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2133:) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as
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825:. A wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. The available power is limited by the effort of the person using the tool, but because power is the product of force and movement, the wedge amplifies the force by reducing the movement. This amplification, or
2101:
986:
be seen in Watt's steam engine in which the power is provided by steam expanding to drive the piston. The walking beam, coupler and crank transform the linear movement of the piston into rotation of the output pulley. Finally, the pulley rotation drives the flyball governor which controls the valve for the steam input to the piston cylinder.
985:
that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement, (iii) a controller with sensors that compare the output to a performance goal and then directs the actuator input, and (iv) an interface to an operator consisting of levers, switches, and displays. This can
840:
is another important and simple device for managing power. This is a body that pivots on a fulcrum. Because the velocity of a point farther from the pivot is greater than the velocity of a point near the pivot, forces applied far from the pivot are amplified near the pivot by the associated decrease
876:
when pulling a load. To see this notice that the friction associated with pulling a load on the ground is approximately the same as the friction in a simple bearing that supports the load on the axle of a wheel. However, the wheel forms a lever that magnifies the pulling force so that it overcomes
2250:
studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external forces. The assumption that the bodies are rigid, which means that they do not deform under the action of applied forces, simplifies the analysis by reducing the parameters that describe the configuration of the
1432:
The number of degrees of freedom of a mechanism, or its mobility, depends on the number of links and joints and the types of joints used to construct the mechanism. The general mobility of a mechanism is the difference between the unconstrained freedom of the links and the number of constraints
937:
This realization shows that it is the joints, or the connections that provide movement, that are the primary elements of a machine. Starting with four types of joints, the rotary joint, sliding joint, cam joint and gear joint, and related connections such as cables and belts, it is possible to
1888:
1628:
A planar mechanism is a mechanical system that is constrained so the trajectories of points in all the bodies of the system lie on planes parallel to a ground plane. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system are perpendicular to this ground plane.
1654:
is a mechanical system that has at least one body that moves in a way that its point trajectories are general space curves. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system form lines in space that do not intersect and have distinct common normals.
1578:
is a four-bar linkage that generates an approximate straight line. It was critical to the operation of his design for the steam engine. This linkage also appears in vehicle suspensions to prevent side-to-side movement of the body relative to the wheels. Also see the article
1977:
reacts to ATP and ADP to alternately engage with an actin filament and change its shape in a way that exerts a force, and then disengage to reset its shape, or conformation. This acts as the molecular drive that causes muscle contraction. Similarly the biological molecule
301:
Machine, or Engine, in
Mechanicks, is whatsoever hath Force sufficient either to raise or stop the Motion of a Body. Simple Machines are commonly reckoned to be Six in Number, viz. the Ballance, Leaver, Pulley, Wheel, Wedge, and Screw. Compound Machines, or Engines, are
2356:
2176:. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the
1954:
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is a mechanical system in which the bodies move in a way that the trajectories of points in the system lie on concentric spheres. The rotational axes of hinged joints that connect the bodies in the system pass through the center of these circle.
263:) comes from the same Greek roots. A wider meaning of 'fabric, structure' is found in classical Latin, but not in Greek usage. This meaning is found in late medieval French, and is adopted from the French into English in the mid-16th century.
3353:
1001:
wrote, "a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinate motion." Notice that forces and motion combine to define
2266:. The solution of these equations of motion defines how the configuration of the system of rigid bodies changes as a function of time. The formulation and solution of rigid body dynamics is an important tool in the computer simulation of
3391:
1728:
such as buttons, switches, indicators, sensors, actuators and computer controllers. While generally not considered to be a machine element, the shape, texture and color of covers are an important part of a machine that provide a
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711:
was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the
3985:
Jerome (1934) gives the industry classification of machine tools as being "other than hand power". Beginning with the 1900 U.S. census, power use was part of the definition of a factory, distinguishing it from a
1663:
A flexure mechanism consists of a series of rigid bodies connected by compliant elements (also known as flexure joints) that is designed to produce a geometrically well-defined motion upon application of a force.
1009:
More recently, Uicker et al. stated that a machine is "a device for applying power or changing its direction."McCarthy and Soh describe a machine as a system that "generally consists of a power source and a
989:
The adjective "mechanical" refers to skill in the practical application of an art or science, as well as relating to or caused by movement, physical forces, properties or agents such as is dealt with by
910:
can be separated into the lever, pulley and wheel and axle that are formed by a body rotating about a hinge, and the inclined plane, wedge and screw that are similarly a block sliding on a flat surface.
2282:, of its component parts, known as kinematic analysis. The assumption that the system is an assembly of rigid components allows rotational and translational movement to be modeled mathematically as
639:
derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. The complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by
Italian scientist
829:
is the ratio of the input speed to output speed. For a wedge this is given by 1/tanα, where α is the tip angle. The faces of a wedge are modeled as straight lines to form a sliding or
997:
Power flow through a machine provides a way to understand the performance of devices ranging from levers and gear trains to automobiles and robotic systems. The German mechanician
2313:
performance engineering involves enhancing manufacturing efficiency, reducing service and maintenance demands, adding features and improving effectiveness, and validation testing;
1567:
is a collection of links connected by joints. Generally, the links are the structural elements and the joints allow movement. Perhaps the single most useful example is the planar
2663:
The Genius of
Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010
735:'s previously manual labour and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of
470:
in the lever. Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.
631:, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical
926:
ranging from the steam engine to robot manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a
355:, in the hands of a human transforms force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting forces and movement of the workpiece. The hand axe is the first example of a
2286:. This allows the position, velocity and acceleration of all points in a component to be determined from these properties for a reference point, and the angular position,
1994:. "In effect, the motile cilium is a nanomachine composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines.
2310:
invention, which involves the identification of a need, development of requirements, concept generation, prototype development, manufacturing, and verification testing;
1982:
has two sections that alternately engage and disengage with microtubules causing the molecule to move along the microtubule and transport vesicles within the cell, and
1434:
2157:, usually are considered machines. After electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines.
4186:
2469:
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Kinbara, Kazushi; Aida, Takuzo (2005-04-01). "Toward
Intelligent Molecular Machines: Directed Motions of Biological and Artificial Molecules and Assemblies".
4864:
5400:
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4109:
Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal
Hussain (eds.).
4068:
Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal
Hussain (eds.).
3950:
Marras, A., Zhou, L., Su, H., and Castro, C.E. Programmable motion of DNA origami mechanisms, Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 2015
1819:
are critical to the assembly of components of a machine. Fasteners are generally considered to be removable. In contrast, joining methods, such as
3970:
1539:) and the link that is driven through the direct contact of their surfaces is called the follower. The shape of the contacting surfaces of the
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are used between mating parts of a machine to ensure fluids, such as water, hot gases, or lubricant do not leak between the mating surfaces.
1208:
uses heat to boil water contained in a pressure vessel; the expanding steam drives a piston or a turbine. This principle can be seen in the
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of machines begins with a rigid-body model to determine reactions at the bearings, at which point the elasticity effects are included. The
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which were the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to input force, known today as
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by attaching a link that connects the output of one crank to the input of another. Additional links can be attached to form a
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1899:, for the four rules of arithmetic. It was manufactured 1866-1870 AD and exhibited in the Tekniska museet, Stockholm, Sweden.
1049:
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3513:
1741:
A number of machine elements provide important structural functions such as the frame, bearings, splines, spring and seals.
1204:
The word engine derives from "ingenuity" and originally referred to contrivances that may or may not be physical devices. A
1619:
are recent inventions that provide interesting walking movements. They are respectively a six-bar and an eight-bar linkage.
1477:
yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio. Some important features of gears and gear trains are:
1333:
Chemicals and materials can also be sources of power. They may chemically deplete or need re-charging, as is the case with
1869:
35:
977:
to accomplish a task that involves forces and movement. Modern machines are systems consisting of (i) a power source and
489:, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses. However, the Greeks' understanding was limited to
4240:
4226:
4024:
2969:
2303:
2226:
refers to the mathematical analysis of the forces and movement of a mechanical system, and consists of the study of the
766:(1728) has a table of simple mechanisms. Simple machines provide a "vocabulary" for understanding more complex machines.
