412:, as the home of his new observatory. At an altitude of over 2,100 meters (6,900 feet), with few cloudy nights, and far from city lights, Flagstaff was an excellent site for astronomical observations. This marked the first time an observatory had been deliberately located in a remote, elevated place for optimal seeing which included enhanced image quality, sharpness and steadiness. At his Flagstaff observatory Lowell favored the use of smaller telescopes rather than larger ones, believing that they were usually better for viewing fine planetary details. He was assisted in setting up his observatory by William Pickering, another observer of Mars who had noted the lines seen by Schiaparelli as well.
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His works include a detailed description of what he termed the "non-natural features" of the planet's surface, including especially a full account of the "canals," single and double; the "oases," as he termed the dark spots at their intersections; and the varying visibility of both, depending partly
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orbiter (1972), did not capture images of canals but instead showed a cratered
Martian surface. Today, the surface markings taken to be canals are regarded as an optical illusion. Psychologist Matthew J. Sharps has argued that perception of the canals by Lowell and others could have been the result
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very much saddened Lowell, a dedicated pacifist. This, along with some setbacks in his astronomical work (described below), undermined his health and contributed to his death from a stroke on
November 12, 1916, aged 61. Lowell is buried on Mars Hill near his observatory. Lowell claimed to "stick to
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While this idea excited the public, the astronomical community was skeptical. Many astronomers could not see these markings, and few believed that they were as extensive as Lowell claimed. As a result, Lowell and his observatory were largely ostracized. Although the consensus was that some actual
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were employed to calculate predicted regions for the proposed planet. The program initially used a camera 5 inches (13 cm) in aperture. The small field of view of the 42-inch (110 cm) reflecting telescope rendered the instrument impractical for searching. From 1914 to 1916, a 9-inch
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diplomatic mission to the United States. He lived in Korea for about two months. He also spent significant periods of time in Japan, writing books on
Japanese religion, psychology, and behavior. His texts are filled with observations and academic discussions of various aspects of Japanese life,
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Although Lowell's theories of the
Martian canals, of surface features on Venus, and of Planet X are now discredited, his practice of building observatories at the position where they would best function has been adopted as a principle. He also established the program and setting which made the
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refracting telescope was installed at his new
Flagstaff, Arizona observatory. Lowell observed the planet high in the daytime sky with the telescope's lens stopped down to 3 inches in diameter to reduce the effect of the turbulent daytime atmosphere. Lowell observed spoke-like surface features
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was discovered. This confirmed what had been increasingly suspected: Pluto's gravitational influence on Uranus and
Neptune is negligible, not nearly enough to account for the discrepancies in their orbits. In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a
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including a central dark spot, contrary to what was suspected then (and known now): that Venus has no surface features visible from Earth, being covered in an atmosphere that is opaque. It has been noted in a 2003
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near the location expected for Planet X. Partly in recognition of Lowell's efforts, a stylized P-L monogram (♇) – the first two letters of the new planet's name and also Lowell's initials – was chosen as Pluto's
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The image of the dying Mars and its ancient culture was retained, in numerous versions and variations, in most science fiction works depicting Mars in the first half of the twentieth century (see
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telescope in
Southern California allowed closer observation of the structures Lowell had interpreted as canals, and revealed irregular geological features, probably the result of natural erosion.
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While eventually disproved, Lowell's vision of the
Martian canals as an artifact of an ancient civilization making a desperate last effort to survive, significantly influenced the development of
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For some fifteen years (1893 to about 1908) Lowell studied Mars extensively, making intricate drawings of the surface markings as he perceived them. Lowell published his views in three books:
720:). Even when proven to be factually mistaken, the vision of Mars derived from his theories remains enshrined in works that remain in print and widely read as classics of science fiction.
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on the
Martian seasons. He theorized that an advanced but desperate culture had built the canals to tap Mars' polar ice caps, the last source of water on an inexorably drying planet.
373:(1888), contains an early synthesis of some of his ideas that, in essence, postulated that human progress is a function of the qualities of individuality and imagination. The writer
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430:, the French astronomical society. For the last 23 years of his life, astronomy, Lowell Observatory, and his and others' work at his observatory were the focal points of his life.
