1143:
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702:, the Dutch gained control of the eastern half of Madura in 1705. Dutch recognition of Puger was influenced by the lord of West Madura, Cakraningrat II who is thought to have supported Puger's claims in the hope that a new war in central Java would provide the Madurese with a chance to interfere. However, while Amangkurat was arrested and exiled to Ceylon, Puger took the title of
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1157:, the soil is not fertile enough to make it a major agricultural producer. Limited economic opportunities have led to chronic unemployment and poverty. These factors have led to long-term emigration from the island, such that most ethnically Madurese people do not now live on Madura. People from Madura were some of the most numerous participants in government
1131:) and the Giligenteng Islands to the southeast of Madura. The mainland (i.e. the area on Madura Island itself) covers 1,156.07 km (with 808,553 inhabitants in mid 2023) consisting of 18 districts, while the various islands are 937.40 km in area (with 333,657 people in mid 2023), comprising 9 districts, with 128 islands, 46 inhabited.
2092:, is the Madurese performance artist best known outside the island, due to its role as a representative Madurese art form at exhibitions of regional cultures from all over Indonesia. However, performances of it are rare on Madura and are generally restricted to entertainment at large official functions. The less formal
2189:
The
Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 : explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of
725:
The Dutch continued Madura's administrative divisions of four states each with their own regent. The island was initially important as a source of colonial troops and in the second half of the nineteenth century it became the main source of salt for Dutch-controlled territories in the archipelago.
384:. The island comprises an area of approximately 4,436.77 square kilometres (1,713.05 sq mi) (administratively 5,374.17 square kilometres (2,074.98 sq mi) including various smaller islands to the east, southeast and north that are administratively part of Madura's easternmost
1176:-raising is also a critical part of the agricultural economy, providing extra income to peasant farmer families, in addition to being the basis for Madura's famous bull-racing competitions. Small-scale fishing is also important to the subsistence economy.
709:
The
Cakraningrats agreed to help the Dutch quash the 1740 rebellion in Central Java after the Chinese massacre in 1740. In a 1743 treaty with the Dutch, Pakubuwono I ceded the full sovereignty of Madura to the Dutch, which was contested by
914:
2103:
orchestra, best known as a classical
Javanese instrument, is also played on Madura, where several of the former royal courts, such as at Bangkalan and Sumenep, possess elaborate gamelans.
396:. The administered area had a density of 755.6 people per km (1,957 per sq. mile) in mid-2023, while the main island had a somewhat higher figure of 840 per km (2,175.5 per sq. mile).
2076:
Several forms of music and theatre are popular on Madura, particularly among lower-class people for whom they provide an inexpensive form of entertainment and community-building. The
768:<divborder:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gold; z-index:-1": -->
1215:, Indonesia's second-largest city, and hence has gained a role as a suburb for commuters to Surabaya, and as a location for industry and services that need to be near the city.
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855:
The
Madurese are a large ethnic population in Indonesia, numbering around 7 million inhabitants. They come from the island of Madura as well as surrounding islands, such as
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farming is a major contributor to the island's economy. Madura's soil, while unable to support many food crops, helps make the island an important producer of tobacco and
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minority. However, since 2012, interfaith discord has escalated violent, resulting in attacks on many Shia villages around the city of
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2018:
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Note: Sumenep
Regency, besides including the eastern quarter of Madura Island, also includes many offshore islands - notably the
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music, more exclusive to Madura, is played on several wooden or bamboo drums, and often accompanies bull-racing competitions.
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The Hague: M. Nijhoff. Bibliographical series (Koninklijk
Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands)) ; 9.
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The Dutch gradually sidelined the Sultan and took over direct control of the entire island in the 1880s, governing it as the
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687:, a single princely line. The Cakraningrat family opposed Central Javanese rule and often conquered large parts of Mataram.
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The
Madurese are considered to be excellent sailors. Madurese vessels loaded with cargoes of wood from other islands, like
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Madura Island is a relatively flat topography and there is no significant difference in elevation, which makes Madura a
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718:, took refuge with the British, was robbed and betrayed by the sultan, and captured by the Dutch and exiled to the
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theatre, where performers do not wear masks and perform a wider range of themes, is more popular on the island.
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1222:, opened in 2009, is expected to further increase the Bangkalan area's interaction with the regional economy.
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those peoples from their earliest relations with
European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century
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La matière des émotions. Les arts du temps et du spectacle dans la société madouraise (Indonésie).
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Madura (including its offshore islands) has a population of about four million, most of whom are
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758:. The limestone hills in Madura are lower, rougher, and rounder than the hills in northern Java.
