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1843:. Here, she is identified as the supreme mother of the universe, associated with the five elements. In union with Lord Shiva, she creates and destroys worlds. Her appearance also takes a different turn, befitting her role as ruler of the world and object of meditation. In contrast to her terrible aspects, she takes on hints of a more benign dimension. She is described as young and beautiful, has a gentle smile, and makes gestures with her two right hands to dispel any fear and offer boons. The more positive features exposed offer the distillation of divine wrath into a goddess of salvation, who rids the
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more fearful, afraid that in her rampage, Kali would not stop until she destroyed the entire universe. Shiva saw only one solution to prevent Kali's endless destruction. Shiva lay down on the battlefield so that
Goddess Mahakali would have to step on him. When she saw her consort under her foot, Kali realized that she had gone too far. Filled with grief for the damage she had done, her blood-red tongue hung from her mouth, calming her down. In some interpretations of the story, Shiva was attempting to receive Kali's grace by receiving her foot on his chest.
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reconciled with death and to learn acceptance of the way that things are. These themes are addressed in Rāmprasād's work. Rāmprasād comments in many of his other songs that Kāli is indifferent to his wellbeing, causes him to suffer, brings his worldly desires to nothing and his worldly goods to ruin. He also states that she does not behave like a mother should and that she ignores his pleas:
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art the Origin of and devourest all things Thou art called the Adya . Re-assuming after
Dissolution Thine own form, dark and formless, Thou alone remainest as One ineffable and inconceivable. Though having a form, yet art Thou formless; though Thyself without beginning, multiform by the power of Maya, Thou art the Beginning of all, Creatrix, Protectress, and Destructress that Thou art.
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death, destruction and is worshipped by tantrics. As
Samhara Kali she gives death and liberation. According to the Mahakala Samhita, Samhara Kali is two armed and black in complexion. She stands on a corpse and holds a freshly cut head and a plate to collect the dripping blood. She is worshipped by warriors, tantrics – the followers of
1621:. Under the third eye of Kali, the signs of both sun, moon, and fire are visible, representing the driving forces of nature. Kali is not always thought of as a Dark Goddess. Despite Kali's origins in battle, she evolved to a full-fledged symbol of Mother Nature in her creative, nurturing and devouring aspects.
1305:) being-consciousness-bliss and far above Prakriti. She is shown as very dark as she is Brahman in its supreme unmanifest state. She has no permanent qualities—she will continue to exist even when the universe ends. It is therefore believed that the concepts of color, light, good, and bad do not apply to her.
1083:(skull-topped staff), decorated with a garland of skulls, clad in a tiger's skin, very appalling owing to her emaciated flesh, with gaping mouth, fearful with her tongue lolling out, having deep reddish eyes, filling the regions of the sky with her roars, falling upon impetuously and slaughtering the great
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He, O Mahākāli who in the cremation-ground, who wear skull garland and skirt of bones and with dishevelled hair, intently meditates upon Thee and recites Thy mantra, and with each recitation makes offering to Thee of a thousand Akanda flowers with seed, becomes without any effort a Lord of the earth.
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or force of time. When there were neither the creation, nor the sun, the moon, the planets, or the earth, there was only darkness, and everything was created from the darkness. The dark appearance of Kali represents the darkness from which everything was born. Her complexion is black. As she is also
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Samhara Kali, also called Vama Kali, is the embodiment of the power of destruction. The chief goddess of
Tantric texts, Samhara Kali is the most dangerous and powerful form of Kali. Samhara Kali takes form when Kali steps out with her left foot holding her sword in her right hand. She is the Kali of
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The pose shows the conclusion of an episode in which Kali was rampaging out of control after destroying many demons. Vishnu confronted Kali in an attempt to cool her down. She was unable to see beyond the limitless power of her rage and Vishnu had to move out of her way. Seeing this the devas became
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Other forms of Kali popularly worshipped in Bengal include Raksha Kali (form of Kali worshipped for protection against epidemics and drought), Bhadra Kali and Guhya Kali. Kali is said to have 8, 12, or 21 different forms according to different traditions. The popular forms are Adya Kali, Chintamani
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and carried out Ra's orders until she became so captured by her blood-lust that she would not stop despite Ra himself becoming distressed and wishing an end to the killing. Therefore, Ra concocted a ruse whereby a plain was flooded with beer which had been dyed red, which
Sekhmet mistook for blood
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spirituality who are attracted to goddess worship. , Kali is a symbol of wholeness and healing, associated especially with repressed female power and sexuality. confusion and misrepresentation, stemming from a lack of knowledge of Hindu history among these authors, draw upon materials written by
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An academic study of modern-day western Kali enthusiasts noted that, "as shown in the histories of all cross-cultural religious transplants, Kali devotionalism in the West must take on its own indigenous forms if it is to adapt to its new environment." Rachel Fell McDermott, Professor of Asian and
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At the dissolution of things, it is Kāla Who will devour all, and by reason of this He is called Mahākāla , and since Thou devourest Mahākāla
Himself, it is Thou who art the Supreme Primordial Kālika. Because Thou devourest Kāla, Thou art Kāli, the original form of all things, and because of Thou
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Kali is often shown standing with her right foot on Shiva's chest. This represents an episode where Kali was out of control on the battlefield, such that she was about to destroy the entire universe. Shiva pacified her by laying down under her foot to pacify and calm her. Shiva is sometimes shown
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is undefeated because of his ability to reproduce himself from every drop of his blood that reaches the ground. Countless
Raktabija clones appear on the battlefield. Kali eventually defeats him by sucking his blood before it can reach the ground, and eating the numerous clones. Kinsley writes that
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in the 13th century based on an older 5th century work, which actively recontextualizes Kali in a
Buddhist context, exploring the nature of violence and vengeance and how they trap people in cycles until justification, guilt, and good and evil become irrelevant. Kali has been seen as both a demon
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forms are subordinate to Kāliammā (the mother of Kāli). Red flowers, silver coins, blood, and oil lamps with mustard oil are offered to her, and as
Pattini's servant, she accepts offerings on her behalf. Sohonkāli is the form venerated in one of her most popular temples, the Mōdara Kāli temple in
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temple, though over 80% of its patrons are
Sinhala Buddhists. Bhadrakāli priests here interpret her tongue as symbolizing revenge, rather than embarrassment, and she tramples the demon of ignorance), Mahābhadrakāli, Pēnakāli, Vandurukāli (Hanumāpatrakāli), Rīrikāli, Sohonkāli, and Ginikāli. These
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started attacking warriors, with the text of the myth describing the goddess as gloating and her heart filling with joy and her liver with laughter while attaching the heads of warriors to her back and girding hands to her waist until she is pacified by a message of peace sent by her brother and
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To be a child of Kāli, Rāmprasād asserts, is to be denied of earthly delights and pleasures. Kāli is said to refrain from giving that which is expected. To the devotee, it is perhaps her very refusal to do so that enables her devotees to reflect on dimensions of themselves and of reality that go
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refers to the gift given to a priest before performing a ritual or to one's guru. Such gifts are traditionally given with the right hand. Dakshinakali's two right hands are usually depicted in gestures of blessing and giving of boons. One version of the origin of her name comes from the story of
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The Tantric approach to Kāli is to display courage by confronting her on cremation grounds in the dead of night, despite her terrible appearance. In contrast, the Bengali devotee adopts the attitude of a child, coming to love her unreservedly. In both cases, the goal of the devotee is to become
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or Hindu Gods and are often the identifying weapon or ritual item of a given Deva. The implication is that Mahakali subsumes and is responsible for the powers that these deities possess and this is in line with the interpretation that Mahakali is identical with Brahman. While not displaying ten
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appropriate and a natural by-product of religious globalization—although such borrowing ought to be done responsibly and self-consciously. If some Kali enthusiasts, therefore, careen ahead, reveling in a goddess of power and sex, many others, particularly since the early 1990s, have decided to
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A tantric interpretation sees Shiva as consciousness and Kali as power or energy. Consciousness and energy are dependent upon each other, since Shiva depends on Shakti, or energy, in order to fulfill his role in creation, preservation, and destruction. In this view, without Shakti, Shiva is a
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specify the ritual for how the animal should be killed. A Brahmin priest will recite a mantra in the ear of the animal to be sacrificed, in order to free the animal from the cycle of life and death. Groups such as People for Animals continue to protest animal sacrifice based on court rulings
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pose, with her right foot forward. When she saw Krishnananda watching her, she was embarrassed and put her tongue between her teeth, Agamavagisha realized that this was the divine form of maa kali he was looking for. Krishnananda Agamavagisha was also the guru of the Kali devotee and poet
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scholars of the Hindu religious tradition ... It is hard to import the worship of a goddess from another culture: religious associations and connotations have to be learned, imagined or intuited when the deep symbolic meanings embedded in the native culture are not available.