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471:(1908). With these writings, Lowell more than anyone else popularized the long-held belief that these markings showed that Mars sustained intelligent life forms.
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Percival Lowell in 1914, observing Venus in the daytime with the 24-inch (61 cm) Alvan Clark & Sons refracting telescope at
Flagstaff, Arizona
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Though Lowell claimed to 'stick to the church' (doubtless from my early religious training), he was an agnostic and hostile to Christianity.
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in 1892. He moved back to the United States in 1893. He became determined to study Mars and astronomy as a full-time career after reading
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were displaced from their predicted positions by the gravity of the unseen Planet X. Lowell started a search program in 1906. A team of
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In the 1880s, Lowell traveled extensively in the Far East. In August 1883, he served as a foreign secretary and counselor for a special
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s 1989 encounter with Neptune yielded a more accurate value of its mass, and the discrepancies disappeared when using this value.
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Lowell's greatest contribution to planetary studies came during the last decade of his life, which he devoted to the search for
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to be caused by the gravity of an unknown planet. Rather, they were due to an erroneous value for the mass of Neptune.
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Sheehan, W. & Dobbins, T., The spokes of Venus: an illusion explained, Journal for the History of Astronomy
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In addition, the discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Uranus and Neptune were found
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713:, which made the further logical inference that creatures from a dying planet might seek to invade Earth.
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1248:
Plotkin, Howard (1993). "William H. Pickering in Jamaica: The Founding of Woodlawn and Studies of Mars".
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including language, religious practices, economics, travel in Japan, and the development of personality.
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607:) would photograph Pluto in March and April 1915, without realizing at the time that it was not a star.
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fraternity. At his college graduation, he gave a speech, considered very advanced for its time, on the
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D., Strauss (1994). "Lowell, Percival, Pickering, W. H. and the founding of the Lowell Observatory".
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Although Lowell was better known for his observations of Mars, he also drew maps of the planet
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was used to search for Planet X. Lowell did not discover Pluto but later Lowell Observatory (
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219:; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and
1599:"SkyandTelescope.com – News from Sky & Telescope – Venus Spokes: An Explanation at Last?"
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1890:
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1842:; Nisbet, Euan; Selsis, Franck; Sleep, Norman H. (2007). "Emergence of a Habitable Planet".
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365:(1894), the latter from his third and final trip to the region. His time in Korea inspired
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2009:
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The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction
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The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction
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B., Meyer W. (1984). "Life on Mars is almost Certain + Lowell, Percival on Exobiology".
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Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries
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Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries
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836:
823:
Collected Writings on Japan and Asia, including Letters to Amy Lowell and Lafcadio Hearn
539:. He began observing Venus in detail in mid-1896 soon after the 61-centimetre (24-inch)
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called it a "colossal, splendid, godlike book." At his death he left with his assistant
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C., Heffernan W. (1981). "Lowell, Percival and the Debate over Extraterrestrial Life".
2157:
S., Hetherington N. (1981). "Lowell, Percival – Professional Scientist or Interloper".
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Lowell's influence on science fiction remains strong. The canals figure prominently in
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The existence of canal-like features was definitively disproved in the 1960s by NASA's
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1793:
The Neptune File: A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting
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On 13 March 2006, Google celebrated Percival Lowell’s 151st birthday with a doodle.
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features did exist which would account for these markings, in 1909 the sixty-inch
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J., Trefil (1988). "Turn-of-the-Century American Astronomer Lowell, Percival".
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627:. However, it would subsequently emerge that the Planet X theory was mistaken.
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in July 2003 that Lowell's stopping down of the telescope created such a small
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the church" though at least one current author describes him as an agnostic.
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as "the most influential popularizer of planetary science in America before
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295:, an early activist for prenatal care. They were the great-grandchildren of
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582:, a hypothetical planet beyond Neptune. Lowell believed that the planets
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17:
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2215:
Webb G. E. (1980). "The Planet Mars and Science in Victorian America".
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345:, before the departure of the first Korean mission to the United States
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American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer (1855–1916)
247:, and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of
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Pluto's mass could not be determined until 1978, when its satellite
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in 1876 with distinction in mathematics. While at Harvard he joined
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743:(1950). The canals, and even Lowell's mausoleum, heavily influence
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giving Lowell an image of the shadows of blood vessels cast on the
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Sharps, Matthew (2018). "Percival Lowell and the Canals of Mars".
