805:
49:
2859:
2882:
568:(funnel-shaped cavity), filled with cementum and surrounded by enamel that penetrates deeply into the tooth. There is also either a second infundibulum or a cementum-filled furrow. The differences in degree of curvature and occlusal morphology suggest that this tooth represents a different tooth position than UA 8653. Krause and colleagues tentatively placed this tooth in
2069:
514:, but suggested that they represented two different tooth positions. However, Wilson and colleagues in 2007 tentatively identified UA 8653 as a left fourth (last) lower molariform (mf4); because molars and premolars of gondwanatheres cannot be reliably distinguished, the term "molariform" is used instead. FMNH PM 59520 resembles the
819:
753:
was most closely related to the then-unnamed Indian sudamericid. They based this proposed relationship on the shared presence of prominent, continuous bands of IPM. The teams who named the Indian gondwanathere in 2007 both agreed with this proposed relationship. In their description of
509:
is known from the complete cheektooth UA 8653 and the broken tooth FMNH PM 59520. Krause and colleagues could not determine whether the teeth were from the lower or upper jaw and whether they were molars or molariform (molar-like)
461:
Several other mammals have been recorded from the late
Cretaceous of Madagascar, mostly on the basis of isolated teeth. A possible second gondwanathere is represented by a tooth that is larger and lower-crowned than those of
1054:
Prasad, G.V.R., Verma, O., Sahni, A., Krause, D.W., Khosla, A. and Parmar, V. 2007. A new late
Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammal from central India. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 73(1):17–24.
486:. Finally, an as-yet-undescribed mammal is known from a fairly complete skeleton. None of these mammals is related to the living mammals of the island, many of which belong to unique groups (see
1051:
Pp. 90–96 in
Singhvi, A.K. and Bhattacharya, A. (eds.). Glimpses of Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to IUGS 2004–2008. New Delhi: The Indian National Science Academy (INSA).
3132:
2918:
1008:
Bio-evolutionary aspects of
Mesozoic mammals: description, phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the Gondwanatheria (Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of Gondwana)
372:(~56–34 mya) of the Gondwanan continents, known only from teeth and a few lower jaws. Upon their discovery in the 1980s, gondwanatheres were initially thought to be
769:. They also share the presence of furrows on the lingual side of the teeth only, but whether this is a derived feature is uncertain. Wilson and colleagues list two
3137:
199:, is known from two isolated teeth, one of which is damaged. The teeth were collected in 1995–1996 and described in 1997. The animal is classified as a member of
758:, Wilson and colleagues added the presence of an infundibulum and of perikymata to the evidence for the relationship between the two. These three characters are
2911:
243:, curved teeth. One of the two teeth is 11.2 mm high and shows a deep furrow and, is centered laterally in the crown, a V-shaped area that consists of
3122:
3147:
533:, is hypsodont and curved. It is 11.2 mm high, of which the crown makes up about 85%, and the dimensions of its crown are 3.4 x 3.2 mm. The
3046:
2904:
564:
FMNH PM 59520 is 9.8 mm high. It is similar in many respects to UA 8653, but is less curved and its occlusal surface contains a large
3127:
3112:
1086:
1007:
572:
in view of the considerable variation among other gondwanathere teeth of a single species and in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
545:. One side of the crown lacks enamel. Between the two arms of the V, at the lingual (inner) side of the tooth, is a furrow filled with
3142:
247:. The other, damaged, tooth is 9.8 mm high and has at least one deep cavity (infundibulum). Characters shared by the teeth of
312:
440:, from the Cretaceous of Tanzania. In 2007, teams led by G.P. Wilson and G.V.R. Prasad independently described this animal as
2927:
1036:
487:
777:: presence of a V-shaped dentine island and absence of enamel on one side of the crown. Prasad and colleagues who named
280:
255:
include the presence of an infundibulum and a furrow; they both also have large, continuous bands of matrix (unbundled
3107:
1058:
2885:
1059:
Late
Cretaceous sudamericid gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals
342:
288:
392:(a diverse group of fossil mammals) or left the relationships of the gondwanatheres open. The group comprises two
2858:
48:
3102:
1079:
454:. Gondwanatheres have been interpreted as feeding on roots, bark, and abrasive vegetation or as the earliest
450:
respectively; as the latter name was published first, it is the correct name for this genus according to the
3117:
350:
558:
3001:
284:
311:
and have been deposited in the collections of the
University of Antananarivo (specimen UA 8653) and
3072:
2315:
549:, which extends all the way through the tooth; the presence of such a long furrow distinguishes it from
534:
451:
147:
1636:
337:
mammals to be found outside of
Argentina and provided evidence that the mammal faunas of the different
3033:
1836:
1526:
1029:
Late
Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: Implications for Latin American biogeography
2726:
2636:
1560:
1448:
1194:
1072:
1021:
958:
Krause et al., 1997, fig. 3; Wilson et al., 2007, p. 527; Prasad et al., 2007, p. 23
810:
300:
2828:
1980:
1895:
1512:
2798:
2360:
2308:
1959:
1888:
1661:
1167:
43:
2565:
2267:
2068:
1504:
1497:
1027:
Krause, D.W., O'Connor, P.M., Rogers, K.C., Sampson, S.D., Buckley, G.A. and Rogers, R.R. 2006.
