131:
536:. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts; but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves in thallose species, or in leafy species the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks, as well as frequent dichotomous branching, all point to the plant being a liverwort. With a few exceptions, all liverworts undergo polyplastidic meiosis, in contrast to mosses and hornworts which have monoplastidic meiosis. Unlike any other embryophytes, most liverworts contain
2480:
2462:
2444:
159:
2502:
2390:
594:
4571:
2523:
514:
5949:
2408:
2428:
4559:
660:. In dioicous liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoicous liverworts, the two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must move from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held. The
462:(very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves all point to the plant being a liverwort. Liverworts are distinguished from mosses in having unique
712:. When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both
815:
Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and excessively dry environments, or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas. Liverworts
540:
containing isoprenoids in at least some of their cells, lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of all other plants being unenclosed. The overall physical similarity of some mosses and leafy liverworts means that confirmation of the identification of some groups can be performed with certainty only with the
469:
Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2–20 mm (0.079–0.787 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 cm (3.9 in) long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees or any other reasonably firm substrate on
672:
that enable them to swim short distances, provided that at least a thin film of water is present. Their journey may be assisted by the splashing of raindrops. In 2008, Japanese researchers discovered that some liverworts are able to fire sperm-containing water up to 15 cm in the air, enabling
483:
Most liverworts are small, measuring from 2–20 millimetres (0.08–0.8 in) wide with individual plants less than 10 centimetres (4 in) long, so they are often overlooked. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a
853:" or "Bryophyta Schimp.") alongside mosses and hornworts. Hence, it has been suggested that the liverworts should be de-ranked to a class called Marchantiopsida. In addition, there is strong phylogenetic evidence to suggest that liverworts and mosses form a monophyletic subclade named
560:
dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte of many liverworts are non-photosynthetic, but there are also several that are photosynthetic to various degrees. Cells in a typical liverwort plant each contain only a single set of genetic information, so the plant's cells are
4171:
Forrest, Laura L.; Christine E. Davis; David G. Long; Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler; Alexandra Clark; Michelle L. Hollingsworth (2006). "Unraveling the evolutionary history of the liverworts (Marchantiophyta): multiple taxa, genomes and analyses".
1216:. This name is derived from their common Latin name as Latin was the language in which botanists published their descriptions of species. This name has led to some confusion, partly because it appears to be a taxon-based name derived from the
470:
which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and Arctic species as well. Some species can be a nuisance in shady greenhouses or a weed in gardens.
2314:
It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts, at least 85% of which belong to the leafy group. Despite that fact, no liverwort genomes have been sequenced to date and only few genes identified and characterized.
2360:
Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along streambanks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of
1166:
also looks like a liverwort, but its relationship to other plants is still uncertain, so it may not belong to the
Marchantiophyta. In 2007, the oldest fossils assignable at that time to the liverworts were announced,
406:
4278:
Renzaglia, Karen S.; Scott
Schuette; R. Joel Duff; Roberto Ligrone; A. Jonathan Shaw; Brent D. Mishler; Jeffrey G. Duckett (2007). "Bryophyte phylogeny: Advancing the molecular and morphological frontiers".
585:
body) are very short-lived, withering away not long after releasing spores. In mosses, the sporophyte is more persistent and in hornworts, the sporophyte disperses spores over an extended period.
492:. However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are called
3010:
Cooke, Todd J; Poli, DorothyBelle; Cohen, Jerry D (2003). "Did auxin play a crucial role in the evolution of novel body plans during the Late
Silurian-Early Devonian radiation of land plants?".
716:
cells and spore-producing cells. The elaters are spring-like, and will push open the wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts. The spore-producing cells will undergo
775:
is a common weed in greenhouses, often covering the entire surface of containers; gemma dispersal is the "primary mechanism by which liverwort spreads throughout a nursery or greenhouse."
4207:
Heinrichs, Jochen; S. Robbert
Gradstein; Rosemary Wilson; Harald Schneider (2005). "Towards a natural classification of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) based on the chloroplast gene rbcL".
613:, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore ("
2353:, is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the
4314:
Forrest, Laura L.; Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler (2004). "A Phylogeny of the Simple
Thalloid Liverworts (Jungermanniopsida, Metzgeriidae) as Inferred from Five Chloroplast Genes".
3207:
7212:
1240:
Although there is no consensus among bryologists as to the classification of liverworts above family rank, the
Marchantiophyta may be subdivided into three classes:
7840:
4629:
2335:. This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts which resemble a liver in outline, and led to the common name of the group as
7866:
845:(also called Marchantiopsida). Somewhat more recently, the liverworts were given their own division (Marchantiophyta), as bryophytes became considered to be
7983:
2622:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the
Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (eds.).
7978:
565:
for the majority of its life cycle. This contrasts sharply with the pattern exhibited by nearly all animals and by vascular plants. In the more familiar
5990:
7814:
6033:
3150:
1134:
An important conclusion from these phylogenies is that the ancestral stomata appear to have been lost in the liverwort lineage. Among the earliest
130:
7853:
6918:
1183:, United States. However, in 2010, five different types of fossilized liverwort spores were found in Argentina, dating to the much earlier Middle
4451:"Female-specific gene expression in dioecious liverwort Pellia endiviifolia is developmentally regulated and connected to archegonia production"
2479:
2389:
3500:
de Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2019). "Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.)".
3031:
2375:. Their thin, slender branches float on the water's surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them.
736:; in bryophytes in general "it would almost be true to say that vegetative reproduction is the rule and not the exception." For example, in
450:. Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled
4592:
2443:
816:
are more commonly found in moderate to deep shade, though desert species may tolerate direct sunlight and periods of total desiccation.
4597:
3654:
Harris, Brogan J.; et al. (2020). "Phylogenomic
Evidence for the Monophyly of Bryophytes and the Reductive Evolution of Stomata".
2461:
2427:
4622:
4433:
2501:
849:. However, the most recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that liverworts are indeed likely part of a monophyletic clade ("Bryophyta
4542:
4521:
4341:
4150:
4129:
4014:
3989:
3370:
3346:
3321:
2952:
2931:
2885:
2864:
2844:
2832:
2798:
2739:
2682:
2631:
581:
generation is the familiar tree or other plant. Another unusual feature of the liverwort life cycle is that sporophytes (i.e. the
7938:
4672:
3928:
Cox, Cymon J. (2018). "Land Plant
Molecular Phylogenetics: A Review with Comments on Evaluating Incongruence Among Phylogenies".
3436:
Puttick, Mark N.; et al. (March 2018). "The
Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte".
3222:
2522:
442:
It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless
4667:
2910:
2764:
4602:
7858:
3876:"The mitochondrial phylogeny of land plants shows support for Setaphyta under composition-heterogeneous substitution models"
688:, which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its "mother" plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal
4581:
158:
6012:
5983:
4751:
4741:
4724:
4615:
4586:
3776:"The Chloroplast Land Plant Phylogeny: Analyses Employing Better-Fitting Tree- and Site-Heterogeneous Composition Models"
625:
antheridium) and produce the sperm cells. Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the
6038:
6028:
4356:"Bryophyte phylogeny poster: systematics and Characteristics of Nonvascular Land Plants (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts)"
3062:
2810:
Sporogenesis in Physcomitrium patens: Intergenerational collaboration and the development of the spore wall and aperture
2584:
Stotler, Raymond E.; Barbara J. Candall-Stotler (1977). "A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of North America".
3333:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". pp. 36–38
649:
perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the "neck", down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell.