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reconsider their theological trajectories. These , whether of South Asian descent or not, are endeavoring to rein in what they perceive as excesses of feminist and New Age interpretations of the Goddess by choosing to be informed by, moved by, an Indian view of her character.
988:. When Vishnu woke up he started a war against the two asuras. After a long battle with Lord Vishnu when the two demons were undefeated Mahakali took the form of Mahamaya to enchant the two asuras. When Madhu and Kaitabha were enchanted by Mahakali, Vishnu killed them.
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The Hindu goddess Kālī similarly wore a necklace of severed heads and a girdle of severed hands, and was pacified by her consort, Śiva, throwing himself under her feet. The sickle sword wielded by Kālī might also have been connected to similar sickle swords used in
1481:. Devi Kali reportedly appeared to him in a dream and told him to popularize her in a particular form that would appear to him the following day. The next morning he observed a young woman making cow dung patties. While placing a patty on a wall, she stood in the
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has a different version of Kali's relationship with Parvati. When Shiva addresses Parvati as Kali, "the dark blue one", she is greatly offended. Parvati performs austerities to lose her dark complexion and becomes Gauri, the golden one. Her dark sheath becomes
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There are many varied depictions of the different forms of Kali. The most common form shows her with four arms and hands, showing aspects of both creation and destruction. The two right hands are often held out in blessing, one in a mudra saying "fear not"
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Oh Kāli, whoever on Tuesday at midnight, having uttered Thy mantra, makes offering even but once with devotion to Thee of a hair of his Shakti in the cremation-ground, becomes a great poet, a Lord of the earth, and ever goes mounted upon an elephant.
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The most widespread interpretation of Kali's extended tongue involve her embarrassment over the sudden realization that she has stepped on her husband's chest. Kali's sudden "modesty and shame" over that act is the prevalent interpretation among
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where this takes place involves the ritual slaying of goats, chickens and sometimes male water buffalos. Throughout India, the practice is becoming less common. The rituals in eastern India temples where animals are killed are generally led by
1899:'s consort, Kāli is rarely pictured in Hindu legends and iconography as a motherly figure until Bengali devotions beginning in the early eighteenth century. Even in Bengāli tradition her appearance and habits change little, if at all.
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or modesty, an expression that is widely accepted as the emotion being expressed by Kali. In Bengal also, Kali's protruding tongue is "widely accepted... as a sign of speechless embarrassment: a gesture very common among Bengalis."
1025:, who received a boon that would only allow a female to kill him. Parvati merges with Shiva's body, reappearing as Kali to defeat Daruka and his armies. Her bloodlust gets out of control, only calming when Shiva intervenes. The
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Kali is depicted in the Mahakali form as having ten heads, ten arms, and ten legs. Each of her ten hands is carrying a various implement which varies in different accounts, but each of these represents the power of one of the
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once asked a devotee why one would prefer to worship Mother over him, this devotee rhetorically replied, "Maharaj, when they are in trouble your devotees come running to you. But, where do you run when you are in trouble?"
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In the ten-armed form of Mahakali, she is depicted as shining like a blue stone. She has ten faces, ten feet, and three eyes for each head. She has ornaments decked on all her limbs. There is no association with Shiva.
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The twin earrings of Kali are small embryos. This is because Kali likes devotees who have childlike qualities in them. The forehead of Kali is seen to be as luminous as the full moon and eternally giving out ambrosia.
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Two of these hands (usually the left) are holding a sword and a severed head. The sword signifies divine knowledge and the human head signifies human ego which must be slain by divine knowledge in order to attain
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with a blissful smile on his face. She is typically shown with a garland of severed heads, often numbering fifty. This can symbolize the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet and therefore as the primordial sound of
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Dakshinakali is the most popular form of Kali in Bengal. She is the benevolent mother, who protects her devotees and children from mishaps and misfortunes. There are various versions for the origin of the name
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by her touch." In fact, Shiva is said to have become so enchanted by Kali that he performed austerities to win her, and having received the treasure of her feet, held them against his heart in reverence.
918:. Kali, is then understood as, "she who is the ruler of time", or "she who is black". Kālī is the goddess of time or death and the consort of Shiva. She is called Kali Mata ("the dark mother") and also
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The chant of the first chapter of Durga Saptashati is considered a very important hymn to Sri Mahakali as Devi Mahatmyam / Durga Saptashati dates back to the Upanishadic Era of Indological literature.
999:. Kaushiki responds with such anger it causes her face to turn dark, resulting in Kali appearing out of her forehead. Kali's appearance is dark blue, gaunt with sunken eyes, and wearing a tiger skin
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goddess Kali, who is first attested in the 7th century CE, shares some characteristics with some ancient Near Eastern goddesses, such as wearing a necklace of heads and a belt of severed hands like
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Interpretations of the symbolic meanings of Kali's appearance vary depending on Tantric or devotional approach, and on whether one views her image in a symbolic, allegorical or mystical fashion.
954:, Kali’s origins can be traced to the deities of the Pre-Vedic village, tribal, and mountain cultures of South Asia who were gradually appropriated and transformed by the Sanskritic traditions.
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describes Kali as "possessing a soothing dark complexion, as perfectly beautiful, riding a lion, four-armed, holding a sword and blue lotus, her hair unrestrained, body firm and youthful".
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876:(liberation). Worshipped throughout South Asia but particularly in Nepal, South India, Bengal, and Assam; Kali is a central figure in Goddess-centric traditions of Hinduism as well as in
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In Bengal and Odisha, Kali's extended tongue is widely seen as expressing embarrassment over the realization that her foot is on her husband's chest. Pictured is the idol of Kali at the
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in order to defend the innocent. Over time, Kali has been worshipped by devotional movements and Tàntric sects variously as the Divine Mother, Mother of the Universe, Principal energy (
1571:, beyond all qualities of nature, and transcendent. Kali's lolling tongue is interpreted as her being angry, enraged; while many in India interpret it as "biting the tongue" in shame.
1256:, which means her initiated devotees (or anyone worshipping her with a true heart) will be saved as she will guide them here and in the hereafter. This is the form of Dakshina Kali.
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with intoxication and rage. Her hair is disheveled, small fangs sometimes protrude out of her mouth, and her tongue is lolling. Sometimes she dons a skirt made of human arms and a
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There are several interpretations of the symbolism behind the commonly represented image of Kali standing on Shiva's supine form. A common interpretation is that Shiva symbolizes
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is very often identified with Kali and is very much like her in appearance and habit. In Tantric Kali Kula Shaktism, Kali is the supreme goddess and source of all goddesses. In
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in that army, she devoured those hordes of the foes of the devas and caught the blood of Raktabīja before it could fall to the ground, stopping him from creating more duplicates.
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1728:, it is Kali who seems to dominate much of the Tantric iconography, texts, and rituals. In many sources Kāli is praised as the highest reality or greatest of all deities. The
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form and the ten-armed Mahakali avatar. In both, she is described as being black in colour, though she is often seen as blue in popular Indian art. Her eyes are described as
1347:. It can also be used as an honorific of the Goddess Kali, signifying her greatness by the prefix "Mahā-". Mahakali, in Sanskrit, is etymologically the feminized variant of
2046:. In Sinhala Buddhism, her origin is explained through her arriving at Munneśvaram from South India, eating humans, and attempting to eat Pattini, who instead tames her.
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Menon, Usha; Shweder, Richard A. (1994). "Kali's Tongue: Cultural Psychology and the Power of Shame in Orissa, India". In Kitayama, Shinobu; Markus, Hazel Rose (eds.).