3077:
2141:
2113:
1800:
1668:
1533:
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2459:
1614:
1354:
1221:
598:
397:
358:
3064:
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1998:
1923:
1714:
1645:
1483:
483:
393:
389:
329:
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1786:
1772:
1723:
1426:
1392:
1372:
624:
414:
316:
292:
229:
182:
166:
123:
30:
2661:
2425:
2394:
2169:
1966:
1916:
1909:
1845:
1540:
1321:
824:
554:
256:
200:
432:; at least one species from the Maastrichtian of India; an unnamed species related to
3096:
2875:
2746:
2704:
2556:
2510:
2383:
2376:
2219:
2014:
1821:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1548:
1419:
1412:
1403:
689:
610:
491:
467:
446:
334:
324:
296:
240:
217:
208:
186:
103:
34:
565:
2964:
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2807:
2780:
2773:
2753:
2739:
2684:
2670:
2643:
2531:
2524:
2260:
2230:
2134:
2007:
1879:
1861:
1737:
1598:
1385:
1364:
1342:
1335:
1134:
1020:
Krause, D.W., Prasad, G.V.R., von
Koenigswald, W., Sahni, A. and Grine, F.E. 1997.
770:
759:
542:
455:
303:
of northwestern
Madagascar. The two teeth were found in different sites in a white
260:
793:. They also mentioned the presence of a furrow and infundibulum as shared traits.
2896:
2787:
2711:
2586:
2414:
2369:
2335:
2285:
2239:
2155:
2120:
2099:
2086:
2036:
1703:
1682:
1675:
1654:
1587:
1573:
1378:
1043:
518:
fossil MACN Pv-RN 1027, a broken tooth that may be an upper molariform. In both
404:(~84–71 mya) to Maastrichtian of Argentina. All other gondwanatheres, including
3024:
1031:(subscription required). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93(2):178–208.
1014:
2955:
2677:
2629:
2579:
2572:
2342:
2294:
1987:
1973:
1951:
1937:
1930:
1868:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1607:
1456:
1309:
1291:
1278:
1233:
1095:
800:
648:
523:
420:
264:
223:
190:
233:
are more distantly related. Gondwanatheres probably ate hard plant material.
2835:
2545:
2538:
2503:
2496:
2475:
2468:
2441:
2434:
2407:
2274:
2253:
2246:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2162:
1814:
1807:
1730:
1696:
1433:
1151:
479:
475:
437:
425:
409:
401:
381:
373:
365:
308:
304:
204:
60:
1015:
The phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic mammalian clade Gondwanatheria
1061:(subscription required). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(2):521–531.
3018:
2935:
2650:
2621:
2593:
2482:
2448:
2349:
1944:
1902:
1689:
1621:
1580:
1179:
1119:
546:
530:
511:
495:
385:
338:
259:
crystals) between the prisms (bundles of hydroxyapatite crystals) of the
80:
1028:
466:, and a yet lower-crowned tooth may also be of a gondwanathere. A lower
3051:
2984:
2978:
2517:
2489:
2301:
2127:
1854:
1519:
1463:
538:
471:
244:
436:
from the Eocene of Antarctica; and an unnamed possible gondwanathere,
1206:
1125:
1113:
881:
Gurovich and Beck, 2009, p. 37; Wilson et al., 2007, p. 521
369:
90:
70:
2995:
749:
In their original description, Krause and colleagues suggested that
207:
relationships, and within Gondwanatheria as a member of the family
818:
766:
526:(ridges and grooves arranged in a transverse, wave-like pattern).
377:
1017:(subscription required). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 16:25–49.