7762:
7739:
6911:
2647:
4563:
4116:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". p. 63
3053:
7871:
7055:
7973:
6023:
5976:
4292:
4185:
3827:"Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal the Monophyly of Bryophytes and Neoproterozoic Origin of Land Plants"
3384:"Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions"
7140:
4756:
2407:
7692:
6904:
4228:"Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta) – towards a natural classification"
2354:
7767:
6671:
5660:
3162:
2365:
in deserts and polar regions. However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as
787:
fungi which have arbuscular (cilia-bearing) rootlets resembling those in vascular plants. Species in the
7902:
7368:
7018:
6392:
4719:
747:
144:
5648:
2572:
6868:
6701:
5654:
7943:
7881:
7788:
7730:
7033:
6803:
6762:
6752:
5952:
5698:
4575:
4040:
3937:
3684:
3663:
3522:
3466:
3445:
733:
6848:
6619:
6269:
5464:
2897:
Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", pp. 358–374
7968:
6873:
6853:
6833:
6711:
6264:
6216:
5666:
5117:
5100:
5010:
4858:
4607:
6863:
6162:
5796:
2249:
439:-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.
7917:
7363:
7045:
6593:
6153:
6018:
5393:
5144:
5127:
4969:
4853:
4848:
4736:
4714:
4702:
4677:
4296:
4257:
4189:
3963:
3697:
3535:
3479:
2601:
1139:
537:
463:
413:
153:
7907:
5476:
4449:
Sierocka, I; Kozlowski, L. P.; Bujnicki, J. M.; Jarmolowski, A; Szweykowska-Kulinska, Z (2014).
3110:
454:. Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a
7845:
4145:. Scripta Botnica Belgica. Vol. 30. Meise: National Botanic Garden (Belgium). p. 30.
2751:
Nehira, Kunito. "Spore Germination, Protonemata Development and Sporeling Development", p. 347
2275:
1202:. This divisional name is based on the name of the most universally recognized liverwort genus
801:, while leafy liverworts typically harbor symbiotic basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genus
742:, when the older parts of the forked thalli die, the younger tips become separate individuals.
7889:
7775:
7155:
6858:
6798:
6747:
6737:
6367:
6317:
5859:
5760:
5748:
5592:
5571:
5285:
5105:
5036:
5026:
4956:
4746:
4709:
4697:
4687:
4538:
4517:
4482:
4429:
4406:
4337:
4249:
4146:
4125:
4099:
4010:
3985:
3907:
3856:
3807:
3756:
3689:
3633:
3584:
3527:
3471:
3413:
3366:
3342:
3317:
3278:
3088:
3080:
3066:
3027:
2948:
2927:
2906:
2881:
2860:
2828:
2794:
2760:
2735:
2678:
2627:
2206:
1818:
273:
3717:"Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts"
680:
occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilisation, the immature
7431:
7310:
7202:
7145:
7085:
7080:
7008:
6993:
6843:
6637:
6629:
6583:
6450:
6445:
6397:
6387:
6226:
6180:
6048:
5772:
5766:
5730:
5413:
5275:
5160:
5061:
4661:
4472:
4462:
4396:
4386:
4288:
4239:
4181:
4089:
4079:
4048:
3953:
3945:
3897:
3887:
3846:
3838:
3797:
3787:
3746:
3736:
3728:
3679:
3671:
3623:
3615:
3574:
3566:
3517:
3509:
3461:
3453:
3403:
3395:
3268:
3260:
3070:
3019:
2992:
2593:
2108:
1609:
1346:
1289:
1180:
1153:
696:(stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them. The sporophyte lacks an
332:
224:
7894:
7604:
7509:
7471:
7358:
7115:
7075:
7060:
6953:
6823:
6813:
6716:
6706:
6603:
6545:
6540:
6518:
6420:
6409:
6377:
6356:
6346:
6299:
6284:
6254:
6208:
6172:
6097:
6065:
5864:
5847:
5754:
5280:
5046:
5005:
4873:
4863:
4843:
3177:
2508:
2492:
2367:
2291:
2283:
2223:
2214:
2193:
2185:
2134:
1987:
1883:
1868:
1733:
1711:
1674:
1539:
1459:
1271:
1256:
1249:
1226:
1144:
1023:
697:
494:
293:
283:
278:
266:
261:
241:
2809:
1293:
is newly recognized as the sister group of the other liverworts; it comprises the genera
6896:
4066:
Rubinstein, C.V.; Gerrienne, P.; De La Puente, G.S.; Astini, R.A.; Steemans, P. (2010).
4044:
4027:
VanAller Hernick, L.; Landing, E.; Bartowski, K.E. (2008). "Earth's oldest liverworts –
3941:
3667:
3449:
7664:
7609:
7599:
7441:
7255:
7207:
7120:
7095:
7090:
7070:
7065:
6968:
6958:
6808:
6742:
6696:
6274:
6057:
5784:
5724:
5598:
5565:
5523:
5436:
5364:
5359:
5307:
4777:
4692:
4639:
4477:
4450:
4401:
4378:
3902:
3875:
3851:
3826:
3802:
3775:
3751:
3716:
3628:
3603:
3579:
3554:
3408:
3383:
3273:
3248:
3023:
1622:
1359:
889:
758:
709:
459:
455:
3357:
Goffinet, Bernard. "Origin and phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes". pp. 124–149
2996:
692:, inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a
7962:
7388:
7373:
7335:
7260:
7196:
7182:
7130:
7125:
7039:
7028:
7023:
7003:
6998:
6973:
6838:
6828:
6818:
6783:
6732:
6691:
6686:
6555:
6504:
6481:
6440:
6294:
6236:
6198:
6143:
6129:
5874:
5718:
5681:
5638:
5551:
5527:
5344:
5066:
5041:
4923:
4868:
4355:
4244:
4227:
4226:
He-Nygrén, Xiaolan; Aino Juslén; Inkeri Ahonen; David Glenny; Sinikka Piippo (2006).
4084:
4067:
3701:
2513:
2176:
2160:
1770:
1444:
1267:
1230:
1162:
792:
784:
705:
677:
518:
256:
139:
80:
5968:
4300:
4261:
4193:
3967:
3539:
3206:
Newby, Adam; Altland, James E.; Gilliam, Charles H.; Wehtje, Glenn (December 2006).
593:
7584:
7579:
7554:
7529:
7519:
7446:
7315:
7189:
7150:
7135:
7110:
7105:
7050:
6983:
6793:
6788:
6767:
6757:
6681:
6588:
6565:
6491:
6473:
6382:
6279:
6259:
6190:
5935:
5790:
5778:
5518:
5349:
5339:
5139:
5091:
4964:
4052:
3483:
2967:
2529:
2265:
2257:
2168:
1955:
1940:
1755:
1523:
1500:
1295:
1278:(previously placed among the Metzgeriales). It also includes the problematic genus
1252:
1157:
303:
288:
251:
7744:
4068:"Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana)"
3949:
513:
3249:"Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort–fungal symbioses"
2905:, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983).
2759:, volume I. (Nichinan, Miyazaki, Japan: The Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 1983).
673:
them to fertilize female plants growing more than a metre from the nearest male.
