815:
114:
503:
40:
567:
389:
322:
452:
The mineralogical composition of a rock is one of the major ways in which it is classified. Igneous rocks are classified by their mineral content whenever practical, using the QAPF classification or special ultramafic or carbonatite classifications. Likewise metamorphic facies, which show the degree
344:
is a measure of the sizes of the crystals in the rock. In igneous rock, this is used to determine the rate at which the material cooled: large crystals typically indicate intrusive igneous rock, while small crystals indicate that the rock was extrusive. Metamorphism of rock composed of mostly a
301:. These textures, from slate to gneiss, define a continually-increasing extent of metamorphism. Metamorphic facies are defined by the pressure-temperature fields in which particular minerals form. Additional metamorphic rock names exist, such as
231:. Where possible, extrusive igneous rocks are also classified by mineral content using the extrusive QAPF classification, but when determining the mineral composition is impractical, they may be classified chemically using the
461:
The colour of a rock or its component parts is a distinctive characteristic of some rocks and is always recorded, sometimes against standard colour charts, such as that produced by the Rock-Color Chart
Committee of the
625:
Unconsolidated surficial materials may also be given a lithology. This is defined by grain size and composition and is often attached to an interpretation of how the unit formed. Surficial lithologies can be given to
254:. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks are then subcategorized based on their grain size distribution and the relative proportions of quartz, feldspar, and lithic (rock) fragments. Carbonate rocks are classified with the
70:, and composition. Lithology may refer to either a detailed description of these characteristics, or a summary of the gross physical character of a rock. Examples of lithologies in the second sense include
490:), are characterised by well-developed planar and linear fabrics. Igneous rocks may also have fabrics as a result of flow or the settling out of particular mineral phases during crystallisation, forming
453:
to which a rock has been exposed to heat and pressure and are therefore important in classifying metamorphic rocks, are determined by observing the mineral phases that are present in a sample.
534:, shape and roundness of the clasts. Metamorphic textures include those referring to the timing of growth of large metamorphic minerals relative to a phase of deformation—before deformation
152:, which is a mixture of molten rock, dissolved gases, and solid crystals. Sedimentary rock is formed from mineral or organic particles that collect at the Earth's surface and become
360:
In clastic sedimentary rocks, grain size is the diameter of the grains and/or clasts that constitute the rock. These are used to determine which rock naming system to use (e.g., a
1370:
372:). In the case of sandstones and conglomerates, which cover a wide range of grain sizes, a word describing the grain size range is added to the rock name. Examples are "
816:"Descriptive nomenclature and classification of pyroclastic deposits and fragments: recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks"
482:
of a rock describes the spatial and geometric configuration of all the elements that make it up. In sedimentary rocks the main visible fabric is normally
486:, and the scale and degree of development of the bedding is normally recorded as part of the description. Metamorphic rocks (apart from those created by
526:
of a rock describes the relationship between the individual grains or clasts that make up the rock. Sedimentary textures include the degree of
1457:
1277:
773:
1006:
894:
798:
746:
713:
577:
Rocks often contain small-scale structures (smaller than the scale of an individual outcrop). In sedimentary rocks this may include
1377:
1192:. Vol. 1. US Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center Engineering Geology Group. 1998. pp. 57–90. Archived from
1184:
609:
are used to determine the sense of displacement across the zone. In igneous rocks, small-scale structures are mostly observed in
159:
Igneous rocks are further broken into three broad categories. Igneous rock composed of broken rock fragments created directly by
643:
102:
1081:
1056:
1031:
869:
1371:"McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. 2008. The story of earth and life, Chapter 3, The first continent. 60-91, Struik Publishers"
1339:
A handbook of rocks for use without the microscope : with a glossary of the names of rocks and other lithological terms
763:
1449:
705:
463:
1401:
Walker, George P L. (1992-08-01). "Walker, G.P.L. 1992. Morphometric study of pillow-size spectrum among pillow lavas".
354:
240:
98:
597:
and may provide information on paleocurrent directions. In metamorphic rocks associated with the deeper levels of
156:. Metamorphic rock forms by recrystallization of existing solid rock under conditions of great heat or pressure.