1027:
The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899
674:
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526:
477:
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369:(1886, Boston). The most popular of Lowell's books on the Orient,
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248:
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K., Hofling C. (1964). "Percival Lowell and the Canals of Mars".
1525:. Translated by Helen Atkins. Cornell University Press. pp. 356.
1072:
Happy Birthday Percival Lowell, First Man to Imagine Life on Mars
2097:
R., Crossley (2000). "Percival Lowell and the history of Mars".
784:
on Pluto was also named in his honor after its discovery by the
228:
2423:
1552:
War of the Worlds: Fresh Perspectives on the H.G. Wells Classic
1184:
Planetary astronomy: from ancient times to the third millennium
211:
1379:
Percival Lowell: The Culture and Science of a Boston Brahmin
208:
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1186:. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.
992:"Chosön, the Land of the Morning Calm; a Sketch of Korea"
2419:
1462:. Translated by Helen Atkins. Cornell University Press.
955:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1481:
Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems
1322:
Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems
838:
Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm; a Sketch of Korea
1815:
Craters, Cosmos, and Chronicles: A New Theory of Earth
2959:
2236:
Hoyt W. G.; G., Wesley W. (1977). "Lowell and Mars".
507:
of a combination of psychological factors, including
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
205:
3136:
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
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1974:"13 March: Remembering Percival Lowell on Birthday"
917:"The Bizarre Beliefs of Astronomer Percival Lowell"
202:
177:
163:
137:
127:
117:
109:
98:
79:
53:
34:
1689:(1946). "The Search for the Ninth Planet, Pluto".
1048:Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System
299:and, on their mother's side, the grandchildren of
2310:. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc.
482:Craters on the Mars surface (frame 11) imaged by
1681:
1679:
1677:
264:Percival Lowell was born on March 13, 1855, in
276:and Katherine Bigelow Lowell. A member of the
3141:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2435:
1751:(in case unicode character not shown in text)
1721:"Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 134340"
1631:, Vol. 34, Part 1, No. 114, pp. 53–63 (2003)
688:possible. Lowell has been described by other
383:Peaks and Plateaux in the Effect on Tree Life
381:an unpublished manuscript of a book entitled
322:. He was later awarded honorary degrees from
8:
1691:Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1889:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 151.
1885:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1886) Lowell".
1838:Zahnle, K.; Arndt, Nick; Cockell, Charles;
1651:
1649:
1647:
1633:via SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
1348:Journal of the British Astronomical Society
1029:(Rutland VT: The Tuttle Company, 1899), 283
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2420:
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1817:. Stanford University Press. p. 494.
1660:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95.
455:Martian canals depicted by Percival Lowell
42:
31:
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1381:. Harvard University Press. p. 280.
1126:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1102:
1100:
2056:"Decline and Fall of the Martian Empire"
400:. He was particularly interested in the
2966:
1219:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1121:"Book of Members, 1780–2019: Chapter L"
907:
223:who fueled speculation that there were
2005:
1995:
1767:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1428:"Life on Mars? You Read It Here First"
1004:from the original on November 12, 2013
927:from the original on December 25, 2021
502:missions. Mariner 4, 6 and 7, and the
357:Books by Lowell on the Orient include
2416:, with 17 library catalog records
2267:British Journal of Medical Psychology
1961:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1943:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1925:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
1658:Mars: a tour of the human imagination
1548:"H.G. Wells' Enduring Mythos of Mars"
1177:
1175:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
548:paper and in an article published in
390:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
2308:The Cyclopædia of American Biography
1440:from the original on October 2, 2015
1426:Dunlap, David W. (October 1, 2015).
1250:Journal for the History of Astronomy
817:Occult Japan, or the Way of the Gods
599:(23 cm) telescope on loan from
546:Journal for the History of Astronomy
367:Chosön: The Land of the Morning Calm
363:Occult Japan, or the Way of the Gods
2229:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1980.0304_573.x
2032:from the original on March 13, 2023
1984:from the original on March 13, 2023
1972:Desk, OV Digital (March 12, 2023).
1959:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1941:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1923:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
1723:. SwRI (Space Science Department).
