397:
51:
104:
233:
79:
694:
1098:
386:
378:
860:
1719:
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stated that the laurel was not permitted for "profane" uses – lighting it on fire at altars "for the propitiation of divinities" was strictly forbidden, because "it is very evident that the laurel protests against such usage by crackling as it does in the fire, thus, in a manner, giving expression to
948:
wore wreaths of laurel whenever there was stormy weather because it was widely believed that Laurel trees were immune to lightning strikes, affording protection to those who brandished it. One reason for this belief is because laurel crackles loudly when on fire. It led ancient Romans to believe the
2288:
Panza, E; Tersigni, M; Iorizzi, M; Zollo, F; De Marino, S; Festa, C; Napolitano, M; Castello, G; et al. (2011). "Lauroside B, a megastigmane glycoside from Laurus nobilis (bay laurel) leaves, induces apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines by inhibiting NF-κB activation".
396:
927:
after an eagle dropped a hen with the sprig clutched in its beak onto her lap. The sprig grew into a full-size tree which fostered an entire grove of laurel trees, which were in turn added to by subsequent
Emperors when they celebrated a
523:
plant communities familiar today. Most of the last remaining laurel forests around the
Mediterranean are believed to have disappeared approximately ten thousand years ago, although some remnants still persist in the mountains of southern
1203:
Both essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit. The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to obtain these products. The fruit contains up to 30% fatty oils and about 1% essential oils (terpenes, sesquiterpenes,
635:
to create single erect stems with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also for low hedges. However, it is slow-growing and may take several years to reach the desired height. Together with a gold form,
50:
1926:
2397:
877:, which held the laurel as a symbol of victory. It was also associated with immortality, with ritual purification, prosperity and health. It is also the source of the words
1077:, which were held around the time of the lunar festival. The similar association in Europe of laurels with victory and success led to its translation into Chinese as the
1496:
2249:
Kilic, Ayben; Hafizoglu, Harzemsah; Kollmannsberger, Hubert; Nitz, Siegfried (2004). "Volatile
Constituents and Key Odorants in Leaves, Buds, Flowers, and Fruits of
3828:
1750:
3906:
4104:
911:, which Augustus had built. Thus, the laurels had the dual purpose of advertising Augustus' victory in the Civil Wars and his close association with Apollo.
847:(trance) from which she uttered the oracular prophecies for which she was famous. Some accounts starting in the fourth century BC describe her as shaking a
589:
of about one year, under normal temperature and humidity. Whole bay leaves are used almost exclusively as flavor agents during the food preparation stage.
4184:
2361:
3776:
851:
while delivering her prophecies. Those who received promising omens from the Pythia were crowned with laurel wreaths as a symbol of Apollo's favor.
4129:
3841:
3789:
2390:
365:
Worldwide, many other kinds of plants in diverse families are also called "bay" or "laurel", generally due to similarity of foliage or aroma to
4001:
3929:
2347:
1853:
1734:
1591:
1474:
4159:
2047:
1994:
940:
from the original tree planted by Livia. It was taken as an omen of the impending end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that in the reign of
444: in) diameter, and they are borne in pairs beside a leaf. The leaves are glabrous, 6–12 cm (2–5 in) long and 2–4 cm (
4139:
4134:
3512:
3714:
2383:
1905:
4154:
3504:
2217:
1622:
1381:
4169:
4164:
3815:
1821:
4114:
4053:
3872:
3980:
3846:
1720:"Evaluación de diferentes métodos de control de plagas en cultivo de laurel ornamental e impacto en la fauna útil asociada"
3893:
1581:
987:, sentenced to cut at a self-repairing tree as a punishment for varying offenses. The tree was originally identified as a
950:
4027:
3639:
649:
311:
1660:
604:. Dried laurel berries and pressed leaf oil can both be used as robust spices, and the wood can be burnt for strong
4058:
4014:
3517:
2858:
2808:
2134:
908:
3911:
4174:
3867:
1464:
980:
1843:
1399:
Composition of scientific words: A manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics
4124:
4119:
3934:
3527:
3393:
3107:
1124:) may have been meant to refer to local flowering, but its origin may also be in the name of the family Bladh (
103:
31:
4019:
4179:
3753:
2766:
2135:
https://giftsitter.com/it/blog/laurea-perche-si-incorona-il-laureato-con-lalloro "Corona d’alloro fai da te"
3758:
3732:
4149:
3727:
3654:
3582:
2583:
2536:
2084:
McCartney, Eugene S. (1929). "Why Did
Tiberius Wear Laurel in the Form of a Crown During Thunder Storms".
