250:(represented by the third majuscule). The division of the languages of a zone into sets, chains and nets is based on relative degrees of linguistic proximity, as measured in principle by approximate proportions of shared basic vocabulary. Geozones are on average divided into more sets than phylozones because relationships among languages within the latter are by definition more obvious and much closer.
463:, tracing the transnational development of certain basic concepts of personal freedom through the interaction of English and French, rather than by the action of any one nation. At the outset of a series of 34 illustrated triptychs, attention was drawn to the historical role of other transnational languages in the development of such concepts, including Greek and German.
136:, comprising substantial materials from the foundation edition of 2000, is published online from 2011 as a freely available public resource and an online data-base, compiled and co-ordinated by David Dalby and Pierrick le Feuvre. Provision is made for the online gathering of additional and improved data, and for the open discussion of proposals and criticisms.
481:
At the subsequent presentation of this bilingual exhibition at the HĂ´tel de RĂ©gion in Rouen (Haute-Normandie), from 23 September to 21 October 1989, the
Observatoire linguistique organised the first public display of the only surviving contemporary copy of the vernacular (and arguably pre-Latin) text
77:
and emeritus reader in the
University of London, and its first research secretary was Philippe Blanchet, a Provençal-language poet currently serving as Professor of Sociolinguistics at the University of Rennes. Since 2010, the deputy director and webmaster of the Observatoire has been Pierrick le
440:
and its linguascale in the study of a complex urban linguistic environment has been as the referential framework for successive surveys of over 200 languages other than
English spoken by plurilingual children at state schools in London (representing just under 40% of the total number of children
715:
provides free online access to the current research & reference materials of the
Observatoire linguistique /Linguasphere Observatory, including the complete Linguascale coding of the world's languages (LS-2010, totalling over 32,800 coded entries & over 70,900 linguistic names) and the
152:
standard which was a partial result of this collaboration, approved and published by ISO in 2009. It is the policy of the
Observatoire that its on-going independent work on language coding should also be complementary to and supportive of the ISO 639 international standards,
156:
The
Observatoire expresses its praise and gratitude to the parallel pioneering work of Barbara Grimes, with her husband Joseph, in her position - based in Hawaii until her retirement from 1996 - as the creative Editor of the Summer Institute of Linguistics'
101:
classification, coding all living and recorded languages within a global referential framework or "linguascale". This
Linguascale Framework uses a decimal structure (see below) to record both genetic and geographic categories of relationship (termed
78:
Feuvre, with the chairman of its research council being Roland Breton, emeritus professor at the
University of Paris VIII. The Observatoire's research hub is currently based in the preserved county of Dyfed, Wales and, in the European Union, in
176:
in 2000 and subsequently refined in 2010. It comprises a flexible coding formula which seeks to situate each language and dialect within the totality of the world's living and recorded languages, having regard to ongoing linguistic research.
147:
the design and development of a four-letter (alpha-4) code covering—potentially—every recorded language variety in the world. The
Observatoire was not, however, associated with or responsible for the final
46:, devoted (alongside related programs) to the gathering, study, classification, editing and free distribution online of the updatable text (initially in English) of a fully indexed and comprehensive
506:
In the context of the need to design a plurilingual framework of ethics for a future planetary society, the
Observatoire has announced its intention to return to the transnational theme of
132:
The Observatoire has now prepared a revised edition of the Linguasphere Register from 2010, the first of a projected series of regular updates at 10-year intervals. The current edition
529:
The Observatoire adopted these words as its guiding philosophy on the occasion of the first series of debates organised by the Observatoire linguistique in 1990–1991, at
467:
478:
on 6 June 1989, and presented there throughout the summer of 1989 as the official Canadian contribution to the bicentenary celebrations of the French Revolution.