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Time
Allocation Among the Madurese of Gedang-Gedang. Cross-Cultural Studies in Time Allocation,
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On the whole, Madura is one of the poorest regions of the East Java province. Unlike
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Madura Island is part of East Java province and is divided into the following four
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Publications de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, vol. 172. Paris : EFEO.
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being attacked and the residents' escape for government refugee centers. The
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substantially since the 1980s. This region is within a short ferry ride of
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Madura and surrounding islands : an annotated bibliography, 1860-1942
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883:. Madurese are found in Situbondo and Bondowoso, and east of Probolinggo,
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Volume XIII. New Haven, Connecticut: Human
Relations Area Files Press.
2064:, usually a young boy, rides a simple wooden sled pulled by a pair of
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Kees van Dijk, Huub de Jonge, and Elly Touwen-Bouswsma, eds. (1995).
2447:(Thesis) (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Islamic Institute of Sunan Ampel.
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is a key subsistence crop, on the island's many small landholdings.
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conquered Madura, and the island's government was brought under the
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and signed a treaty with the Dutch that granted them, East Madura.
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United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
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Bibliography of Madura (including Bawean, Sapudi and Kangean).
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Ed. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, 1903-09,
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over a course of about 100 meters in ten to fifteen seconds.
734:, Madura was administered as a federative state known as the
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1197:, the island has also been a major producer and exporter of
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Madura is famous for its bull-racing competition (called
871:. In addition, many Madurese live in the eastern part of
2475:
Across Madura Strait: the dynamics of an insular society
887:, and a few at most who speak Javanese, including North
388:). Administratively, Madura is part of the province of
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Almost all parts of Madura are lowlands and closer to
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2174:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024,
1119:lying between Madura and the Kangean Islands, and
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2119:, used to ply their trade between Indonesia and
89:
2299:(in Indonesian). Jawa Pos Group. Archived from
1638:Source 1: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip)
750:. Geologically, Madura is part of the northern
2293:"4 Kabupaten di Madura Masuk Daerah Termiskin"
917:has provided details of such attacks in 2013.
2444:Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17
2010:Source: Climate-Data.org (temp & precip)
1123:closer to Madura; it also includes the small
628:
406:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
8:
2323:"Kondisi geografi dan iklim Sampang, Madura"
2271:2010 Population Census – Jawa Timur Province
2123:. Traditional vessels of Madura include the
2084:performances of classic stories such as the
46:
227:5,374.17 km (2,074.98 sq mi)
2495:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200
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392:. It is separated from Java by the narrow
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1207:, on the western end of the island, has
875:, commonly called the "Horseshoe", from
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433:
2498:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–48.
1193:(clove cigarette) industry. Since the
1161:, moving to other parts of Indonesia.
2281:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
1677:(elevation 337 meters or 1,106 feet)
7:
2261:Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
2019:Köppen-Geiger climate classification
1652:Köppen-Geiger climate classification
2396:"Climate: Payudan Nangger, Sumenep"
1654:, the climate of coastal Madura is
1115:to the east of Madura, the smaller
2176:Kabupaten Sumenep Dalam Angka 2024
2021:, the climate of inland Madura is
1669:Climate data for Payudan Nangger,
25:
1643:Source 2: Weatherbase (humidity)
1257:(elevation 15 meters or 49 feet)
1220:Surabaya-Madura (Suramadu) Bridge
1127:to the north (between Madura and
844:. The main language of Madura is
773:Religion in Madura Island (2023)
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2534:
2149:
692:First Javanese War of Succession
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593:
484:History of Hinduism in Indonesia
441:
2329:(in Indonesian). Government of
730:. From 1948 to 1950, under the
1168:is a mainstay of the economy.
380:off the northeastern coast of
1:
2588:Populated places in Indonesia
290:4,060,713 (mid 2023 estimate)
2554:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2327:Pemerintah Kabupaten Sampang
2291:JawaPos.com (18 July 2017).
929:, listed from west to east:
502:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
1866:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
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2441:Akhmad Saiful Ali (1994).
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2009:
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732:United States of Indonesia
671:Madura Island in Indonesia
563:Hindu temples in Indonesia
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2080:theatre, which involves
1149:making in Madura in 1948
921:Administrative divisions
30:Not to be confused with
2568:Sanskrit-language names
2477:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
2451:Bouvier, Hélène (1994)
2297:radarmadura.jawapos.com
2231:"Religion in Indonesia"
2194:Arthur H. Clark Company
1159:transmigration programs
714:. Cakraningrat fled to
39:Madura (disambiguation)
2374:"Pamekasan, Indonesia"
2218:Akhmad Saiful Ali 1994
2196:, Volumes 34-35 p.169.