1766:"Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica. L. and Laurus nobilis. L. extracts on rats"
1727:
VI Jornadas Ibéricas de
Horticultura Ornamental: Las buenas prácticas agrícolas en horticultura ornamental
972:
involved a great forest or tree which quickly grew and lost its leaves and flowers every month. After the
601:
581:
sauces. They are typically removed from dishes before serving, although they may also be used as a simple
573:
used in a wide variety of recipes, particularly among
Mediterranean cuisines. Most commonly, the aromatic
668:, which induces the curling and thickening of the edge of the leaves for the development of the insect's
3522:
3050:
2990:
2676:
2636:
2598:
2421:
1460:
833:
because the games were in honor of Apollo, and the laurel was one of his symbols. According to the poet
653:
624:
207:
3794:
1443:, The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants, Cambridge University Press, 19 Jun 1997
1412:
1165:
3921:
3688:
3244:
3161:
3035:
2933:
2608:
2563:
2500:
1297:
879:
867:
803:(Mother Earth), and when he tried to seduce her she pleaded for help to Gaia, who transported her to
323:
1064:
1047:") while, in modern Chinese, it has instead become associated with the Mediterranean laurel. By the
3620:
3112:
3005:
2948:
2926:
2771:
1638:
1233:
1205:
1024:
512:
68:
4006:
3885:
1534:
Konstantinidou, E.; Takos, I.; Merou, T. (2008). "Desiccation and storage behavior of bay laurel (
4109:
4076:
3740:
3680:
3344:
3269:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2906:
2838:
2666:
2578:
2573:
2551:
2505:
2432:
2101:
1744:
1555:
1217:
969:
98:
3745:
3463:
3833:
1718:
De
Alfonso, M.; Olmeda1, A.; Rodrigo, E.; Xamaní, P.; Sánchez–Domingo, A.; Laborda, R. (2014).
515:
when the climate of the region was more humid. With the drying of the
Mediterranean during the
3955:
3662:
3545:
3423:
3403:
3363:
3309:
3211:
3206:
2793:
2603:
2516:
2454:
2306:
2270:
2213:
2151:
1975:
1920:
1849:
1797:
1730:
1618:
1587:
1470:
1377:
792:
681:
3960:
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3433:
3201:
3186:
3166:
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2729:
2483:
2298:
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2093:
1787:
1777:
1689:
1547:
1292:
1243:
1125:
1117:
965:
709:
620:
519:
era, the laurel forests gradually retreated, and were replaced by the more drought-tolerant
504:
253:
2154:. Kelly & Walsh, 1927. Reprinted Routledge (Abingdon), 2011. Accessed 13 November 2013.
3942:
3468:
3055:
3000:
2980:
2943:
2898:
2701:
2661:
1440:
1324:
1253:
1248:
1000:
892:
841:
reputedly chewed laurel leaves from a sacred tree growing inside the temple to induce the
751:
listed a variety of conditions which laurel oil was supposed to treat: paralysis, spasms,
748:
740:
720:
705:
669:
628:
315:
141:
4068:
3993:
4144:
3988:
3428:
3398:
3368:
3351:
3274:
3142:
3067:
2891:
2853:
2828:
2786:
2749:
1817:
1792:
1765:
1274:
1028:
1020:
933:
920:
826:
773:
664:
605:
582:
545:
128:
415:, variable in size and sometimes reaching 7–18 m (23–59 ft) tall. The genus
4098:
3854:
3483:
3438:
3373:
3319:
3254:
3122:
3092:
3072:
3060:
3045:
3030:
3020:
2995:
2798:
2546:
2105:
1283:
1173:
1169:
1145:
937:
929:
904:
885:
874:
848:
830:
822:
808:
728:
508:
495:
223:
88:
83:
2367:
1559:
1319:
859:
829:, a symbol of highest status. A wreath of bay laurels was given as the prize at the
232:
4081:
3667:
3418:
3408:
3378:
3314:
3304:
3284:
3264:
3082:
2880:
2823:
2818:
2761:
2521:
1369:
1339:
1238:
1181:
1048:
977:
956:
In modern Italy, laurel wreaths are worn as a crown by graduating school students.
724:
693:
677:
597:
385:
3644:
3631:
944:
the entire grove died, shortly before he was assassinated. Rome's second
Emperor
889:, as well as the expressions "assume the laurel" and "resting on one's laurels".
4032:
3898:
3880:
3802:
3614:
3448:
3443:
3388:
3324:
3289:
3097:
3025:
2985:
2843:
2719:
2442:
1213:
1197:
1149:
1133:
1080:
1038:
1010:
973:
924:
520:
469:
419:
includes three accepted species, whose diagnostic key characters often overlap.