2070:(though a tamed one, thanks to Pattini) and a goddess in Sri Lanka. She and mythical Sinhala Buddhist kings both use demonic fury as a necessary condition of conquest.
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In Sri Lanka, Kali is venerated and called upon by Buddhists and Hindus. She is a type of mother goddess, sometimes invoked to fight disease, and a maid of the Goddess
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Kali could be considered a general concept, like Durga, and is primarily worshipped in the Kali Kula sect of worship. The closest way of direct worship is Maha Kali or
1443:'s chest—while depictions showing Kali with her left foot on Shiva's chest depict the even more fearsome Vamakali. Vamakali is usually worshipped by non-householders.
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According to Rachel Fell McDermott, the poets portrayed Shiva as "the devotee who falls at feet in devotion, in the surrender of his ego, or in hopes of gaining
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Out of the surface of her (Durga's) forehead, fierce with frown, issued suddenly Kali of terrible countenance, armed with a sword and noose. Bearing the strange
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The figure of Kāli conveys death, destruction, and the consuming aspects of reality. As such, she is also a "forbidden thing", or even death itself. In the
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chants, and from non-Buddhist yantras and mantras. The Sādhakayantra is popular, and its corresponding mantra includes Arabic words and Islamic concepts.
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heads, an "ekamukhi" or one headed image may be displayed with ten arms, signifying the same concept: the powers of the various Gods come only through her
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There are many different interpretations of the pose held by Dakshinakali, including those of the 18th and 19th-century bhakti poet-devotees such as
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1944:. The practice of animal sacrifice is still practiced during Kali Puja in Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, though it is rare outside of those areas. The
950:(19.7). Kali originated as a tantric and non-Vedic goddess. Her roots are most probably connected to the Pre-Aryan period. According to Indologist
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Pravrajika Vedantaprana, Saptahik Bartaman, Volume 28, Issue 23, Bartaman Private Ltd., 6, JBS Haldane Avenue, 700 105 (ed. 10 October 2015) p.16
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She is regarded as having seven forms; Bhadrakāli (who is associated with business and gold trade, and prominently worshipped at the Tamil Hindu
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In fact, chanting of Mahishasura Mardhini is a daily ritual in all Hindu Bengali homes especially during Navratri / Durga Pujo as it is called.
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1343:: મહાકાળી), literally translated as "Great Kali," is sometimes considered as a greater form of Kali, identified with the Ultimate reality of
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and author of several books on Kali, has noted the evolving views in the West regarding Kali and her worship. In 1998 McDermott wrote that:
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1740:, and Shiva all arise from her like bubbles in the sea, ceaselessly arising and passing away, leaving their original source unchanged. The
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Kali's most common four armed iconographic image shows each hand carrying variously a Khadga (crescent-shaped sword or a giant sickle), a
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boldly seeks to confront Kali, and thereby assimilates and transforms her into a vehicle of salvation. This is clear in the work of the
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1520:, Bhadra Kali, Smashana Kali, Adharvana Bhadra Kali, Kamakala Kali, Guhya Kali, Hamsa Kali, Shyama Kali, and Kalasankarshini Kali.
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from which all creation proceeds. The severed arms which make up her skirt represent her devotee's karma that she has taken on.
4159:(1965). "Syrien: Die Mythologie der Ugariter und Phönizier" [Syria: The Mythology of the Ugarites and Phoenicians]. In
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1436:). When Yama heard Kali's name, he fled in terror, and so those who worship Kali are said to be able to overcome death itself.
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Hewamanage, Wimal (January 2018). "The History of the Kāli Cult and its Implications in Modern Sri Lankan Buddhist Culture".
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Similarly, while killing demons, Kālī became ecstatic with the joy of battle and slaughter and refused to stop, so that the
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3972:"The feminist struggle continues, Gloria Steinem says, encouraging a Stanford audience toward 'one new subversive thing'"
2701:(2003). "India's Darkest Heart: Kali in the Colonial Imagination". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.).
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feared she would destroy the world, and she was stopped through ruse when her consort Śiva threw himself under her feet.
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2581:"Dakshin Kali Khadgamala Stotra: A Hymn to the Fierce and Compassionate Goddess from Rudrayamal Tantra - Aghori Stories"
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Other origin stories involve Parvati and Shiva. Parvati is typically portrayed as a benign and friendly goddess. The
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2098:. A few authors have drawn parallels between Kali worship and the ceremonies of the annual pilgrimage in honor of
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Vampires' Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Bloodthirsty Biters, Stake-wielding Slayers, and Other Undead Oddities
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Dold, Patricia (2003). "Kali the Terrific and Her Tests". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.).
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3624:. Mazal Holocaust Collection, David Lindroth Inc. (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 106–107.
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Yoga, and are affirmed to be as central to discerning the nature of reality as are the male deities. Although
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The goddess is generally worshipped as Dakshina Kali (with her right feet on Shiva) in Bengal during Kali Puja.
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A variety of writers and thinkers have found Kali an exciting figure for reflection and exploration, notably,
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1359:), an epithet of the God Shiva in Hinduism. Mahakali is the presiding Goddess of the first episode of the
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2411:, published in 1972. Here, Kali's many arms symbolize the many tasks of the contemporary American woman.
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while standing on the calm and prostrate Shiva, usually right foot forward to symbolize the more popular
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A form of Kali worship may have already been transmitted to the west in Medieval times by the wandering
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You have cut off the heads of the children of others, and these you wear as a garland around your neck.
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and drank until she became too inebriated to continue killing, thus saving humanity from destruction.
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1462:. Some have to do with battle imagery and tantric metaphysics. The most popular is a devotional view.
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1929:("Music of the Night"). Mostly sung by male vocalists, today women have taken to this form of music.
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A significant portion of Bengali devotional music features Kāli as its central theme and is known as
2374:, features a resurgent sect of Thuggees as worshippers of Kali who are at war with the British Raj.
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Idol of goddess Kali kept near Nimtala ghat for Visarjan or Immersion in the waters of river Hooghly
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Mahakali, goddess of time and death, depicted with a black complexion with ten heads, arms and legs.
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Vajrayoginī: her visualizations, rituals & forms: a study of the cult of Vajrayoginī in India
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If we compare the ceremonies with those performed in France at the shrine of Sainte Sara (called
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Kali appears in numerous stories, with her most renowned role being when she sprang from goddess
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2018:, English: "The Black Wrathful Lady"). She features as a key deity in the practice tradition of
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have Tamil ancestry but are, at least nominally, Catholics. The saint is identified with Kali.
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called Sara, who is actually part of the Kali/Durga/Sara worship among certain groups in India.
1680:
Oṃ jayantī mangala kālī bhadrakālī kapālinī . Durgā kṣamā śivā dhātrī svāhā svadhā namō'stutē.
1142:
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4279:
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4227:
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4145:
4034:"Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai: Pooja Sharma Says, Playing Mahakali Is A Lifetime Experience"
4005:
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1513:
1473:
The popularity of the worship of the Dakshinakali form of Goddess Kali is often attributed to
1340:
1138:
915:
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576:
436:
421:
285:
237:
4180:
3303:
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5340:
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2436:(Mahakali), Shiva's consort, assumes varied forms to destroy evil and protect the innocent.
2346:
2328:
1978:
1336:
1229:
1126:
992:
771:
738:
533:
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1916:
It matters not how much I call you "Mother, Mother." You hear me, but you will not listen.
5566:
5295:
5280:
5104:
4924:
4803:
4504:
4480:
3381:
3305:
Revelry, rivalry, and longing for the goddesses of Bengal: the fortunes of Hindu festivals
2367:
2317:
2208:
2107:
1671:ॐ जयंती मंगला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी । दुर्गा क्षमा शिवा धात्री स्वाहा स्वधा नमोऽस्तुते ॥
1374:
1298:
728:
682:
458:
369:
94:
3290:
Animal sacrifice is still practiced widely and is an important ritual in popular Hinduism
1996:
In Tibet, Krodikali (alt. Krodhakali, Kālikā, Krodheśvarī, Krishna Krodhini) is known as
1678:
Sarvamangal-māngalyē śivē sarvārthasādhikē. Śaraṇyē tryambakē Gauri nārāyaṇi namō'stu tē.