825:, 5 vols., Tokyo: Edition Synapse.
810:Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan
780:on Mars, were named after him. The
388:Lowell was elected a Fellow of the
359:Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan
3106:American people of English descent
2279:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1964.tb01304.x
1727:from the original on June 22, 2011
1302:from the original on March 1, 2024
753:as well as all other books in the
25:
2355:Works by or about Percival Lowell
1764:Astronomy: A Physical Perspective
1358:from the original on May 23, 2022
1133:from the original on May 19, 2024
404:, as drawn by Italian astronomer
341:Lowell (front row, rightmost) in
287:, the educator and legal scholar
283:, his siblings included the poet
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3005:
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2719:
2713:
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2321:
2293:
2025:Percival Lowell's 151st Birthday
1887:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1746:
1155:Life on Mars; The Complete Story
867:
641:International Astronomical Union
198:
183:
2188:Journal of the History of Ideas
2159:Journal of the History of Ideas
1070:Balik, Rachel (March 13, 2010)
915:Eschner, Kat (March 13, 2017).
772:in 1949, as well as the crater
679:Coat of Arms of Percival Lowell
3116:People from Flagstaff, Arizona
2300:Homans, James E., ed. (1918).
1895:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1887
1110:. RG Badger, 1921, pp. 33, 46.
428:Société astronomique de France
417:American Philosophical Society
231:, and furthered theories of a
1:
1546:(2005). Glenn Yeffeth (ed.).
1215:Hoyt, William Graves (1976).
1108:Percival Lowell: An Afterglow
1094:Progressives vs Conservatives
948:"Percival Lowell (1855-1916)"
562:, it may have become a giant
422:In 1904, Lowell received the
2398:BBC Science: Percival Lowell
1761:Kutner, Marc Leslie (2003).
410:Flagstaff, Arizona Territory
330:. After graduation he ran a
306:Percival graduated from the
2370:(public domain audiobooks)
2238:American Journal of Physics
2217:Journal of American Culture
1050:. Courier. pp. 62–63.
776:on the Moon and the crater
426:, the highest award of the
3157:
3121:Businesspeople from Boston
2865:
1638:December 11, 2016, at the
1270:10.1177/002182869302400104
1182:Schorn, Ronald A. (1998).
707:'s influential 1898 novel
486:as it flew by Mars in 1965
444:
415:Lowell was elected to the
308:Noble and Greenough School
251:14 years after his death.
122:Noble and Greenough School
2711:
2457:
2124:10.1080/00033799400200121
1864:10.1007/s11214-007-9225-z
1479:Croswell, Kenneth (1997)
1320:Croswell, Kenneth (1997)
858:Mars As the Abode of Life
469:Mars As the Abode of Life
182:
173:
156:
41:
3101:Discoverers of asteroids
2814:IAU definition of planet
2364:Works by Percival Lowell
2346:Works by Percival Lowell
2303:"Lowell, Percival"
1656:Rabkin, Eric S. (2005).
1521:Guthke, Karl S. (1990).
1458:Guthke, Karl S. (1990).
1344:"Astronomy on Mars Hill"
803:The Soul of the Far East
671:Lowell mausoleum in 2013
493:Mount Wilson Observatory
371:The Soul of the Far East
1937:"Martian crater Lowell"
1377:Strauss, David (2001).
1077:March 15, 2009, at the
1046:Littmann, Mark (1985).
873:The Evolution of Worlds
864:The Evolution of Worlds
293:Elizabeth Lowell Putnam
48:Percival Lowell in 1904
3111:Harvard College alumni
2914:Trans-Neptunian object
2615:Coleta de Dados Colles
2403:March 7, 2017, at the
2326:Quotations related to
946:Agassiz, G.R. (1917).
736:The Martian Chronicles
684:discovery of Pluto by
680:
672:
541:Alvan Clark & Sons
532:
509:individual differences
487:
456:
346:
289:Abbott Lawrence Lowell
1919:"Lunar crater Lowell"
1844:Space Science Reviews
1791:Standage, Tom (2000)
1158:. London: Blandford.
1152:Chambers, P. (1999).