265:(preferred from 2010 to the original term of "outer language", to avoid the shifting and often emotive applications of the terms "language" and "dialect"). The
253:
The third and final part of the linguascale consists of up to three lowercase letters (minuscules), used to identify a language or dialect with precision: from
491:
Thanks to continued support from Canada, the exhibition was subsequently presented by the Observatoire in Belgium and England, at the Palais des Congrès in
743:
196:. This provides a systematic numerical key for the initial classification of any of the world's languages, following the principles set out in the
675:
139:
From 2001 until December 2005, the Linguasphere Observatory was actively involved in collaboration with the British Standards Institution
242:, with each set being represented by the first majuscule of this three-letter (alpha-3) component. Each set is divided into one or more
738:
695:
663:
651:
606:
598:
644:
Multilingual Capital: the languages of London's schoolchildren and their relevance to economic, social and educational policies
74:
219:
into which each geosector is divided for referential purposes. The component zones, like the sectors, are described as either
500:
450:
Language code with tabulated example of coding systems (for English and Spanish), including ISO 639 and Linguasphere.
66:
227:, based on the nature of the relationship among their constituent languages: either historical or geographical.
90:, literally the "Observatory (of) languages", together with its publishing program (in Cymraeg or "Welsh" = cy.
281:
The application of the linguascale may be illustrated with the concrete examples below, chosen from within the
208:, in which the constituent languages are considered to be in a diachronic relationship one with another, or a
556:
adopted and adapted the Observatoire's motto in the form: "In the galaxy of languages, each word is a star".
475:
301:
273:
that may comprise any outer unit are coded using a second, and wherever necessary a third minuscule letter.
712:
496:
270:
570:
466:
The exhibition was sponsored by the government of a bilingual nation, Canada, by the international
352:– "Anglo-English" (the traditional localised varieties of southern Great Britain and also Ireland).
545:("Our languages and the unity of Europe"). The guest of honour at the first of these debates was
530:
309:
629:(Linguistic Society of America), Vol.77, 3 (Sept. 2001) pp. 606–608, and by Anthony P.Grant in
691:
671:
659:
647:
602:
594:
546:
723:
510:
in 2015, on the occasion of the 8th centenary of the signing of its formal Latin version at
282:
43:
666:) and in J.Eversley, D. Mehmedbegović, A.Sanderson, T.Tinsley, M. vonAhn and R.D.Wiggins,
622:
118:
413:
West-African English. Nigerian English is thus distinguished from the often overlapping
230:
The second part of the linguascale consists of three capital letters (majuscules): from
471:
343:
83:
358:– Global English (varieties of modern English as spoken and written around the world).
732:
593:, Gwasg y Byd Iaith for Observatoire linguistique: Hebron, Wales, 1999–2000 (vol.1)
441:
attending), as edited in 2000 by Baker and Eversley and in 2010 by Eversley et al.
204:
into which the world's languages are initially divided. The sector can either be a
459:
In Paris, from 1987, the Observatoire linguistique created a bilingual exhibition
417:
Enpi (or "NP", from the abbreviation of so-called "Nigerian Pijin"): belonging to
686:
The bilingual texts of the exhibition's tryptychs are presented in: David Dalby,
484:
565:
172:
framework is a referential system covering all languages, as published in the
511:
149:
144:
140:
98:
17:
541:
in Wallonie, sponsored by each of the relevant regions, on the subject of
320:(a compound-name chosen to cover the contents of the Germanic phylozone),
212:, in which languages are grouped geographically rather than historically.
534:
492:
405:
covers the range of (non-creolised) Nigerian English : belonging to
246:(represented by the second majuscule) and each chain is into one or more
79:
62:
713:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120614005015/http://www.linguasphere.info/
718:
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages & Speech Communities
388:
370:
181:
70:
524:
Dans la galaxie des langues, la voix de chaque personne est une Ă©toile
522:
The motto of the Observatoire linguistique dates from 1990—in French:
65:
as a non-profit association under the honorary presidency of the late
48:
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities.
