3): 295–300 – via Scopus. 2613:The Journal of Surgical Research 1895:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 1775:International Journal of Surgery 1236: 115: 'flank, side' and 4277:Lateral internal sphincterotomy 3454:Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 3397:"Doctor who shrunk the surgeon" 3059:Bhattacharya K (January 2007). 1971:Raveenthiran V (October 2010). 226:system, usually connected to a 3984:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty 3935:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe 2666:(inactive 12 September 2024). 2652:The British Journal of Surgery 2440:10.1002/14651858.cd011101.pub2 2242:"Laparoscopic Trocar Injuries" 1950:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.050 576:About 20% of patients undergo 485:Laparoscopic surgery requires 1: 4366:Lower gastrointestinal series 4110:Upper gastrointestinal series 3241:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38886-0 3173:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)38886-0 3129:10.1093/humrep/11.suppl_5.215 2211:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00209-9 921:performed was a laparoscopic 348:), or removal of the kidney ( 4632:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 4351:Double-contrast barium enema 4178:Partial ileal bypass surgery 4055:Esophagogastric dissociation 3381:Van De Laar, Arnold (2018). 2898:Advanced Intelligent Systems 2804:(3). Indian J Urol: 326–32. 2277:10.1016/j.suronc.2021.101543 1938:Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1740:10.1097/SLE.0b013e31828e3e6e 1694:10.1097/SLE.0000000000000416 1407:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318269a46b 1111:MedlinePlus > Laparoscopy 1084:Revision weight loss surgery 1080: – A surgical procedure 1064:Minimally Invasive Procedure 678:Robotic laparoscopic surgery 375:randomized controlled trials 210:', 'In bag coming out,' and 153:minimally invasive procedure 4449:Bioartificial liver devices 4376:Transrectal ultrasonography 3518:"Female Pelvic Laparoscopy" 3235:(4). Elsevier BV: 274–277. 2947:Nigerian Journal of Surgery 2861:10.1126/scirobotics.abj2908 1591:10.1097/MD.0000000000008619 919:first transatlantic surgery 817:Laparoscopy in Gynaecology, 713:Reduced number of incisions 547:or have a history of prior 461:for infantile hypertrophic 435:Less pain, leading to less 35:Illustration of laparoscopy 4816: 4371:Small-bowel follow-through 4239:Abdominoperineal resection 4098:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 3718:Female reproductive system 3606:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 3029:Gynécologie et Obstétrique 2771:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.09.019 2727:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.2515 1784:10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.07.077 1544:10.2460/javma.2005.227.921 1324:10.1007/s00268-019-04981-5 1071: – medical speciality 991: 681: 118: 101: 4795:Female genital procedures 4731:Clinical prediction rules 4637:Intraperitoneal injection 4341:Abdominal ultrasonography 4249:Total mesorectal excision 4168:Intestine transplantation 3958:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube 3940:High resolution manometry 3930:Esophageal motility study 3864: 3122:(Supplement_5): 215–234. 2798:Indian Journal of Urology 2625:10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.039 2555:10.1007/s10397-007-0338-x 2500:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0769 2199:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2072:10.1080/13645700701820242 1907:10.1007/s00423-016-1430-3 1872:10.1007/s00464-015-4293-8 1497:10.1007/s00404-010-1477-2 1450:10.1007/s12032-010-9549-5 811:, one of the pioneers of 564:peritoneal carcinomatosis 78: 28: 4785:Digestive system surgery 4586:Pancreas transplantation 4244:Lower anterior resection 3925:Esophageal pH monitoring 3867:Digestive system surgery 3340:Litynski, G. S. (1998). 