1081:. findingdulcinea.com
997:World Digital Library
866:(1910) (Full text at
710:The War of the Worlds
678:
670:
530:
515:reconfiguration, and
481:
454:
445:Further information:
406:Giovanni Schiaparelli
340:
3091:American astronomers
2809:Definition of planet
2802:Official definitions
2572:Tombaugh "The Heart"
2342:at Wikimedia Commons
2099:Massachusetts Review
1813:Shaw, H. R. (1994).
1605:on February 21, 2009
1500:Kidger, Mark (2005)
1404:Kidger, Mark (2005)
1296:search.amphilsoc.org
1292:"APS Member History"
921:Smithsonian Magazine
790:spacecraft in 2015.
751:Edgar Rice Burroughs
690:planetary scientists
605:observatory code 690
2840:Neil deGrasse Tyson
2414:Library of Congress
2250:1977AmJPh..45..316H
2054:K., Zahnel (2001).
1856:2007SSRv..129...35Z
1719:(August 11, 2008).
1703:1946ASPL....5...73T
1262:1993JHA....24..101P
1092:Empress Myeongseong
852:Mars and Its Canals
625:astronomical symbol
465:Mars and Its Canals
316:Delta Kappa Epsilon
272:, the first son of
260:Early life and work
3096:American pacifists
3086:American agnostics
2861:Lowell Observatory
2823:Scientist opinions
2379:Lowell Observatory
2008:has generic name (
1581:Skeptical Inquirer
1433:The New York Times
1342:McKim, R. (1995).
731:Robert A. Heinlein
681:
673:
616:Lowell Observatory
601:Sproul Observatory
596:Elizabeth Williams
533:
488:
457:
424:Prix Jules Janssen
394:Camille Flammarion
347:
320:nebular hypothesis
245:Flagstaff, Arizona
241:Lowell Observatory
132:Harvard University
104:Lowell Observatory
91:Flagstaff, Arizona
2957:
2956:
2927:
2926:
2709:
2708:
2610:Challenger Colles
2350:Project Gutenberg
2338:Media related to
2146:American Heritage
2112:Annals of Science
1904:978-3-540-00238-3
1106:Leonard, Louise.
1023:Lowell, Delmar R.
831:978-4-901481-48-9
614:, working at the
551:Sky and Telescope
239:. He founded the
191:
190:
158:Scientific career
83:November 12, 1916
16:(Redirected from
3148:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2835:Michael E. Brown
2799:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2651:Sputnik Planitia
2493:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2394:
2375:
2374:
2359:Internet Archive
2337:
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2311:
2305:
2297:
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2290:
2261:
2232:
2211:
2182:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2106:
2093:
2075:
2073:10.1038/35084148
2066:(6843): 209–13.
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1642:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1601:. Archived from
1595:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1423:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1339:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1256:(1–2): 101–122.
1245:
1239:
1238:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
988:
971:
970:
952:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
912:
871:
842:
841:. Ticknor. 1886.
770:Robert Schaldach
764:, discovered by
746:The Gods of Mars
703:– starting with
658:
570:of his own eye.
328:Clark University
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
187:
86:
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2923:
2882:
2866:Percival Lowell
2844:
2818:
2790:
2770:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2689:
2673:
2661:
2655:
2639:
2597:
2591:
2484:
2476:
2453:
2448:
2410:Percival Lowell
2405:Wayback Machine
2384:Percival Lowell
2372:
2340:Percival Lowell
2328:Percival Lowell
2318:
2299:
2294:
2264:
2258:10.1119/1.10630
2235:
2214:
2200:10.2307/2709191
2185:
2171:10.2307/2709423
2156:
2143:
2130:
2109:
2096:
2053:
2050:
2048:Further reading
2045:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2004:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1935:
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1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1687:Tombaugh, C. W.
1685:
1684:
1675:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1640:Wayback Machine
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1544:Baxter, Stephen
1542:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1478:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1425:
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1399:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1217:Lowell and Mars
1214:
1213:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
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1123:
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1118:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1079:Wayback Machine
1069:
1065:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
990:
989:
974:
961:(13): 845–847.
950:
945:
944:
940:
930:
928:
914:
913:
909:
904:
882:
835:
799:
718:Mars in fiction
701:science fiction
665:
656:
592:human computers
576:
525:
449:
443:
398:La planète Mars
334:for six years.