437:
rocks or those with possible calcite veins, it is normal to test for the presence of calcite (or other forms of
594:
930:
642:, and recent volcanic deposits, among others. Examples of surficial lithology classifications used by the
361:
1474:
547:
434:
330:
255:
1410:
1306:
922:
679:
487:
467:
184:
935:
101:, lithology is described using a standard terminology such as in the European geotechnical standard
259:
421:
In rocks in which mineral grains are large enough to be identified using a hand lens, the visible
1502:
1426:
948:
835:
527:
507:
270:
232:
133:
550:) to irregular crystals (anhedral), whether the rock shows highly nonuniform crystal sizes (is
1453:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1273:
1267:
1077:
1052:
1027:
1002:
890:
865:
794:
769:
742:
738:
731:
709:
635:
631:
546:
include such properties as grain shape, which varies from crystals with ideal crystal shapes (
523:
442:
438:
90:
671:
1418:
1314:
1294:
940:
827:
543:
479:
393:
168:
145:
141:
598:
236:
224:
212:
66:, or with low magnification microscopy. Physical characteristics include colour, texture,
1414:
1310:
926:
1193:
606:
531:
251:
200:
192:
180:
55:
969:
1496:
1430:
839:
590:
578:
539:
535:
491:
483:
446:
247:
153:
952:
425:
is included as part of the description. In the case of sequences possibly including
1051:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 169–173.
913:
Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks".
582:
350:
220:
204:
172:
137:
94:
43:
223:. Special classifications exist for igneous rock of unusual compositions, such as
614:
551:
302:
228:
216:
122:
113:
63:
1318:
1161:
1076:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 21–27.
422:
408:
341:
67:
1001:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–143.
944:
1183:"4 Classification of rocks and description of physical properties of rock".
602:
502:
426:
365:
326:
310:
266:
262:
classification schemes according to the constituents of the carbonate rock.
188:
160:
83:
71:
33:
17:
353:), while metamorphism of sheared rock may decrease grain size (syntectonic
593:. These are recorded as they are generally characteristic of a particular
586:
571:
555:
404:
396:
369:
290:
196:
39:
1422:
831:
650:", "Saline Lake Sediment", and "Eolian Sediment, Coarse-Textured (Sand
566:
511:
430:
400:
388:
377:
334:
282:
187:, may also be applied. Igneous rocks that have visible mineral grains (
176:
59:
515:
415:
412:
373:
346:
306:
298:
294:
274:
208:
164:
118:
89:
Lithology is the basis of subdividing rock sequences into individual
79:
1026:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 217–220, 257–258.
565:
501:
387:
321:
320:
286:
278:
149:
126:
112:
75:
58:
unit is a description of its physical characteristics visible at
651:
647:
639:
627:
610:
171:. Pyroclastic rocks are further classified by average fragment (
97:
and correlation between areas. In certain applications, such as
175:) size and whether the fragments are mostly individual mineral
992:
990:
246:
Sedimentary rocks are further classified by whether they are
1095:
1093:
203:. Intrusive igneous rocks are usually classified using the
1162:"The Acid Test for Carbonate Minerals and Carbonate Rocks"
27:
Description of the physical characteristics of a rock unit
183:, or rock fragments. Further classifications, such as by
1355:
Bulletin of the
Geological Society of America, Volume 25
617:
showing eruption within a body of water or beneath ice.
554:), or whether grains are aligned (which is described as
1024:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
977:
British
Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme
793:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 57.
125:' lava shape characteristic of underwater eruptions,
329:, the finest-grained sedimentary rock, deposited in
195:, while those that are glassy or very fine-grained (
730:
1341:. 5. Aufl., New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1918, pp.
613:such as pahoehoe versus ʻAʻā basaltic flows, and
32:For the study of rocks and their formation, see
1473:USGS Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center.
999:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
737:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
970:"Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous"
1444:Harmon, Russel S.; Rapela, Carlos W. (1991).
860:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
8:
1475:"Surficial Lithology: Attribute information"
1293:Carreras, J.; Druguet E.; Griera A. (2005).
1049:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
997:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
601:, small scale structures such as asymmetric
207:, which is based on the relative content of
1272:. Cambridge University Press. p. 272.
908:
906:
864:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 98–99.
700:Bates, R. J.; Jackson, J. A., eds. (1984).
1357:/ Geological Society of America. 1914, p.
1241:
1147:
768:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 364.