2960:10.4103/1117-6806.137301 2811:10.4103/0970-1591.128504 2156:World Journal of Surgery 1825:10.4103/0972-9941.169952 1644:10.3748/wjg.v23.i43.7791 1312:World Journal of Surgery 1022:, which is modified for 772:Hans Christian Jacobaeus 758:Hans Christian Jacobaeus 641:Intra-abdominal adhesion 465:. Although laparoscopic 388:Laparoscopic instruments 4680:Inguinal hernia surgery 4596:Pancreaticoduodenectomy 3979:Adjustable gastric band 3920:Impedance–pH monitoring 3229:Fertility and Sterility 3161:Fertility and Sterility 3078:10.4103/0972-9941.30686 3006:10.1089/end.2006.20.848 2536:Leon DeWilde R (2007). 1990:10.4103/0971-9261.72434 1274:10.4103/0972-9941.72367 1205:10.4103/0972-9941.72593 1089:Single port laparoscopy 988:Gynecological diagnosis 666:surgical humidification 662:small bowel obstruction 586:surgical humidification 4710:Exploratory laparotomy 4525:Hepatoportoenterostomy 3989:Gastric bypass surgery 3858:human digestive system 3595:Gastrointestinal tract 3311:10.1055/s-2007-1021466 3194:Mishra, R. K. (2013). 2994:Journal of Endourology 2920:10.1002/aisy.201900138 2434:(1). Wiley: CD011101. 2115:10.1055/s-2007-1001366 759: 719:underdeveloped nations 693: 495:Poor depth perception. 397:In veterinary medicine 389: 312:Trendelenburg position 302: 215: 161:exploratory laparotomy 4685:Femoral hernia repair 4471:Liver transplantation 4065:Nissen fundoplication 3027:Palmer R (1947). "". 2588:10.1093/humrep/deh321 2542:Gynecological Surgery 2377:(2). Wiley: 128–136. 992:Further information: 972:For Pediatric Surgery 945:Surgical Associations 793:, who both practised 757: 691: 387: 300: 198: 191:Types of laparoscopes 4282:Rubber band ligation 4221:Hartmann's operation 3769:Laparoscopic surgery 1198:(4). Medknow: 91–4. 1116:26 July 2011 at the 1040:Arthroscopic surgery 629:disorders and dense 4657:Peritoneal dialysis 4476:Portal hypertension 4381:Virtual colonoscopy 4356:Endoanal ultrasound 4272:Anorectal manometry 4267:Anal sphincterotomy 4211:Colonic polypectomy 4006:Collis gastroplasty 3065:J Minim Access Surg 2333:10.14740/jocmr2090w 1812:J Minim Access Surg 1777:. 33 Pt A: 124–32. 650:chronic pelvic pain 403:veterinary medicine 252:Also attached is a 177:obstetrical forceps 4800:Medical treatments 4151:Jejunoileal bypass 3994:Sleeve gastrectomy 3549:The New York Times 3116:Human Reproduction 2575:Human Reproduction 2383:10.1111/ases.12350 2168:10.1007/PL00012281 2025:Swanström (2014). 1860:Surgical Endoscopy 1012:female infertility 904:Ninewells Hospital 760: 694: 658:female infertility 390: 303: 216: 4772: 4771: 4717:Rapid urease test 4693: 4692: 4609: 4608: 4601:Puestow procedure 4563:Cholescintigraphy 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4409:Stool guaiac test 4319:Capsule endoscopy 4141:Bariatric surgery 4118: 4117: 4033:Gastroenterostomy 3974:Bariatric surgery 3823: 3822: 3662:Respiratory tract 3644:Capsule endoscopy 3205:978-93-5025-941-2 2664:10.1002/bjs.11977 2658:(11): 1401–1405. 2265:Surgical Oncology 2036:978-1-4511-7344-4 1637:(43): 7791–7806. 1395:Annals of Surgery 939:robotic surgeries 927:pediatric surgery 861:ectopic pregnancy 824:Buffalo, New York 660:. In particular, 654:bowel obstruction 549:abdominal surgery 427:blood transfusion 222:A telescopic rod 89: 88: 68:OPS-301 code 4807: 4754:Child–Pugh score 4721:Urea breath test 4620: 4581:Frey's procedure 4558:Cholecystography 4432: 4129: 3964:Nasogastric tube 3889: 3880: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3827: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3433:on 12 April 2008 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3131: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3090: 3080: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2972: 2962: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2913: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2855:(62): eabj2908. 