976:
Prasad et al., 2007, p. 23; Wilson et al., 2007, p. 526
537:(chewing) surface is worn flat and contains a V-shaped island of
3038:
2999:
2900:
2084:
1276:
1106:
1068:
1064:
279:
were discovered in 1995–1996 during joint expeditions of the
408:, are placed in the Sudamericidae, which have high-crowned (
1010:. Ph.D. thesis, Universidad de Buenos Aires, xiii + 546 pp.
557:
crystals) that are separated by large, continuous bands of
553:. The enamel is made up of small, round prisms (bundles of
1057:
Wilson, G.P., Das Sarma, D.C. and Anantharaman, S. 2007.
364:
Gondwanatheres are a small group of mammals of uncertain
781:, noted the absence of enamel on part of the crown of a
327:
from India, which they did not name, in a 1997 paper in
1022:
Cosmopolitanism among gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals
785:
tooth and interpreted this trait as a synapomorphy of
341:(southern) continents were similar to each other. The
400:, whose members had low-crowned teeth, occurs in the
267:—wave-like ridges and grooves in the enamel surface.
307:
unit of the Maevarano Formation near the village of
3008:
2954:
2934:
2797:
2763:
2725:
2694:
2660:
2607:
2555:
2458:
2424:
2393:
2359:
2325:
2284:
2229:
2180:
2097:
2035:
1997:
1878:
1844:
1835:
1713:
1644:
1635:
1597:
1559:
1481:
1402:
1353:
1320:
1289:
1232:
1205:
1178:
1149:
838:
Krause et al., 1997, p. 504; 2006, p. 179
418:from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of Argentina;
3133:Taxa named by Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad
368:affinities known from the late Cretaceous to the
388:—but later workers have favored affinities with
561:(IPM; the material between the enamel prisms).
2912:
1080:
8:
1024:(subscription required). Nature 390:504–507.
2996:
2919:
2905:
2897:
2731:
2613:
2399:
2105:
2094:
2081:
1841:
1641:
1565:
1489:
1327:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1273:
1211:
1184:
1157:
1146:
1103:
1087:
1073:
1065:
203:, an enigmatic extinct group with unclear
20:
1037:"Sedimentary basins & fossil records"
936:
934:
932:
850:
848:
846:
844:
16:Mammalian genus from the late Cretaceous
831:
189:, about 71 to 66 million years ago) of
908:Wilson et al., 2007, pp. 522, 526
215:is most closely related to the Indian
3138:Taxa named by Wighart von Koenigswald
890:Krause et al., 2006, pp. 186–188
482:and a molar fragment is referable to
299:, about 71 to 66 million years ago )
7:
994:Prasad et al., 2007, pp. 21–22
743:Relationships among gondwanatheres
664:
640:
616:
591:
584:
522:teeth, the enamel surface features
361:; both refer to the teeth's shape.
376:—part of the same group as living
14:
3123:Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
3148:Taxa named by Frederick E. Grine
2881:
2880:
2857:
2067:
1013:Gurovich, Y. and Beck, R. 2009.
967:Krause et al., 1997, fig. 3
949:Krause et al., 1997, p. 505
940:Wilson et al., 2007, p. 526
899:Krause et al., 2006, p. 178
863:Wilson et al., 2007, p. 521
854:Krause et al., 1997, p. 504
817:
803:
762:(shared derived traits) for the
47:
985:Prasad et al., 2007, p. 21
313:Field Museum of Natural History
2928:Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar
181:is a mammalian genus from the
1:
3128:Taxa named by David W. Krause
3113:Fossil taxa described in 1997
488:List of mammals of Madagascar
349:, means "long tooth" and the
281:State University of New York
773:(unique derived traits) of
490:). The fauna also contains
428:(~66–56 mya) of Argentina;
3164:
315:(specimen FMNH PM 59520).
289:University of Antananarivo
3143:Taxa named by Ashok Sahni
2870:
2855:
2734:
2616:
2402:
2108:
2093:
2080:
2065:
1568:
1492:
1330:
1304:
1300:
1285:
1272:
1214:
1187:
1160:
1145:
1102:
686:
669:
662:
645:
638:
621:
614:
596:
589:
319:and colleagues described
153:
146:
44:Scientific classification
42:
23:
872:Prasad, 2008, p. 91
412:) teeth. These include
333:. These were the first
926:Gurovich, 2005, p. 359
917:Gurovich, 2005, p. 383
764:Bharattherium-Lavanify
285:Stony Brook University
3073:Paleobiology Database
1034:Prasad, G.V.R. 2008.