7827:
7780:
7724:
7639:
7614:
7559:
7534:
7456:
7451:
7416:
7406:
7100:
7013:
6676:
6575:
6535:
6430:
6244:
6083:
5742:
5736:
5531:
5512:
5470:
5420:
5227:
5170:
5111:
5056:
4989:
4939:
4909:
4891:
4883:
2550:
2486:
2414:
2328:
2239:
2116:
2024:
876:
803:
634:
618:
553:
436:
416:
313:
229:
183:
55:
4570:
1233:. In addition, the name Hepaticophyta is frequently misspelled in textbooks as
7672:
7634:
7564:
7544:
7539:
7524:
7494:
7466:
7421:
7411:
7383:
7378:
7320:
7295:
6988:
6963:
6560:
6550:
6527:
6499:
6341:
6289:
6249:
6221:
6123:
6075:
5942:
5869:
5837:
5823:
5806:
5354:
5031:
4820:
4811:
4391:
3732:
3675:
3619:
3570:
3457:
2396:
2362:
2231:
2124:
2009:
1637:
1374:
1307:
1204:
1184:
1087:
797:
788:
765:
gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups. In
681:
566:
557:
546:
542:
308:
234:
117:
100:
65:
7715:
4467:
3842:
3084:
7801:
7589:
7569:
7461:
7340:
7275:
7265:
7250:
7245:
7226:
6978:
6655:
6647:
6333:
6115:
6106:
5607:
5503:
5369:
5253:
5051:
4831:
4800:
3792:
3399:
2545:
2299:
2150:
2142:
1846:
1688:
1422:
1275:
1059:
1038:
954:
926:
901:
854:
846:
830:
767:
753:
669:
657:
610:
432:
298:
246:
196:
105:
49:
7930:
4486:
4410:
4253:
4103:
3911:
3860:
3811:
3760:
3693:
3637:
3588:
3531:
3475:
3417:
3282:
3264:
3092:
3075:
3048:
841:) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class
617:-bearer") plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as
4558:
2651:
528:
Liverworts can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar
17:
7925:
7754:
7709:
7644:
7624:
7619:
7594:
7574:
7549:
7514:
7504:
7499:
7330:
7305:
7285:
6945:
5879:
5312:
5295:
4731:
3958:
3555:"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"
3015:
2372:
2349:
1280:
1221:
1195:
1176:
1172:
1149:
914:
838:
653:
121:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
31:
4031:
sp. nov. from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of eastern New York, USA".
3741:
3047:
Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (2004).
2571:
Walker, Matt. "Fossils of earliest land plants discovered in Argentina"
2383:
A small collection of images showing liverwort structure and diversity:
2323:
In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the
7649:
7629:
7325:
7300:
7290:
7280:
7236:
7173:
5832:
5535:
5334:
4791:
4424:
Sadava, David; David M. Hillis; H. Craig Heller; May Berenbaum (2009).
4094:
3892:
3151:"Splash-Cup Dispersal Of Gemmae In The Liverwort Marchantia-Polymorpha"
2605:
2450:
1301:
717:
704:-sensitive point of divergence with other land plants some time in the
582:
578:
562:
533:
485:
451:
443:
110:
85:
3513:
2793:, revised ed., pp. 12–23. (Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Co., 1979)
2677:. Vol. VI. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. p. 19.
7832:
7489:
7481:
7350:
2468:
1135:
1072:
738:
713:
633:
perigonia). As in other land plants, the female organs are known as
614:
570:
428:
7686:
4336:, vol. VI, p. 26. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992).
2597:
446:, but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened
4589:(note: for 500,000 million years ago read "480 million years ago".)
3299:, vol. I, pp. 243–249. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).
3208:"Postemergence Liverwort Control in Container-Grown Nursery Crops1"
7806:
7398:
7270:
5957:
5818:
5231:
4929:
4643:
4537:, 5th ed., p. 338. (Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1991)
2701:, vol. I, pp. 243–244. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)
2340:
2324:
1217:
1209:
721:
701:
661:
606:
574:
512:
170:
7819:
605:
The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid
7793:
7436:
6928:
5603:
5322:
939:
834:
529:
447:
7690:
6900:
5972:
5225:
4611:
2592:(3). American Bryological and Lichenological Society: 405–428.
829:
Traditionally, the liverworts were grouped together with other
3247:
Bidartondo, Martin I.; Duckett, Jeffrey G. (7 February 2010).
3221:(4). Horticultural Research Institute: 230–236. Archived from
724:
to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again.
684:
within the archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a
4354:
Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Goffinet, Bernard.
2947:, pp. 6 & 128. (New Zealand: Micro-Optics Press, 2000).
2347:
for "belonging to the liver". An unrelated flowering plant,
338:
395:
389:
380:
374:
368:
356:
4931:
4293:
10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[179:BPATMA]2.0.CO;2
4186:
10.1639/0007-2745(2006)109[303:UTEHOT]2.0.CO;2
362:
1284:, which is sometimes placed in its own order Monocleales.
569:, the haploid generation is represented only by the tiny
347:
4593:
Inter-relationships of Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
2780:, pp. 13–14. (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1975).
2714:, vol. I, p. 1. (New Delhi: The Chronica Botanica, 1929)
2712:
Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain
3984:, p. 139. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993).
3253:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1128:
Two of the most likely models for bryophyte evolution.
641:
archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding
30:
Not to be confused with the genus of flowering plants,
4645:
4428:(9th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 599.
2823:
Harold C. Bold, C. J. Alexopoulos, and T. Delevoryas.
2926:, pp. 1–38. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988).
2827:, 5th ed., p. 189. (New York: Harper-Collins, 1987).
2626:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
386:
365:
350:
344:
341:
4516:, 7th ed., p. 351. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2005).
3604:"The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution"
2945:
Mosses and Other Bryophytes: An Illustrated Glossary
2096:
An updated classification by Söderström et al. 2016
392:
371:
353:
7699:
7662:
7480:
7397:
7349:
7234:
7225:
7172:
6944:
6776:
6725:
6664:
6646:
6628:
6611:
6602:
6574:
6526:
6517:
6490:
6472:
6465:
6408:
6355:
6332:
6325:
6316:
6235:
6207:
6189:
6171:
6151:
6142:
6114:
6105:
6096:
6074:
6056:
6047:
5846:
5805:
5694:
5679:
5634:
5621:
5584:
5549:
5502:
5489:
5453:
5434:
5402:
5390:
5321:
5294:
5262:
5251:
5169:
5153:
5126:
5089:
5019:
4998:
4986:
4955:
4922:
4900:
4882:
4830:
4810:
4790:
4775:
2845:
Volume 1, Chapter 11-1: Photosynthesis: The Process
383:
359:
335:
2857:Plant Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach
2371:, are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in
4512:Raven, P. H., R. F. Evert, & S. E. Eichhorn.
4273:
4271:
4003:The Bryophytes of the Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic
3365:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:!2000).
3341:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2000).
3308:Pócs, Tamás. "Tropical Forest Bryophytes", p. 59
2970:The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns
7213:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4124:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:2000).
4120:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
3361:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
3337:A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),
2963:
2961:
2880:, p. 10. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992).
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
4334:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
4166:
4164:
4162:
3297:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2699:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2675:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
2617:
2615:
1156:. These fossils resemble modern species in the
783:Thalloid liverworts typically harbor symbiotic
458:(present in many mosses) and may bear marginal
5233:
4503:, p. 286. (Toronto: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964)
3431:
3429:
3427:
2972:, pp. 73–74. (London: The Macmillan Co., 1918)
27:Botanical division of non-vascular land plants
6912:
5984:
4623:
4379:"World checklist of hornworts and liverworts"
3649:
3647:
2567:
2565:
1212:-based name, the liverworts are often called
211:Stotler & Stotl.-Crand., 1977 emend. 2000
8:
4587:LiToL: Assembling the Liverwort Tree of Life
3553:Leebens-Mack, James H.; et al. (2019).
3495:
3493:
2859:, p. 27. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994).
2819:
2817:
2734:, pp. 135–140. (New York: Macmillan, 1985).
4322:. Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 119–140.
4143:Liverwort and Hornwort Flora of West Africa
2789:Conard, Henry S. and Paul L. Redfearn, Jr.
7687:
7231:
7169:
6941:
6937:
6919:
6905:
6897:
6608:
6523:
6469:
6329:
6322:
6148:
6111:
6102:
6053:
5991:
5977:
5969:
5948:
5691:
5631:
5627:
5581:
5557:
5499:
5495:
5450:
5446:
5431:
5399:
5387:
5259:
5248:
5244:
5222:
5166:
5150:
5132:
5123:
5086:
4995:
4983:
4952:
4948:
4787:
4783:
4772:
4630:
4616:
4608:
3982:The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
3923:
3921:
3104:
3102:
2401:, with antheridial and archegonial stalks.
