373:
64:
423:—fully active, partially active, or on standby—in case there is a catastrophe affecting the first building. Test, development, training, and production workload for applications and databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. Such a two-mainframe installation can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and unplanned outages. In practice, many customers use multiple mainframes linked either by
48:
898:, led a New York Times reporter to state four years earlier that "mainframe technology—hardware, software and services—remains a large and lucrative business for I.B.M., and mainframes are still the back-office engines behind the world's financial markets and much of global commerce". As of 2010, while mainframe technology represented less than 3% of IBM's revenues, it "continue to play an outsized role in Big Blue's results".
3605:
40:
634:
2045:
953:, updates a database system for inventory control (goods), airline reservations (services), or banking (money) by adding a record. A transaction may refer to a set of operations including disk read/writes, operating system calls, or some form of data transfer from one subsystem to another which is not measured by the processing speed of the
873:, is also spurring major mainframe investments to solve exceptionally difficult computing problems, e.g. providing unified, extremely high volume online transaction processing databases for 1 billion consumers across multiple industries (banking, insurance, credit reporting, government services, etc.) In late 2000, IBM introduced 64-bit
826:. Consequently, demand plummeted and new mainframe installations were restricted mainly to financial services and government. In the early 1990s, there was a rough consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks.
881:
and introduced those software products to the mainframe. IBM's quarterly and annual reports in the 2000s usually reported increasing mainframe revenues and capacity shipments. However, IBM's mainframe hardware business has not been immune to the recent overall downturn in the server hardware market
476:
computing. For example, z900, z990, System z9, and System z10 servers effectively execute result-oriented instructions twice, compare results, arbitrate between any differences (through instruction retry and failure isolation), then shift workloads "in flight" to functioning processors, including
821:
briefly owned NCR. During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at a fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time. Terminals used for
848:
also dramatically increased the number of back-end transactions processed by mainframe software as well as the size and throughput of databases. Batch processing, such as billing, became even more important (and larger) with the growth of e-business, and mainframes are particularly adept at
644:
Several manufacturers and their successors produced mainframe computers from the 1950s until the early 21st century, with gradually decreasing numbers and a gradual transition to simulation on Intel chips rather than proprietary hardware. The US group of manufacturers was first known as
340:
software. By the 1980s, many mainframes supported general purpose graphic display terminals, and terminal emulation, but not graphical user interfaces. This form of end-user computing became obsolete in the 1990s due to the advent of personal computers provided with
886:
hardware revenues decreased by 27% year over year. But MIPS (millions of instructions per second) shipments increased 4% per year over the past two years. Alsop had himself photographed in 2000, symbolically eating his own words ("death to the mainframe").
835:
s
Stewart Alsop infamously predicted that the last mainframe would be unplugged in 1996; in 1993, he cited Cheryl Currid, a computer industry analyst as saying that the last mainframe "will stop working on December 31, 1999", a reference to the anticipated
843:
That trend started to turn around in the late 1990s as corporations found new uses for their existing mainframes and as the price of data networking collapsed in most parts of the world, encouraging trends toward more centralized computing. The growth of
582:
The amount of vendor investment in mainframe development varies with market share. Fujitsu and
Hitachi both continue to use custom S/390-compatible processors, as well as other CPUs (including POWER and Xeon) for lower-end systems. Bull uses a mixture of
976:), although the definition depends on the instruction mix measured. Examples of integer operations measured by MIPS include adding numbers together, checking values or moving data around in memory (while moving information to and from storage, so-called
481:
systems, is known as lock-stepping, because both processors take their "steps" (i.e. instructions) together. Not all applications absolutely need the assured integrity that these systems provide, but many do, such as financial transaction processing.
469:(ROI), like any other computing platform, is dependent on its ability to scale, support mixed workloads, reduce labor costs, deliver uninterrupted service for critical business applications, and several other risk-adjusted cost factors.