2051:
1150:
850:Austronesian languages
672:
539:Mataram/Medang Kingdom
313:Additional information
232:Highest elevation
123:Location of Madura in
117:Topography of Madura (
90:
2578:Greater Sunda Islands
2492:(11 September 2008).
2416:Clifford W. Hawkins,
2244:BPS Kabupaten Sumenep
2045:
1145:
905:majority and a large
891:, as well as some of
848:, one of a family of
670:
435:Hinduism in Indonesia
410:Hinduism in Indonesia
202:Greater Sunda Islands
182:7.06000°S 113.40000°E
2583:Islands of Indonesia
2543:at Wikimedia Commons
2519:Smith, Glenn (2002)
2512:Smith, Glenn (1995)
2352:"Climate: Pamekasan"
647:Madura is named for
611:Indonesia portal
471:identified as Hindus
376:: ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦩꦢꦸꦫ) is an
37:For other uses, see
1796:Daily mean °C (°F)
1376:Daily mean °C (°F)
651:, the home of the
600:Hinduism portal
187:-7.06000; 113.40000
178: /
48:
27:Island in Indonesia
2418:Praus of Indonesia
2398:. Climate-Data.org
2354:. Climate-Data.org
2131:(or leteh-leteh),
2052:
1151:
831:and Others (0.00%)
829:Aliran Kepercayaan
673:
469:Aliran Kepercayaan
272:Largest settlement
240:Highest point
2539:Media related to
2505:978-1-137-05201-8
2466:Farjon, I.(1980)
2303:on 20 August 2020
2072:Music and theatre
2023:tropical savannah
2014:
2013:
1656:tropical savannah
1647:
1646:
1592:relative humidity
1245:Climate data for
1187:for the domestic
1125:Masalembu Islands
1109:
1108:
1031:Pamekasan Regency
977:Bangkalan Regency
728:Madoera Residency
720:Cape of Good Hope
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464:Javanese Hinduism
459:Balinese Hinduism
378:Indonesian island
340:
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104:"The Salt Island"
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1263:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1227:
1224:
1209:industrialized
1139:
1136:
1121:Talango Island
1117:Sapudi Islands
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
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801:Roman Catholic
795:
785:
775:
771:
767:
766:
765:
763:
760:
743:
740:
700:Pangeran Puger
696:Amangkurat III
690:Following the
664:
661:
643:
642:
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632:
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613:
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584:
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455:
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398:
370:ڤولو مادْوراْ
338:
337:
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334:
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321:
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155:Southeast Asia
152:
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108:
107:
87:
72:ڤولو مادْوراْ
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2605:
2594:
2591:
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2573:Madura Island
2571:
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2484:
2483:90-6718-091-2
2480:
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2469:
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2462:
2461:2-85539-772-3
2458:
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2450:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2425:0-333-31810-2
2422:
2419:
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2410:
2397:
2391:
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2376:. Weatherbase
2375:
2369:
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2275:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:archive.today
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2220:, p. 62.
2219:
2214:
2211:
2208:, p. 47.
2207:
2206:Ricklefs 2008
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:According to
2008:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1938:precipitation
1934:
1928:
1923:
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1913:
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1680:
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1650:According to
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1518:precipitation
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1191:
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1032:
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1028:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
983:
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978:
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974:
966:
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945:
940:
937:
934:
933:
930:
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:
898:Madura has a
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
840:
830:
826:
822:
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802:
792:
782:
774:
761:
759:
757:
754:mountains of
753:
749:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
723:
721:
717:
713:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
685:Cakraningrats
682:
678:
669:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
638:
633:
631:
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624:
619:
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616:
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582:
579:
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574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Sunda Kingdom
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
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511:
503:
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490:
489:
485:
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460:
457:
456:
449:
448:
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439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
419:
418:Greater India
415:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
394:Madura Strait
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Madura Island
332:
328:
325:
324:
322:
320:
316:
311:
308:
305:
303:Ethnic groups
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
274:
270:
267:
264:
260:
256:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
216:Major islands
214:
210:
208:Total islands
206:
203:
200:
196:
191:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
144:
140:
135:
130:
126:
120:
114:
109:
99:
92:
83:
77:
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
47:Madura Island
44:
40:
33:
19:
2520:
2513:
2494:
2474:
2467:
2452:
2443:
2435:Bibliography
2417:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2296:
2286:
2277:
2266:
2257:
2239:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2183:
2175:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2077:
2075:
2057:karapan sapi
2055:
2053:
2026:
2016:
1940:mm (inches)
1659:
1649:
1520:mm (inches)
1229:
1217:
1203:
1188:
1178:
1164:Subsistence
1163:
1152:
1133:
1110:
1085:
1084:
924:
897:
854:
836:
825:Confucianism
772:
745:
724:
708:
704:Pakubuwono I
689:
677:Sultan Agung
674:
646:
524:Tarumanagara
359:Polo Madhurâ
358:
351:Pulau Madura
350:
342:
341:
295:Pop. density
282:Demographics
254:
243:Lanjari Hill
128:
118:
80:ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦩꦢꦸꦫ (
63:Polo Madhurâ
62:
54:Pulau Madura
53:
43:
2090:Mahabharata
2060:), where a
2038:Bull racing
1166:agriculture
967:Population
960:Population
953:Population
946:Population
716:Banjarmasin
198:Archipelago
185: /
173:113°24′00″E
161:Coordinates
91:Pulau Garam
2562:Categories
2143:References
1129:Kalimantan
1105:4,060,713
1079:1,142,210
998:1,047,306
881:Banyuwangi
867:, and the
839:ethnically
791:Protestant
762:Demography
544:Singhasari
452:Variations
414:Indosphere
404:See also:
347:Indonesian
287:Population
170:07°03′36″S
98:Indonesian
88:Nickname:
58:Indonesian
2593:East Java
2402:21 August
2380:21 August
2358:21 August
2336:20 August
2307:20 August
2137:janggolan
2129:leti leti
2121:Singapore
1675:East Java
1255:Indonesia
1251:East Java
1247:Pamekasan
1236:East Java
1205:Bangkalan
1195:Dutch era
1102:4,004,564
1099:3,622,763
1096:3,230,300
1076:1,124,436
1073:1,042,312
1036:Pamekasan
995:1,060,377
982:Bangkalan
971:estimate
927:regencies
873:East Java
857:Gili Raja
752:limestone
742:Geography
675:In 1624,
549:Majapahit
400:Etymology
390:East Java
372:,
331:UTC+07:00
319:Time zone
276:Pamekasan
266:East Java
255:Indonesia
146:Geography
125:East Java
74: (
2247:Archived
2133:lis-alis
2105:Tongtong
2086:Ramayana
2050:, Madura
1936:Average
1590:Average
1516:Average
1213:Surabaya
1093:5,374.17