2138:Cronquist, Takhtajan & Zimmermann 1966
552:Liverworts, like other bryophytes, have a
488:(plant body); these liverworts are termed
129:
38:
4476:
4466:
4400:
4390:
4243:
4093:
4083:
3980:Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor.
3957:
3901:
3891:
3850:
3801:
3791:
3750:
3740:
3685:1983/fbf3f371-8085-4e76-9342-e3b326e69edd
3683:
3627:
3578:
3523:1983/0b471d7e-ce54-4681-b791-1da305d9e53b
3521:
3467:1983/ad32d4da-6cb3-4ed6-add2-2415f81b46da
3465:
3407:
3272:
3074:
2983:Pain, S. (2010). "Botanical ballistics".
2878:Guide to the Liverworts of North Carolina
3201:
3199:
3139:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1314:
592:
4501:Phylogeny and Form in the Plant Kingdom
4318:. Molecular Systematics of Bryophytes.
2561:
2385:
2164:Engler 1893 sensu He-Nygrén et al. 2006
34:, that may also be called "liverwort".
4033:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3184:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
3137:The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland
3117:. Australian National Botanic Gardens
2791:How to Know the Mosses and Liverworts
2331:, the word liverwort literally means
866:'Liverworts plus mosses–basal' model
7:
7882:35e0cf6e-cd9f-445b-ac09-d5fc1d281b63
4598:Additional information on Liverworts
3316:. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1982).
3155:Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie
3049:"The evolution of plant development"
1237:, which only adds to the confusion.
1198:classify liverworts in the division
7984:Extant Ordovician first appearances
3874:Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2020).
3774:Sousa, Filipe; et al. (2020).
3382:Cox, Cymon J.; et al. (2014).
2943:Malcolm, Bill & Nancy Malcolm.
2210:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977
2154:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000
2112:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977
2104:Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000
2002:
1980:
1933:
1925:
1861:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1748:
1726:
1704:
1680:
1670:
1615:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1516:
1493:
1437:
1415:
1407:
1352:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1065:
1016:
1009:
1001:
932:
907:
882:
872:
7979:Early Ordovician first appearances
3930:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1321:Cole, Hilger & Goffinet 2021
1274:(bottle hepatics), as well as the
1270:(complex-thallus liverworts), and
859:
771:, gemmae grow at thallus margins.
25:
3715:Li, Fay-Wei; et al. (2020).
3602:Zhang, Jian; et al. (2020).
3012:The Evolution of Plant Physiology
2922:Chopra, R. N. & P. K. Kumra.
2776:Allison, K. W. & John Child.
1160:. Another Devonian fossil called
745:Some thallose liverworts such as
676:When sperm reach the archegonia,
5947:
4569:
4557:
4377:Söderström; et al. (2016).
4245:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00089.x
4085:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03433.x
3825:Su, Danyan; et al. (2021).
3176:Lepp, Heino (28 February 2008).
3024:10.1016/b978-012339552-8/50006-8
2521:
2500:
2478:
2460:
2442:
2426:
2406:
2388:
1187:, around 470 million years ago.
863:'Monophyletic bryophytes' model
652:Liverwort species may be either
538:unique membrane-bound oil bodies
331:
157:
4582:Liverwort structure in pictures
4316:Monographs in Systematic Botany
3831:Molecular Biology and Evolution
732:Some liverworts are capable of
668:, i.e. they have two tail-like
556:-dominant life cycle, with the
5958:Current definitions of Plantae
4053:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.09.002
3178:"Reproduction & Dispersal"
2825:Morphology of Plants and Fungi
2437:emerging from its archegonium.
1138:believed to be liverworts are
1:
3950:10.1080/07352689.2018.1482443
3109:Lepp, Heino (15 April 2008).
2997:10.1016/s0262-4079(10)63177-6
2778:The Liverworts of New Zealand
2534:, a large thallose liverwort.
795:fungi belonging to the genus
4426:Life: The Science of Biology
3161:(3): 199–217. Archived from
3063:Botanical Society of America
2673:Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992).
825:Relationship to other plants
2648:"Liverworts Homepage | UNB"
996:
8000:
4535:Introductory Plant Biology
3780:Frontiers in Plant Science
3054:American Journal of Botany
2901:Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.),
2755:Rudolf M. Schuster (Ed.),
2574:. (BBC, Earth News, 2010).
1266:includes the three orders
791:, however, associate with
757:produce small disc-shaped
505:
466:of high refractive index.
29:
7168:
6940:
6936:
6931:phyla/divisions by domain
6007:
5930:
5630:
5580:
5560:
5498:
5449:
5430:
5386:
5247:
5243:
5221:
5135:
5085:
4982:
4951:
4786:
4771:
4655:
4392:10.3897/phytokeys.59.6261
4029:Metzgeriothallus sharonae
3733:10.1038/s41477-020-0618-2
3676:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.048
3620:10.1038/s41477-019-0588-4
3571:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2
3458:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063
3111:"Vegetative Reproduction"
2022:
2007:
2000:
1985:
1978:
1953:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1881:
1866:
1859:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1768:
1753:
1746:
1731:
1724:
1709:
1702:
1686:
1678:
1668:
1635:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1596:
1537:
1521:
1514:
1498:
1491:
1457:
1442:
1435:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1372:
1357:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1320:
1317:
1169:Metzgeriothallus sharonae
1127:
1085:
1070:
1063:
1036:
1021:
1014:
1007:
952:
937:
930:
912:
905:
887:
880:
221:
216:
154:Scientific classification
152:
137:
128:
41:
4468:10.1186/1471-2229-14-168
2732:Introduction to Bryology
2473:, growing on moist soil.
2455:clump growing on a tree.
2355:"Doctrine of Signatures"
1229:of the buttercup family
474:Physical characteristics
419:commonly referred to as
7141:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3793:10.3389/fpls.2020.01062
1255:(simple thalloids) and
1191:Internal classification
597:Sexual life cycle of a
532:by their single-celled
4007:Bryophytum Bibliotheca
3843:10.1093/molbev/msab106
3265:10.1098/rspb.2009.1458
3076:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726
2903:New Manual of Bryology
2757:New Manual of Bryology
2253:Bartholomew-Began 1990
1208:. In addition to this
602:
525:
7903:Paleobiology Database
7369:Neocallimastigomycota
4209:Cryptogamie Bryologie
4141:Jones, E. W. (2004).
3662:(11): P2201–2012.E2.
3400:10.1093/sysbio/syt109
3312:A. J. E. Smith (Ed.)
3182:Australian Bryophytes
3115:Australian Bryophytes
2968:Campbell, Douglas H.
2924:Biology of Bryophytes
2327:, hence the name. In
2303:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
2295:Frey & Stech 2005
2279:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
2146:He-Nygrén et al. 2006
773:Marchantia polymorpha
748:Marchantia polymorpha
596:
516:
145:Kunstformen der Natur
7034:Coprothermobacterota
6804:Blepharidophyllaceae
5953:List of plant orders
5833:Pinopsida (conifers)
5819:Cycadopsida (cycads)
5811:(living gymnosperms)
5308:Leiosporocerotopsida
5027:Nephroselmidophyceae
4566:at Wikimedia Commons
4332:Schuster, Rudolf M.
3295:Schuster, Rudolf M.
3149:Equihua, C. (1987).
2697:Schuster, Rudolf M.
1225:which is actually a
734:asexual reproduction
728:Asexual reproduction
412:) are a division of
6874:Trichotemnomataceae
6712:Pseudolepicoleaceae
6672:Blepharostomataceae
5661:Archaeopteridopsida
5394:Polysporangiophytes
5118:Klebsormidiophyceae
5101:Mesostigmatophyceae
5047:Chlorodendrophyceae
5011:Pyramimonadophyceae
4965:Prasinodermophyceae
4859:Compsopogonophyceae
4533:Stern, Kingsley R.
4499:Dittmer, Howard J.