6508:
1345:. All of these, however, still require their energy to come from elsewhere. With batteries, it is the already existing
7511:
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4247:
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422:
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1239:
uses a turbine to compress air which is burned with fuel so that it expands through a nozzle to provide thrust to an
3215:
Rethinking the
Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England
2194:
An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine. The word is sometimes used to describe a
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27:
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266:
In the 17th century, the word machine could also mean a scheme or plot, a meaning now expressed by the derived
20:
7166:
2316:
recycle is the decommissioning and disposal phase and includes recovery and reuse of materials and components.
1164:
appeared around the world around 300 BC to use flowing water to generate rotary motion, which was applied to
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is formed by the direct contact of two specially shaped links. The driving link is called the cam (also see
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134:
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40:
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Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators",
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called a sliding joint. The screw is usually identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint.
802:. The modern approach to characterizing machines focusses on the components that allow movement, known as
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Bu Z, Callaway DJ (2011). "Proteins MOVE! Protein dynamics and long-range allostery in cell signaling".
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The success of Watt's linkage lead to the design of similar approximate straight-line linkages, such as
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called a hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are examples of the
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L. W. Tsai, Robot
Analysis: The mechanics of serial and parallel manipulators, John-Wiley, NY, 1999.
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and control components and include interfaces for convenient use. Examples include: a wide range of
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that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make
67:
to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing
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2125:), an early mining textbook that contains numerous drawings and descriptions of mining equipment.
1962:
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1177:
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532:, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical
529:
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were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever.
3119:
1370:
The structural components are, generally, the frame members, bearings, splines, springs, seals,
466:
around the 3rd century BC: the lever, pulley and screw. Archimedes discovered the principle of
2066:
that have yet been artificially constructed. These molecules are increasingly considered to be
1745:
The recognition that the frame of a mechanism is an important machine element changed the name
994:. Similarly Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines "mechanical" as relating to machinery or tools.
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are components designed to manage the interface between moving elements and are the source of
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inside. In solar cells and thermoelectrics, the energy source is light and heat respectively.
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Machine design refers to the procedures and techniques used to address the three phases of a
111:
input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include
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590:, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated
504:
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2168:
to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of
906:, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines. He recognized that the classical
703:
James Albert
Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine was invented in 1880 and patented in 1881.
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2970:"Evolution of design, use, and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints"
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2357:
List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue
2150:
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2110:
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1995:
1986:, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of
1903:
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that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such as the
1828:
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The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the
3913:. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Vol. 83. pp. 163–221.
3610:
2531:
809:
Wedge (hand axe): Perhaps the first example of a device designed to manage power is the
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used as a (near-) synonym both by Harris and in later language derives ultimately (via
158:
123:
96:
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to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the
938:
understand a machine as an assembly of solid parts that connect these joints called a
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Schematic of the actuator and four-bar linkage that position an aircraft landing gear
1474:
1254:
1169:
1145:
1085:
821:. A hand axe is made by chipping stone, generally flint, to form a bifacial edge, or
732:
731:
Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of
721:
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549:
541:
436:
399:
211:
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to a wheel, pulley or gear so that torque can be transferred through the connection.
647:("On Mechanics"). He was the first to understand that simple machines do not create
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2011:
1953:
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provides forces that can either hold components of a machine in place or acts as a
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1406:
1205:
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818:
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The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel
3201:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24.
2251:
system to the translation and rotation of reference frames attached to each body.
1132:
662:(1452–1519), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. They were rediscovered by
620:, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.
267:
3949:
3510:
3271:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music"
3171:
2278:
The dynamic analysis of a machine requires the determination of the movement, or
2010:. " Other biological machines are responsible for energy production, for example
1872:
replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer.
845:
is the distance from the pivot to the point where the input force is applied and
7567:
7303:
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4093:. Trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy. New York: reprinted by Dover (1963).
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1337:, or they may produce power without changing their state, which is the case for
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3622:(trans. and annotated by A. B. W. Kennedy), reprinted by Dover, New York (1963)
1608:
is a spatial linkage that generates straight-line movement from a rotary input.
567:
by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the
363:, from which most machines are based. The second oldest simple machine was the
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3968:
McCarthy, C, DNA Origami Mechanisms and Machines | Mechanical Design 101, 2014
3834:
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3270:
3099:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4.
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4045:
B. Paul, Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1979
3887:
3790:
3302:
1231:
chemical reaction) inside a cylinder and uses the expanding gases to drive a
1190:
captured wind power to generate rotary motion for milling operations. Modern
462:
Three of the simple machines were studied and described by Greek philosopher
19:
This article is about devices designed to perform tasks. For other uses, see
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2189:
2003:
1824:
1367:. These elements provide structure for the system and control its movement.
1209:
1187:
1165:
1155:
Human and animal effort were the original power sources for early machines.
991:
613:
595:
521:
395:
331:
270:. The modern meaning develops out of specialized application of the term to
112:
3936:
3895:
3852:
3765:"Thermal management of thermoelectric generators for waste energy recovery"
3492:
The Reuleaux Collection of Kinematic Mechanisms at Cornell University, 1999
2591:. Prof. Steve Dutch's page, Univ. of Wisconsin at Green Bay. Archived from
872:. A wheel uses the law of the lever to reduce the force needed to overcome
770:
The idea that a machine can be decomposed into simple movable elements led
4135:
3339:
Groundbreaking Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages
2755:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
2616:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
2022:, the energy currency of a cell. Still other machines are responsible for
2002:
connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range
1922:, though none of the larger designs were completed in Babbage's lifetime.
1906:
designed machines to tabulate logarithms and other functions in 1837. His
680:
linkage in 1782, which made the double acting steam engine practical. The
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2051:
1991:
1958:
1934:
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1371:
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978:
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133:
Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements,
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3763:
Fernández-Yáñez, P.; Romero, V.; Armas, O.; Cerretti, G. (2021-09-01).
3668:, Third Edition, Sybil P. Parker, ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994, p. 998 .
1979:
1820:
1413:, though there are other special mechanisms such as clamping linkages,
1149:
1052: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
869:
490:
407:
138:
3879:
3129:, web page, accessed on line 23 October 2009; this web page refers to
3070:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p.
2100:
902:
to provide a strategy for the design of new machines was developed by
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4865:
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
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2974:
HMM2004 International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
2138:
2047:
1983:
1974:
1845:
1721:
1426:
1250:
1232:
1128:
Diesel engine, friction clutch and gear transmission of an automobile
849:
is the distance to the point where the output force is applied, then
814:
779:
648:
432:
248:
237:
223:
115:
and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called
68:
64:
1771:
in machines. In general, bearings are designed for pure rotation or
1166:
milling grain, and powering lumber, machining and textile operations
790:. By the time of the Renaissance this list increased to include the
447:, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in
1473:
show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the
1194:
also drives a generator. This electricity in turn is used to drive
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4974:
4682:
4326:
4036:, Harvard University Press (reprinted by Dover Publications 1968).
2195:
2099:
1987:
1952:
1887:
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1849:
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1812:
1754:
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or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as
60:
34:
4449:
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
1835:, usually require cutting the parts to disassemble the components
6886:
6822:
6694:
6572:
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6285:
6241:
6149:
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5910:
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5630:
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5478:
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5041:
4301:
4271:
3173:
Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America
2134:
1786:
1386:
1320:
1137:
150:
7532:
7266:
5421:
5382:
4926:
4168:
3176:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6.
2559:
Not etched in stone: essays on ritual memory, soul, and society
857:
of the lever. The fulcrum of a lever is modeled as a hinged or
604:, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable
7218:
7139:
7119:
7114:
7005:
6726:
6701:
5760:
5676:
5649:
5570:
3269:
Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017).