762:American Heritage Dictionary, ed. (2005).
132:The naming of a lithology is based on the
1446:Andean Magmatism and Its Tectonic Setting
934:
148:. Igneous rocks are formed directly from
1351:4th Annual Report U.S. Geological Survey
1074:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
1022:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
765:The American heritage science dictionary
265:Metamorphic rock naming can be based on
235:. This is based on the total content of
38:
1229:
1135:
1111:
1099:
729:Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael (1999).
663:
964:
962:
1253:
1217:
1123:
345:single mineral, such as quartzite or
309:and other extrusive igneous rock) or
7:
733:Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences
269:, mineral composition, texture, or
340:In igneous and metamorphic rocks,
285:) protolith can be used to define
25:
915:Journal of the Geological Society
889:. Berlin: Springer. p. 138.
136:. The three major rock types are
1376:. Web.wits.ac.za. Archived from
1186:Engineering Geology Field Manual
273:. Naming based on texture and a
885:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003).
376:conglomerate" and "fine quartz
702:Dictionary of Geological Terms
1:
1450:Geological Society of America
1299:Journal of Structural Geology
706:American Geological Institute
464:Geological Society of America
313:(metamorphosed quartz sand).
243:and other chemical criteria.
46:as seen in southeastern Utah
510:basalt is characterized by
349:, may increase grain size (
1519:
1295:"Shear zone-related folds"
1072:Yardley, B. W. D. (1989).
293:. Texture-based names are
93:units for the purposes of
31:
1319:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.08.004
789:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
191:rocks) are classified as
945:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825
595:depositional environment
1403:Bulletin of Volcanology
411:) in a matrix of mafic
1477:. US Geological Survey
1242:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1148:Blatt & Tracy 1996
791:The earth through time
644:U.S. Geological Survey
574:
562:Small-scale structures
519:
506:The lithology of this
418:
337:
129:
47:
569:
505:
391:
331:Glacial Lake Missoula
324:
116:
42:
814:Schmidt, R. (1981).
680:US Geological Survey
646:are, "Glacial Till,
488:contact metamorphism
468:Munsell color system
199:) are classified as
185:chemical composition
167:) are classified as
1415:1992BVol...54..459W
1337:James Furman Kemp:
1311:2005JSG....27.1229C
1266:Fossen, H. (2010).
1232:, pp. 154–170.
1138:, pp. 154–155.
1047:Boggs, Sam (2006).
927:1991JGSoc.148..825L
676:Earthquake Glossary
621:Surficial lithology
538:—after deformation
407:(altering brown to
241:alkali metal oxides
205:QAPF classification
99:site investigations
1423:10.1007/BF00301392
1269:Structural Geology
1256:, pp. 74–118.
1150:, p. 241-242.
1114:, pp. 21, 26.
832:10.1007/BF01822152
575:
570:Ripple marks from
520:
419:
338:
271:metamorphic facies
233:TAS classification
130:
91:lithostratigraphic
48:
1459:978-0-8137-2265-8
1279:978-0-521-51664-8
1244:, pp. 39–44.
1126:, pp. 58–59.
1102:, pp. 49–51.
862:Pyroclastic rocks
775:978-0-618-45504-1
443:hydrochloric acid
439:calcium carbonate
355:recrystallization
16:(Redirected from
1510:
1487:
1486:
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1382:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1349:: C. E. Dutton,
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1325:
1305:(7): 1229–1251.
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753:
752:
736:
726:
720:
719:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
668:
544:Igneous textures
445:and looking for
317:Grain/clast size
169:pyroclastic rock
21:
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1513:
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1511:
1509:
1508:
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1380:
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1369:
1368:
1364:
1353:, 1883, S. 95;
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:
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1260:
1252:
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1200:
1199:on 17 June 2015
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879:
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858:
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808:
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788:
787:
783:
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761:
760:
756:
749:
728:
727:
723:
716:
708:. p. 299.
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
670:
669:
665:
660:
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564:
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476:
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441:) using dilute
386:
319:
305:(metamorphosed
225:ultramafic rock
213:alkali feldspar
179:, particles of
121:, showing the '
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37:
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1452:. p. 24.
1436:
1409:(6): 459–474.
1393:
1362:
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1285:
1278:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1220:, p. 130.