559:interprismatic matrix
498:, and other animals.
452:Principle of Priority
271:Discovery and context
221:; the South American
357:, means "curved" in
193:. The only species,
2727:Djadochtatherioidea
1006:Gurovich, Y. 2005.
811:Paleontology portal
301:Maevarano Formation
3108:Cretaceous mammals
2799:Djadochtatheriidae
2361:Microcosmodontidae
529:UA 8653, the
3088:
3087:
3060:Open Tree of Life
3002:Taxon identifiers
2993:
2992:
2894:
2893:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2721:
2720:
2603:
2602:
2460:Neoplagiaulacidae
2076:
2075:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2031:
2030:
1831:
1830:
1637:Paulchoffatioidea
1631:
1630:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1355:Ferugliotheriidae
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
747:
746:
737:
736:
728:
727:
719:
718:
710:
709:
701:
700:
599:Ferugliotheriidae
398:Ferugliotheriidae
390:multituberculates
174:
173:
127:
3155:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3010:Lavanify miolaka
2997:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2884:
2883:
2861:
2815:Djadochtatherium
2732:
2614:
2609:Taeniolabidoidea
2400:
2106:
2095:
2082:
2071:
1999:Albionbaataridae
1842:
1715:Paulchoffatiidae
1646:Pinheirodontidae
1642:
1566:
1490:
1484:Multituberculata
1328:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1274:
1212:
1185:
1158:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1104:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1050:
1049:on 26 July 2011.
1048:
1042:. Archived from
1041:
1001:Literature cited
995:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
941:
938:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
873:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
839:
836:
827:
822:
821:
813:
808:
807:
806:
665:
641:
617:
592:
585:
580:
579:
484:Multituberculata
162:
160:Lavanify miolaka
158:
122:
115:
102:
52:
51:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3103:Maevarano fauna
3093:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2950:
2930:
2925:
2895:
2890:
2862:
2841:
2793:
2765:Sloanbaataridae
2759:
2717:
2696:Taeniolabididae
2690:
2656:
2599:
2551:
2454:
2420:
2389:
2355:
2327:Eucosmodontidae
2321:
2280:
2225:
2176:
2102:
2089:
2072:
2051:
2027:
2022:Proalbionbaatar
1993:
1874:
1837:Plagiaulacoidea
1827:
1787:Plesiochoffatia
1773:Meketichoffatia
1724:Bathmochoffatia
1709:
1627:
1593:
1555:
1486:
1469:
1427:Gondwanatherium
1398:
1393:Trapalcotherium
1373:Ferugliotherium
1349:
1316:
1294:
1281:
1248:
1228:
1201:
1174:
1154:
1141:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1093:
1046:
1039:
1035:
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998:
993:
989:
984:
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975:
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957:
953:
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944:
939:
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912:
907:
903:
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894:
889:
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871:
867:
862:
858:
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842:
837:
833:
823:
816:
809:
804:
802:
799:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
625:Gondwanatherium
578:
551:Gondwanatherium
516:Gondwanatherium
504:
415:Gondwanatherium
317:David W. Krause
293:late Cretaceous
273:
230:Gondwanatherium
196:L. miolaka
183:late Cretaceous
170:
164:
156:
155:
142:
139:L. miolaka
121:
113:
100:
46:
38:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Gondwanatheres
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3094:
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2758:
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2708:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2662:Lambdopsalidae
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
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2472:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2426:Cimolodontidae
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2397:
2395:Ptilodontoidea
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:Gondwanatheria
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1967:Parendotherium
1963:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1917:Heishanobaatar
1913:
1910:Hakusanobaatar
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1846:Plagiaulacidae
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1541:Gondwanatheria
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1322:Gondwanatheria
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1002:
999:
997:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
840:
830:
829:
828:
825:Mammals portal
814:
798:
795:
771:autapomorphies
760:synapomorphies
745:
744:
740:
739:
735:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
699:
698:
695:
694:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
668:
663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
644:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
620:
615:
613:
607:
606:
603:
602:
595:
590:
588:
583:
577:
574:
555:hydroxyapatite
541:surrounded by
503:
500:
492:crocodyliforms
474:, may be of a
272:
269:
257:hydroxyapatite
201:Gondwanatheria
172:
171:
165:
151:
150:
144:
143:
135:
133:
129:
128:
111:
107:
106:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2876:Plagiaulacida
2873:
2872:
2869:
2860:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:Chulsanbaatar
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:Kimbetopsalis
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:Erythrobaatar
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2557:Ptilodontidae
2554:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2511:Neoplagiaulax
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2384:Pentacosmodon
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:Microcosmodon
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2220:Paracimexomys
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:Paracimexomys
2179:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:Kielanobaatar
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1822:Xenachoffatia
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:Pseudobolodon
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:Paulchoffatia
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:Meketibolodon
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Allodontoidea
1558:
1551:
1550:
1549:Hahnodontidae
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1420:Galulatherium
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:Bharattherium
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1404:Sudamericidae
1401:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
946:
943:
937:
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
860:
857:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
835:
832:
826:
820:
815:
812:
801:
796:
794:
792:
788:
787:Bharattherium
784:
783:Bharattherium
780:
779:Bharattherium
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
752:
742:
741:
733:
732:
724:
723:
715:
714:
706:
705:
697:
696:
693:
692:
691:
690:Bharattherium
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
674:
667:
666:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
643:
642:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
626:
619:
618:
612:
611:Sudamericidae
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
587:
586:
582:
581:
576:Relationships
575:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:
447:Bharattherium
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:. The family
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:specific name
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:gondwanathere
332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Maastrichtian
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:Two teeth of
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Bharattherium
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
231:
226:
225:
220:
219:
218:Bharattherium
214:
210:
209:Sudamericidae
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:Maastrichtian
184:
180:
179:
168:
163:
161:
152:
149:
148:Binomial name
145:
141:
140:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
119:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:Sudamericidae
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
35:Maastrichtian
32:
26:
22:
19:
3090:
3009:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2965:Adalatherium
2963:
2943:
2834:
2829:Mangasbaatar
2827:
2822:Kryptobaatar
2820:
2813:
2808:Catopsbaatar
2806:
2786:
2781:Nessovbaatar
2779:
2774:Kamptobaatar
2772:
2754:Nemegtbaatar
2752:
2745:
2740:Bulganbaatar
2738:
2710:
2703:
2685:Sphenopsalis
2683:
2676:
2671:Lambdopsalis
2669:
2649:
2644:Valenopsalis
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2544:
2537:
2532:Paressonodon
2530:
2525:Parectypodus
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2413:
2406:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2261:Meniscoessus
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:Cimolomyidae
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2135:Corriebaatar
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2020:
2013:
2008:Albionbaatar
2006:
1986:
1981:Tedoribaatar
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1896:Dolichoprion