591:
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities
553:
200:. The first numeral of the key represents one of the ten referential
115:
Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities
58:
668:
Language Capital: Mapping the languages of London's schoolchildren
188:
of two numerals denoting the relevant phylozone or geozone: from
164:
The Linguasphere Register and Linguascale referential framework
73:. Its founding director is David Dalby, former director of the
538:
113:
In 1999/2000, the Observatoire published its first 2-volume
518:"In the galaxy of languages, each person's voice is a star"
133:
61:
in 1983 and was subsequently established and registered in
724:
http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr
97:
The Observatoire has developed an innovative scheme of
646:, Battlebridge for Corporation of London: London 2000
363:
Some more specific examples of English varieties are:
688:
Le français et l'anglais : Langues de la Liberté
589:
David Dalby, with David Barrett & Michael Mann,
69:, a French-language poet and the first president of
670:, CILT National Centre for Languages: London 2010
549:(1908–1999), doyen of trans-Atlantic linguistics.
261:. The first letter of this sequence represents an
184:classification referred to above, consisting of a
499:in London in 1990, and finally in Australia, at
395:"Anglo-English" outer unit, and specifically to
215:The second numeral is used to represent the ten
38:, based on its original French and legal title:
690:, Observatoire linguistique: Cressenville 1989
94:, i.e. "Press (of) the World (of) Language").
8:
631:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society
461:Langues de la Liberté / Languages of Liberty
455:"Langues de la Liberté/Languages of Liberty"
127:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society
292:The code covering all forms of English is
180:The first part of this linguascale is the
27:Transnational linguistic research network
377:Scots+ Northumbrian outer language, and
336:. Within this net, the outer units are:
238:. Each zone is divided into one or more
582:
399:Southern (British) traditional English.
517:
474:. It was inaugurated in Paris at the
7:
526:(translated into English as above).
159:Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
543:Nos langues et l'unité de l'Europe
488:, written in 13th century French.
425:Wes-kos (West Coast Anglo-Creole).
391:traditional variety: belonging to
373:traditional variety: belonging to
25:
744:Organizations established in 1983
57:The Observatoire was created in
42:) is a non-profit transnational
436:A practical application of the
409:Global English outer unit, and
75:International African Institute
501:Old Parliament House, Canberra
1:
658:, Battlebridge: London 2003
117:. Reviews were published by
326:English+ Anglo-Creole chain
125:and by Anthony P. Grant in
760:
642:P.Baker and Eversley, J.,
739:Linguistics organizations
716:contents of the original
654:(also P.Baker and J.Kim,
468:francophone Agence (ACCT)
302:Indo-European phylosector
40:Observatoire Linguistique
32:Linguasphere Observatory
533:in Haute-Normandie, at
476:Centre Georges Pompidou
82:, France. Its title in
497:Commonwealth Institute
421:Anglo-Creole net, and
619:Linguasphere Register
470:and by the region of
438:Linguasphere Register
198:Linguasphere Register
174:Linguasphere Register
67:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
571:Language observatory
617:See reviews of the
552:From the year 2000
537:in Provence and at
432:Languages of London
531:Fleury-sur-Andelle
310:Germanic phylozone
271:language varieties
676:978-1-904243-96-0
110:, respectively).
92:Gwasg y Byd Iaith
16:(Redirected from
751:
699:
684:
678:
640:
634:
615:
609:
587:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
394:
386:
380:
376:
368:
357:
351:
341:
331:
323:
318:Norsk+ Frysk set
315:
307:
299:
295:
283:English language
260:
256:
237:
233:
195:
191:
186:linguasphere key
44:research network
36:the Observatoire
21:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
750:
749:
748:
729:
728:
711:From May 2011,
708:
703:
702:
685:
681:
641:
637:
633:(June 1, 2003).