2031:
1733:
between the mechanical components of a machine and its users.
1173:
1021:
485:
lists five mechanisms that can "set a load in motion"; lever,
283:
146:
2533:
The kinematics of machinery: Outlines of a theory of machines
1672:
The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed
1374:
and covers. The shape, texture and color of covers provide a
435:
date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC, and
258:
243:
232:
218:
4850:
History of the British canal system
497:(the tradeoff between force and distance) or the concept of
4922:
3678:
Brett, Christopher M. A; Brett, Ana Maria Oliveira (1993).
2871:, New York, New York, USA: Barnes & Noble, p. 88,
1860:
for a steam engine. Examples of these devices range from a
1481:
The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the
1361:
of a mechanical system is assembled from components called
1323:
to drive water or air respectively into cylinders to power
1294:
electric current to generate rotational movement. Electric
3042:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology
1601:
generates a true straight-line output from a rotary input.
4860:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
3199:
Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History
3157:, p. 34-35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
3137:, pp. 34-5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
616:
musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable
2073:
Researchers have used DNA to construct nano-dimensioned
1892:
The arithmometre was designed by Charles Xavier Thomas,
4784:
History of the cooperative Movement
3681:
Electrochemistry: principles, methods, and applications
3437:
Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science,
2645:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1499:
It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are
394:
mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the
3540:
J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003,
2254:
The dynamics of a rigid body system is defined by its
2222:
focussed on the study of lifting heavy weights. Today
1381:
The assemblies that control movement are also called "
1298:
are the actuators for mechanical systems ranging from
508:
This ore crushing machine is powered by a water wheel.
282:, both in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The
161:
in the home and office, including computers, building
3476:, vol. 2, London, England, p. 528, Plate 11
3474:
Cyclopaedia, A Useful Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
2457:, Second College Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985.
559:
was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the
4098:
Uicker, J. J.; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003).
3377:
Wheels, clocks, and rockets: a history of technology
2968:
Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov; Toivo Pappel (2004).
2902:
An introduction to the History of Project Management
1243:, and so is also an "internal combustion engine."
374:
The other four simple machines were invented in the
7611:
7543:
7461:
7414:
7356:
7319:
7277:
7095:
6934:
6796:
6680:
6588:
6455:
6338:
6158:
5993:
5926:
5791:
5697:
5581:
5432:
5360:
5309:
5291:
5248:
5210:
5162:
5139:
5106:
5083:
5036:
5003:
4960:
4837:
4766:
4668:
4587:
4379:
4264:
3380:. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 85–87.
1937:. Models used to study modern computers are termed
1249:The heat from coal and natural gas combustion in a
3997:"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891,
3554:
3120:Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D.
2018:to drive a turbine-like motion used to synthesise
1678:. These elements consist of three basic types (i)
1496:provides high gear reduction in a compact package.
945:Two levers, or cranks, are combined into a planar
242:'contrivance, machine, engine', a derivation from
4113:(30th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc.
4074:(26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc.
3817:Satir, Peter; Søren T. Christensen (2008-03-26).
3472:Chambers, Ephraim (1728), "Table of Mechanicks",
2905:, Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers, p. 42,
2556:Conn, Marie A.; Therese Benedict McGuire (2007).
2108:was used for raising ore. This woodblock is from
1682:such as frame members, bearings, axles, splines,
1571:. However, there are many more special linkages:
1514:are computed in the same way as gear ratios. See
571:. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the
1933:are mechanical computers that are precursors to
390:(modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The
122:Renaissance natural philosophers identified six
26:"Machinery" redirects here. For other uses, see
4875:Timeline of materials technology
3605:
3603:
2813:. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58.
2430:. USA: Courier Dover Publications. p. 98.
4660:Stockton and Darlington Railway
4159:Reuleaux Collection of Mechanisms and Machines
3666:Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
2748:
2746:
2692:Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture
1692:that control movement in various ways such as
1433:imposed by the joints. It is described by the
5394:
4938:
4180:
3684:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3155:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
3135:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
2840:. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp.
1469:. Illustrations by the renaissance scientist
1378:between the mechanical system and its users.
1198:forming the actuators of mechanical systems.
8:
2810:Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels
2690:Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990).
493:(the balance of forces) and did not include
3819:"Structure and function of mammalian cilia"
3342:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 163.
3317:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)
2976:. Kluwer Academic publishers. p. 245.
2661:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010).
2656:
2654:
2562:. University Press of America. p. 23.
914:Simple machines are elementary examples of
868:is an important early machine, such as the
318:
205:
7540:
7529:
7274:
7263:
5429:
5418:
5401:
5387:
5379:
4945:
4931:
4923:
4187:
4173:
4165:
3520:, New York: McGraw-Hill, online link from
3016:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history
2784:Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry
1547:determines the movement of the mechanism.
1385:." Mechanisms are generally classified as
981:that generate forces and movement, (ii) a
877:the frictional resistance in the bearing.
39:Assorted worker-operated machinery at the
3842:
3780:
3509:Hartenberg, R.S. & J. Denavit (1964)
3374:Stephen, Donald; Lowell Cardwell (2001).
3292:
2837:Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti
1212:of Hero of Alexandria. This is called an
1112:Learn how and when to remove this message
965:The Boulton & Watt Steam Engine, 1784
4494:John Kay (spinning frame)
4489:John Kay (flying shuttle)
4424:Thomas and George Cranege
3435:Pennock, G. R., James Watt (1736-1819),
3331:
3329:
728:, and eventually the rest of the world.
3461:. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell.
3097:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power
2894:
2892:
2786:. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
2419:
2417:
2413:
1014:for the controlled use of this power."
684:steam engine and later designs powered
414:machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia
4880:Timeline of steam power
3654:Merriam-Webster's definition of engine
3459:World History: Patterns of Interaction
2807:Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000).
2499:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
2476:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1753:. Frames are generally assembled from
1273:. This power is distributed through a
716:, then subsequently spread throughout
582:were developed in the Muslim world. A
253:'means, expedient, remedy'). The word
4595:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
3758:
3756:
3741:
3739:
3711:
3709:
2936:. Thompson Brooks/Cole. p. 123.
2667:Springer Science & Business Media
1503:, yet still transmit torque smoothly.
666:(1699) and were further developed by
286:traces the formal, modern meaning to
7:
4905:
4102:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3782:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117291
3747:"Solar Cells -- Performance And Use"
3631:J. M. McCarthy and G. S. Soh, 2010,
3575:participating institution membership
3544:, Oxford University Press, New York.
2930:Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2005).
2284:Euclidean, or rigid, transformations
1435:Chebychev–Grübler–Kutzbach criterion
1050:adding citations to reliable sources
739:techniques and the increased use of
3447:(Print) 978-1-4020-6366-4 (Online).
3439:ed. M. Ceccarelli, Springer, 2007,
2753:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
2614:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
2129:Mechanization (or mechanisation in
1277:for industrial and individual use.
351:, made by chipping flint to form a
4026:A History of Mechanical Inventions
3919:10.1016/B978-0-12-381262-9.00005-7
3807:(4th Edition), Prentice-Hall, 2010
3405:Armstrong-Hélouvry, Brian (1991).
2427:A History of Mechanical Inventions
1785:are two ways to reliably mount an
367:(ramp), which has been used since
14:
7500:Social construction of technology
4409:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
4100:Theory of Machines and Mechanisms
3542:Theory of Machines and Mechanisms
3408:Control of machines with friction
2258:, which are derived using either
2016:proton gradients across membranes
1731:styling and operational interface
1376:styling and operational interface
406:. The lever was also used in the
210:, which in turn derives from the
7696:
7684:
7673:
7672:
4904:
4893:
4892:
4645:Portsmouth Block Mills
4370:
4146:
4134:
3425:from the original on 2016-08-18.
3394:from the original on 2016-08-18.
3044:, Brill Publishers, p. 65,
2885:from the original on 2016-08-18.