1894:
1887:
1880:Eobaataridae
1867:
1862:Morrisonodon
1860:
1853:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1738:Guimarotodon
1736:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:Allodontidae
1586:
1579:
1572:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1513:Hahnotherium
1511:
1503:
1496:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1391:
1386:Magallanodon
1384:
1371:
1365:Argentodites
1363:
1343:Groeberiidae
1341:
1336:Adalatherium
1334:
1308:
1135:Theriiformes
1130:
1044:the original
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
834:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
763:
755:
750:
748:
688:
687:
672:
671:
670:
647:
646:
623:
622:
597:
569:
566:infundibulum
563:
550:
528:
519:
515:
506:
505:
472:UA 8699
463:
460:
456:grass-eating
445:
441:
433:
429:
419:
413:
405:
366:phylogenetic
363:
354:
346:
343:generic name
328:
320:
276:
274:
252:
248:
236:
235:
228:
222:
216:
212:
205:phylogenetic
195:
194:
177:
176:
175:
169:et al., 1997
159:
154:
138:
137:
126:et al., 1997
117:
116:
24:
18:
2788:Sloanbaatar
2712:Taeniolabis
2587:Prochetodon
2415:Neoliotomus
2370:Acheronodon
2336:Clemensodon
2286:Kogaionidae
2240:Buginbaatar
2156:Uzbekbaatar
2121:Ameribaatar
2100:Cimolodonta
2087:Cimolodonta
2037:Cimolodonta
1960:Nokerbaatar
1889:Cheruscodon
1704:Pinheirodon
1683:Gerhardodon
1676:Ecprepaulax
1662:Bructerodon
1655:Bernardodon
1588:Zofiabaatar
1574:Arginbaatar
1379:LACM 149371
502:Description
374:xenarthrans
325:sudamericid
3097:Categories
2956:Cretaceous
2874:See also:
2678:Prionessus
2630:Catopsalis
2580:Kimbetohia
2573:Baiotomeus
2566:Aenigmamys
2343:Eucosmodon
2295:Barbatodon
2268:Paressodon
2046:see below↓
1988:Teutonodon
1974:Sinobaatar
1952:Monobaatar
1938:Liaobaatar
1931:Indobaatar
1869:Plagiaulax
1759:Kuehneodon
1752:Kielanodon
1745:Henkelodon
1608:Ctenacodon
1505:Baidabatyr
1498:Argillomys
1457:Sudamerica
1310:Haramiyida
1292:Allotheria
1279:Allotheria
1243:see below↓
1234:Allotheria
1195:Cynodontia
1180:Cynodontia
1096:Allotheria
797:References
649:Sudamerica
524:perikymata
434:Sudamerica
421:Sudamerica
382:armadillos
287:, and the
265:perikymata
224:Sudamerica
191:Madagascar
185:(probably
2836:Tombaatar
2546:Xyronomys
2539:Xanclomys
2504:Mimetodon
2497:Mesodmops
2476:Ectypodus
2469:Cernaysia
2442:Cimolodon
2435:Anconodon
2408:Filikomys
2309:Kogaionon
2275:Parikimys
2254:Essonodon
2247:Cimolomys
2213:Dakotamys
2206:Cimexomys
2199:Cedaromys
2192:Bryceomys
2163:Viridomys
2142:Fractinus
2114:Allocodon
1815:Sunnyodon
1808:Rugosodon
1801:Renatodon
1731:Galveodon
1697:Lavocatia
1669:Cantalera
1534:Tashtykia
1449:Patagonia
1434:Greniodon
1168:Synapsida
1152:Synapsida
1112:Kingdom:
512:premolars
496:dinosaurs
480:placental
476:marsupial
458:mammals.
438:TNM 02067
426:Paleocene
424:from the
410:hypsodont
402:Campanian
386:anteaters
339:Gondwanan
309:Berivotra
305:sandstone
239:had high-
132:Species:
67:Kingdom:
61:Eukaryota
3025:Q1890175
3019:Wikidata
2972:Lavanify
2945:Ambondro
2936:Jurassic
2886:Category
2651:Yubaatar
2622:Bubodens
2594:Ptilodus
2483:Krauseia
2449:Liotomus
2350:Stygimys
1945:Loxaulax
1903:Eobaatar
1690:Iberodon
1622:Psalodon
1615:Passumys
1581:Glirodon
1442:Lavanify
1222:Mammalia
1207:Mammalia
1126:Mammalia
1120:Chordata
1118:Phylum:
1114:Animalia
791:Lavanify
775:Lavanify
756:Dakshina
751:Lavanify
673:Lavanify
570:Lavanify
547:cementum
535:occlusal
531:holotype
520:Lavanify
507:Lavanify
464:Lavanify
442:Dakshina
430:Lavanify
406:Lavanify
394:families
359:Malagasy
347:Lavanify
321:Lavanify
295:(mostly
277:Lavanify
249:Lavanify
237:Lavanify
213:Lavanify
178:Lavanify
118:Lavanify
97:Family:
91:Mammalia
81:Chordata
77:Phylum:
71:Animalia
57:Domain:
25:Lavanify
3065:3616458
3052:4968775
3039:4528427
2985:UA 8699
2979:Vintana
2518:Nidimys
2490:Mesodma
2316:Litovoi
2302:Hainina
2149:Halodon
2128:Boffius
1924:Iberica
1855:Bolodon
1527:Tagaria
1520:Janumys
1464:Vintana
1124:Class:
539:dentine
355:miolaka
291:to the
245:dentine
241:crowned
157:†
136:†
110:Genus:
87:Class:
543:enamel
384:, and
378:sloths
370:Eocene
330:Nature
323:and a
263:, and
261:enamel
167:Krause
124:Krause
3078:57603
2184:group
1131:Clade
1047:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
767:clade
478:or a
468:molar
3047:GBIF
1220:see
1193:see
1166:see
789:and
444:and
251:and
227:and
3034:EoL
3099::
3075::
3062::
3049::
3036::
3021::
1133::
931:^
843:^
494:,
470:,
380:,
353:,
345:,
283:,
211:.
33:(?
2920:e
2913:t
2906:v
2625:?
2173:?
1955:?
1552:?
1544:?
1508:?
1452:?
1437:?
1381:?
1368:?
1357:?
1346:?
1324:?
1313:?
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
114:†
101:†
37:)
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