2849:Science Robotics 2840: 2834: 2833: 2823: 2813: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2675: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2590: 2566: 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463:pyloric stenosis 339:Colon and kidney 306:Patient position 129: 122: 112: 105: 82:edit on Wikidata 62: 33: 21: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4759:Ranson criteria 4725: 4689: 4661: 4605: 4567: 4536:Cholangiography 4532:Medical imaging 4515:Cholecystostomy 4510:Cholecystectomy 4492: 4413: 4385: 4297:Medical imaging 4291: 4253: 4225: 4187: 4183:Strictureplasty 4158:Bowel resection 4146:Duodenal switch 4114: 4085:Medical imaging 4079: 3944: 3875:Digestive tract 3869: 3860: 3854: 3824: 3819: 3793: 3784:Mediastinoscopy 3745: 3712: 3684: 3656: 3589: 3584: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3403:. 22 March 2008 3395: 3394: 3390: 3383:UNDER THE KNIFE 3380: 3379: 3375: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3058: 3057: 3048: 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3877: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3538: 3537:External links 3535: 3532: 3531: 3509: 3484: 3463: 3444: 3414: 3401:Times of Malta 3388: 3373: 3352:(4): 341–346. 3332: 3289: 3262: 3219: 3204: 3186: 3151: 3102: 3046: 3019: 2984: 2933: 2884: 2835: 2784: 2748: 2701: 2638: 2602: 2581:(8): 1877–85. 2561: 2548:(3): 161–168. 2523: 2494:(44): 769–75. 2471: 2414: 2357: 2320:J Clin Med Res 2306: 2251: 2232: 2189: 2145: 2136: 2093: 2050: 2035: 2014: 1963: 1944:(5): 1034–40. 1928: 1885: 1866:(9): 2463–84. 1849: 1798: 1761: 1715: 1688:(4): 206–219. 1668: 1614: 1565: 1518: 1471: 1428: 1382: 1355: 1298: 1247: 1173: 1147: 1141:978-0781744454 1140: 1122: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1046: 1035: 1032: 1016:pubic hairline 989: 986: 985: 984: 981: 978: 973: 970: 969: 968: 965: 962: 955: 952: 946: 943: 799: 751: 748: 738: 735: 715: 714: 711: 704: 701: 682:Main article: 679: 676: 675: 674: 670: 638: 624: 620: 608: 601: 593: 589: 574: 567: 556: 533:abdominal wall 525: 516: 513: 512: 511: 507: 504:fulcrum effect 500: 496: 493: 490: 478: 475: 454: 453: 450: 447: 440: 433: 430: 414: 411: 398: 395: 371:morbid obesity 357: 340: 337: 324: 321: 307: 304: 294: 291: 285: 282:carbon dioxide 243: 242: 239: 236:three-chip CCD 192: 189: 87: 86: 79: 76: 75: 70: 64: 63: 56: 50: 49: 44: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4812: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675:Hernia repair 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Fecal pH test 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4334:Sigmoidoscopy 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070:Pyloromyotomy 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3905:Esophagectomy 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3690:Urinary tract 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624:Sigmoidoscopy 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3520:. Mayo Clinic 3519: 3513: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3427:Business Wire 3424: 3418: 3415: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3278:(10): 541–5. 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3035:(4): 420–31. 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2326:(4): 203–10. 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205:(3): 327–31. 2204: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162:(5): 529–33. 2161: 2157: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2109:(7): 617–20. 2108: 2104: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734:(4): 365–77. 1733: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585:(50): e8619. 1584: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:(4): 925–33. 1443: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401:(6): 934–45. 