2455:The American Heritage Dictionary
2444:from the original on 2016-08-18.
1319:systems use electrically driven
1026:
410:water-lifting device, the first
398:, where it was used in a simple
359:, the oldest of the six classic
7685:
7488:Timeline of historic inventions
4870:Timeline of invention
4845:History of technology
4708:Newcomen steam engine
4484:Joseph Marie Jacquard
3823:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
3511:Kinematic synthesis of linkages
3356:from the original on 2013-05-28
3212:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013).
2990:from the original on 2013-06-07
2950:from the original on 2013-05-28
2919:from the original on 2016-08-18
2331:Outline of industrial machinery
2114:by Georg Bauer (Latinized name
1037:needs additional citations for
658:in machines were discovered by
546:Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
402:, and to move large objects in
103:power, and include a system of
55:is a physical system that uses
4630:Derwent Valley Mills
4499:Francis Cabot Lowell
3911:Protein Structure and Diseases
3716:Crompton, T. R. (2000-03-20).
3664:"Internal combustion engine",
2172:, automation is a step beyond
2062:are far more complex than any
1910:can be considered an advanced
1686:, seals, and lubricants, (ii)
1253:generates steam that drives a
953:or in series to form a robot.
1:
3634:Geometric Design of Linkages,
3411:. USA: Springer. p. 10.
3256:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
2722:The Technology of Mesopotamia
2424:Usher, Abbott Payson (1988).
2119:
1893:
1870:programmable logic controller
1868:system in an automobile. The
1799:to support part of a machine.
1421:and friction devices such as
1275:network of transmission lines
654:The classic rules of sliding
598:brothers, described in their
475:
425:
415:
371:times to move heavy objects.
3244:Mechanism and Machine Theory
2086:Mechanization and automation
2014:which harnesses energy from
1172:use water flowing through a
651:, they merely transform it.
249:
238:
224:
83:, by natural forces such as
75:. Machines can be driven by
7512:Technology acceptance model
5108:Internal combustion engines
5085:External combustion engines
4855:Industrial archaeology
4758:Watt steam engine
4444:Abraham Darby III
4091:The Kinematics of Machinery
3769:Applied Thermal Engineering
3612:The Kinematics of Machinery
3587:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2589:Legacy of the Ancient World
2585:"Pre-Greek Accomplishments"
2058:. These machines and their
1918:a forerunner of the modern
1815:, bolts, spring clips, and
1523:Cam and follower mechanisms
886:The Kinematics of Machinery
668:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
635:. In 1586 Flemish engineer
431:. The earliest evidence of
423:ancient Egyptian technology
404:ancient Egyptian technology
386:mechanism, was invented in
323:'ingenuity, an invention'.
7742:
4723:Reverberatory furnace
4650:Quarry Bank Mill
4439:Abraham Darby II
4352:Economies of agglomeration
3285:Cambridge University Press
3095:Shepherd, William (2011).
3020:Cambridge University Press
2727:The Rosen Publishing Group
2524:Karl von Langsdorf (1826)
2324:
2187:
2089:
1227:because it burns fuel (an
1225:internal combustion engine
1214:external combustion engine
750:
259:
244:
233:
219:
28:Machinery (disambiguation)
25:
18:
7667:
7646:Technological convergence
7539:
7528:
7505:Technological determinism
7446:Technological singularity
7273:
7262:
5428:
5417:
4962:Classical simple machines
4888:
4434:Abraham Darby I
4368:
4207:
3835:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9
3562:Oxford English Dictionary
3336:Krebs, Robert E. (2004).
3294:10.1017/S1355771817000103
2180:and in daily experience.
2160:Automation is the use of
1347:chemical potential energy
1343:thermoelectric generators
890:has an illustration of a
601:Book of Ingenious Devices
455:period (911–609) BC. The
16:Powered mechanical device
7641:Research and development
7471:Diffusion of innovations
7436:Technological utopianism
7329:Environmental technology
4748:Stephenson's Rocket
4089:Reuleaux, Franz (1876).
3589:Definition of mechanical
3315:Professor Noel Sharkey,
3250:(5), Elsevier: 589–603,
3170:Lakwete, Angela (2003).
3064:Eldridge, Frank (1980).
2719:Faiella, Graham (2006).
2530:Reuleaux, Franz (1876).
2166:information technologies
1973:The biological molecule
1935:modern digital computers
524:, first appeared in the
21:Machine (disambiguation)
7364:Government by algorithm
7346:Sustainable engineering
7311:Precautionary principle
7105:Artificial intelligence
5347:Check weighing machines
4564:Richard Trevithick
3567:Oxford University Press
3457:Beck B., Roger (1999).
3321:University of Sheffield
3197:Pacey, Arnold (1991) .
2782:Arnold, Dieter (1991).
2501:A Greek-English Lexicon
2478:A Greek-English Lexicon
2362:Mechanism (engineering)
2198:, more specifically an
2008:protein domain dynamics
1831:and the application of
922:that are used to model
594:player invented by the
544:, described in 1551 by
512:The earliest practical
7429:Technology forecasting
7396:Strategy of Technology
7287:Appropriate technology
6168:Agricultural machinery
4819:Rochdale Pioneers
4804:Industrial unrest
4610:Bridgewater Canal
4554:Robert Stephenson
4549:George Stephenson
4524:William Radcliffe
4479:Benjamin Huntsman
4454:William Fairbairn
4414:Edmund Cartwright
4389:Richard Arkwright
4292:Industry/Manufacturing
4151:Quotations related to
3719:Battery Reference Book
3218:. BRILL. p. 328.
2865:Asimov, Isaac (1988),
2834:Wood, Michael (2000).
2583:Dutch, Steven (1999).
2552:Light on Sacred Stones
2536:. MacMillan. pp.
2274:Kinematics of machines
2260:Newtons laws of motion
2206:was patented in 1863.
2126:
2000:mobile protein domains
1970:
1900:
1773:straight line movement
1560:
1463:south-pointing chariot
1454:
1269:to generate steam and
1152:
1140:Electric Generator in
1129:
966:
898:The classification of
895:
767:
704:
627:, the dynamics of the
509:
344:
319:
206:
167:water handling systems
48:
7401:Technology assessment
7386:Persuasive technology
7369:Intellectual property
7357:Policy & politics
5973:Interchangeable parts
5332:Seed-counting machine
4789:Cottage industry
4474:Eaton Hodgkinson
4459:James Hargreaves
4394:Thomas Boulsover
3012:Donald Routledge Hill
2868:Understanding Physics
2512:Oxford Dictionaries,
2372:Outline of automation
2347:History of technology
2103:
2056:synthesising proteins
1956:
1912:mechanical calculator
1891:
1737:Structural components
1680:structural components
1558:
1459:Antikythera mechanism
1451:Antikythera mechanism
1448:
1441:Gears and gear trains
1135:
1127:
964:
883:
760:
709:Industrial Revolution
702:
580:programmable machines
507:
334:
38:
7651:Technology lifecycle
7441:Technocracy movement
7199:Programming language
6872:Particle accelerator
6746:Laboratory glassware
5412:and related concepts
5131:Nutating disc engine
5121:Reciprocating engine
4728:Sheffield plate
4529:Richard Roberts
4509:Thomas Newcomen
4429:Samuel Crompton
4399:Matthew Boulton
4357:Economies of density
4161:– Cornell University
4143:at Wikimedia Commons
4111:Machinery's Handbook
4071:Machinery's Handbook
3159:University of Aleppo
3139:University of Aleppo
3040:Lucas, Adam (2006),
2933:Inquiry into Physics
2899:Chiu, Y. C. (2010),
2503:, on Perseus project
2480:, on Perseus project
2367:Mechanical advantage
2352:Linkage (mechanical)
2292:angular acceleration
2264:Lagrangian mechanics
2238:Dynamics of machines
2216:Hero of Alexandria's
1844:Controllers combine
1506:The speed ratios of
1494:planetary gear train
1487:mechanical advantage
1223:engine is called an
1046:improve this article
983:system of mechanisms
855:mechanical advantage
827:mechanical advantage
763:Chambers' Cyclopædia
612:. He described four
563:was invented in the
481:–75 AD) in his work
468:mechanical advantage
443:(1991-1802 BC). The
128:mechanical advantage
41:Láng Machine Factory
7476:Technology transfer
7167:Client–server model
6618:CRISPR gene editing
6613:Genetic engineering
6200:Internal combustion
4738:Spinning jenny
4733:Spinning frame
4703:Flying shuttle
4693:Crucible steel
4574:John Wilkinson
4559:Thomas Telford
4404:James Brindley
4023:A. P. Usher, 1929,
3644:Springer, New York.