377:
359:
1908:. Translated by Kline, A. S. 2000. Archived from the original on April 19, 2005
1097:
3555:
3550:
3488:
3473:
3413:
3102:
3010:
2756:
2593:
2588:
2526:
2437:
1551:
1157:
736:
732:
716:
659:
One of the most important pests affecting ornamental laurels is caused by the
586:
154:
3719:
1979:
3970:
3701:
3565:
3560:
3358:
3329:
3279:
3221:
3127:
3015:
2921:
2875:
2495:
2375:
1193:
1058:
912:
660:
631:, and as a house plant or greenhouse plant in colder regions. It is used in
427:
408:
319:
303:
174:
4045:
3605:
2310:
2274:
1801:
1782:
3947:
1523:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1964. pp. Volume 1 page 246.
1132:; 'leaf'); two members of the family – a father and a son – acquired both
4040:
3599:
3478:
3453:
3171:
3156:
2938:
2865:
2833:
2781:
2734:
2691:
2671:
2656:
2621:
2449:
2189:
1189:
1185:
1109:
1102:
953:", and was therefore "immune" from outer threats like fire or lightning.
945:
900:
863:
807:. In Daphne's place Gaia left a laurel tree, from which Apollo fashioned
752:
744:
592:
Ground bay leaves, however, can be ingested safely and are often used in
574:
537:
516:
327:
164:
3768:
2166:
1152:, also called eucalyptol. The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (
3781:
3675:
3383:
3334:
3249:
3239:
3181:
3117:
3087:
2776:
2739:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2473:
1161:
1113:
1053:
1027:. However, in English, it is often associated with the more well-known
984:
756:
712:
632:
549:
541:
434:
on separate plants. Each flower is pale yellow-green, about 1 cm (
17:
2302:
2266:
990:
899:
Laurel was closely associated with the Roman
Emperors, beginning with
3807:
3339:
3294:
3234:
3191:
3132:
3077:
3040:
2960:
2955:
2916:
2813:
2803:
2724:
2686:
2626:
2616:
2490:
2478:
2468:
1209:
1177:
838:
834:
796:
788:
525:
431:
423:
184:
3576:
2015:
The Mythology of Plants: Botanical Lore from Ancient Greece and Rome
1764:
Nayak, S; Nalabothu, P; Sandiford, S; Bhogadi, V; Adogwa, A (2006).
2097:
3820:
3706:
3458:
3299:
3259:
3229:
3176:
3151:
3137:
2885:
2870:
2744:
2711:
2696:
2681:
2568:
2463:
2427:
2329:
1096:
916:
903:. Two Laurel trees flanked the entrance to Augustus' house on the
858:
804:
578:
570:
566:
533:
529:
473:
307:
115:
1615:
The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
818:, state that Daphne was transformed directly into a laurel tree.
3196:
2911:
2541:
2531:
2412:
1074:
941:
815:
800:
673:
593:
412:
3693:
3580:
2379:
1376:(Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
915:
relates the story of Augustus' wife, and Rome's first Empress,
842:
814:
Other versions of the myth, including that of the Roman poet
472:(untoothed) margin. On some leaves the margin undulates. The
262:
2079:
2077:
1136:
and the status of staple town for the village at the time.
1101:
The laurel leaves in the right side of the coat of arms of
265:
476:
is a small, shiny black drupe-like berry about 1 cm (
279:
2212:(in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 117.
291:
285:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the laurel family Lauraceae
2148:
The Moon Year: A Record of Chinese Customs and Festivals
2008:
2006:
1212:). This laurel oil is the characteristic ingredient of
919:, who planted a sprig of laurel on the grounds of her
294:
276:
268:
288:
282:
259:
3589:
3538:
3497:
3220:
2710:
2411:
1617:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 614.
983:, this was sometimes connected to a woodsman named
330:for seasoning in cooking. Its common names include
273:
256:
2026:
2024:
1972:Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe
1845:The Faerie's Guide to Green Magick from the Garden
1401:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
1019:flower"), whose blossoms are still used to flavor
747:soaked in boiled bay leaves. The Roman naturalist
1970:De Cleene, Marcel; Lejeune, Marie Claire (2003).
3349:
1925:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1469:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 150.
1298:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T203351A119996864.en
1974:. Vol. 1. Man & Culture. p. 129.
719:and salve for open wounds. It is also used in
30:"Laurels" redirects here. For other uses, see
2391:
2190:
2183:
2164:
1078:
1062:
1036:
1008:
988:
8:
2061:
2059:
1144:The most abundant component found in laurel
1749:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
907:in Rome, which itself was connected to the
782:
777:
565:The plant is the source of several popular
3577:
2398:
2384:
2376:
2255:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2234:Геральдика Великого Княжества Финляндского
1770:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
600:, as well as being a common addition to a
231:
77:
49:
38:
1944:. Princeton University Press. p. 20.