4045:2008RPaPa.148..154H
3942:2018CRvPS..37..113C
3668:2020CBio...30E2001H
3450:2018CBio...28E.733P
3018:. pp. 85–107.
2710:Kashyap, Shiv Ram.
2319:Economic importance
2227:von Klinggräff 1858
2220:(leafy liverworts)
2199:(bottle liverworts)
2182:(complex thalloids)
1287:A third class, the
1259:(leafy liverworts).
1140:compression fossils
508:below for examples.
490:thallose liverworts
217:Classes and orders
7364:Blastocladiomycota
6594:Neotrichocoleaceae
6393:Pseudomoerckiaceae
6364:Phyllothalliineae
5999:Classification of
5852:(flowering plants)
5773:Lyginopteridopsida
5566:Eophyllophytopsida
5519:Zosterophyllopsida
5457:Paratracheophytes*
5235:sensu strictissimo
5145:Coleochaetophyceae
5128:Phragmoplastophyta
4970:Palmophyllophyceae
4892:Glaucocystophyceae
4854:Stylonematophyceae
4849:Porphyridiophyceae
4638:Classification of
4009:, Band 34, 1987).
4001:Oostendorp, Cora.
3893:10.7717/peerj.8995
3388:Systematic Biology
3135:Smith, AJE (1989)
2855:Fosket, Donald E.
2514:thallose liverwort
1489:Jungermanniopsida
754:Lunularia cruciata
603:
545:or an experienced
526:
523:Lunularia cruciata
519:thallose liverwort
464:complex oil bodies
7954:
7953:
7890:Open Tree of Life
7693:Taxon identifiers
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7658:
7657:
7221:
7220:
7164:
7163:
7156:Verrucomicrobiota
6894:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6859:Solenostomataceae
6799:Balantiopsidaceae
6748:Cephaloziellaceae
6738:Anastrophyllaceae
6513:
6512:
6461:
6460:
6437:Fossombroniineae
6374:Pallaviciniineae
6368:Phyllothalliaceae
6318:Jungermanniopsida
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6138:
6137:
6092:
6091:
6049:Haplomitriopsida
5966:
5965:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5860:Basal angiosperms
5761:Gigantopteridales
5710:seed plant groups
5708:and other extinct
5675:
5674:
5649:Noeggerathiopsida
5617:
5616:
5572:Trimerophytopsida
5545:
5544:
5485:
5484:
5441:(vascular plants)
5406:Protracheophytes*
5382:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5345:Andreaeobryopsida
5286:Jungermanniopsida
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5106:Chlorokybophyceae
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5037:Chloropicophyceae
4978:
4977:
4957:Prasinodermophyta
4918:
4917:
4562:Media related to
4514:Biology of Plants
4455:BMC Plant Biology
4122:Bryophyte Biology
3565:(7780): 679–685.
3514:10.1111/nph.15587
3444:(5): 733–745.e2.
3363:Bryophyte Biology
3339:Bryophyte Biology
3314:Bryophyte Ecology
3259:(1680): 485–492.
3165:on 26 April 2012.
3033:978-0-12-339552-8
2991:(2792/3): 45–47.
2730:Schofield, W. B.
2624:Bryophyte Biology
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2211:
2207:Jungermanniopsida
2198:
2190:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2034:
1966:
1965:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1819:Jungermanniopsida
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1248:includes the two
1246:Jungermanniopsida
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1049:
1048:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
761:in shallow cups.
664:of liverworts is
323:
322:
274:Jungermanniopsida
212:
138:"Hepaticae" from
16:(Redirected from
7991:
7947:
7946:
7934:
7933:
7921:
7920:
7911:
7910:
7898:
7897:
7885:
7884:
7875:
7874:
7862:
7861:
7849:
7848:
7836:
7835:
7823:
7822:
7810:
7809:
7797:
7796:
7784:
7783:
7771:
7770:
7758:
7757:
7748:
7747:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7688:
7432:Anthocerotophyta
7311:Hemimastigophora
7232:
7203:Nitrososphaerota
7170:
7146:Thermomicrobiota
7086:Kiritimatiellota
7081:Ignavibacteriota
7046:Deferribacterota
7009:Campylobacterota
6994:Bdellovibrionota
6942:
6938:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6898:
6869:Stephaniellaceae
6844:Jungermanniaceae
6777:Jungermanniineae
6702:Mastigophoraceae
6638:Schistochilaceae
6630:Perssoniellineae
6609:
6584:Herzogianthaceae
6524:
6470:
6451:Petalophyllaceae
6446:Fossombroniaceae
6417:Calyculariineae
6398:Sandeothallaceae
6388:Pallaviciniaceae
6330:
6323:
6227:Sphaerocarpaceae
6181:Neohodgsoniaceae
6149:
6112:
6103:
6054:
6034:Acrogymnospermae
5993:
5986:
5979:
5970:
5951:
5950:
5865:Core angiosperms
5853:
5812:
5807:Acrogymnospermae
5785:Peltaspermopsida
5767:Glossopteridales
5749:Corystospermales
5731:Callistophytales
5711:
5703:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5655:Aneurophytopsida
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5582:
5558:
5554:
5513:Barinophytopsida
5500:
5496:
5492:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5432:
5414:Horneophytopsida
5405:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5328:
5313:Anthocerotopsida
5301:
5296:Anthocerotophyta
5276:Haplomitriopsida
5269:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5223:
5176:
5167:
5161:Zygnematophyceae
5151:
5133:
5124:
5094:
5087:
5062:Trebouxiophyceae
5032:Picocystophyceae
4996:
4992:
4984:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4837:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4684:
4664:
4649:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4609:
4574:Data related to
4573:
4561:
4546:
4531:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4470:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4351:
4345:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4247:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4168:
4157:
4156:
4138:
4132:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4039:(2–4): 154–162.
4024:
4018:
3999:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3936:(2–3): 113–127.
3925:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3837:(8): 3332–3344.
3822:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3795:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3687:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3525:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3469:
3433:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3379:
3373:
3355:
3349:
3331:
3325:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3215:J. Environ. Hort
3212:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3078:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2895:
2889:
2876:Hicks, Marie L.