3609:Reuleaux, F., 1876
3565:(Online ed.).
2696:Courier Corporation
2643:D.T. Potts (2012).
2377:Outline of machines
2327:Outline of machines
2304:machine's lifecycle
2256:equations of motion
2248:rigid-body dynamics
2214:Usher reports that
2104:This water-powered
1716:systems, including
1639:spherical mechanism
1633:Spherical mechanism
1599:Peaucellier linkage
1592:Chebyshev's linkage
1415:indexing mechanisms
1263:nuclear power plant
296:(1704), which has:
7341:Sustainable design
7075:Integrated circuit
6899:Telecommunications
6855:Optical instrument
5951:Injection moulding
5638:Musical instrument
5423:Major technologies
5154:Peaucellier-Lipkin
4829:Industrial warfare
4678:Blast furnace
4539:Samuel Slater
4534:Thomas Savery
4504:Lunar Society
4362:Economies of scale
4032:2013-06-02 at the
3973:2017-09-18 at the
3955:2017-08-04 at the
3803:Robert L. Norton,
3640:2016-08-19 at the
3618:2013-06-02 at the
3594:2011-10-20 at the
3522:Cornell University
3516:2011-05-19 at the
3497:2015-05-18 at the
3125:2008-02-18 at the
2698:. pp. 86–90.
2595:on August 21, 2016
2495:2011-06-29 at the
2472:2011-06-29 at the
2294:of the component.
2268:mechanical systems
2234:of these systems.
2127:
2064:molecular machines
2060:nanoscale dynamics
1971:
1963:biological machine
1949:Molecular machines
1901:
1884:Computing machines
1726:control components
1659:Flexure mechanisms
1561:
1461:of Greece and the
1455:
1259:electric generator
1178:electric generator
1153:
1130:
967:
957:Mechanical systems
924:mechanical systems
896:
768:
705:
664:Guillaume Amontons
588:musical instrument
530:Islamic Golden Age
510:
472:Hero of Alexandria
345:
179:factory automation
117:mechanical systems
73:molecular machines
49:
7713:
7712:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7636:Mature technology
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7224:Graphics software
6603:Blood transfusion
6264:Epicyclic gearing
6096:Archimedes' screw
5376:
5375:
5352:Riveting machines
5050:Archimedes' screw
4920:
4919:
4794:Factory Acts
4779:Child labour
4743:Steam engine
4655:Soho Foundry
4544:John Smeaton
4469:Thomas Highs
4464:Hawks family
4139:Media related to
4081:978-0-8311-2635-3
3880:10.1021/cr030071r
3729:978-0-08-049995-6
3691:978-0-19-855389-2
3573:(Subscription or
3445:978-1-4020-6365-7
3418:978-0-7923-9133-3
3387:978-0-393-32175-3
3349:978-0-313-32433-8
3106:978-981-4304-13-9
2943:978-0-534-49168-0
2912:978-90-5972-437-2
2878:978-0-88029-251-1
2569:978-0-7618-3702-2
2550:Therese McGuire,
2437:978-0-486-25593-4
2170:industrialization
2116:Georgius Agricola
2075:four-bar linkages
1916:Analytical Engine
1908:Difference engine
1747:three-bar linkage
1652:spatial mechanism
1646:Spatial mechanism
1471:Georgius Agricola
1393:, which includes
1265:uses heat from a
1122:
1121:
1114:
1096:
971:mechanical system
686:steam locomotives
660:Leonardo da Vinci
629:Mechanical Powers
586:, a programmable
457:Egyptian pyramids
382:, along with the
376:ancient Near East
293:Lexicon Technicum
193:The English word
47:, Hungary in 1977
7733:
7700:
7688:
7687:
7676:
7675:
7541:
7534:Related concepts
7530:
7334:Clean technology
7275:
7264:
7229:Operating system
6835:Magnetic storage
6798:Electromagnetism
6428:Air conditioning
6377:Geothermal power
6123:Block and tackle
6069:Four-bar linkage
5956:Lost-wax casting
5833:Horseback riding
5430:
5419:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5380:
5055:Eductor-jet pump
4947:
4940:
4933:
4924:
4908:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4799:Great Divergence
4753:Water frame
4688:Cotton mill
4514:Robert Owen
4374:
4342:Water power
4322:Steam power
4277:Coal mining
4255:Potential future
4189:
4182:
4175:
4166:
4150:
4138:
4124:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3874:(4): 1377–1400.
3868:Chemical Reviews
3863:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3629:
3623:
3607:
3598:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3538:
3525:
3507:
3501:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3333:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3167:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3037:
3031:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2487:
2481:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2421:
2288:angular velocity
2244:dynamic analysis
2200:autonomous robot
2124:
2121:
2030:for replicating
1996:Flexible linkers
1967:protein dynamics
1898:
1895:
1858:flyball governor
1751:four-bar linkage
1675:machine elements
1668:Machine elements
1624:Planar mechanism
1588:Hoeken's linkage
1569:four-bar linkage
1489:of the gear set.
1409:mechanisms, and
1364:machine elements
1331:Electrochemical:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1054:
1030:
1022:
947:four-bar linkage
916:kinematic chains
892:four-bar linkage
682:Boulton and Watt
480:
477:
430:
427:
420:
417:
322:
278:and to military
262:
261:
252:
247:
246:
241:
236:
235:
227:
222:
221:
209:
7741:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7655:
7607:
7545:Applied science
7535:
7516:
7457:
7424:Futures studies
7410:
7352:
7315:
7269:
7250:
7091:
6964:Electrical grid
6954:Circuit breaker
6930:
6792:
6676:
6640:Medical imaging
6623:Genetic testing
6584:
6451:
6334:
6222:Heavy equipment
6183:Washing machine
6154:
6079:Rack and pinion
5989:
5963:Mass production
5922:
5787:
5693:
5577:
5424:
5413:
5407:
5377:
5372:
5368:Spring (device)
5356:
5337:Vending machine
5305:
5287:
5244:
5206:
5158:
5135:
5102:
5098:Stirling engine
5079:
5032:
4999:
4956:
4951:
4921:
4916:
4884:
4833:
4762:
4713:Power loom
4670:
4664:
4640:New Lanark
4583:
4579:John Wyatt
4569:James Watt
4519:Lewis Paul
4419:Henry Cort
4381:
4375:
4366:
4260:
4203:
4193:
4131:
4121:
4108:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4067:
4064:
4062:Further reading
4059:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4034:Wayback Machine
4022:
4018:
4009:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3975:Wayback Machine
3966:
3962:
3957:Wayback Machine
3948:
3944:
3929:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3805:Machine Design,
3802:
3798:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3692:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3642:Wayback Machine
3630:
3626:
3620:Wayback Machine
3608:
3601:
3596:Wayback Machine
3586:
3582:
3572:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3528:
3518:Wayback Machine
3508:
3504:
3499:Wayback Machine
3486:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3419:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3314:
3310:
3276:Organised Sound
3268:
3267:
3263:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3151:Ahmad Y. Hassan
3149:
3145:
3127:Wayback Machine
3118:
3114:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2879:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:. p. 416.