1210:
1175:
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1104:
1089:
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1064:
1057:
1039:
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1014:
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902:
895:
877:
870:
852:
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799:
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714:
704:(3 ed.).
692:
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659:
656:
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563:
560:
499:
496:
475:
472:
458:
455:
392:An ultramafic
385:
382:
318:
315:
201:extrusive rock
181:volcanic glass
110:
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26:
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1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
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1394:
1383:on 2009-04-07
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1164:. Geology.com
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1160:Geology.com.
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1479:. Retrieved
1468:
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1439:
1406:
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1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1365:
1354:
1350:
1338:
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1302:
1298:
1288:
1268:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1230:Yardley 1989
1225:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1185:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1155:
1143:
1136:Yardley 1989
1131:
1119:
1112:Yardley 1989
1107:
1100:Yardley 1989
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845:27 September
843:. Retrieved
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675:
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583:ripple marks
576:
521:
518:phenocrysts.
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451:
420:
362:conglomerate
359:
351:grain growth
339:
264:
245:
229:carbonatites
221:feldspathoid
158:
131:
88:
64:core samples
51:
49:
44:Stratigraphy
29:
18:Lithological
1168:28 November
672:"Lithology"
630:, coastal,
599:fault zones
552:porphyritic
508:porphyritic
303:greenschist
217:plagioclase
163:processes (
146:metamorphic
142:sedimentary
1387:2014-03-10
1324:2009-10-31
1254:Boggs 2006
1218:Boggs 2006
1124:Levin 2010
1083:0582300967
1058:0131547283
1033:0716724383
871:3540127569
685:29 October
658:References
628:lacustrine
607:microfolds
558:texture).
427:carbonates
423:mineralogy
409:iddingsite
384:Mineralogy
342:grain size
189:phaneritic
103:Eurocode 7
68:grain size
1503:Petrology
1431:129797887
931:CiteSeerX
887:Volcanism
840:128375559
826:: 41–43.
587:mudcracks
556:trachytic
492:cumulates
366:sandstone
327:claystone
311:quartzite
267:protolith
252:carbonate
197:aphanitic
193:intrusive
154:lithified
134:rock type
109:Rock type
84:limestone
72:sandstone
52:lithology
34:Petrology
1497:Category
953:28548230
572:Mongolia
548:euhedral
435:cemented
405:pyroxene
397:xenolith
370:mudstone
291:phyllite
177:crystals
161:volcanic
1411:Bibcode
1307:Bibcode
923:Bibcode
820:Geology
640:glacial
636:aeolian
632:fluvial
615:pillows
603:boudins
532:grading
528:sorting
524:texture
512:olivine
498:Texture
484:bedding
431:calcite
401:olivine
378:arenite
335:Montana
283:mudrock
277:(e.g.,
138:igneous
95:mapping
60:outcrop
1456:
1429:
1276:
1203:7 June
1080:
1055:
1030:
1005:
951:
933:
893:
868:
838:
797:
772:
745:
712:
516:augite
480:fabric
474:Fabric
457:Colour
416:scoria
413:basalt
394:mantle
374:pebble
347:marble
307:basalt
299:gneiss
295:schist
275:pelite
256:Dunham
237:silica
219:, and
209:quartz
165:tephra
144:, and
123:pillow
119:basalt
80:basalt
1427:S2CID
1381:(PDF)
1374:(PDF)
1197:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
973:(PDF)
949:S2CID
836:S2CID
652:Dunes
648:Loamy
611:lavas
399:with
368:, or
287:slate
279:shale
173:clast
150:magma
127:Italy
82:, or
76:slate
54:of a
1483:2011
1454:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1205:2010
1170:2016
1078:ISBN
1053:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1003:ISBN
891:ISBN
866:ISBN
847:2020
795:ISBN
770:ISBN
743:ISBN
710:ISBN
687:2010
654:)".
605:and
589:and
522:The
514:and
478:The
403:and
297:and
289:and
260:Folk
239:and
56:rock
50:The
1419:doi
1359:639
1347:240
1343:180
1315:doi
941:doi
919:148
828:doi
739:320
380:".
357:).
258:or
250:or
227:or
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1407:54
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1301:.
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1092:^
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638:,
634:,
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530:,
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429:,
364:,
333:,
325:A
281:,
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117:A
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