1002:
Mainframes and supercomputers cannot always be clearly distinguished; up until the early 1990s, many supercomputers were based on a mainframe architecture with supercomputing extensions. An example of such a system is the
949:-metrics; not used or helpful for most supercomputing applications) as it is commonly understood in the business world: the commercial exchange of goods, services, or money. A typical transaction, as defined by the
1330:
Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses. Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing
207:(RAS) is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers. Proper planning and implementation are required to realize these features. In addition, mainframes are more secure than other computer types: the
799:
In 1984 estimated sales of desktop computers ($ 11.6 billion) exceeded mainframe computers ($ 11.4 billion) for the first time. IBM received the vast majority of mainframe revenue. During the 1980s,
591:
processors. NEC uses Xeon processors for its low-end ACOS-2 line, but develops the custom NOAH-6 processor for its high-end ACOS-4 series. IBM also develops custom processors in-house, such as the
399:
system capacity without disrupting system function, with specificity and granularity to a level of sophistication not usually available with most server solutions. Modern mainframes, notably the
434:
Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. Since the late 1950s, mainframe designs have included subsidiary hardware (called
599:
processors. Furthermore, there exists a market for software applications to manage the performance of mainframe implementations. In addition to IBM, significant market competitors include
1813:
701:
mainframes, are among the few mainframe architectures still extant that can trace their roots to this early period. While IBM's zSeries can still run 24-bit System/360 code, the 64-bit
388:
allows applications to run as if they were on physically distinct computers. In this role, a single mainframe can replace higher-functioning hardware services available to conventional
43:
A single-frame IBM z15 mainframe. Larger capacity models can have up to four total frames. This model has blue accents, as compared with the LinuxONE III model with orange highlights.
392:. While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization is now available on most families of computer systems, though not always to the same degree or level of sophistication.
987:
in supercomputers; measured by FLOPS) with enough digits of precision to model continuous phenomena such as weather prediction and nuclear simulations (only recently standardized
1887:
2615:
2287:
325:
computers, supporting hundreds of users simultaneously along with batch processing. Users gained access through keyboard/typewriter terminals and later character-mode text
2875:
2072:
1855:
933:
is a computer at the leading edge of data processing capability, with respect to calculation speed. Supercomputers are used for scientific and engineering problems (
208:
980:
is most helpful for mainframes; and within memory, only helping indirectly). Floating point operations are mostly addition, subtraction, and multiplication (of
689:
series mainframes. The latter architecture has continued to evolve into their current zSeries mainframes which, along with the then
Burroughs and Sperry (now
360:
technology. IBM claimed that its newer mainframes reduced data center energy costs for power and cooling, and reduced physical space requirements compared to
862:
204:
131:. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.
2241:
972:
or TEPS, metrics that are not very meaningful for mainframe applications, while mainframes are sometimes measured in millions of instructions per second (
1991:
Ishii, Kouichi; Abe, Hitoshi; Kawabe, Shun; Hirai, Michihiro (1992), Meuer, Hans-Werner (ed.), "An
Overview of the HITACHI S-3800 Series Supercomputer",
1466:
Improvements in
Mainframe Computer Storage Management Practices and Reporting Are Needed to Promote Effective and Efficient Utilization of Disk Resources
950:
946:
203:, one of the primary reasons for their longevity, since they are typically used in applications where downtime would be costly or catastrophic. The term
1465:
1439:
1399:
2913:
2305:
2739:
2270:
2608:
2487:
572:
784:
in the market in the early 1970s—RCA sold out to UNIVAC and GE sold its business to
Honeywell; between 1986 and 1990 Honeywell was bought out by
290:) rather than program development. However, in 1961 the first academic, general-purpose timesharing system that supported software development,
541:
446:) which manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with high-speed memory. It is common in mainframe shops to deal with massive
1611:
1185:
295:
1565:
2880:
2100:
595:. Unisys produces code compatible mainframe systems that range from laptops to cabinet-sized mainframes that use homegrown CPUs as well as
1474:
Between
October 2001 and September 2005, the IRS' mainframe computer disk storage capacity increased from 79 terabytes to 168.5 terabytes.
2601:
2023:
1837:
251:, or Unisys XPCL, which support workload sharing so that one system can take over another's application while it is being refreshed.
2686:
2678:
2008:
1873:
1320:(Report). St. Louis, MO: Washington University. p. 13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054
803:-based systems grew more sophisticated and were able to displace the lower end of the mainframes. These computers, sometimes called
462:
online, and can access it reasonably quickly. Other server families also offload I/O processing and emphasize throughput computing.
1969:(MSUs), but the definition of MSU varies from processor to processor so that MSUs are useless for comparing processor performance.
2922:
2851:
1069:
1425:
192:
The high stability and reliability of mainframes enable these machines to run uninterrupted for very long periods of time, with
2691:
718:
223:
Dorado, and Unisys Libra as among the most secure, with vulnerabilities in the low single digits, as compared to thousands for
458:-size record files are not unusual. Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much
957:. Transaction processing is not exclusive to mainframes but is also used by microprocessor-based servers and online networks.
291:
1204:
2049:
998:
values such as those useful for mainframe applications). In terms of computational speed, supercomputers are more powerful.
3609:
2870:
2863:
870:
808:
628:
1628:
1265:
477:
spares, without any impact to operating systems, applications, or users. This hardware-level feature, also found in HP's
3630:
2906:
1074:
428:
287:
104:
1019:). The S-3800 therefore can be seen as being both simultaneously a supercomputer and also an IBM-compatible mainframe.