2660:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2497:Wayback Machine
2488:
2484:
2474:Wayback Machine
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2387:Simple machines
2382:Power (physics)
2333:
2325:Main articles:
2323:
2300:
2276:
2240:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2162:control systems
2122:
2111:De re metallica
2098:
2090:Main articles:
2088:
2083:
2036:RNA polymerases
2028:DNA polymerases
2024:gene expression
1951:
1904:Charles Babbage
1896:
1886:
1878:robotic systems
1842:
1739:
1670:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1626:
1581:Parallel motion
1553:
1525:
1516:bicycle gearing
1453:(main fragment)
1443:
1355:
1325:linear movement
1304:modern aircraft
1300:robotic systems
1284:Electric motors
1267:nuclear reactor
1118:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1031:
1020:
959:
951:six-bar linkage
908:simple machines
900:simple machines
831:prismatic joint
788:simple machines
755:
749:
747:Simple machines
678:parallel motion
641:Galileo Galilei
584:music sequencer
569:cotton industry
478:
441:Twelfth Dynasty
428:
418:
361:simple machines
329:
191:
124:simple machines
107:that shape the
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7739:
7737:
7729:
7728:
7718:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7694:
7682:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7467:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7391:Science policy
7388:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7325:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7292:Low technology
7283:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7244:Word processor
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7192:World Wide Web
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7087:Superconductor
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6991:Electric light
6988:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6896:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6887:Motion picture
6884:
6874:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6840:Microwave oven
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6766:Chromatography
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6686:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6578:Spinning wheel
6575:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6548:
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6430:
6420:
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6418:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6382:Heat exchanger
6379:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6365:Energy storage
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6325:
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6313:
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6276:
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6266:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6195:Electric motor
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6138:Potter's wheel
6135:
6130:
6125:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5995:Simple machine
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5943:
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5719:
5714:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5682:Printing press
5679:
5674:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5647:
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5645:
5635:
5634:
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5628:
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5513:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5467:Sewing machine
5459:
5458:
5457:
5455:Working animal
5452:
5447:
5436:
5434:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5408:
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5398:
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5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:Wind generator
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5145:
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5067:
5062:
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5031:
5030:
5025:
5023:Pendulum clock
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4995:Wheel and axle
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Inclined plane
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4927:
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4917:
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4902:
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4309:
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4299:
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4194:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4144:
4130:
4129:External links
4127:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4105:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4080:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4016:
4005:Google Patents
3988:
3978:
3960:
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3927:
3901:
3858:
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3796:
3752:
3735:
3728:
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3366:
3348:
3325:
3308:
3261:
3234:
3224:
3204:
3189:
3182:
3162:
3143:
3131:Ahmad Y Hassan
3112:
3105:
3087:
3080:
3056:
3050:
3032:
3008:Ahmad Y Hassan
3000:
2982:
2960:
2942:
2922:
2911:
2888:
2877:
2857:
2850:
2826:
2819:
2799:
2792:
2774:
2767:
2742:
2735:
2729:. p. 27.
2711:
2704:
2682:
2675:
2650:
2647:. p. 285.
2635:
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2575:
2568:
2543:
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2505:
2482:
2459:
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2402:Work (physics)
2399:
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2354:
2349:
2344:
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2322:
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2314:
2311:
2299:
2298:Machine design
2296:
2275:
2272:
2239:
2236:
2211:
2208:
2188:Main article:
2185:
2182:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2038:for producing
1965:that utilizes
1950:
1947:
1943:Turing machine
1885:
1882:
1866:cruise control
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1776:
1762:
1738:
1735:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:Jansen linkage
1609:
1606:Sarrus linkage
1602:
1595:
1584:
1576:Watt's linkage
1552:
1549:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1475:involute tooth
1442:
1439:
1354:
1351:
1271:electric power
1170:water turbines
1120:
1119:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1016:
999:Franz Reuleaux
958:
955:
932:kinematic pair
928:kinematic pair
904:Franz Reuleaux
859:revolute joint
813:, also called
800:inclined plane
792:wheel and axle
774:to define the
753:Simple machine
751:Main article:
748:
745:
718:Western Europe
714:United Kingdom
573:spinning jenny
561:spinning wheel
536:machine was a
516:machines, the
429: 2000 BC
421:, and then in
419: 3000 BC
384:wheel and axle
365:inclined plane
328:
325:
305:
304:
197:comes through
190:
187:
171:farm machinery
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7738:
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7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7452:
7451:Transhumanism
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7416:Progressivism
7413:
7407:
7406:Technorealism
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
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7377:
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7343:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7321:Ecotechnology
7318:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7285:
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7276:
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7094:
7088:
7085:
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7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7065:Semiconductor
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7050:Lightning rod
7048:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7028:Circuit board
7026:
7024:
7021:
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7019:
7016:
7012:
7009:
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7004:
7002:
6999:
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6992:
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6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:Optical fiber
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6806:Electromagnet
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6739:Haber process
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
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6691:
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6679:
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6656:
6653:
6651:
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6641:
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6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Birth control
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6590:Biotechnology
6587:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6561:Vulcanization
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Nanomaterials
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6489:Chipped stone
6487:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6445:Photovoltaics
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6423:Refrigeration
6421:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
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6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
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6230:
6229:
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6225:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
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6203:
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6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
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6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:Assembly line
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5928:Manufacturing
5925:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:Space station
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Motor vehicle
5855:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Fortification
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5445:Domestication
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:Miscellaneous
5308:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Water turbine
5190:
5188:
5187:Steam turbine
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Rotary engine
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Hydraulic ram
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4913:
4912:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:Social impact
4765:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:Coalbrookdale
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
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4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4373:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4200:technological
4197:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4120:9780831130992
4116:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4017:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:Toy Automaton
3992:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3928:9780123812629
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:(6): 687–93.
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
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3759:
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3647:
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3639:
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3628:
3625:
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3617:
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3613:
3606:
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3600:
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3590:
3584:
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3576:
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3409:
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3379:
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3370:
3367:
3355:
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3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:9789004251793
3221:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3183:9780801873942
3179:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3081:0-442-26134-9
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3067:Wind Machines
3060:
3057:
3053:
3051:90-04-14649-0
3047:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:0-521-42239-6
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2985:
2983:1-4020-2203-4
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2918:
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2908:
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2903:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2851:0-8225-2996-3
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2820:0-8225-2994-7
2816:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2793:9780195113747
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2768:9781575060422
2764:
2761:. p. 4.
2760:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2736:9781404205604
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2705:9780486264851
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2676:9789048190911
2672:
2668:
2664:
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2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2629:9781575060422
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2528:, quoted in
2527:
2526:Machinenkunde
2521:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
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2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
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2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
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2334:
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2328:
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2297:
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2293:
2289:
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2261:
2257:
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2249:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2204:Toy Automaton
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2178:world economy
2175:
2174:mechanization
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:Mechanization
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:for removing
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:State machine
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1613:Klann linkage
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:to rotate an
1256:
1255:steam turbine
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:wind turbines
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:West Flanders
1143:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1105:
1102:November 2021
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063: –
1062:
1058:
1057:Find sources:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:This section
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:Power sources
1017:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
963:
956:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
909:
905:
901:
893:
889:
887:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:in speed. If
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
764:
759:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:Great Britain
729:
727:
723:
722:North America
719:
715:
710:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:patented his
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
645:Le Meccaniche
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:The earliest
576:
574:
570:
566:
565:Islamic world
562:
558:
553:
551:
550:Ottoman Egypt
547:
543:
542:steam turbine
539:
535:
534:steam-powered
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:ancient Egypt
434:
424:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:balance scale
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
339:was found in
338:
333:
326:
324:
321:
317:) from Latin
316:
312:
311:
303:
299:
298:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:siege engines
277:
273:
272:stage engines
269:
264:
256:
251:
240:
231:
226:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
199:Middle French
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:machine tools
172:
169:; as well as
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
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7702:
7690:
7678:
7563:Construction
7558:Architecture
7379:Trade secret
7268:Perspectives
7187:Social media
7182:Peer-to-peer
7060:Oscilloscope
7001:Incandescent
6904:Mobile phone
6816:Optical disc
6783:Spectrometer
6771:Distillation
6546:Rammed earth
6433:Refrigerator
6411:Oil drilling
6259:Differential
6013:Ball bearing
5978:Machine tool
5773:Stonemasonry
5699:Construction
5616:Lock and key
5611:Cryptography
5506:Food storage
5327:Agricultural
5182:Quasiturbine
5093:Steam engine
5028:Quartz clock
5013:Atomic clock
4953:
4910:
4897:
4824:Urbanization
4306:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4155:at Wikiquote
4110:
4099:
4090:
4070:
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4019:
4008:. Retrieved
3998:
3991:
3981:
3963:
3945:
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3867:
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3855:. 1432-119X.