3072:
Kinsley, David R. (2003). "Kali". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.).
1278:) or 51, which represents Varnamala or the Garland of letters of the Sanskrit alphabet,
85:
5194:
4994:
4984:
4568:
4534:
4425:
4001:
Idolatry and the Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment
3216:
2407:
2359:
2351:
2023:
1926:
1815:
1605:
1091:
Kali consumes Raktabīja and his duplicates, and dances on the corpses of the slain. In
985:
964:
904:
601:
493:
431:
426:
213:
5589:
5583:
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4974:
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4272:
4201:
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3901:
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1669:सर्वमङ्गलमाङ्गल्ये शिवे सर्वार्थसाधिके । शरण्ये त्र्यम्बके गौरि नारायणि नमोऽस्तु ते ॥
1630:, the universal unchanging aspect of reality, or pure consciousness. Kali represents
1487:
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1134:
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1071:
1027:
951:
692:
591:
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463:
448:
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322:
233:
229:
2618:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 220–221.
991:
In later chapters, the story of two asuras who were destroyed by Kali can be found.
4896:
4818:
4492:
3671:
McDermott, Rachel Fell (1998). "The Western Kali". In Hawley, John Stratton (ed.).
2383:
2355:
1969:
1945:
1618:
1379:
1264:
1017:
943:
634:
581:
47:
2030:. Other similar fierce deities include the dark blue Ugra Tara and the lion-faced
1184:
1066:
70:
Goddess of Time, Death, Violence, Sexuality, Female empowerment, and Motherly Love
4409:
4339:
Mother of the Universe: Visions of the Goddess and Tantric Hymns of Enlightenment
4338:
4259:
3687:
3394:
3030:
2984:
2892:
Gupta, Sanjukta (2000). "The Worship of Kali According to the Todala Tantra". In
2727:
2530:
5524:
5499:
5440:
5236:
5214:
5096:
4956:
4856:
4838:
4828:
2986:
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
2388:
2272:
2099:
2027:
1990:
1550:
1205:
1154:
923:
596:
397:
220:
4499:
1682:ॐ काली काली महाकाली कालिके परमेश्वरी । सर्वानन्दकरी देवी नारायणि नमोऽस्तुते ।।
962:
Her most well-known appearance is on the battlefield in the sixth century text
5506:
5435:
5149:
4876:
4750:
4701:
3939:
2698:
2363:
2297:, suspected that mankind was plotting against him, and so he sent the goddess
2200:
2147:
2131:
2119:
2074:
2031:
1654:
1394:
1332:
1297:
She is often depicted naked which symbolizes her being beyond the covering of
1279:
1007:. She immediately defeats the two asuras. Later in the same battle, the asura
850:
827:
667:
541:
488:
301:
125:
77:
43:
39:
4441:
Narasimhananda, Swami, Prabuddha Bharata, January 2016, The Phalaharini Kali.
1768:, or "divinity itself"). They declare her to be an essence of her own form (
5494:
5425:
5315:
5258:
5174:
4891:
4886:
4881:
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4172:
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2302:
2204:
1933:
1658:
1369:. Here Devi serves as the agent who allows the cosmic order to be restored.
1271:
1260:
1236:) collecting the blood of the severed head. This is the form of Bhima Kali.
1180:
1165:. Other times, she is seen wearing a tiger skin. She is also accompanied by
1162:
1080:
1008:
1004:
842:
677:
662:
629:
519:
384:
359:
263:
259:
139:
3504:
2843:
5061:
4353:
In the Beginning is Desire: Tracing Kali's Footprints in Indian Literature
2405:
A version of Kali is on the cover of the first issue of feminist magazine
2239:
and that therefore that her character might have been influenced by them.
2203:, an island territory of France in the Indian Ocean, veneration for Saint
1217:
1113:
936:
902:
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5561:
5517:
5489:
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5445:
5365:
5325:
5310:
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4813:
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4745:
4737:
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4625:
3619:
3527:"THE REGENERATIVE POWER OF KALI WORSHIP IN CONTEMPORARY SINHALA BUDDHISM"
3451:
3416:
3341:
3285:
3160:. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp. 241–284.
2228:
2169:
2123:
1977:
Tantric Kali cults such as the Kaula and Krama had a strong influence on
1657:(Bhadra in Sanskrit means 'gentle'). Kali is worshipped as one of the 10
1632:
1423:
1348:
1328:
1314:
1283:
1267:(an auspicious number in Hinduism and the number of countable beads on a
1121:
1062:
1034:
996:
897:
877:
856:
823:
546:
524:
374:
330:
293:
182:
178:
121:
109:
35:
31:
17:
4453:
4410:
Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess
4096:
3526:
2567:
Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal
2457:
2061:
Her worship in Sri Lanka dates back to at least the 9th century CE, and
1701:
5511:
5484:
5345:
5320:
5300:
5268:
5263:
5253:
5179:
5159:
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2019:
1957:
1950:
1892:
1802:
1717:
1626:
1567:
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1558:
1344:
1275:
1197:
1179:("right-hand path"), as opposed to the more infamous and transgressive
865:
556:
379:
349:
197:
186:
117:
4585:
4277:
Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess
5455:
5450:
5415:
5403:
5393:
5360:
5350:
5285:
5204:
5184:
5122:
5117:
5050:
4765:
4679:
3903:
50 Licks: Myths and Stories from Half a Century of the Rolling Stones
3177:
Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History (Cities of the Imagination)
2298:
2252:
2248:
2127:
1986:
1982:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1912:
Men call you merciful, but there is no trace of mercy in you, Mother.
1880:
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344:
241:
208:
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146:
105:
3395:"Vajrayogini (Buddhist Deity) – Krodha Kali (Wrathful Black Varahi)"
3346:(1st Wisdom ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. pp. 38–40.
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
2613:
2146:/Sara has been transferred to a Christian figure... in France, to a
1609:
the goddess of preservation, Kali is worshipped as the preserver of
3730:
Saint Expedit, worshipped locally, is identified with Goddess Kali.
1477:. He was a noted 17th-century Bengali Tantra thinker and author of
869:. She is also seen as the divine protector and the one who bestows
5479:
5398:
5330:
5290:
5275:
5199:
5164:
5127:
4706:
4684:
3257:
3255:
2143:
1968:
1908:
Can mercy be found in the heart of her who was born of the stone?
1896:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1840:
1836:
1721:
1700:
1614:
1535:
1449:
1440:
1407:
1318:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1216:
1183:("left-hand path"). These serpents and jackals are shown to drink
1108:
1058:
838:
551:
404:
354:
273:
113:
2402:, created in 1971, was inspired by the stuck-out tongue of Kali.
5430:
5370:
5335:
5245:
5219:
5209:
5189:
5134:
4711:
4646:
4551:
3418:
Dakini's warm breath: the feminine principle in Tibetan Buddhism
2261:
2256:
2232:
1429:
1268:
1012:
Kali represents "Durga's personified wrath, her embodied fury".
1000:
846:
819:
803:
687:
624:
619:
339:
5065:
4598:
3868:"Art of the Rolling Stones: Behind That Zipper and That Tongue"
1973:
Tröma Nagm in Tibetan Buddhism, shares some attributes of Kali.
1847:
of fear. Here, Kali appears as a symbol of triumph over death.
1225:
Classic depictions of Kali share several features, as follows:
2301:, who was the incarnation of his violent feminine aspect, the
1910:
Were she not merciless, would she kick the breast of her lord?
1712:
Goddesses play an important role in the study and practice of
1663:
1593:
786:
4510:
3689:
Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West
3074:
Encountering Kali: in the margins, at the center, in the West
3032:
Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West
2703:
Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West
780:
4134:
Renowned Goddess of Desire: Women, Sex, and Speech in Tantra
4076:
A Dictionary of Buddhist and Hindu Iconography (Illustrated)
3456:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 340, 426.
2424:(1984), an action-adventure film which takes place in 1935.