1791:
1781:
1296:
1108:The laurel leaves in the coat of arms of
799:fell in love with Daphne, a priestess of
1713:
1711:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
949:plant was inhabited by a "heavenly fire
692:
395:
384:
376:
2017:. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 35–36.
1364:
1362:
1360:
1265:
837:, the priestess of Apollo known as the
486: in) long that contains one seed.
2372:– Israel Wildflowers and native plants
1918:
1848:. New York: Random House. p. 43.
1742:
676:. The species is also affected by the
1824:from the original on 19 November 2010
7:
4059:90639616-1f23-4888-9134-022801636218
3922:a3a86aa5-3aec-4007-ba84-6952e66f88b6
1894:. Penguin Books. pp. 21.K–21.L.
999:) and described in the terms of the
511:that originally covered much of the
4105:IUCN Red List least concern species
1842:Wood, Jamie; Steinke, Lisa (2010).
1613:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008).
1540:European Journal of Forest Research
1284:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
896:its abhorrence of such treatment".
821:Bay laurel was used to fashion the
715:of bay laurel have been used as an
1466:The New Oxford Book of Food Plants
787:, after the mythic mountain nymph
759:, ear infections, and rheumatism.
640:'Aurea' and a willow-leaved form
25:
1583:Field Guide to Herbs & Spices
700:essential oil in clear glass vial
672:, eventually creating a necrosed
358:figures prominently in classical
4185:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
4020:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:465049-1
252:
102:
1501:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1497:"Laurus nobilis - Plant Finder"
585:. Whole bay leaves have a long
4130:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2762:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
1463:; Geissler, Catherine (2009).
1374:New Flora of the British Isles
1325:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1273:Khela, S.; Wilson, B. (2018).
1035:, now known in Chinese as the
1007:, now known in Chinese as the
873:The symbolism carried over to
314:(smooth) leaves. It is in the
1:
2196:. Accessed 13 November 2013.
2171:. Accessed 13 November 2013.
1586:. Philadelphia: Quirk Books.
1818:"Bay Laurel: Laurus nobilis"
1422:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
843:
4160:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2574:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
2291:Journal of Natural Products
1959:. Random House. p. 40.
866:, laurated poet, father of
783:
650:Royal Horticultural Society
619:is widely cultivated as an
577:are added whole to Italian
4201:
4140:Medicinal plants of Europe
4135:Medicinal plants of Africa
2013:Giesecke, Annette (2014).
1996:Natural History Book XV.39
1420:Plants of the World Online
936:dynasty all sourced their
909:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
493:
29:
2496:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
2406:Culinary herbs and spices
2328:Hogan, C.Michael (2010).
2191:
2184:
2165:
1552:10.1007/s10342-007-0189-z
1079:
1063:
1037:
1009:
989:
778:
468: in) broad, with an
239:
230:
213:
206:
99:Scientific classification
97:
75:
66:
57:
48:
41:
4155:Plants described in 1753
3394:Montreal steak seasoning
2210:Suomen kunnallisvaakunat
2198:(in English and Chinese)
1639:"Laurus nobilis 'Aurea'"
1216:. The chemical compound
1057:"pluck osmanthus in the
1023:and confections for the
430:), with male and female
32:Laurels (disambiguation)
4170:Drought-tolerant plants
4165:Garden plants of Europe
2146:Brendon, Juliet et al.
1940:Scott, Michael (2014).
1892:The Greek Myths: Part 1
1890:Graves, Robert (1955).
1816:Encyclopedia of Herbs.
1291:: e.T203351A119996864.
1220:has been isolated from
334:(esp. United Kingdom),
3350:
2232:Boyko, Dm. A. (2013).
2137:, retrieved April 2018
1783:10.1186/1472-6882-6-12
1461:Vaughan, John Griffith
1129:
1121:
1105:
932:. The emperors in the
870:
776:, the plant is called
755:, bruises, headaches,
701:
404:
393:
382:
322:. It is native to the
62:) leaves and branches
4115:Flora of North Africa
1955:Swahn, J. O. (1991).
1580:Green, Aliza (2006).
1239:California bay laurel
1176:, and other α- and β-
1156:), consisting of 45%
1140:Chemical constituents
1100:
1075:imperial examinations
862:
811:to console himself.
731:for rashes caused by
696:
654:Award of Garden Merit
494:Further information:
399:
388:
380:
3245:Beau monde seasoning
2610:Limnophila aromatica
2336:Encyclopedia of Life
1397:Brown, R.W. (1956).