2874:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2821:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2728:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2525:
2504:
2482:
2464:
2446:
2433:A sporophyte of
2430:
2410:
2392:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2209:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2109:Haplomitriopsida
2103:
2003:
1981:
1976:Jungermanniidae
1934:
1926:
1862:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1749:
1727:
1705:
1681:
1671:
1616:
1610:Haplomitriopsida
1606:
1599:
1592:
1517:
1494:
1438:
1416:
1411:Marchantiopsida
1408:
1353:
1347:Haplomitriopsida
1343:
1336:
1331:Marchantiophyta
1328:
1315:
1290:Haplomitriopsida
1066:
1017:
1010:
1002:
997:
933:
908:
883:
873:
860:
720:to form haploid
500:scale liverworts
495:leafy liverworts
411:
410:
409:
408:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
377:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
225:Haplomitriopsida
210:
162:
161:
133:
115:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7974:Plant divisions
7959:
7958:
7955:
7950:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7918:marchantiophyta
7916:
7914:
7906:
7901:
7893:
7888:
7880:
7878:
7870:
7865:
7857:
7852:
7844:
7839:
7831:
7826:
7818:
7813:
7805:
7800:
7792:
7787:
7779:
7774:
7766:
7761:
7753:
7751:
7743:
7738:
7731:Marchantiophyta
7729:
7728:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7701:Marchantiophyta
7695:
7685:
7676:
7654:
7605:Gnathostomulida
7510:Xenacoelomorpha
7476:
7472:Flowering plant
7427:Marchantiophyta
7393:
7359:Chytridiomycota
7345:
7217:
7160:
7116:Planctomycetota
7076:Gemmatimonadota
7061:Elusimicrobiota
6954:Acidobacteriota
6932:
6925:
6895:
6878:
6824:Gymnomitriaceae
6814:Endogemmataceae
6772:
6763:Obtusifoliaceae
6753:Hygrobiellaceae
6721:
6717:Trichocoleaceae
6707:Plagiochilaceae
6660:
6642:
6624:
6604:Jungermanniales
6598:
6570:
6546:Lepidolaenaceae
6541:Goebeliellaceae
6519:Jungermanniidae
6509:
6486:
6457:
6421:Calyculariaceae
6410:Fossombroniales
6404:
6378:Hymenophytaceae
6357:Pallaviciniales
6351:
6347:Noterocladaceae
6304:
6300:Wiesnerellaceae
6285:Monosoleniaceae
6255:Conocephalaceae
6231:
6209:Sphaerocarpales
6203:
6185:
6173:Neohodgsoniales
6167:
6134:
6098:Marchantiopsida
6088:
6070:
6066:Haplomitriaceae
6043:
6024:Marchantiophyta
6003:
6001:Marchantiophyta
5997:
5967:
5962:
5886:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5810:
5809:
5801:
5755:Czekanowskiales
5709:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5671:
5635:
5622:
5613:
5585:Moniliformopses
5576:
5550:
5541:
5491:Eutracheophytes
5490:
5481:
5454:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5426:
5403:
5391:
5374:
5365:Polytrichopsida
5360:Tetraphidopsida
5326:
5325:
5317:
5299:
5298:
5290:
5281:Marchantiopsida
5267:
5266:
5264:Marchantiophyta
5252:
5239:
5185:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5149:
5122:
5090:
5073:
5015:
5006:Mamiellophyceae
4987:
4974:
4943:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4896:
4878:
4874:Florideophyceae
4864:Rhodellophyceae
4844:Cyanidiophyceae
4835:
4834:
4826:
4806:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4682:
4660:
4651:
4636:
4576:Marchantiophyta
4564:Marchantiophyta
4554:
4549:
4532:
4528:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4494:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4331:
4327:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4170:
4169:
4160:
4153:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4115:
4111:
4072:New Phytologist
4065:
4064:
4060:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4000:
3996:
3979:
3975:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3656:Current Biology
3653:
3652:
3645:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3502:New Phytologist
3499:
3498:
3491:
3438:Current Biology
3435:
3434:
3425:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3356:
3352:
3332:
3328:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3228:on 24 July 2012
3225:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2966:
2959:
2942:
2938:
2921:
2917:
2896:
2892:
2875:
2871:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2750:
2746:
2729:
2718:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2654:on 24 July 2021
2646:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2598:10.2307/3242017
2583:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2509:Riccia fluitans
2505:
2496:
2493:leafy liverwort
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2381:
2368:Riccia fluitans
2321:
2292:Pallaviciniales
2284:Fossombroniales
2224:Jungermanniales
2215:Jungermanniidae
2194:Sphaerocarpales
2186:Neohodgsoniales
2135:Marchantiopsida
2101:Marchantiophyta
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
1988:Jungermanniales
1967:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1884:Pallaviciniales
1869:Fossombroniales
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1734:Sphaerocarpales
1712:Neohodgsoniales
1675:Marchantiopsida
1658:
1649:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1540:Jungermanniales
1480:
1471:
1460:Sphaerocarpales
1395:
1386:
1272:Sphaerocarpales
1264:Marchantiopsida
1257:Jungermanniales
1227:flowering plant
1200:Marchantiophyta
1193:
1148:from the Upper
1145:Pallaviciniites
1117:
1108:
1099:
1050:
1024:vascular plants
993:
984:
975:
966:
890:vascular plants
827:
822:
813:
781:
730:
698:apical meristem
601:-like liverwort
591:
481:
476:
405:
404:
403:
379:
334:
330:
327:Marchantiophyta
294:Pallaviciniales
284:Jungermanniales
279:Fossombroniales
267:Sphaerocarpales
262:Neohodgsoniales
242:Marchantiopsida
209:
207:Marchantiophyta
156:
124:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7997:
7995:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7961:
7960:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7935:
7922:
7912:
7899:
7886:
7876:
7863:
7850:
7837:
7824:
7811:
7798:
7785:
7772:
7759:
7749:
7736:
7721:
7705:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7670:
7668:
7665:Incertae sedis
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7610:Micrognathozoa
7607:
7602:
7600:Acanthocephala
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7442:Lycopodiophyta
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7256:Ancyromonadida
7253:
7248:
7242:
7240:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7208:Thermoproteota
7205:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7178:
7176:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7121:Pseudomonadota
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7096:Mycoplasmatota
7093:
7091:Lentisphaerota
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7071:Fusobacteriota
7068:
7066:Fibrobacterota
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6969:Armatimonadota
6966:
6961:
6959:Actinomycetota
6956:
6950:
6948:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6901:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6849:Notoscyphaceae
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6809:Calypogeiaceae
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6743:Cephaloziaceae
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6726:Cephaloziineae
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6697:Lophocoleaceae
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6665:Lophocoleineae
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6620:Diettertiaceae
6615:
6613:
6612:Diettertiineae
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6530:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6414:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6275:Marchantiaceae
6272:
6270:Dumortieraceae
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6109:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6058:Haplomitriales
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6029:Polypodiophyta
6026:
6021:
6016:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5939:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5793:
5791:Pentoxylopsida
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5725:Calamopityales
5721:
5714:
5712:
5689:
5682:Spermatophytes
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5642:
5639:Progymnosperms
5625:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5604:Polypodiopsida
5601:
5599:Cladoxylopsida
5595:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5561:
5555:
5552:Euphyllophytes
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5524:Lycopodiopsida
5521:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5465:Cooksoniopsida
5460:
5458:
5444:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5397:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5355:Oedipodiopsida
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5257:
5241:
5240:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4999:Prasinophytina
4993:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4946:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4902:incertae sedis
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4781:
4778:Archaeplastida
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:Mesomycetozoea
4754:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4693:Diaphoretickes
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4640:Archaeplastida
4637:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4579:
4578:at Wikispecies
4567:
4553:
4552:External links
4550:
4548:
4547:
4526:
4505:
4492:
4441:
4435:978-1429246446
4434:
4416:
4369:
4346:
4325:
4306:
4287:(2): 179–213.
4281:The Bryologist
4267:
4218:
4199:
4180:(3): 303–334.
4174:The Bryologist
4158:
4151:
4133:
4109:
4078:(2): 365–369.
4058:
4019:
4005:, pp. 70–71. (
3994:
3973:
3917:
3866:
3817:
3766:
3727:(3): 259–272.
3707:
3643:
3614:(2): 107–118.
3594:
3545:
3508:(1): 565–575.
3489:
3423:
3394:(2): 272–279.
3374:
3350:
3326:
3301:
3288:
3239:
3195:
3168:
3141:
3128:
3098:
3069:): 1726–1741.