623:Edward J. Vajda
616:
612:
601:& (vol. 2)
588:
584:
579:
562:
520:
472:Haute-Normandie
457:
447:
434:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
396:
392:
384:
378:
374:
366:
355:
349:
346:+ Northumbrian.
339:
329:
324:represents the
321:
316:represents the
313:
308:represents the
305:
300:represents the
297:
293:
279:
258:
254:
235:
231:
193:
189:
166:
119:Edward J. Vajda
88:Wylfa Ieithoedd
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
757:
755:
747:
746:
741:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
707:
706:External links
704:
701:
700:
679:
635:
610:
581:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
568:
561:
558:
547:André Martinet
519:
516:
456:
453:
452:
451:
446:
443:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
400:
382:
361:
360:
359:
353:
347:
278:
275:
165:
162:
54:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
756:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
734:
725:
722:
719:
714:
710:
709:
705:
697:
696:2-9502097-4-2
693:
689:
683:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:1-903292-09-3
661:
657:
656:Global London
653:
652:1-903292-00-X
649:
645:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
611:
608:
607:0-9532919-2-8
604:
600:
599:0-9532919-1-X
596:
592:
586:
583:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
515:
513:
509:
504:
503:in May 1991.
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
486:
482:of England's
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
454:
449:
448:
444:
442:
439:
431:
401:
390:
383:
381:Northumbrian.
372:
365:
364:
362:
354:
348:
345:
338:
337:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
291:
290:
289:
288:For example,
286:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
251:
249:
245:
241:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
187:
183:
178:
175:
171:
163:
161:
160:
154:
151:
146:
142:
137:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
50:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
717:
687:
682:
667:
655:
643:
638:
630:
626:
618:
613:
590:
585:
551:
542:
528:
523:
521:
507:
505:
490:
483:
480:
465:
460:
458:
437:
435:
333:
325:
317:
287:
280:
266:
262:
252:
247:
243:
239:
229:
224:
220:
216:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
185:
179:
173:
169:
167:
158:
155:
138:
131:
126:
122:
114:
112:
107:
103:
99:philological
96:
91:
87:
56:
47:
39:
35:
31:
29:
18:Linguasphere
508:Magna Carta
495:and at the
485:Magna Carta
334:English net
267:inner units
206:phylosector
170:Linguascale
145:ISO/TC 37in
733:Categories
720:(LS-2000).
577:References
566:Ethnologue
403:52-ABA-cof
385:52-ABA-bco
367:52-ABA-abb
263:outer unit
221:phylozones
104:phylozones
514:in 2020.
512:Runnymede
415:52-ABB-bf
411:52-ABA-co
397:52-ABA-bc
379:52-ABA-ab
210:geosector
150:ISO 639-6
143:and with
141:BSI Group
134:(LS-2010)
627:Language
560:See also
535:Maillane
445:See also
423:52-ABB-b
407:52-ABA-c
393:52-ABA-b
375:52-ABA-a
356:52-ABA-c
350:52-ABA-b
340:52-ABA-a
296:, where
277:Examples
225:geozones
123:Language
108:geozones
80:Normandy
63:Normandy
389:Norfolk
387:is the
371:Geordie
369:is the
332:is the
202:sectors
182:decimal
71:Senegal
53:History
694:
674:
662:
650:
605:
597:
554:UNESCO
419:52-ABB
330:52-ABA
328:, and
294:52-ABA
244:chains
59:Quebec
493:Liège
344:Scots
322:52-AB
236:-ZZZ-
232:-AAA-
217:zones
192:. to
84:Welsh
692:ISBN
672:ISBN
660:ISBN
648:ISBN
603:ISBN
595:ISBN
314:52-A
269:and
248:nets
240:sets
168:The
106:and
34:(or
30:The
625:in
621:by
539:Huy
306:52=
259:zzz
257:to
255:aaa
234:to
223:or
121:in
86:is
735::
342:–
312:,
304:,
298:5=
285:.
194:99
190:00
129:.
698:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.