1661:
forms of Adi Parashakti. One mantra for worship to Kali is:
1565:) nature of the teeth. Her blackness represents that she is
4594:
4395:
In Praise of The Goddess: The Devimahatmyam and Its Meaning
3935:
Votes for Women: Celebrating New York's Suffrage Centennial
3421:(1st paperback ed.). Boulder: Shambhala. p. 146.
2391:
is pursued by Kali worshippers intending to sacrifice him.
2294:
863:
sects additionally worship Kali as the ultimate reality or
3791:
3789:
3531:
Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology
3158:
Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence
2788:
Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas
1883:
devotional literature, with such notable devotee poets as
1045:, Kali turns black out of rage, while battling the demons
4038:
India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com
3715:"Tamils In Re-Union: Losing Cultural Identity – Analysis"
3264:
The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India
2670:
Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kali and Uma from Bengal
1891:(1718–1775). With the exception of being associated with
1748:
declare all of Kāli's mantras to be the greatest and the
1365:. Here, she is depicted as Devi in her universal form as
976:
as goddess Yoga Nidra to wake him up in order to protect
3666:
3664:
2644:
Devī-Māhātmya – Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition
2790:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 70.
1936:
in eastern India – celebrated when the new moon day of
1439:
Dakshinakali is typically shown with her right foot on
1393:
is rendered to mean "black", translates to Japanese as
3776:
3774:
2255:
include a myth according to which the warrior goddess
2073:
Yantras are used in relation to her, sourced from the
2013:
4464:
4234:– Has a chapter on Mahadevi with a commentary on the
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2288:
2142:
in Romani), we become aware that the worship of Kali/
1244:. The other two hands (usually the right) are in the
777:
5635:
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
4222:
Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird,
3486:"Three aspects of the 'Dhammika Paniya' controversy"
3151:
3149:
1232:(trident), a severed head, and a bowl or skull-cup (
783:
5468:
5386:
5244:
5103:
5025:
4955:
4905:
4847:
4784:
4736:
4645:
3932:Lemak, Jennifer A.; Hopkins-Benton, Ashley (2017).
3238:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 145.
1097:version of this story, Kali is also described as a
1021:describes Shiva asking Parvati to defeat the asura
972:is Mahakali, who appears from the body of sleeping
774:
269:
255:
247:
219:
207:
193:
174:
145:
131:
101:
61:
3900:
2842:
2505:Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (1982).
1579:. The biting of the tongue conveys the emotion of
2951:Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2012).
2308:Furthermore, Hathor appeared as the lion-goddess
1783:, Kāli is one of the epithets for the primordial
1720:is often said to be the recipient and student of
1561:nature being conquered by the white (symbolizing
946:, the first use of it as a proper name is in the
34:. For the Supreme goddess of time and death, see
2432:(2017) is an Indian television series in which
2293:, the ancient Egyptian supreme god, the Sun-god
1932:Kāli is especially venerated in the festival of
1412:Dakshina Kali, with Shiva devotedly at her foot.
27:Major deity and fierce form of the Hindu Goddess
3811:Magic Circles: The Beatles in Dream and History
3692:. University of California Press. p. 285.
3621:Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2705:. University of California Press. p. 171.
2637:
2635:
2235:, and drinking blood like the Egyptian goddess
2227:Scholar Marvin H. Pope in 1965 argues that the
2183:
2166:
2136:
1905:
1824:
1789:
1077:
4426:The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition
3076:. University of California Press. p. 36.
3035:. University of California Press. p. 54.
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
5077:
4610:
926:or as a description "the dark or black one".
914:(black), but these became associated through
746:
8:
4067:Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions
3551:Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review
3169:
3167:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
1153:The goddess has two depictions: the popular
4136:Oxford Scholarship Online: September 2007,
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2290:The Deliverance of Mankind from Destruction
1961:forbidding the practice in some locations.
5084:
5070:
5062:
4617:
4603:
4595:
3741:
2862:Glory of the Divine Mother: Devi Mahatmyam
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
1879:Kali is a central figure in late medieval
896:, which is mentioned quite differently in
753:
739:
280:
84:
4142:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327823.001.0001
3655:The Rom-Vlach Gypsies and the Kris-Romani
3236:Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound
2612:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007).
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2418:cult of Kali worshippers are villains in
1432:, lord of death, who lives in the south (
3814:. Harvard University Press. p. 78.
3675:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 281–305.
3132:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 74.
2936:Hati, Kamalpada; P.K., Pramanik (1985).
2500:
2498:
2327:
2181:By 2003, she amended her previous view.
1787:, and in one passage Shiva praises her:
4523:
4471:
3505:"Kali is not alien to Sinhala-Buddhism"
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2532:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar
2444:
2335:, based on the out stuck tongue of Kali
292:
3582:. Translated by Obeyesekere, Ranjini.
3221:Karpuradi Stotra, Tantrik Texts Vol IX
1810:, short praise of Kāli describing the
1512:Kali, Sparshamani Kali, Santati Kali,
58:
4293:Hymns to the Goddess and Hymn to Kali
3544:
3542:
3540:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3499:
3497:
3495:
1940:month coincides with the festival of
46:. For divine entity in Hinduism, see
7:
4165:Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient
4117:Impact of Tantra on Religion and Art
4098:Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Kali
3795:
3780:
3765:
3753:
3713:Suryanarayan, V. (12 October 2018).
3203:Secrets of Yantra, Mantra and Tantra
2452:
2450:
2448:
2421:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
968:. The deity of the first chapter of
4380:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
2938:Sri Ramakrishna: The Spiritual Glow
2726:Mohanty, Seema; Seema (July 2009).
2509:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 152.
2507:Sri Ramakrishna: The Spiritual Glow
2476:"The Significance of Dus Mahavidya"
1981:, as can be seen in fierce-looking
1038:, who while enraged, creates Kali.
922:which can be read here either as a
845:. The goddess is stated to destroy
3970:Donald, Brooke (27 January 2012).
3907:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.
3223:. Calcutta Agamanusandhana Samiti.
2923:'Sri Ramakrishna: The Great Master
2864:. Nesma Books India. p. 127.
2247:The Bronze Age epic cycles of the
30:This article is about the form of
25:
4169:Gods and Myths in the Middle East
3880:from the original on 11 June 2015
2940:. Orient Book Co. pp. 17–18.
2341:Thuggee § In popular culture
1125:), i.e. the slayer of the demons
5235:
4727:
4577:
4560:
4543:
4526:
4498:
4486:
4474:
3525:Bastin, Rohan (September 1996).
3302:McDermottb, Rachel Fell (2011).
2900:. Princeton Press. p. 466.
2801:Jagadiswarananda, Swami (1953).
2026:and is seen as a fierce form of
770:
722:
300:
138:(but varies by interpretation),
4306:Aghora, at the left hand of God
3866:Coscarelli, Joe (7 June 2015).
3835:Enright, Laura (30 June 2011).
3686:McDermott, Rachel Fell (2003).
3605:Gypsies: Wanderers of the World
3205:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
2667:McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001).
4226:Shri Kali Publications (2001)
4032:Nathan, Leona (23 July 2017).
3180:. Andrews UK Ltd. p. 18.
2991:University of California Press
2860:Sankaranarayanan, Sri (2001).
2646:. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
2529:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1993).
2429:Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai
1814:ritual unto her, performed on
1355:(which is interpreted also as
1057:In Kāli's most famous legend,
1:
3450:Shaw, Miranda Eberle (2006).
4074:Bunce, Frederick W. (1997).
2185:... crosscultural borrowing
2085:Worship in the Western world
1859:Statue of Kali trampling on
1274:or rosary for repetition of
841:’s fury to defeat the demon
5015:Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad
4421:) Edited by Tracy Pintchman
4365:The Goddess Kali of Kolkata
4351:Neela Bhattacharya Saxena,
4322:L'Orocc, dans l'âge de Kali
4238:from the Markandeya Purana.
4106:Harshananda, Swami (1981).
3453:Buddhist goddesses of India
3340:English, Elizabeth (2002).
2921:Saradananda, Swami (1952).
2816:Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003).
2289:
2160:Middle Eastern Cultures at
2014:
1922:beyond the material world.