1067:2,093.47
1052:882,837
1025:988,360
1013:1,228.25
986:1,260.15
969:mid 2023
889:Surabaya
877:Pasuruan
846:Madurese
842:Madurese
821:Hinduism
811:Buddhism
783:(99.89%)
694:between
602:•
427:a series
425:Part of
355:Madurese
307:Madurese
262:Province
151:Location
67:Madurese
2331:Sampang
2125:golekan
2111:Vessels
2101:gamelan
2094:loddrok
2048:Sumenep
2033:Culture
2005:(74.3)
2000:(10.7)
1955:(11.6)
1950:(11.3)
1945:(13.0)
1931:(68.9)
1926:(69.3)
1921:(70.2)
1911:(68.4)
1906:(67.5)
1901:(67.5)
1896:(68.5)
1891:(69.4)
1886:(69.6)
1881:(69.1)
1876:(68.7)
1871:(68.7)
1861:(77.1)
1841:(77.4)
1836:(76.3)
1831:(75.7)
1826:(76.6)
1821:(77.4)
1816:(77.5)
1811:(76.6)
1806:(76.1)
1801:(76.1)
1791:(85.3)
1786:(84.9)
1781:(87.4)
1771:(86.5)
1766:(85.1)
1756:(84.9)
1751:(85.5)
1746:(85.5)
1736:(83.7)
1731:(83.7)
1671:Sumenep
1585:(61.7)
1535:(10.0)
1525:(10.2)
1511:(71.8)
1506:(72.5)
1496:(72.5)
1491:(70.9)
1486:(70.0)
1476:(71.1)
1471:(72.5)
1466:(72.7)
1461:(72.1)
1456:(72.1)
1451:(72.3)
1441:(80.4)
1426:(81.9)
1421:(80.4)
1416:(79.3)
1406:(79.7)
1401:(80.8)
1391:(79.9)
1386:(79.7)
1381:(80.1)
1371:(89.0)
1366:(88.9)
1351:(90.1)
1346:(88.9)
1341:(88.0)
1336:(88.5)
1331:(89.1)
1326:(88.7)
1316:(87.4)
1232:equator
1226:Climate
1181:tobacco
1138:Economy
1070:985,981
1063:Sumenep
1049:850,057
1046:795,918
1043:689,225
1022:969,694
1019:877,772
1016:750,046
1009:Sampang
992:906,761
989:805,048
938:Capital
911:Sampang
813:(0.01%)
803:(0.04%)
793:(0.06%)
748:badland
681:Mataram
663:History
657:Azhagar
649:Madurai
374:Carakan
82:Carakan
32:Madeira
18:Madoera
2552:Madura
2541:Madura
2502:
2481:
2459:
2423:
2135:, and
2117:Borneo
2082:masked
2078:topeng
2062:jockey
1995:(6.8)
1990:(2.5)
1985:(0.4)
1980:(0.7)
1975:(1.5)
1970:(2.6)
1965:(4.6)
1960:(8.6)
1682:Month
1580:(9.4)
1575:(4.8)
1570:(1.5)
1565:(0.4)
1560:(0.4)
1555:(1.6)
1550:(2.8)
1545:(4.2)
1540:(7.0)
1530:(9.4)
1262:Month
1190:kretek
1185:cloves
1174:Cattle
1086:Totals
1040:792.30
964:census
957:census
950:census
903:Muslim
893:Malang
885:Jember
861:Sapudi
819:
817:
809:
807:
799:
797:
789:
787:
779:
777:
655:deity
571:Candis
416:, and
94:
2066:bulls
2003:1,888
1916:(70)
1856:(77)
1851:(79)
1846:(79)
1776:(88)
1761:(84)
1741:(84)
1721:Year
1633:78.2
1630:81.2
1627:75.6
1624:72.1
1621:72.2
1618:72.8
1615:74.9
1612:77.5
1609:80.1
1606:80.8
1603:84.2
1600:83.5
1597:82.9
1583:1,573
1501:(73)
1481:(70)
1436:(81)
1431:(82)
1411:(79)
1396:(81)
1361:(91)
1356:(91)
1321:(88)
1311:(88)
1301:Year
1170:Maize
900:Sunni
781:Islam
653:Hindu
366:Pèghu
129:below
119:above
76:Pèghu
2500:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2404:2020
2382:2020
2360:2020
2338:2020
2309:2020
2099:The
2088:and
1929:20.5
1924:20.7
1919:21.2
1909:20.2
1904:19.7
1899:19.7
1894:20.3
1889:20.8
1884:20.9
1879:20.6
1874:20.4
1869:20.4
1859:25.0
1839:25.2
1834:24.6
1829:24.3
1824:24.8
1819:25.2
1814:25.3
1809:24.8
1804:24.5
1799:24.5
1789:29.6
1784:29.4
1779:30.8
1769:30.3
1764:29.5
1754:29.4
1749:29.7
1744:29.7
1734:28.7
1729:28.7
1718:Dec
1715:Nov
1712:Oct
1709:Sep
1706:Aug
1703:Jul
1700:Jun
1697:May
1694:Apr
1691:Mar
1688:Feb
1685:Jan
1594:(%)
1509:22.1
1504:22.5
1494:22.5
1489:21.6
1484:21.1
1474:21.7
1469:22.5
1464:22.6
1459:22.3
1454:22.3
1449:22.4
1439:26.9
1424:27.7
1419:26.9
1414:26.3
1404:26.5
1399:27.1
1389:26.6
1384:26.5
1379:26.7
1369:31.7
1364:31.6
1349:32.3
1344:31.6
1339:31.1
1334:31.4
1329:31.7
1324:31.5
1314:30.8
1298:Dec
1295:Nov
1292:Oct
1289:Sep
1286:Aug
1283:Jul
1280:Jun
1277:May
1274:Apr
1271:Mar
1268:Feb
1265:Jan
1218:The
1199:salt
1155:Java
1147:Salt
962:2020
955:2010
948:2000
943:(km)
941:Area
935:Name
907:Shia
865:Raas
756:Java
581:Kuil
576:Pura
382:Java
327:IWST
224:Area
2029:).
1998:272
1993:172
1963:116
1958:219
1953:294
1948:288
1943:331
1662:).
1578:239
1573:122
1543:107
1538:179
1533:254
1528:239
1523:260
679:of
211:127
2564::
2325:.
2295:.
2192:,
2167:^
2139:.
2127:,
2027:Aw
1988:63
1983:11
1978:17
1973:39
1968:66
1914:21
1854:25
1849:26
1844:26
1774:31
1759:29
1739:29
1673:,
1660:Aw
1568:38
1563:11
1558:11
1553:41
1548:72
1499:23
1479:21
1434:27
1429:28
1409:26
1394:27
1359:33
1354:33
1319:31
1309:31
1253:,
1249:,
1238:.
1201:.
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