1400: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 987: 982: 979: 976: 975: 971: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 951: 944: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 911: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 855:enucleation, 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 836: 831: 827: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 792: 788: 784: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 764:Georg Kelling 756: 749: 747: 743: 736: 734: 730: 728: 724: 720: 712: 709: 705: 702: 699: 698: 697: 690: 685: 677: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 642: 639: 636: 632: 628: 625: 618: 617:phrenic nerve 614: 594: 587: 584:. The use of 583: 579: 575: 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:blood vessels 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 520: 514: 510:disadvantage. 508: 505: 501: 497: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 482: 477:Disadvantages 476: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:pyloromyotomy 451: 448: 445: 441: 438: 434: 431: 428: 424: 420: 419: 418: 412: 410: 408: 404: 396: 394: 386: 382: 380: 376: 372: 367: 362: 355: 351: 347: 338: 336: 334: 330: 322: 320: 317: 313: 305: 299: 292: 290: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 240: 237: 233: 230:(single-chip 229: 225: 221: 220: 219: 213: 209: 208:Cystic artery 205: 201: 197: 190: 188: 186: 185:Georg Kelling 182: 178: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 121: 117: 114: 111: 104: 100: 97: 96:Ancient Greek 93: 83: 74: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 55: 51: 48: 45: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4652:Paracentesis 4641: 4466:Liver biopsy 4361:Enteroclysis 4346:Defecography 4201:Appendectomy 3779:Thoracoscopy 3763: 3736:Falloposcopy 3731:Hysteroscopy 3703:Ureteroscopy 3680:Bronchoscopy 3675:Laryngoscopy 3547: 3524:22 September 3522:. Retrieved 3512: 3500:. Retrieved 3496: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3466: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3435:. Retrieved 3431:the original 3426: 3417: 3405:. Retrieved 3400: 3391: 3382: 3376: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3305:(2): 59–64. 3302: 3298: 3292: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3195: 3189: 3167:(4): 274–7. 3164: 3160: 3154: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3068: 3064: 3032: 3028: 3022: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2953:(2): 75–78. 2950: 2946: 2936: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2765:(1): 55–66. 2762: 2758: 2751: 2718: 2715:JAMA Surgery 2714: 2704: 2690:cite journal 2655: 2651: 2641: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2545: 2541: 2491: 2487: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2246:the original 2235: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2139: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2026: 1983:(4): 122–8. 1980: 1976: 1966: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1901:(5): 651–9. 1898: 1894: 1888: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1774: 1764: 1731: 1727: 1685: 1681: 1634: 1630: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1538:(6): 921–7. 1535: 1531: 1521: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1398: 1394: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1267:(1): 17–23. 1264: 1260: 1250: 1195: 1191: 1164:. Retrieved 1158:. Gfmer.ch. 1150: 1131: 1125: 1078:Percutaneous 1024:transvaginal 1020:fertiloscope 997: 994:Fertiloscope 948: 916: 912: 897: 882: 876: 865:hysterectomy 853:ovarian cyst 850: 845: 841: 838:appendectomy 835:laparoscopic 832: 828: 821: 816: 807: 783:Raoul Palmer 780: 776: 761: 744: 740: 731: 727:medical care 716: 695: 582:insufflation 539:or small or 524:positioning. 