1613:. Kali is standing calm on
1114:
1111:. She is given the epithet
937:
903:
809:
5661:
5010:Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad
4255:Swami Satyananda Saraswati
4108:Hindu Gods & Goddesses
4101:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
3580:The Jewels of the Doctrine
3578:Thera, Dharmasena (1991).
3268:Princeton University Press
2983:Kinsley, David R. (1988).
2955:. SUNY Press. p. 53.
2818:Images of Indian Goddesses
2569:. Oxford University Press.
2338:
2305:, to destroy his enemies.
2005:
1312:
1263:, variously enumerated at
1221:A Tamil depiction of Kali.
29:
5557:
5233:
5041:
4725:
4632:
4124:Santideva, Sadhu (2000).
3998:Ganguly, Swagato (2017).
3899:Fornatale, Peter (2013).
3310:Columbia University Press
1724:'s wisdom in the form of
1542:Dakshineshwar Kali Temple
1475:Krishnananda Agamavagisha
799:
587:Krishnananda Agamavagisha
83:
75:
66:
5541:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
4243:Kali: The Feminine Force
4188:Pope, Marvin H. (1977).
4004:. Taylor & Francis.
3808:McKinney, Devin (2003).
3673:Devi: Goddesses of India
3618:Fonseca, Isabel (1995).
3565:"Sri Kali and Sri Lanka"
3375:The Forms of Vajrayoginī
3308:. New York; Chichester:
3104:. Westland. p. 62.
3102:7 Secrets of the Goddess
2820:. Abhinav Publications.
2615:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
2333:The Rolling Stones' logo
2116:Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer
1885:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
1667:
1061:and her assistants, the
942:appears as early as the
910:(time) is distinct from
552:Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)
5640:Time and fate goddesses
4990:Tripuratapini Upanishad
4459:Encyclopædia Britannica
4375:) by Shoma A. Chatterji
4291:(a.k.a. Arthur Avalon)
4083:Craven, Roy C. (1997).
3384:Himalayan Art Resources
3201:Chawdhri, L.R. (1992).
2841:Rawson, Philip (1973).
2786:Kinsley, David (1997).
2732:. Penguin Books India.
2675:Oxford University Press
2642:Coburn, Thomas (1984).
2565:McDaniel, June (2004).
2462:Encyclopædia Britannica
2223:Comparative scholarship
2215:) is very popular. The
2111:
2090:Theorized early worship
980:and the world from two
158:durgā kṣamā śivā dhātrī
154:oṁ jayanti maṅgala kālī
4391:) by Anna Dallapiccola
4115:Mishra, T. N. (1997).
4087:. Thames & Hudson.
3742:Pope & Röllig 1965
3380:21 August 2008 at the
3262:J. Fuller, C. (2004).
3174:Krishna Dutta (2011).
2849:. Thames & Hudson.
2336:
2212:
2192:
2179:
2152:
1974:
1919:
1876:
1868:
1829:
1794:
1709:
1676:
1640:corpse—unable to act.
1545:
1455:
1413:
1324:
1261:garland of human heads
1222:
1163:garland of human heads
1089:
1005:garland of human heads
167:oṁ krīṃ kālīkāya namaḥ
160:svāhā svadhā namostute
50:. For other uses, see
4970:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
4515:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
4161:Haussig, Hans Wilhelm
4128:. Cosmo Publications.
4065:Bowker, John (2000).
3234:Beck, Guy L. (1993).
2372:Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
2331:
2148:non-existent "sainte"
1972:
1953:priests. A number of
1874:
1858:
1704:
1539:
1453:
1411:
1322:
1220:
1149:Iconography and forms
1047:Shumbha and Nishumbha
1043:Devi Bhagavata Purana
657:Festivals and temples
226:Devi-Bhagavata Purana
52:Kali (disambiguation)
38:. For the consort of
4437:) by Tracy Pintchman
4132:Loriliai Biernacki,
4085:Indian Art (revised)
3413:Simmer-Brown, Judith
3266:(Revised ed.).
3126:Sircar, Dineschandra
2396:tongue and lips logo
2172:and participants in
2067:Sadharma Ratnavaliya
1851:In Bengali tradition
1604:The name Kali means
398:Scriptures and texts
5600:Destroyer goddesses
5026:Regional variations
4405:) by Devadatta Kali
4304:Robert E. Svoboda,
4183:. pp. 217–312.
4171:] (in German).
4119:. D.K. Print World.
4110:. Ramakrishna Math.
4078:. D.K. Print World.
3977:Stanford University
3845:, Inc. p. 12.
3798:, pp. 607–608.
3756:, pp. 606–607.
2953:The Roots of Tantra
2925:. Ramakrishna Math.
2894:White, David Gordon
2805:. Ramakrishna Math.
2162:Columbia University
2106:("Sara the Black",
2038:In Sinhala Buddhism
1965:In Tantric Buddhism
1764:(manifestations of
1301:since she is pure (
1248:(fearlessness) and
1053:Slayer of Raktabīja
995:attack the goddess
948:Kathaka Grhya Sutra
729:Hinduism portal
705:Regional variations
156:bhadrakālī kapālinī
5033:Caribbean Shaktism
4289:Sir John Woodroffe
4181:Ernst Klett Verlag
3873:The New York Times
3098:Pattanaik, Devdutt
2993:. pp. 86–90.
2898:Tantra in Practice
2481:The Times Of India
2400:The Rolling Stones
2356:RKO Radio Pictures
2350:, a 1939 American
2337:
2324:In popular culture
2077:, later Buddhist
1975:
1877:
1869:
1781:Mahanirvana-tantra
1760:all proclaim Kāli
1710:
1546:
1456:
1414:
1325:
1223:
1065:, wound the demon
934:Although the word
711:Caribbean Shaktism
454:Lalita Sahasranama
76:Member of the Ten
5620:Justice goddesses
5605:Creator goddesses
5575:
5574:
5059:
5058:
5005:Bhavana Upanishad
5000:Tripura Upanishad
4980:Shakta Upanishads
4224:Divine Initiation
4215:978-0-385-00569-2
4155:Pope, Marvin H.;
4126:Ascetic Mysticism
3949:978-1-4384-6732-0
3852:978-1-59797-752-4
3821:978-0-674-01202-8
3699:978-0-520-92817-6
3607:. pp. 38–57.
3319:978-0-231-12918-3
3277:978-0-691-12048-5
3245:978-1-64336-404-9
3187:978-1-904955-87-0
3139:978-81-208-0879-9
3111:978-93-84030-58-2
3083:978-0-520-92817-6
3042:978-0-520-92817-6
2962:978-0-7914-8890-4
2845:The Art of Tantra
2827:978-81-7017-416-5
2739:978-0-14-306764-1
2712:978-0-520-92817-6
2653:978-81-208-0557-6
2585:aghoristories.com
2260:consort, the god
2002:Classical Tibetan
1816:cremation grounds
1688:
1687:
1516:, Dakshina Kali,
1286:is a language of
1282:. Hindus believe
916:popular etymology
763:
762:
577:Bharatchandra Ray
422:Shakta Upanishads
279:
278:
238:Shakta Upanishads
136:Cremation grounds
16:(Redirected from
5652:
5630:Mother goddesses
5610:Forms of Parvati
5239:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5063:
4731:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4580:
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4519:
4503:
4502:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4318:Dimitri Kitsikis
4241:Ajit Mookerjee,
4219:
4196:. Vol. 7C.
4194:The Anchor Bible
4184:
4157:Röllig, Wolfgang
4129:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4088:
4079:
4070:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3995:
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3658:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3603:McDowell, Bart.
3600:
3594:
3593:
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3568:
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3554:
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3249:
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3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3130:The Śākta Pīṭhas
3122:
3116:
3115:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3026:
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3004:
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2807:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2744:
2743:
2729:The Book of Kali
2723:
2717:
2716:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2547:
2546:
2535:. Nicolas Hays.