1073:) meant passing the
689:Alternative medicine
648:, it has gained the
324:Mediterranean region
3369:Jamaican jerk spice
2991:Japanese pricklyash
2133:Gabriella Massara,
2086:Classical Philology
1906:"The Metamorphoses"
1879:. p. XXIII.43.
1661:"RHS Plantfinder –
1340:"Botanary: nobilis"
1025:Mid-Autumn Festival
661:jumping plant louse
513:Mediterranean Basin
69:Conservation status
3345:Herbes de Provence
2976:Grains of paradise
2839:Crushed red pepper
2553:Houttuynia cordata
1957:The Lore of Spices
1820:. AllNatural.net.
1729:. pp. 50–51.
1328:. Merriam-Webster.
1106:
1005:Osmanthus fragrans
970:phases of the moon
871:
702:
422:The bay laurel is
405:
394:
383:
4092:
4091:
3956:Open Tree of Life
3583:Taxon identifiers
3574:
3573:
3546:Chinese herbology
3424:Pumpkin pie spice
3404:Old Bay Seasoning
3364:Italian seasoning
3310:Five-spice powder
2612:(rice-paddy herb)
2455:Indian bay leaf (
2303:10.1021/np100688g
2267:10.1021/jf0306237
2046:Pliny the Elder.
2031:Pliny the Elder.
1993:Pliny the Elder.
1875:Pliny the Elder.
1855:978-1-58761-354-8
1736:978-84-617-3020-9
1593:978-1-59474-082-4
1476:978-0-19-954946-7
1033:Cinnamomum cassia
964:An early Chinese
793:Apollo and Daphne
791:. In the myth of
682:Coccus hesperidum
407:The laurel is an
244:
243:
240:Distribution map
92:
16:(Redirected from
4192:
4175:Ornamental trees
4085:
4084:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4036:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4009:
3997:
3996:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3899:NBNSYS0000004619
3889:
3888:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3797:
3785:
3784:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3578:
3355:
3162:Tasmanian pepper
3143:Sichuan pepper (
3098:Pomegranate seed
2912:Dill / Dill seed
2767:Brazilian pepper
2730:Alligator pepper
2484:garlic / Chinese
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2315:
2314:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:. Zaporizhzhia.
2230:
2224:
2223:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1457:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1366:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1270:
1166:terpinyl acetate
1084:
1083:
1071:Chángōng zhé guì
1068:
1067:
1042:
1041:
1014:
1013:
994:
993:
966:etiological myth
846:
789:of the same name
786:
781:
780:
629:oceanic climates
623:in regions with
621:ornamental plant
536:, north-central
503:is a widespread
485:
484:
480:
467:
466:
462:
459:
453:
452:
448:
443:
442:
438:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
235:
219:
107:
106:
86:
81:
80:
53:
39:
21:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4125:Trees of Europe
4120:Trees of Africa
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3977:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3943:Observation.org
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3534:
3493:
3469:Tandoori masala
3216:
3093:Peruvian pepper
2981:Grains of Selim
2966:Aromatic ginger
2899:Bunium persicum
2706:
2407:
2404:
2339:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2049:Natural History
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:Natural History
2030:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:Natural History
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1244:Mountain laurel
1230:
1154:ol. lauri folii
1142:
1095:
962:
893:Pliny the Elder
857:
770:
765:
749:Pliny the Elder
741:stinging nettle
721:massage therapy
706:herbal medicine
691:
614:
606:smoke flavoring
563:
558:
498:
492:
482:
478:
477:
464:
460:
457:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
436:
435:
411:shrub or small
375:
326:and is used as
316:flowering plant
302:is an aromatic
272:
255:
251:
226:
221:
215:
202:
199:L. nobilis
101:
93:
82:
78:
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4180:Flora of Malta
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:wfo-0000364153
4073:
4063:
4050:
4037:
4024:
4011:
3998:
3985:
3975:
3971:Laurus_nobilis
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3825:
3812:
3799:
3786:
3773:
3763:
3750:
3746:Laurus nobilis
3737:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3649:
3636:
3626:
3621:Laurus nobilis
3611:
3595:
3593:
3591:Laurus Nobilis
3587:
3586:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3539:Related topics
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Mulling spices
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Cinnamon sugar
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Voatsiperifery
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2892:Nigella sativa
2883:
2878:
2876:Coriander seed
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2369:Laurus nobilis
2365:
2359:
2356:Laurus nobilis
2345:
2332:Laurus Nobilis
2323:
2322:External links
2320:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2241:
2225:
2218:
2201:
2176:
2156:
2139:
2126:
2111:
2098:10.1086/361124
2092:(2): 201–203.
2073:
2055:
2052:. Book XV.135.
2038:
2035:. Book XV, 35.