3039:
3032:
3002:
2975:
2957:
2936:
2915:
2890:
2869:
2848:
2837:
2813:
2802:
2782:
2769:
2744:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2683:
2665:
2639:
2632:
2611:
2586:The Bryologist
2576:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
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2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2527:
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2432:
2425:
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2394:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2287:Schljakov 1972
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:Schljakov 1972
2263:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2243:Schljakov 1972
2237:
2235:Schljakov 1972
2229:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2180:Limpricht 1877
2174:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:Schljakov 1972
2122:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1700:Marchantiidae
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:Haplomitriales
1619:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:Haplomitriales
1356:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1285:
1260:
1192:
1189:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:
968:
967:
963:
962:
959:
958:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
936:
931:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
911:
906:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
886:
881:
879:
871:
868:
867:
864:
826:
823:
821:
820:Classification
818:
812:
809:
780:
777:
729:
726:
710:Early Devonian
590:
587:
480:
477:
475:
472:
435:, they have a
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
271:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
239:
238:
237:
232:
219:
218:
214:
213:
204:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
150:
149:
135:
134:
126:
125:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7996:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7957:
7945:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7389:Basidiomycota
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7374:Glomeromycota
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:Stramenopiles
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7261:Apusomonadida
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7197:Nanoarchaeota
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7183:Euryarchaeota
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7131:Spirochaetota
7129:
7127:
7126:Rhodothermota
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7056:Dictyoglomota
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7040:Cyanobacteria
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7029:Chrysiogenota
7027:
7025:
7024:Chloroflexota
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:Calditrichota
7002:
7000:
6999:Caldisericota
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6974:Atribacterota
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6922:
6917:
6915:
6910:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6854:Saccogynaceae
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6839:Jackiellaceae
6837:
6835:
6834:Harpanthaceae
6832:
6830:
6829:Gyrothyraceae
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:Geocalycaceae
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:Acrobolbaceae
6782:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Adelanthaceae
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:Lepidoziaceae
6690:
6688:
6687:Lepicoleaceae
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:Frullaniaceae
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6505:Metzgeriaceae
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6482:Pleuroziaceae
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6441:Allisoniaceae
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:Targioniaceae
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6265:Cyathodiaceae
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6237:Marchantiales
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Monocarpaceae
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6199:Lunulariaceae
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6144:Marchantiidae
6141:
6131:
6130:Treubiitaceae
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:Bennettitales
5716:
5715:
5713:
5700:
5699:Pteridosperms
5693:
5690:
5686:(seed plants)
5683:
5678:
5668:
5667:Protopityales
5664:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5548:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5488:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5438:
5437:Tracheophytes
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Andreaeopsida
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5175:(land plants)
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5068:
5067:Chlorophyceae
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Pedinophyceae
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:Chlorophytina
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4924:Viridiplantae
4921:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Bangiophyceae
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Stramenopiles
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4683:(major groups
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4543:0-697-09947-4
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4522:0-7167-1007-2
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4385:(59): 1–826.
4384:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4342:0-914868-21-7
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4215:(2): 131–150.
4214:
4210:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4152:90-72619-61-7
4148:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:0-521-66097-1
4127:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4015:3-443-62006-X
4012:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3990:0-13-651589-4
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3959:10400.1/14557
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:Nature Plants
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:Nature Plants
3605:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:0-521-66097-1
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:0-521-66097-1
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3322:0-412-22340-6
3319:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:New Scientist
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:0-473-06730-7
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2932:0-470-21359-0
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:0-8223-1175-5
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:0-12-262430-0
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:0-06-040839-1
2830:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:0-697-04768-7
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:0-02-949660-8
2737:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2684:0-914868-21-7
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2633:0-521-66097-1
2629:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2512:, an aquatic
2511:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:Marchantiales
2175:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:Marchantiidae
2159:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1929:Metzgeriidae
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:Marchantiales
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:Marchantiales
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1318:Forrest 2006
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Marchantiales
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:Ranunculaceae
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Hepaticophyta
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:Protosalvinia
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:embryophytes
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
988:
987:
979:
978:
970:
969:
961:
960:
957:
956:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
935:
934:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
885:
884:
878:
875:
874:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
819:
817:
810:
808:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
793:basidiomycete
790:
786:
785:glomeromycete
778:
776:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
743:
741:
740:
735:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:Late Silurian
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:fertilisation
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:to produce a
608:
600:
595:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
524:
520:
515:
511:
509:
507:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
478:
473:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
407:
400:
328:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
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257:Marchantiales
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7663:
7585:Orthonectida
7580:Gastrotricha
7555:Nematomorpha
7530:Chaetognatha
7520:Hemichordate
7447:Pteridophyta
7426:
7316:Malawimonada
7190:Korarchaeota
7151:Thermotogota
7136:Synergistota
7111:Nitrospirota
7106:Nitrospinota
7051:Deinococcota
6984:Bacteroidota
6864:Southbyaceae
6794:Arnelliaceae
6789:Antheliaceae
6768:Scapaniaceae
6758:Lophoziaceae
6682:Herbertaceae
6589:Ptilidiaceae
6566:Lejeuneaceae
6492:Metzgeriales
6474:Pleuroziales
6466:Metzgeriidae
6427:Makinoineae
6383:Moerckiaceae
6280:Monocleaceae
6260:Corsiniaceae
6191:Lunulariales
6163:Naiaditaceae
6039:Angiospermae
6000:
5936:paraphyletic
5848:Angiospermae
5825:
5824:Ginkgoales (
5797:Petriellales
5779:Medullosales
5706:(seed ferns)
5419:
5340:Sphagnopsida
5335:Takakiopsida
5268:(liverworts)
5263:
5234:
5228:Embryophytes
5182:(see below↓)
5140:Charophyceae
5110:
5092:Streptophyta
4944:land plants)
4932:
4901:
4819:
4812:Rhodelphidia
4799:
4742:Opisthokonta
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2642:
2623:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2530:Conocephalum
2528:
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2489:asplenioides
2485:
2467:
2449:
2434:
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2395:
2382:
2366:
2359:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2313:
2266:Pleuroziales
2261:Chalaud 1930
2258:Metzgeriales
2250:Metzgeriidae
2169:Lunulariales
2100:
2095:
2023:
2008:
1986:
1956:Pleuroziales
1954:
1941:Metzgeriales
1939:
1882:
1867:
1845:
1769:
1756:Lunulariales
1754:
1732:
1710:
1687:
1636:
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1538:
1524:Metzgeriales
1522:
1501:Metzgeriales
1499:
1458:
1443:
1421:
1373:
1358:
1306:
1300:
1296:Haplomitrium
1294:
1288:
1279:
1263:
1253:Metzgeriales
1245:
1239:
1234:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1199:
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1161:
1158:Metzgeriales
1143:
1133:
1086:
1071:
1037:
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953:
938:
913:
888:
877:embryophytes
850:
847:paraphyletic
842:
828:
814:
802:
796:
782:
772:
766:
762:
752:
746:
744:
737:
731:
693:
689:
685:
675:
666:biflagellate
665:
651:
646:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:
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577:, while the
551:
527:
522:
503:
499:
493:
489:
482:
468:
441:
424:
420:
414:non-vascular
326:
324:
304:Pleuroziales
289:Metzgeriales
252:Lunulariales
206:
190:
184:Embryophytes
177:
143:
36:
7828:iNaturalist
7725:Wikispecies
7640:Brachiopoda
7615:Cycliophora
7560:Onychophora
7535:Kinorhyncha
7457:Ginkgophyta
7452:Cycadophyta
7417:Chlorophyta
7407:Glaucophyta
7101:Myxococcota
7019:Chlorobiota
7014:Chlamydiota
6677:Grolleaceae
6576:Ptilidiales
6536:Porellaceae
6431:Makinoaceae
6245:Aytoniaceae
6154:Naiaditales
6084:Treubiaceae
6011:Supergroup
5743:Cordaitales
5737:Caytoniales
5623:Lignophytes
5606:(ferns and
5532:spikemosses
5471:Rhyniopsida
5421:Aglaophyton
5300:(hornworts)
5171:Embryophyta
5154:Anydrophyta
5112:Spirotaenia
5057:Ulvophyceae
4990:Chlorophyta
4940:green algae
4910:Algospongia
4884:Glaucophyta
4836:(red algae)
4238:(1): 1–31.