2526:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2292:
2285:Ancient Egyptian
2283:According to an
2279:Egyptian Sekhmet
2122:for Roma in the
2102:, also known as
2063:Dharmasena Thera
2017:
2007:
1979:Tantric Buddhism
1863:, worshipped in
1833:Karpuradi-stotra
1820:Samahana-sadhana
1808:Karpuradi-stotra
1758:Niruttara-tantra
1742:Niruttara-tantra
1664:
1127:Chanda and Munda
1117:
993:Chanda and Munda
940:
908:
892:is derived from
812:
801:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
755:
748:
741:
727:
726:
725:
602:Abhirami Bhattar
479:Saundarya Lahari
304:
281:
88:
59:
21:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5615:Hindu goddesses
5595:Death goddesses
5580:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:Hindu mythology
5553:
5464:
5382:
5240:
5231:
5099:
5090:
5060:
5055:
5037:
5021:
4951:
4901:
4843:
4804:Tripura Sundari
4780:
4732:
4723:
4641:
4628:
4623:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4572:from Wikisource
4566:
4561:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:sister projects
4517:
4509:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4450:
4445:
4216:
4187:
4154:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4069:. Oxford Press.
4064:
4060:
4058:Further reading
4054:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3942:. p. 204.
3931:
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3864:
3860:
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3806:
3802:
3794:
3787:
3783:, pp. 608.
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3444:
3429:
3411:
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3393:
3392:
3388:
3382:Wayback Machine
3373:
3369:
3354:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3312:. p. 205.
3301:
3300:
3296:
3278:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3217:Woodroffe, John
3215:
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2469:
2464:. 31 July 2024.
2456:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2368:Victor McLaglen
2343:
2326:
2281:
2245:
2225:
2197:
2157:
2155:In modern times
2134:(2001) states:
2092:
2087:
2040:
1993:and Krodikali.
1967:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1853:
1754:Kamakhya-tantra
1746:Picchila-tantra
1699:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1651:
1646:
1602:
1534:
1526:
1509:
1496:
1406:
1317:
1311:
1215:
1206:Sri Ramakrishna
1151:
1055:
960:
932:
886:
814:), also called
773:
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444:Devi Bhagavatam
400:
390:
389:
325:
159:
157:
155:
97:
95:Raja Ravi Varma
71:
69:
68:Mother Goddess;
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4995:Devi Upanishad
4992:
4987:
4985:Sita Upanishad
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4555:from Wikiquote
4540:
4511:
4508:
4507:
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4483:
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4449:
4448:External links
4446:
4444:
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4376:
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4349:
4331:
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4302:
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4252:
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4236:Devi Mahatmyam
4220:
4214:
4185:
4152:
4150:978-0195327823
4130:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4093:Doniger, Wendy
4089:
4080:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4024:
4011:978-1351584678
4010:
3990:
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3918:978-1408833834
3917:
3891:
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3851:
3827:
3820:
3800:
3785:
3770:
3768:, p. 601.
3758:
3746:
3744:, p. 239.
3734:
3719:Eurasia Review
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3698:
3678:
3660:
3657:. p. 210.
3645:
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3595:
3588:
3570:
3556:
3536:
3510:
3491:
3477:
3462:
3442:
3427:
3404:
3386:
3367:
3352:
3332:
3318:
3294:
3276:
3270:. p. 83.
3251:
3244:
3226:
3208:
3193:
3186:
3163:
3145:
3138:
3117:
3110:
3089:
3082:
3064:
3048:
3041:
3006:
3000:978-8120803947
2999:
2968:
2961:
2943:
2928:
2913:
2906:
2877:
2871:978-8187936008
2870:
2852:
2833:
2826:
2808:
2803:Devi Mahatmyam
2793:
2745:
2738:
2718:
2711:
2699:Urban, Hugh B.
2690:
2684:978-0198030706
2683:
2659:
2652:
2631:
2624:
2597:
2572:
2548:
2542:978-8120814509
2541:
2512:
2494:
2467:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2360:George Stevens
2352:adventure film
2325:
2322:
2280:
2277:
2270:early dynastic
2244:
2243:Levantine Anat
2241:
2224:
2221:
2196:
2193:
2156:
2153:
2126:, in southern
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2039:
2036:
2024:Machig Labdron
2015:khro ma nag mo
1966:
1963:
1927:Shyama Sangeet
1906:
1852:
1849:
1732:says the gods
1730:Nirvana-tantra
1698:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1601:
1598:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1508:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1405:
1402:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1214:
1211:
1150:
1147:
1072:Devi Mahatmyam
1054:
1051:
986:Madhu-Kaitabha
970:Devi Mahatmyam
965:Devi Mahatmyam
959:
956:
931:
928:
900:. The homonym
885:
882:
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
718:
717:
714:
713:
707:
704:
703:
700:
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690:
685:
683:Saraswati Puja
680:
675:
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665:
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494:Abirami Antati
491:
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467:
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456:
451:
449:Devi Mahatmyam
446:
441:
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429:
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396:
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64:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5657:
5646:
5645:War goddesses
5643:
5641:
5638:
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5628:
5626:
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5559:
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5538:
5534:
5533:
5532:Bhagavad Gita
5529:
5528:
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5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:Other deities
5385:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
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5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:Hindu deities
5087:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
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5030:
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5024:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Kalika Purana
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Devi Mahatmya
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Tulja Bhavani
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4907:Shakta pithas
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Chandraghanta
4865:
4863:
4862:Brahmacharini
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
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4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Bhuvaneshvari
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
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4783:
4777:
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4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
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4691:
4688:
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4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
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4668:
4666:
4663:
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4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4589:from Wikidata
4588:
4587:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4435:0-7914-2112-0
4432:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:0-791-45008-2
4416:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:0-89254-080-X
4400:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4389:0-500-51088-1
4386:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:81-7476-514-X
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:81-87981-61-X
4357:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:0-8356-0702-X
4344:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:2-89040-359-9
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:0-914732-21-8
4310:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:81-85988-16-1
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:0-934252-94-7
4281:
4278:
4274:
4273:Ramprasad Sen
4271:
4269:
4268:1-887472-64-9
4265:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:0-89281-212-5
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4232:0-9582324-0-7
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:United States
4199:
4198:New York City
4195:
4191:
4190:Song of Songs
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
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4143:
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4099:
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4055:
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4025:
4013:
4007:
4003:
4002:
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3991:
3979:
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3895:
3892:
3879:
3875:
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3869:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:Potomac Books
3840:
3839:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3801:
3797:
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3716:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:Lee, Ronald.
3649:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3631:0-679-40678-6
3627:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3589:0-7914-0489-7
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3463:0-691-12758-1
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3428:1-57062-920-X
3424:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3353:0-86171-329-X
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3333:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
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3291:
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3258:
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3212:
3209:
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3146:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3055:
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3049:
3044:
3038:
3034:
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3019:
3017:
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3007:
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2924:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2907:0-691-05778-8
2903:
2899:
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2888:
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2708:
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2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
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2676:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2625:9780816054589
2621:
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2576:
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2403:
2401:
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2369:
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2362:and starring
2361:
2357:
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2349:
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2330:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
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2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:myth, called
2286:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:Saint Expédit
2210:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:, a place of
2117:
2113:
2109:
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2101:
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2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
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2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:Hindu temples
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Ramprasad Sen
1887:(1769–1821),
1886:
1882:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
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1786:
1782:
1777:
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1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:Yogini-tantra
1747:
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1731:
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1612:
1607:
1600:Mother Nature
1599:
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1578:
1572:
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1532:Physical form
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1515:
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1488:Ramprasad Sen
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1471:
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1460:Ramprasad Sen
1452:
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1362:Devi Mahatmya
1358:
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5525:Mahabharata
5436:Kuladevatas
5215:Vishvakarma
4940:Mahalakshmi
4857:Shailaputri
4839:Kamalatmika
4829:Bagalamukhi
3325:17 December
2389:Ringo Starr
2273:Mesopotamia
2140:Sara e Kali
2114:), held at
2112:Sara e Kali
2100:Saint Sarah
2051:Munneśvaram
2028:Vajrayogini
2022:founded by
1998:Tröma Nagmo
1991:Vajrayogini
1812:Pancatattva
1798:Pancatattva
1577:Odia Hindus
1551:abhayamudra
1514:Siddhi Kali
1507:Other forms
1339:: মহাকালী,
1335:: महाकाली,
1252:(blessing)
1176:dakṣiṇācāra
1075:describes:
924:proper name
834:tradition.