518: 503: 480: 467:appendectomy 455: 423:hemorrhaging 416: 400: 391: 363: 342: 326: 309: 251: 244: 228:video camera 217: 173: 168: 165:hemorrhaging 150: 140:using small 126: 123: 116: 109: 106: 99: 91: 90: 18: 4642:Laparoscopy 4498:Gallbladder 4461:Hepatectomy 4391:Stool tests 4329:Proctoscopy 4324:Enteroscopy 4309:Colonoscopy 4193:Large bowel 4173:Jejunostomy 4133:Small bowel 4060:Hill repair 4043:Gastrostomy 4021:Billroth II 4011:Gastrectomy 3915:Sialography 3789:Coelioscopy 3774:Arthroscopy 3764:Laparoscopy 3698:Nephroscopy 3650:Accessory: 3634:Proctoscopy 3629:Pouchoscopy 3619:Colonoscopy 3614:Enteroscopy 3071:(1): 35–6. 2619:(1): 40–7. 2066:(1): 3–16. 923:gallbladder 635:scar tissue 627:Coagulation 578:hypothermia 553:peritonitis 541:large bowel 407:Arthroscopy 354:anastomosis 350:nephrectomy 333:gallbladder 323:Gallbladder 278:insufflated 276:is usually 254:fiber optic 247:fiberscopes 212:Cystic duct 204:Gallbladder 169:laparoscope 92:Laparoscopy 24:Laparoscopy 4779:Categories 4705:Laparotomy 4647:Omentopexy 4624:Peritoneum 4259:Anal canal 4038:Gastropexy 4016:Billroth I 3810:Angioscopy 3741:Culdoscopy 3726:Colposcopy 3708:Cystoscopy 3670:Rhinoscopy 2911:2001.00285 2271:: 101543. 1818:(1): 4–9. 1166:10 October 1095:References 1058:Laparotomy 954:For Adults 885:Erich Mühe 857:myomectomy 571:electrodes 413:Advantages 293:Procedures 94:(from 4790:Endoscopy 4502:bile duct 4427:Accessory 4305:Endoscopy 4216:Colostomy 4206:Colectomy 4163:Ileostomy 4093:Endoscopy 4026:Roux-en-Y 3897:Esophagus 3805:Fetoscopy 3587:Endoscopy 3502:26 August 3477:26 August 3437:26 August 3299:Endoscopy 3249:0015-0282 3214:870588241 3138:0268-1161 2928:209531913 2743:201116813 2448:1465-1858 2391:1758-5902 2301:232386740 2285:0960-7404 2131:260128567 2103:Endoscopy 2045:889995746 1505:1432-0711 1371:: 63–70. 1332:0364-2313 1214:0972-9941 898:In 1987, 883:In 1985, 846:Endoscopy 819:in 1967. 791:Kurt Semm 645:Adhesions 631:adhesions 613:diaphragm 560:oncologic 471:abscesses 346:colectomy 187:in 1901. 181:endoscopy 146:diagnosis 142:incisions 4573:Pancreas 4314:Anoscopy 3815:Otoscopy 3756:incision 3639:Anoscopy 3368:10036125 3327:45763958 3097:20668618 3041:18917806 3014:17144849 2979:25191097 2879:35080901 2830:25097321 2779:20123191 2735:31433468 2682:32856306 2633:18639246 2597:15178659 2518:21116396 2466:30699235 2409:27976517 2352:25699115 2293:33773282 2227:24631884 2184:29945805 2080:18270873 2009:21170193 1958:19433194 1915:27118213 1880:26139480 1844:26917912 1793:27504848 1756:36337725 1748:23917592 1710:13671079 1702:28520652 1663:29209120 1609:29390259 1579:Medicine 1560:16702386 1552:16190590 1513:20414665 1466:24029741 1458:20458560 1415:23108128 1377:12931285 1350:31016355 1293:21197237 1232:21120064 1160:Archived 1114:Archived 1034:See also 669:surgery. 421:Reduced 157:surgical 42:ICD-9-CM 3950:Stomach 3750:Closed 3612:Lower: 3359:3015244 3319:6221925 3284:6458700 3257:4258561 3181:4258561 3146:8968782 3088:2910380 2970:4141449 2870:8992572 2821:4120222 2673:7461047 2509:2992017 2457:6353625 2400:5484286 2343:4330011 2219:9721764 2176:9204743 2123:9826140 2088:5439192 2000:2995935 1923:9331647 1835:4746973 1654:5703939 1600:5815671 1423:5286895 1341:9883331 1284:3002000 1223:2992667 1004:ovaries 873:Germany 768:Dresden 750:History 439:needed. 379:hernias 316:preload 274:abdomen 266:cannula 258:halogen 134:abdomen 60:D010535 4667:Hernia 4231:Rectum 3752:cavity 3602:Upper: 3407:17 May 3366: 3356: 3325: 3317: 3282: 3255: 3247: 3212: 3202: 3179: 3144: 3136: 3095: 3085: 3039: 3012: 2977: 2967: 2926: 2877: 2867: 2828: 2818: 2777: 2741: 2733: 2680: 2670: 2631: 2595: 2516: 2506: 2464: 2454: 2446: 2407: 2397: 2389: 2350: 2340: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2225: 2217: 2182: 2174: 2129: 2121: 2086: 2078: 2043: 2033: 2007: 1997: 1956: 1921: 1913: 1878: 1842: 1832: 1791: 1754: 1746: 1708: 1700: 1661: 1651: 1607: 1597: 1558: 1550: 1511: 1503: 1464: 1456: 1421: 1413: 1375: 1348: 1338: 1330: 1291: 1281: 1230: 1220: 1212: 1138: 1028:cervix 1006:, and 1000:uterus 869:Munich 656:, and 529:trocar 272:. 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