4095:11336/55341
3232:24 December
3188:22 December
3121:22 December
2911:49381633045
2765:49381633045
2551:Embryophyte
2487:Plagiochila
2453:platyphylla
2415:archegonium
2363:soil crusts
2339:, from the
2333:liver plant
2329:Old English
2240:Ptilidiales
2218:Engler 1893
2197:Cavers 1910
2120:Hamlin 1972
2117:Calobryales
2025:Ptilidiales
1235:Hepatophyta
1196:Bryologists
804:Serendipita
643:perichaetum
567:seed plants
554:gametophyte
479:Description
437:gametophyte
417:land plants
314:Ptilidiales
230:Calobryales
48:472–0
7969:Liverworts
7963:Categories
7673:Parakaryon
7635:Entoprocta
7570:Arthropoda
7565:Tardigrada
7545:Priapulida
7540:Loricifera
7525:Echinoderm
7495:Ctenophora
7467:Gnetophyta
7422:Charophyta
7412:Rhodophyta
7384:Ascomycota
7379:Zygomycota
7321:Metamonada
7296:Euglenozoa
7281:Ciliophora
6989:Balneolota
6964:Aquificota
6561:Jubulaceae
6551:Radulaceae
6528:Porellales
6500:Aneuraceae
6342:Pelliaceae
6290:Ricciaceae
6250:Cleveaceae
6222:Riellaceae
6124:Blasiaceae
6076:Treubiales
5870:Magnoliids
5838:Gnetopsida
5608:horsetails
5536:quillworts
5528:clubmosses
5504:Lycophytes
5477:Renaliales
5254:Bryophytes
4832:Rhodophyta
4821:Rhodelphis
4603:Liverworts
4362:6 December
4232:Cladistics
2557:References
2399:polymorpha
2397:Marchantia
2232:Porellales
2125:Treubiales
2010:Porellales
1835:Pelliidae
1684:Blasiidae
1638:Treubiales
1375:Treubiales
1308:Apotreubia
1205:Marchantia
1185:Ordovician
1088:liverworts
1060:setaphytes
955:liverworts
927:setaphytes
902:bryophytes
851:sensu lato
831:bryophytes
798:Tulasnella
789:Aneuraceae
763:Marchantia
682:sporophyte
635:archegonia
627:perigonium
619:antheridia
599:Marchantia
589:Life cycle
558:sporophyte
547:bryologist
543:microscopy
425:liverworts
309:Porellales
235:Treubiales
203:Division:
118:Ordovician
42:Liverworts
18:Liverworts
7590:Dicyemida
7462:Pinophyta
7341:Telonemia
7276:Cryptista
7266:Breviatea
7251:Amoebozoa
7246:Alveolata
7227:Eukaryote
6979:Bacillota
6656:Myliaceae
6648:Myliineae
6334:Pelliales
6326:Pelliidae
6116:Blasiales
6107:Blasiidae
6019:Bryophyta
5370:Bryopsida
5323:Bryophyta
5052:UTC clade
4801:Picomonas
4737:Amoebozoa
4715:Alveolata
4703:Cryptista
4678:Eukaryota
4383:PhytoKeys
3702:215798377
3085:0002-9122
2546:Bryophyte
2471:epiphylla
2373:aquariums
2345:hēpaticus
2300:Pelliales
2276:Pelliidae
2189:Long 2006
2172:Long 2006
2151:Blasiales
2143:Blasiidae
1847:Pelliales
1689:Blasiales
1423:Blasiales
1276:Blasiales
1171:from the
1039:hornworts
915:hornworts
855:Setaphyta
843:Hepaticae
839:hornworts
779:Symbiosis
768:Metzgeria
670:flagellae
658:monoicous
639:singular:
623:singular:
611:protonema
433:hornworts
299:Pelliales
247:Blasiales
197:Setaphyta
167:Kingdom:
7931:35210941
7926:Tropicos
7846:11907001
7752:BioLib:
7710:Wikidata
7650:Annelida
7645:Mollusca
7625:Phoronid
7620:Nemertea
7595:Rotifera
7575:Flatworm
7550:Nematoda
7515:Chordate
7505:Cnidaria
7500:Placozoa
7331:Rhizaria
7306:Haptista
7286:Cercozoa
6946:Bacteria
5880:Eudicots
5875:Monocots
5593:Ibykales
5327:(mosses)
5232:Plantae
4930:Plantae
4732:Amorphea
4710:Rhizaria
4698:Hacrobia
4688:Excavata
4673:Bacteria
4644:Plantae
4487:24939387
4411:26929706
4301:85788756
4262:86082381
4254:34892891
4194:85912159
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3968:92198979
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3283:19812075
3093:21652320
3016:Elsevier
2540:See also
2350:Hepatica
2337:hepatics
1281:Monoclea
1222:Hepatica
1181:New York
1177:Devonian
1175:(Middle
1173:Givetian
1154:New York
1150:Devonian
654:dioicous
573:and the
534:rhizoids
504:See the
452:rhizoids
421:hepatics
32:Hepatica
7794:6864901
7716:Q189808
7630:Bryozoa
7326:Provora
7301:Jakobea
7291:Discoba
7237:Protist
7174:Archaea
6927:Extant
5943:extinct
4792:Picozoa
4747:Animals
4668:Archaea
4478:4074843
4461:: 168.
4402:4758082
4041:Bibcode
3938:Bibcode
3903:7194085
3852:8321542
3803:7373204
3752:8075897
3664:Bibcode
3629:7027989
3580:6872490
3484:3269165
3446:Bibcode
3409:3926305
3274:2842645
2658:10 June
2606:3242017
2532:conicum
2451:Porella
2435:Porella
2419:Porella
2379:Gallery
1526:(part)
1503:(part)
1302:Treubia
1136:fossils
811:Ecology
718:meiosis
690:capsule
647:plural:
631:plural:
583:diploid
579:diploid
563:haploid
541:aid of
506:gallery
486:thallus
444:thallus
427:. Like
171:Plantae
148:, 1904
122:present
7944:742162
7908:306729
7879:NZOR:
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7768:256173
7745:237378
7490:Sponge
7482:Animal
5938:groups
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1250:orders
1073:mosses
940:mosses
835:mosses
759:gemmae
739:Riccia
722:spores
714:elater
615:gamete
571:pollen
530:mosses
429:mosses
7939:WoRMS
7915:PPE:
7895:56601
7841:IRMNG
7833:64615
7807:1MHTP
7755:14875
7399:Plant
7351:Fungi
7271:CRuMs
6013:Plant
4942:&
4752:Fungi
4297:S2CID
4258:S2CID
4190:S2CID
3964:S2CID
3880:PeerJ
3698:S2CID
3536:S2CID
3480:S2CID
3226:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3067:Wiley
2602:JSTOR
2343:word
2341:Latin
2325:liver
1218:genus
1210:taxon
1179:) of
702:auxin
700:, an
662:sperm
607:spore
575:ovule
460:cilia
456:costa
402:
191:Clade
178:Clade
7872:3195
7867:NCBI
7854:ITIS
7815:GBIF
7802:EPPO
7763:BOLD
7740:APNI
7437:Moss
6929:life
5941:† =
4933:s.s.
4647:s.l.
4539:ISBN
4518:ISBN
4483:PMID
4430:ISBN
4407:PMID
4364:2022
4338:ISBN
4250:PMID
4147:ISBN
4126:ISBN
4100:PMID
4011:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3908:PMID
3857:PMID
3808:PMID
3757:PMID
3690:PMID
3634:PMID
3585:PMID
3528:PMID
3472:PMID
3414:PMID
3367:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3279:PMID
3234:2011
3190:2011
3123:2011
3089:PMID
3081:ISSN
3028:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2928:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2660:2020
2628:ISBN
2491:, a
2413:The
1262:The
1244:The
837:and
751:and
694:seta
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431:and
325:The
116:Mid-
56:PreꞒ
7789:EoL
7776:CoL
5230:or
4928:or
4642:or
4473:PMC
4463:doi
4397:PMC
4387:doi
4289:doi
4285:110
4240:doi
4182:doi
4178:109
4090:hdl
4080:doi
4076:188
4049:doi
4037:148
3954:hdl
3946:doi
3898:PMC
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3839:doi
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3747:PMC
3737:hdl
3729:doi
3680:hdl
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3506:222
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