597:Ramakrishna
557:Kubjikamata
534:Kula margam
472:other texts
102:Affiliation
5625:Mahavidyas
5584:Categories
5507:Upanishads
5426:Gandharvas
5150:Dattatreya
4930:Taratarini
4877:Skandamata
4751:Maheshvari
4702:Bhadrakali
4552:Quotations
3940:SUNY Press
3286:069112048X
2440:References
2364:Cary Grant
2339:See also:
2195:In Réunion
2132:Ronald Lee
2120:pilgrimage
2075:Pali Canon
2032:Simhamukha
1655:Bhadrakali
1518:Rakta Kali
1479:Tantrasara
1353:Great Time
1333:Devanagari
1327:Mahakali (
1280:Devanagari
1155:four-armed
984:(demons),
851:Adi Shakti
828:Mahavidyas
668:Durga Puja
489:Ramprasadi
126:Mahavidyas
78:Mahavidyas
44:Bhadrakali
40:Virabhadra
5446:Rakshasas
5316:Mahavidya
5259:Saraswati
5246:Goddesses
5175:Kartikeya
4892:Mahagauri
4887:Kalaratri
4882:Katyayani
4872:Kushmanda
4849:Navadurga
4824:Dhumavati
4786:Mahavidya
4761:Vaishnavi
4690:Navadurga
4660:Saraswati
4334:Lex Hixon
4260:Kali Puja
4206:Doubleday
4173:Stuttgart
4017:6 January
3796:Pope 1977
3781:Pope 1977
3766:Pope 1977
3754:Pope 1977
2347:Gunga Din
2303:Eye of Ra
2249:Levantine
2205:Expeditus
2170:feminists
1934:Kali Puja
1772:) of the
1659:Mahavidya
1524:Symbolism
1385:The name
1185:Raktabīja
1181:vamachara
1143:Ghorasura
1101:and as a
1081:khatvanga
1067:Raktabīja
1009:Raktabija
888:The term
884:Etymology
843:Raktabija
678:Kali Puja
663:Navaratri
630:Kundalini
614:Practices
547:Kalikulam
520:Vamachara
385:Saraswati
360:Mahavidya
333:(Supreme)
264:Navaratri
260:Kali Puja
256:Festivals
140:Manidvipa
18:Mahankali
5562:Hinduism
5518:Ramayana
5460:Yakshini
5366:Shashthi
5326:Matrikas
5311:Mahadevi
5113:Trimurti
5046:Hinduism
4925:Kamakhya
4920:Kalighat
4814:Bhairavi
4776:Chamunda
4746:Brahmani
4738:Matrikas
4697:Mahakali
4655:Mahadevi
4626:Shaktism
4505:Religion
4481:Hinduism
4095:(2015).
3878:Archived
3640:32387216
3472:62342823
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3362:50234984
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3128:(1998).
3100:(2014).
2251:city of
2124:Camargue
1989:such as
1774:Mahadevi
1766:Mahadevi
1756:and the
1744:and the
1633:Prakriti
1434:dakshina
1424:Dakshina
1387:Mahakali
1349:Mahakala
1341:Gujarati
1329:Sanskrit
1315:Mahakali
1309:Mahakali
1288:dynamism
1284:Sanskrit
1167:serpents
1139:Kolasura
1131:Chamunda
1122:Chamunda
1063:Matrikas
1035:Kaushiki
997:Kaushiki
898:Sanskrit
878:Shaivism
824:Hinduism
796:Sanskrit
570:Scholars
542:Srikulam
375:Matrikas
331:Mahadevi
294:Shaktism
286:a series
284:Part of
183:Trishula
179:Scimitar
122:Mahakali
110:Mahadevi
36:Mahakali
32:Mahadevi
5512:Puranas
5500:Atharva
5469:Texts (
5456:Yakshas
5451:Vahanas
5421:Dikpāla
5394:Apsaras
5346:Rukmini
5321:Matangi
5269:Parvati
5264:Lakshmi
5254:Tridevi
5180:Krishna
5160:Hanuman
5155:Ganesha
5145:Chandra
5140:Ashvins
4946:More...
4834:Matangi
4771:Indrani
4756:Kaumari
4670:Parvati
4665:Lakshmi
4637:History
4467:Portals
4456:at the
4177:Germany
4163:(ed.).
3724:3 March
2896:(ed.).
2487:4 April
2434:Parvati
2416:Thuggee
2379:Beatles
2377:In the
2310:Sekhmet
2237:Sekhmet
2217:Malbars
2201:Réunion
2174:New Age
2079:paritta
2056:Colombo
2044:Pattini
1987:dakinis
1983:yoginis
1958:Puranas
1955:Tantric
1951:Brahmin
1893:Parvati
1845:sadhaka
1803:sadhaka
1779:In the
1770:svarupa
1726:Tantras
1718:Parvati
1649:Mantras
1644:Worship
1627:purusha
1568:nirguna
1563:sattvic
1559:rajasic
1396:Daikoku
1389:, when
1345:Brahman
1337:Bengali
1303:nirguna
1292:mantras
1276:mantras
1230:trishul
1196:Kalika
1115:Cāṃuṇḍā
1099:Matrika
1041:In the
958:Legends
930:Origins
866:Brahman
861:Tantric
832:tantric
820:goddess
506:Schools
437:Tripura
410:Tantras
380:Lakshmi
350:Parvati
323:Deities
312:History
270:Consort
242:Tantras
198:Tuesday
187:Trident
118:Parvati
5416:Devata
5409:Danava
5404:Daitya
5399:Asuras
5361:Shakti
5351:Sanjna
5341:Rohini
5301:Shachi
5286:Chhaya
5205:Varuna
5195:Shasta
5185:Kubera
5123:Vishnu
5118:Brahma
5051:Tantra
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4766:Varahi
4680:Shakti
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2128:France
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2096:Romani
1942:Diwali
1938:Ashwin
1881:Bengal
1865:Bengal
1762:vidyas
1738:Vishnu
1734:Brahma
1714:Tantra
1707:Yantra
1697:Tantra
1611:nature
1501:Tantra
1483:alidha
1467:moksha
1367:Shakti
1254:mudras
1250:varada
1246:abhaya
1242:moksha
1234:kapāla
1198:Purana
1171:jackal
1169:and a
1104:Shakti
1085:asuras
1023:Daruka
1003:and a
982:asuras
978:Brahma
974:Vishnu
872:moksha
857:Shakta
816:Kalika
645:Yantra
640:Tantra
415:Yogini
370:Lalita
345:Shakti
251:Female
248:Gender
214:Canids
202:Friday
175:Weapon
147:Mantra
106:Shakti
42:, see
5495:Yajur
5480:Vedas
5331:Radha
5296:Ganga
5291:Durga
5281:Bhumi
5276:Aditi
5200:Surya
5165:Indra
5128:Shiva
5097:texts
4957:Texts
4707:Radha
4685:Durga
4569:Texts
4535:Media
4493:India
4167:[
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2354:from
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1581:lajja
1555:tamas
1441:Shiva
1380:grace
1375:Devas
1357:Death
1204:When
1059:Durga
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405:Vedas
355:Durga
274:Shiva
221:Texts
209:Mount
132:Abode
114:Durga
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5377:more
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5190:Rama
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5105:Gods
5095:and
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4647:Devi
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4399:ISBN
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4369:ISBN
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4343:ISBN
4325:ISBN
4309:ISBN
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4280:ISBN
4264:ISBN
4246:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4146:ISBN
4045:2020
4019:2019
4006:ISBN
3985:2020
3957:2020
3944:ISBN
3913:ISBN
3886:2015
3847:ISBN
3816:ISBN
3726:2021
3694:ISBN
3636:OCLC
3626:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3468:OCLC
3458:ISBN
3433:OCLC
3423:ISBN
3358:OCLC
3348:ISBN
3327:2014
3314:ISBN
3282:ASIN
3272:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3037:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2592:2024
2537:ISBN
2489:2019
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2020:Chöd
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920:kālī
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800:काली
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