324:Amherst College
312:Harvard College
301:Abbott Lawrence
274:Augustus Lowell
262:
257:
255:Life and career
201:
197:
194:Percival Lowell
152:(April 9, 1907)
144:
128:Alma mater
94:
88:
84:
75:
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
36:Percival Lowell
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2949:Venetia Burney
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
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2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
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2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2871:Clyde Tombaugh
2868:
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2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2630:Tenzing Montes
2627:
2622:
2620:Hillary Montes
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:Meng-pʻo
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2504:Brass Knuckles
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2497:
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2478:
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2317:
2316:External links
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2154:
2141:
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2107:
2094:
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2043:
2042:
2015:
1978:Observer Voice
1964:
1955:"Lowell Regio"
1946:
1928:
1910:
1903:
1877:
1850:(1–3): 35–78.
1840:Halliday, Alex
1830:
1823:
1805:
1784:
1777:
1753:
1738:
1708:
1697:(209): 73–80.
1673:
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938:
906:
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900:
899:
898:
896:Wrexie Leonard
893:
891:Noto Peninsula
888:
881:
878:
877:
876:
861:
855:
849:
843:
833:
820:
814:
806:
798:
795:
686:Clyde Tombaugh
664:
661:
612:Clyde Tombaugh
575:
572:
564:ophthalmoscope
524:
521:
517:sociocognitive
447:Martian canals
442:
441:Canals of Mars
439:
402:canals of Mars
379:Wrexie Leonard
375:Lafcadio Hearn
261:
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256:
253:
189:
188:
180:
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142:Martian canals
139:
138:Known for
135:
134:
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125:
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119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
89:
87:(aged 61)
81:
77:
76:
66:
64:March 13, 1855
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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3119:
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2989:
2988:United States
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2897:
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2894:Double planet
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2737:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2669:Adlivun Cavus
2667:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
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2606:
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2553:
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2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
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2377:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
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2304:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:(3): 316–17.
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:(3): 527–30.
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:(1): 159–61.
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:(3): 297–318.
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
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2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
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2027:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
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1932:
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1911:
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1900:
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1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1824:0-8047-2131-9
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1778:0-521-52927-1
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Buie, Marc W.
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:0-275-98719-1
1663:
1659:
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1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
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1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1565:1-932100-55-5
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:0-8014-1680-9
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1470:. pp. 355–56.
1469:
1468:0-8014-1680-9
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:9780674002913
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:0-8165-0435-0
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:0-585-38034-1
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:0-7137-2747-0
1161:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1057:0-486-43602-0
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
942:
939:
926:
922:
918:
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894:
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883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
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859:
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844:
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839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
821:
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815:
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796:
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669:
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644:
642:
638:
633:
628:
626:
621:
618:, discovered
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
597:
593:
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99:Resting place
97:
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82:
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73:
72:Massachusetts
69:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3048:Solar System
2899:Dwarf planet
2876:Roger Putnam
2785:New Horizons
2783:
2743:
2625:Piccard Mons
2605:Baret Montes
2388:Find a Grave
2330:at Wikiquote
2307:
2273:(1): 33–42.
2270:
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2237:
2220:
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2187:
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2102:
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2059:
2034:, retrieved
2024:
2018:
1986:. Retrieved
1977:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1886:
1880:
1847:
1843:
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1814:
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1756:
1741:
1731:February 21,
1729:. Retrieved
1711:
1694:
1690:
1657:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1593:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1554:. BenBalla:
1551:
1538:
1522:
1517:
1501:
1496:
1480:
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1459:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
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1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
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1295:
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1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1115:
1107:
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1066:
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1018:
1006:. Retrieved
995:
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929:. Retrieved
920:
910:
886:Life on Mars
863:
857:
851:
845:
837:
822:
816:
808:
802:
797:Publications
792:
787:New Horizons
785:
782:Lowell Regio
766:Henry Giclas
759:
744:
741:Ray Bradbury
734:
724:
722:
715:
708:
698:
682:
651:
647:
645:
637:dwarf planet
629:
609:
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523:Venus spokes
497:
489:
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468:
467:(1906), and
464:
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382:
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358:
356:
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310:in 1872 and
305:
263:
237:Solar System
233:ninth planet
193:
192:
157:
148:discovered:
85:(1916-11-12)
29:
3081:1916 deaths
3076:1855 births
3036:Outer space
3024:Spaceflight
2919:Kuiper belt
2776:Exploration
2662:depressions
2660:Valleys and
2635:Wright Mons
2152:(2): 38–43.