2020:
2002:
1985:
1962:
1947:
1932:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1854:
1834:
1808:
1756:
1735:
1707:
1692:Laurus nobilis
1681:
1663:Laurus nobilis
1652:
1630:
1623:
1605:
1592:
1565:
1546:(2): 125–131.
1536:Laurus nobilis
1526:
1521:Flora Europaea
1512:
1488:
1475:
1445:
1433:
1404:
1389:
1382:
1356:
1331:
1311:
1277:Laurus nobilis
1264:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1249:Spotted laurel
1246:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1222:Laurus nobilis
1196:. It contains
1170:sesquiterpenes
1141:
1138:
1094:
1091:
961:
958:
938:Laurel wreaths
934:Julio-Claudian
856:
853:
827:ancient Greece
769:
766:
764:
761:
698:Laurus nobilis
690:
687:
665:Trioza alacris
617:Laurus nobilis
613:
610:
562:
559:
557:
554:
546:Canary Islands
509:laurel forests
501:Laurus nobilis
491:
488:
401:Laurus nobilis
390:Laurus nobilis
381:A laurel shrub
374:
371:
367:Laurus nobilis
356:Laurus nobilis
348:Grecian laurel
306:tree or large
248:Laurus nobilis
242:
241:
237:
236:
228:
227:
222:
217:Laurus nobilis
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
145:
144:
139:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
95:
94:
76:
73:
72:
67:
64:
63:
60:Laurus nobilis
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:Laurus nobilis
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Indian spices
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Ras el hanout
3437:
3435:
3434:Quatre épices
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Khmeli suneli
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Garlic powder
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Bouquet garni
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Litsea cubeba
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Juniper berry
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Celery powder
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
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2605:
2604:Lemon verbena
2602:
2600:
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2396:
2394:
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2378:
2371:
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2366:
2363:
2362:PubMed search
2360:
2357:
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2346:
2335:
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2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:(2): 228–33.
2296:
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2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:(6): 1601–6.
2260:
2256:
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2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:951-773-085-3
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2163:Zdic (2013).
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
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2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
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1989:
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1981:
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1966:
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1958:
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1682:
1670:
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1626:
1624:9781405332965
1620:
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1383:9780521707725
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
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1361:
1357:
1345:
1344:Dave's Garden
1341:
1335:
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1327:
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1237:
1235:
1234:Cherry laurel
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:methyleugenol
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:essential oil
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
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947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Palatine Hill
902:
897:
894:
890:
888:
887:
886:poet laureate
882:
881:
880:baccalaureate
876:
875:Roman culture
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
850:
849:laurel branch
845:
840:
836:
832:
831:Pythian Games
828:
824:
823:laurel wreath
819:
817:
812:
810:
806:
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675:
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630:
626:
625:Mediterranean
622:
618:
611:
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607:
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595:
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584:
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576:
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568:
560:
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547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
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518:
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496:Laurel forest
489:
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208:Binomial name
205:
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129:Tracheophytes
127:
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121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
96:
90:
85:
84:Least Concern
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3590:
3419:Powder-douce
3409:Panch phoron
3379:Lemon pepper
3315:Garam masala
3305:Fines herbes
3285:Curry powder
3265:Chaat masala
3144:
3123:Sarsaparilla
3083:Onion powder
3031:Mango-ginger
2897:
2890:
2824:Chili powder
2609:
2599:Lemon myrtle
2556:
2552:
2507:
2506:Vietnamese (
2456:
2420:
2368:
2358:(Bay Laurel)
2355:
2351:
2338:. Retrieved
2331:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2238:(in Russian)
2233:
2228:
2209:
2204:
2179:
2173:(in Chinese)
2159:
2147:
2142:
2129:
2121:Tiberius, 69
2120:
2114:
2089:
2085:
2070:. Book 7, 1.
2067:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2014:
1995:
1988:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1910:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1844:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1811:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1726:
1698:. Retrieved
1691:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1667:angustifolia
1666:
1662:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1633:
1614:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1582:
1543:
1539:
1538:L.) seeds".
1535:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1465:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1373:
1370:Stace, C. A.
1349:December 19,
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1323:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1288:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1221:
1202:
1182:phellandrene
1160:, 12% other
1153:
1143:
1107:
1086:
1070:
1052:
1049:Qing dynasty
1044:
1032:
1016:
1004:
996:
963:
955:
898:
891:
884:
878:
872:
844:enthusiasmos
820:
813:
771:
725:aromatherapy
703:
697:
680:
678:scale insect
663:
658:
646:angustifolia
645:
641:
637:
616:
615:
591:
564:
500:
499:
421:
416:
406:
400:
389:
366:
364:
355:
351:
350:, or simply
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
310:with green,
247:
246:
245:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
148:
135:
122:
59:
58:Bay laurel (
42:
36:
3994:kew-2349094
3881:NatureServe
3803:iNaturalist
3615:Wikispecies
3518:Bangladeshi
3449:Sharena sol
3444:Recado rojo
3429:Qâlat daqqa
3389:Mixed spice
3325:Garlic salt
3290:Doubanjiang
3026:Long pepper
2986:Horseradish
2804:Celery seed
2677:Sanshō leaf
2594:Lemon grass
2253:nobilisL".