677:, although some lists varied. Later, with the departure of General Electric and RCA, it was referred to as IBM and the
1544:
357:
310:
devices were common control consoles for system operators through the early 1970s, although ultimately supplanted by
3353:
2720:
1787:
969:
934:
529:
525:
478:
263:
193:
31:
1661:
1209:
705:
CMOS servers have nothing physically in common with the older systems. Notable manufacturers outside the US were
419:
operating system). Many mainframe customers run two machines: one in their primary data center and one in their
384:
Modern mainframes can run multiple different instances of operating systems at the same time. This technique of
2093:
1888:"Announcing IBM z16: Real-time AI for Transaction Processing at Scale and Industry's First Quantum-Safe System"
910:
906:
902:
662:
342:
3590:
3401:
3013:
2899:
2811:
2778:
2764:
2708:
1497:
973:
694:
510:
404:
286:. When interactive user terminals were introduced, they were used almost exclusively for applications (e.g.
143:
3363:
3063:
1707:
1469:
1443:
1403:
1287:
988:
942:
254:
In the late 1950s, mainframes had only a rudimentary interactive interface (the console) and used sets of
173:
108:
2282:
849:
large-scale batch computing. Another factor currently increasing mainframe use is the development of the
3573:
3546:
3406:
3368:
3311:
3135:
2788:
1966:
1344:
937:) which crunch numbers and data, while mainframes focus on transaction processing. The differences are:
738:
650:
283:
1949:
3321:
3301:
3243:
3152:
2973:
2926:
2858:
2236:
1733:
858:
545:
466:
424:
307:
248:
2265:
917:
in 2022, the latter featuring among other things an "integrated on-chip AI accelerator" and the new
372:
3396:
3103:
2846:
2086:
1049:
818:
682:
604:
63:
47:
1149:
3578:
3238:
3075:
3008:
2968:
2950:
2548:
2449:
1686:
1374:
789:
564:
389:
346:
337:
120:
1856:"IBM unveils new mainframe capable of running more than 12 billion encrypted transactions a day"
274:
functions such as payroll and customer billing, most of which were based on repeated tape-based
2466:
3566:
3520:
3494:
3481:
3416:
3147:
3130:
3058:
2978:
2829:
2371:
2277:
2004:
1636:
1607:
1192:
1181:
837:
823:
431:(in IBM's case), or with shared, geographically dispersed storage provided by EMC or Hitachi.
420:
408:
333:
326:
311:
200:
128:
2253:
2224:
1814:"From IBM Mainframe Users Group To Apple 'Welcome IBM. Seriously': This Week In Tech History"
1524:
3441:
3424:
3204:
3125:
3118:
2568:
2472:
2198:
1996:
1841:
1761:
670:
533:
459:
329:
267:
236:
179:
High hardware and computational utilization rates through virtualization to support massive
2027:
1093:
Some had been introduced in the 1960s, but their deployment became more common in the 1970s
894:
powered down its last mainframe, an IBM System z9. However, IBM's successor to the z9, the
3561:
3551:
3541:
3378:
3358:
3270:
3070:
3043:
2574:
2562:
2407:
2395:
2186:
2180:
1953:
1229:
1044:
866:
774:
766:
616:
612:
385:
349:" and color display terminal access for end-users in favour of Web-style user interfaces.
147:
92:
1375:"Compatible Time-Sharing System (1961-1973): Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Overview"
169:
Extensive input-output ("I/O") facilities with the ability to offload to separate engines
505:
z900 with IBM to share expenses, and the latest
Hitachi AP10000 models are made by IBM.
3510:
3140:
3113:
2988:
2958:
2556:
1054:
1008:
961:
895:
874:
854:
722:
686:
473:
315:
240:
1440:"Largest Commercial Database in Winter Corp. TopTen Survey Tops One Hundred Terabytes"
162:
Modern mainframe design is characterized less by raw computational speed and more by:
3624:
3525:
3336:
3293:
3278:
3226:
3221:
3162:
3053:
3048:
2993:
2963:
2934:
2633:
1370:
1023:
981:
930:
514:
377:
321:
By the early 1970s, many mainframes acquired interactive user terminals operating as
112:
68:
52:
2066:
2024:"Cell Broadband Engine Project Aims to Supercharge IBM Mainframe for Virtual Worlds"
1965:
Resource consumption for billing and performance purposes is measured in units of a
1922:
1102:
Graphics terminals were available but tended to be restricted to niche applications.