2133:Smithsonian
2006:|last=
1587:(3): 41–46.
762:1886 Lowell
733:(1949) and
705:H. G. Wells
434:World War I
361:(1891) and
332:cotton mill
297:John Lowell
235:within the
150:793 Arizona
110:Nationality
102:Mars Hill,
3070:Categories
2830:Alan Stern
2685:Luna Linea
2525:Vucub-Came
2520:Harrington
2462:Atmosphere
2223:(4): 573.
2139:(10): 34–.
1801:0802713637
1510:0801880262
1504:. p. 111.
1489:0684832526
1414:0801880262
1408:. p. 110.
1330:0684832526
1090:See under
902:References
749:(1918) by
726:Red Planet
694:Carl Sagan
556:exit pupil
285:Amy Lowell
221:astronomer
60:1855-03-13
3000:Astronomy
2976:Biography
2944:Mythology
2849:Discovery
2795:Astronomy
2598:mountains
2596:Hills and
2482:Geography
2036:March 13,
1988:March 13,
1629:0021-8286
1483:. p. 48.
1362:March 12,
1354:: 69–74.
1324:. p. 49.
1278:117637626
1137:March 12,
931:March 12,
760:Asteroid
653:Voyager 2
610:In 1930,
594:, led by
519:factors.
504:Mariner 9
484:Mariner 4
419:in 1897.
178:Signature
168:Astronomy
146:Asteroids
118:Education
18:Lowellian
2856:Planet X
2756:Kerberos
2552:Hayabusa
2530:Hun-Came
2510:Safronov
2487:features
2401:Archived
2368:LibriVox
2287:14116519
2090:22725986
2082:11449281
2030:archived
1998:cite web
1982:Archived
1872:12006144
1803:. p. 188
1745:Symbol:
1725:Archived
1636:Archived
1444:June 17,
1438:Archived
1356:Archived
1306:March 1,
1300:Archived
1202:49414656
1128:Archived
1075:Archived
1008:June 11,
1002:Archived
1000:. 1888.
967:20025724
925:Archived
880:See also
757:series.
580:Planet X
560:eyepiece
463:(1895),
113:American
3060:Science
2962:Portals
2939:Fiction
2932:Related
2909:Plutino
2887:General
2694:Craters
2587:Voyager
2567:Pioneer
2562:Morgoth
2496:Regions
2472:Geology
2467:Climate
2357:at the
2246:Bibcode
2208:2709191
2179:2709423
1852:Bibcode
1699:Bibcode
1609:June 5,
1258:Bibcode
1235:2390580
755:Barsoom
639:by the
588:Neptune
558:at the
513:Gestalt
500:Mariner
278:Brahmin
2904:Planet
2745:Charon
2701:Burney
2678:Lineae
2644:Plains
2582:Viking
2577:Venera
2557:Lowell
2547:Cadejo
2542:Belton
2515:Sharaf
2298:
2285:
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2080:
2060:Nature
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1870:
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1556:186–87
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1200:
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778:Lowell
774:Lowell
663:Legacy
632:Charon
584:Uranus
568:retina
351:Korean
343:Joseon
291:, and
266:Boston
225:canals
164:Fields
93:, U.S.
74:, U.S.
68:Boston
3131:Pluto
3012:Stars
2751:Hydra
2736:Moons
2451:Pluto
2204:JSTOR
2175:JSTOR
2086:S2CID
1868:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1131:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
963:JSTOR
951:(PDF)
657:'
620:Pluto
574:Pluto
537:Venus
249:Pluto
2766:Styx
2283:PMID
2078:PMID
2038:2023
2010:help
1990:2023
1899:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1733:2010
1662:ISBN
1625:ISSN
1611:2008
1560:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1446:2022
1410:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1364:2021
1326:ISBN
1308:2024
1231:OCLC
1221:ISBN
1198:OCLC
1188:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1139:2021
1052:ISBN
1010:2013
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846:Mars
827:ISBN
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