2192:《红楼梦汉英习语词典》
2119:Suetonius.
2066:Suetonius.
1426:11 February
1304:19 November
1218:lauroside B
1214:Aleppo soap
1198:lauric acid
1150:1,8-cineole
1134:town rights
925:Prima Porta
729:folk remedy
602:Bloody Mary
540:, northern
532:, southern
528:, northern
521:sclerophyll
373:Description
360:Greco-Roman
344:true laurel
142:Angiosperms
4099:Categories
3989:Plant List
3652:Calflora:
3556:Marination
3551:Herbal tea
3513:Australian
3509:By region
3484:Yuzu koshō
3474:Thuna paha
3414:Persillade
3167:Tonka bean
3103:Poppy seed
3011:Dried lime
2934:Fingerroot
2849:New Mexico
2757:Asafoetida
2589:Lemon balm
2547:Hoja santa
2527:Curry leaf
2364:: "Laurus"
2340:2010-12-30
1912:2017-11-17
1861:2010-12-31
1828:2010-12-31
1599:2010-12-31
1506:2023-08-23
1482:2010-12-31
1260:References
1158:eucalyptol
795:, the god
737:poison oak
733:poison ivy
717:astringent
642:L. nobilis
638:L. nobilis
612:Ornamental
587:shelf life
556:Human uses
336:bay laurel
155:Magnoliids
4110:Lauraceae
3759:200008765
3733:200008765
3566:Spice rub
3561:Seasoning
3528:Pakistani
3359:Idli podi
3330:Gochujang
3280:Crab boil
3197:Yuzu zest
3128:Sassafras
3016:Liquorice
2922:Fenugreek
2859:Cultivars
2106:162098134
1980:482791069
1745:cite book
1700:1 October
1645:1 October
1441:Mabberley
1194:terpineol
1085:or "Moon
1061:Palace" (
1043:or "meat
1001:osmanthus
981:dynasties
960:East Asia
913:Suetonius
763:Symbolism
428:unisexual
424:dioecious
409:evergreen
362:culture.
340:sweet bay
320:Lauraceae
304:evergreen
193:Species:
175:Lauraceae
112:Kingdom:
4054:VicFlora
4046:17804359
4041:Tropicos
3968:PalDat:
3886:2.153656
3834:10202432
3821:465049-1
3600:Wikidata
3505:Culinary
3479:Vadouvan
3454:Shichimi
3352:Húng lìu
3172:Turmeric
3157:Tamarind
3006:Korarima
2939:Galangal
2907:Deulkkae
2866:Cinnamon
2844:Jalapeño
2834:Chipotle
2782:Cardamom
2735:Allspice
2702:Woodruff
2692:Tarragon
2657:Rosemary
2622:Marjoram
2584:Lavender
2579:Kkaennip
2517:Culantro
2501:Bolivian
2450:Bay leaf
2422:Angelica
2311:21188975
2275:15030218
2188:(2003).
1921:cite web
1822:Archived
1802:16597335
1674:19 March
1560:28898196
1372:(2010).