3826:
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3804:
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3768:
3722:. Elsevier.
3718:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3660:
3649:
3633:
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3611:
3583:
3560:
3556:"mechanical"
3549:
3541:
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3338:
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2973:
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2932:
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2809:
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2593:the original
2588:
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2500:
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2426:
2397:Virtual work
2301:
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2253:
2241:
2219:
2218:treatise on
2213:
2203:
2193:
2159:
2128:
2109:
2072:
2068:nanomachines
2026:, including
2012:ATP synthase
1988:motile cilia
1972:
1927:Arithmometer
1924:
1902:
1843:
1740:
1725:
1724:, and (iii)
1702:chain drives
1687:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1562:
1526:
1501:non-circular
1456:
1431:
1399:chain drives
1380:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1330:
1329:
1310:Fluid Power:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1279:
1247:Power plant:
1246:
1245:
1218:
1206:steam engine
1201:
1200:
1183:
1182:
1176:to drive an
1158:
1157:
1154:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1056:
1044:Please help
1039:verification
1036:
1008:
996:
988:
970:
968:
944:
936:
913:
897:
885:
863:
850:
846:
842:
835:
819:Olorgesailie
808:
769:
761:
741:refined coal
730:
706:
672:
653:
644:
637:Simon Stevin
628:
622:
618:drum machine
599:
577:
554:
540:driven by a
526:Muslim world
514:wind-powered
511:
482:
461:
453:Neo-Assyrian
373:
346:
308:
306:
302:innumerable.
300:
291:
265:
254:
194:
192:
181:systems and
163:air handling
132:
121:
63:and control
52:
50:
32:
7568:Engineering
7304:Neo-Luddism
7239:Web browser
7234:Spreadsheet
7155:Touchscreen
7130:Motherboard
7043:Vacuum tube
7018:Electronics
6996:Fluorescent
6984:Transformer
6936:Electricity
6877:Photography
6519:Ironworking
6440:Solar power
6311:Vacuum pump
6279:Whippletree
5936:3D printing
5749:Scaffolding
5594:Calculation
5440:Agriculture
5433:Necessities
5342:Wind tunnel
5258:Vacuum tube
5250:Electronics
5172:Gas turbine
5116:Gas turbine
5075:Vacuum pump
5038:Compressors
5018:Chronometer
4814:Proletariat
4774:Bourgeoisie
3488:Moon, F. C.
3287:: 195–205.
2759:Eisenbrauns
2620:Eisenbrauns
2145:and belts,
2123: 1555
2044:spliceosome
1931:Comptometer
1897: 1820
1874:Servomotors
1840:Controllers
1694:gear trains
1512:belt drives
1483:speed ratio
1419:escapements
1395:belt drives
1391:gear trains
1339:solar cells
1296:servomotors
1286:use either
1162:Waterwheels
1159:Waterwheel:
864:Wheel: The
836:Lever: The
737:iron-making
690:steam ships
643:in 1600 in
625:Renaissance
623:During the
528:during the
451:during the
449:Mesopotamia
439:during the
388:Mesopotamia
369:prehistoric
288:John Harris
268:machination
147:automobiles
7613:Innovation
7598:Navigation
7495:Philosophy
7162:Networking
7080:Transistor
7055:Multimeter
6924:Television
6860:Microscope
6828:Eyeglasses
6776:Filtration
6761:Separation
6734:Fertilizer
6662:Prosthesis
6655:Antibiotic
6650:Anesthesia
6645:Medication
6504:Metallurgy
6301:Jackhammer
6296:Compressor
6291:Pneumatics
6227:Hydraulics
6210:Waterwheel
6178:Dishwasher
5901:Watercraft
5894:Space suit
5879:Spacecraft
5845:Jet engine
5744:Foundation
5717:Irrigation
5687:Typewriter
5660:Video game
5643:Phonograph
5589:Accounting
5518:Sanitation
5410:Technology
5301:Automobile
5263:Transistor
5177:Jet engine
5149:Pantograph
4671:technology
4669:Invention/
4635:Ironbridge
4332:Technology
4312:Metallurgy
4202:revolution
4196:Industrial
4010:2007-01-07
3775:: 117291.
3577:required.)
3360:2008-05-21
2994:2008-05-21
2954:2008-05-22
2408:References
2392:Technology
2342:Gear train
2280:kinematics
2228:kinematics
2106:mine hoist
2096:Automation
2050:, and the
1998:allow the
1880:possible.
1862:thermostat
1797:suspension
1689:mechanisms
1383:mechanisms
1353:Mechanisms
1237:jet engine
1229:exothermic
1221:automobile
1072:newspapers
772:Archimedes
674:James Watt
557:cotton gin
538:steam jack
464:Archimedes
341:Winchester
315:Old French
255:mechanical
159:appliances
141:, such as
135:mechanisms
105:mechanisms
101:electrical
7631:Invention
7626:High tech
7603:Surveying
7583:Logistics
7573:Forensics
7279:Criticism
7023:Capacitor
6974:Generator
6919:Telephone
6914:Telegraph
6865:Telescope
6788:Synthesis
6751:Pesticide
6722:Gunpowder
6717:Fireworks
6707:Explosive
6690:Detergent
6608:Dentistry
6551:Recycling
6387:Heat pump
6306:Rivet gun
6274:Gyroscope
6249:Mechanism
6173:Appliance
6160:Machinery
6101:Propeller
5941:Carpentry
5916:Submarine
5884:Satellite
5874:Scuba set
5793:Transport
5539:Equipment
5278:Capacitor
5240:Propeller
4838:Reference
4605:Bethlehem
4600:Allentown
4347:Workforce
4317:Sociology
4307:Machinery
4297:Invention
3986:workshop.
3888:0009-2665
3791:1359-4311
3303:1355-7718
3018:, p. 54.
2599:March 13,
2337:Automaton
2224:mechanics
2220:Mechanics
2210:Mechanics
2190:Automaton
2004:allostery
1854:actuators
1833:adhesives
1825:soldering
1809:Fasteners
1761:elements.
1684:fasteners
1537:cam shaft
1372:fasteners
1359:mechanism
1335:batteries
1317:pneumatic
1313:Hydraulic
1210:aeolipile
1188:windmills
1184:Windmill:
1168:. Modern
1061:"Machine"
1012:mechanism
992:mechanics
979:actuators
940:mechanism
694:factories
614:automaton
596:Banu Musa
522:wind pump
483:Mechanics
479: 10
396:Near East
307:The word
260:μηχανικός
189:Etymology
155:airplanes
113:computers
91:, and by
59:to apply
7726:Machines
7720:Category
7679:Category
7588:Medicine
7578:Forestry
7553:Agronomy
7214:Database
7209:Compiler
7204:Software
7177:Internet
7110:Hardware
7097:Computer
7038:Inductor
7033:Resistor
6712:Dynamite
6682:Chemical
6635:Hospital
6509:Aluminum
6470:Concrete
6457:Material
6416:Fracking
6353:Charcoal
6318:Robotics
6237:Manifold
6232:Cylinder
6215:Windmill
6128:Flywheel
6086:Pendulum
6037:Catapult
5862:Railroad
5828:Elevator
5816:Seaplane
5811:Airplane
5806:Aerostat
5801:Aircraft
5734:Building
5707:Aqueduct
5626:Banknote
5604:Calendar
5523:Plumbing
5462:Clothing
5450:Grafting
5293:Vehicles
5283:Inductor
5273:Resistor
5212:Aerofoil
5202:Windmill
5141:Linkages
4954:Machines
4899:Category
4625:Cromford
4615:Broseley
4337:Textiles
4141:Machines
4030:Archived
3971:Archived
3953:Archived
3937:21570668
3896:15826015
3853:18365235
3700:26398887
3638:Archived
3616:Archived
3592:Archived
3514:Archived
3495:Archived
3423:Archived
3392:Archived
3354:Archived
3153:(1976),
3133:(1976),
3123:Archived
3014:(1986).