1320:"Laurus"
1228:See also
1206:alcohols
1190:geraniol
1186:linalool
1164:, 8–12%
1162:terpenes
1110:Kaskinen
1103:Kaskinen
968:for the
946:Tiberius
901:Augustus
868:humanism
864:Petrarch
757:catarrhs
753:sciatica
745:poultice
713:extracts
569:and one
538:Portugal
517:Pliocene
403:in bloom
332:bay tree
328:bay leaf
312:glabrous
171:Family:
165:Laurales
89:IUCN 3.1
3868:MoBotPF
3782:3034015
3676:Ecocrop
3489:Za'atar
3384:Mitmita
3335:Harissa
3250:Berbere
3240:Baharat
3207:Zereshk
3202:Zedoary
3182:Vanilla
3145:huājiāo
3118:Saffron
3108:Radhuni
3088:Paprika
3073:Njangsa
3068:Nigella
3046:Mustard
2944:greater
2854:Tabasco
2829:Cayenne
2809:Charoli
2777:Caraway
2772:Camphor
2740:Amchoor
2652:Perilla
2647:Parsley
2642:Oregano
2637:Mitsuba
2632:Mugwort
2557:giấp cá
2537:Epazote
2508:rau răm
2474:Chervil
1793:1456996
1210:ketones
1178:pinenes
1168:, 3–4%
1126:Swedish
1118:Swedish
1114:Finland
1093:Finland
1054:chengyu
985:Wu Gang
930:triumph
809:wreaths
710:aqueous
633:topiary
583:garnish
550:Madeira
548:and in
542:Morocco
507:of the
490:Ecology
481:⁄
463:⁄
449:⁄
439:⁄
432:flowers
318:family
181:Genus:
161:Order:
116:Plantae
87: (
18:Laurels
4007:LANO80
4002:PLANTS
3961:571537
3948:135856
3919:NZOR:
3873:281677
3860:203351
3847:503343
3769:LAUNOB
3766:FoIO:
3720:175247
3694:486835
3629:APDB:
3606:Q26006
3523:Indian
3340:Hawaij
3295:Douchi
3270:Chaunk
3235:Advieh
3230:Adjika
3222:Blends
3192:Wasabi
3133:Sesame
3078:Nutmeg
3041:Mahleb
3036:Mastic
2971:Golpar
2961:Ginger
2956:Garlic
2949:lesser
2917:Fennel
2814:Chenpi
2794:Cassia
2725:Ajwain
2720:Aonori
2712:Spices
2687:Sorrel
2672:Savory
2617:Lovage
2564:Hyssop
2491:Cicely
2479:Chives
2469:Borage
2457:tejpat
2352:Laurus
2309:
2273:
2251:Laurus
2216:
2167:"蟾宫折桂"
2152:p. 410
2104:
1978:
1942:Delphi
1852:
1800:
1790:
1776:: 12.
1733:
1621:
1590:
1558:
1473:
1415:Laurus
1380:
1254:Redbay
1208:, and
1200:also.
1192:, and
1051:, the
1029:cassia
839:Pythia
835:Lucian
797:Apollo
784:dáphnē
768:Greece
739:, and
670:nymphs
598:stocks
575:leaves
544:, the
526:Turkey
505:relict
470:entire
417:Laurus
392:in pot
352:laurel
186:Laurus
4145:Herbs
4066:WoI:
3978:PFI:
3930:NZPCN
3912:85223
3829:IRMNG
3808:54759
3795:21664
3741:FoAO2
3715:EUNIS
3707:LURNO
3668:3SN47
3645:87886
3632:48989
3498:Lists
3464:Tajin
3459:Tabil
3300:Duqqa
3260:Buknu
3177:Uzazi
3152:Sumac
3138:Shiso
3061:white
3056:brown
3051:black
3001:Kokum
2886:Cumin
2881:Cubeb
2871:Clove
2819:Chili
2787:black
2745:Anise
2697:Thyme
2682:Shiso
2569:Jimbu
2522:Cress
2464:Boldo
2443:Lemon
2428:Basil
2413:Herbs
2102:S2CID
2068:Galba
1723:(PDF)
1696:. RHS
1641:. RHS
1556:S2CID
1172:, 3%
1122:Kaskö
951:demon
921:villa
917:Livia
805:Crete
779:δάφνη
774:Greek
743:is a
594:soups
579:pasta
571:spice
567:herbs
534:Spain
530:Syria
474:fruit
308:shrub
149:Clade
136:Clade
123:Clade
4033:9876
4015:POWO
3981:1258
3935:3381
3907:NCBI
3855:IUCN
3842:ITIS
3816:IPNI
3790:GRIN
3777:GBIF
3702:EPPO
3681:1333
3655:8627
3640:APNI
3212:Zest
3113:Rose
2927:blue
2750:star
2667:Sage
2627:Mint
2542:Hemp
2532:Dill
2438:Thai
2433:Holy
2348:MeSH
2307:PMID
2271:PMID
2214:ISBN
1976:OCLC
1927:link
1850:ISBN
1798:PMID
1751:link
1731:ISBN
1702:2020
1676:2018
1647:2020
1619:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1428:2024
1378:ISBN
1351:2022
1306:2021
1289:2018
1130:blad
1065:蟾宫折桂
1059:Toad
1021:wine
1015:or "
978:Tang
976:and
942:Nero
883:and
855:Rome
816:Ovid
801:Gaia
727:. A
723:and
674:gall
596:and
561:Food
413:tree
4077:WFO
4069:215
4028:RHS
3894:NBN
3754:FoC
3728:FNA
3689:EoL
3663:CoL
2662:Rue
2334:L."
2299:doi
2263:doi
2185:杜近芳
2094:doi
1788:PMC
1778:doi
1665:f.
1548:doi
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