2988:Archived
2948:Archived
2917:archived
2883:archived
2493:Archived
2470:Archived
2467:"μηχανή"
2442:Archived
2321:See also
2232:dynamics
2184:Automata
2052:ribosome
1992:flagella
1959:ribosome
1929:and the
1920:computer
1914:and his
1829:crimping
1811:such as
1769:friction
1765:Bearings
1722:clutches
1714:follower
1706:linkages
1615:and the
1551:Linkages
1545:follower
1533:follower
1485:and the
1427:clutches
1411:linkages
1407:follower
1241:aircraft
1142:Zwevegem
973:manages
920:linkages
874:friction
811:hand axe
670:(1785).
656:friction
606:automata
518:windmill
495:dynamics
487:windlass
349:hand axe
337:hand axe
335:A flint
320:ingenium
274:used in
257:(Greek:
139:vehicles
109:actuator
93:chemical
65:movement
45:Budapest
7691:Outline
7483:History
7463:Studies
7299:Luddite
7150:Storage
6944:Circuit
6756:Pigment
6672:Vaccine
6667:Surgery
6568:Textile
6541:Plastic
6499:Masonry
6477:Ceramic
6394:Nuclear
6370:Battery
6205:Turbine
6054:Linkage
6047:Shadoof
6008:Bearing
5985:Welding
5946:Casting
5906:Sailing
5838:Stirrup
5823:Compass
5766:Caisson
5667:Writing
5511:Pottery
5494:Milling
5474:Cooking
5361:Springs
5164:Turbine
4911:Commons
4809:Luddite
4718:Railway
4698:Factory
4380:People/
4153:Machine
3844:2386530
2514:machine
2490:"μῆχος"
2143:sheaves
2139:pulleys
2048:introns
1980:kinesin
1846:sensors
1821:welding
1793:Springs
1779:Splines
1565:linkage
1281:Motors:
1202:Engine:
1150:Belgium
1086:scholar
870:chariot
853:is the
491:statics
433:pulleys
408:shadoof
327:History
276:theater
239:mekhane
225:makhana
207:machina
195:machine
97:thermal
77:animals
69:engines
53:machine
7703:Portal
7621:Design
7593:Mining
7374:Patent
7145:Router
6979:Switch
6882:Camera
6845:Mirror
6556:Rubber
6514:Bronze
6465:Cement
6404:Weapon
6340:Energy
6269:Gimbal
6190:Engine
6143:Pulley
6108:Spring
6074:Piston
6064:Clutch
5850:Rocket
5783:Tunnel
5729:Bridge
5599:Abacus
5582:Social
5566:Weapon
5554:Plough
5549:Hammer
5528:Toilet
5489:Cheese
5230:Rudder
5070:Trompe
5005:Clocks
4980:Pulley
4588:Places
4382:groups
4287:Cotton
4265:Themes
4241:Fourth
4227:Second
4117:
4078:
3935:
3925:
3894:
3886:
3851:
3841:
3789:
3726:
3698:
3688:
3443:
3415:
3384:
3346:
3301:
3222:
3180:
3103:
3078:
3048:
3026:
2980:
2940:
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2875:
2848:
2842:35, 36
2817:
2790:
2765:
2733:
2702:
2673:
2626:
2566:
2434:
2155:cranks
2147:shafts
2081:Impact
2042:, the
1984:dynein
1975:myosin
1852:, and
1817:rivets
1813:screws
1718:brakes
1423:brakes
1251:boiler
1233:piston
1196:motors
1186:Early
1136:Early
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
888:(1876)
815:biface
804:joints
780:pulley
692:, and
649:energy
610:robots
378:. The
310:engine
250:mekhos
234:μηχανή
220:μαχανά
183:robots
143:trains
81:people
61:forces
7172:Email
7135:Mouse
7125:Modem
7070:Diode
6909:Radio
6894:Radar
6811:Laser
6536:Paper
6524:Steel
6494:Glass
6482:Brick
6399:Power
6254:Clock
6118:Wheel
6113:Valve
6091:Screw
6042:Crane
6032:Lever
6025:Chain
5867:Train
5754:Tower
5712:Canal
5621:Money
5559:Wedge
5544:Blade
5484:Bread
5322:Robot
5317:Mecha
5268:Diode
5042:pumps
4990:Wedge
4985:Screw
4975:Lever
4683:Canal
4327:Steel
4248:Fifth
4234:Third
4220:First
4213:Proto
3571:
3283:(2).
2554:, in
2196:robot
2135:gears
1961:is a
1850:logic
1803:Seals
1755:truss
1749:into
1508:chain
1467:China
1387:gears
1321:pumps
1093:JSTOR
1079:books
1004:power
975:power
866:wheel
838:lever
823:wedge
796:wedge
784:screw
776:lever
726:Japan
592:flute
445:screw
412:crane
392:lever
380:wheel
357:wedge
353:wedge
245:μῆχος
230:Ionic
216:Doric
212:Greek
203:Latin
201:from
151:boats
99:, or
89:water
57:power
7011:Neon
6969:Fuse
6823:Lens
6695:Soap
6573:Loom
6358:Oven
6348:Fire
6286:MEMS
6242:Pump
6150:Wing
6133:Gear
6020:Belt
6003:Axle
5911:Ship
5778:Road
5724:Arch
5672:Book
5655:Game
5631:Coin
5535:Tool
5499:Wine
5479:Beer
5235:Flap
5225:Wing
5220:Sail
5065:Pump
5040:and
4302:Iron
4282:Coke
4272:Coal
4198:and
4115:ISBN
4076:ISBN
3933:PMID
3923:ISBN
3892:PMID
3884:ISSN
3849:PMID
3787:ISSN
3724:ISBN
3696:OCLC
3686:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3413:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3299:ISSN
3220:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3046:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2815:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2700:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2601:2012
2564:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2329:and
2290:and
2242:The
2230:and
2202:. A
2164:and
2153:and
2151:cams
2094:and
2054:for
2040:mRNA
2006:via
1990:and
1941:and
1925:The
1787:axle
1783:keys
1781:and
1759:beam
1720:and
1712:and
1698:belt
1611:The
1604:The
1597:The
1590:and
1543:and
1531:and
1510:and
1449:The
1425:and
1405:and
1397:and
1389:and
1357:The
1341:and
1315:and
1261:. A
1235:. A
1138:Ganz
1065:news
817:and
798:and
782:and
707:The
633:work
555:The
520:and
499:work
347:The
177:and
165:and
153:and
87:and
85:wind
79:and
7219:GUI
7140:RAM
7120:GPU
7115:CPU
7006:LED
6727:TNT
6702:Dye
6628:PCR
6328:Leg
6323:Arm
6059:Cam
5761:Dam
5677:Map
5650:Toy
5571:Gun
3915:doi
3876:doi
3872:105
3839:PMC
3831:doi
3827:129
3777:doi
3773:196
3289:doi
3252:doi
2538:604
2262:or
2141:or
2032:DNA
2020:ATP
1757:or
1710:cam
1700:or
1541:cam
1529:cam
1465:of
1403:cam
1302:to
1290:or
1219:An
1174:dam
1048:by
918:or
851:a/b
786:as
548:in
284:OED
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6959:DC
6949:AC
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