352:
The infrastructure requirements were drastically reduced during the mid-1990s, when
3556:
3489:
3458:
3331:
3326:
3179:
3174:
3018:
1502:
1400:"Get the facts on IBM vs the Competition- The facts about IBM System z "mainframe""
1145:
1012:
1004:
977:
883:
800:
750:
600:
576:
279:
259:
255:
185:
154:
was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines.
116:
56:
1314:
2258:
2229:
1601:
1214:
1175:
3316:
3248:
3087:
3080:
3003:
2983:
2326:
2000:
1039:
785:
754:
537:
361:
322:
271:
124:
39:
497:
series, continues to be a major manufacturer in the mainframe market. In 2000,
3463:
3446:
3429:
3388:
3348:
3341:
2513:
2431:
1586:
1257:
845:
710:
435:
275:
180:
100:
2891:
1640:
1022:
In 2007, an amalgamation of the different technologies and architectures for
3585:
3451:
3258:
3233:
2772:
2593:
2519:
2507:
2443:
2437:
2419:
2192:
1064:
1027:
918:
828:
666:
658:
633:
608:
592:
115:
and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as
2044:
882:
or to model cycle effects. For example, in the 4th quarter of 2009, IBM's
345:. After 2000, modern mainframes partially or entirely phased out classic "
91:
used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk
17:
3373:
3306:
3184:
3167:
3108:
2998:
2753:
2501:
2413:
2365:
1059:
995:
781:
758:
726:
455:
451:
447:
441:
396:
303:
166:
Redundant internal engineering resulting in high reliability and security
88:
563:
mainframes are still available in Europe, and
Fujitsu (formerly Amdahl)
3283:
3253:
3157:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2401:
2359:
2248:
2123:
1228:
Ebbers, Mike; Kettner, John; O’Brien, Wayne; Ogden, Bill (March 2011).
1112:
734:
730:
714:
706:
698:
638:
584:
560:
552:
548:
521:
502:
498:
299:
224:
212:
2069:, a mainframe from the 1960s, still in use in a German computer museum
3213:
2796:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2495:
2425:
2383:
2377:
2347:
2341:
2219:
2140:
878:
793:
690:
654:
556:
518:
506:
220:
96:
3436:
2747:
2728:
2163:
2157:
965:
914:
850:
770:
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702:
678:
646:
632:
494:
412:
400:
371:
232:
216:
62:
46:
38:
2056:
757:
countries manufactured close copies of IBM mainframes during the
2389:
2353:
1910:
1739:
891:
762:
596:
588:
416:
353:
244:
228:
2895:
2597:
2082:
1874:"IBM Unveils z15 With Industry-First Data Privacy Capabilities"
1485:
1291:
901:
IBM has continued to launch new generations of mainframes: the
773:
in Poland was another
Eastern Bloc manufacturer, producing the
1935:
The "Top 500" list of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems
1693:
1662:"IBM still has brains to be player in client/server platforms"
1016:
954:
822:
interacting with mainframe systems were gradually replaced by
811:
742:
674:
568:
490:
2078:
472:
Mainframes also have execution integrity characteristics for
2061:
1788:"IBM Calculates New Mainframes Into Its Future Sales Growth"
1315:
Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications
1180:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 482.
579:
still maintain mainframe businesses in the Japanese market.
239:
or portions thereof, and are non disruptive only when using
1946:
1345:"The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide"
1978:
1934:
769:
are examples of independently designed Soviet computers.
219:(previously called z Systems, System z, and zSeries),
111:. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a
1687:"IBM 4Q2009 Financial Report: CFO's Prepared Remarks"
1525:"IBM mainframe solutions | Optimizing your mainframe"
1838:"IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection"
619:
is now a less expensive, more scalable alternative.
3534:
3503:
3480:
3415:
3387:
3292:
3269:
3212:
3203:
3096:
3036:
3029:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2839:
2822:
2806:
2787:
2763:
2738:
2719:
2677:
2584:
2547:
2486:
2459:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2298:
2208:
2173:
2150:
2133:
2116:
235:. Software upgrades usually require setting up the
994:, not used in supercomputers, are appropriate for
517:products and ClearPath Dorado mainframes based on
332:displays with integral keyboards, or finally from
1313:Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. (October 1971).
857:in 1999. Linux allows users to take advantage of
780:Shrinking demand and tough competition started a
2073:Lectures in the History of Computing: Mainframes
536:and which some analysts classify as mainframes.
266:to transfer data and programs. They operated in
30:"Mainframe" redirects here. For other uses, see
1343:Crisman, Patricia A., ed. (December 31, 1969).
877:, acquired numerous software companies such as
2026:(Press release). 26 April 2007. Archived from
1995:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 65–81,
1603:50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC
1231:Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics
2907:
2876:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
2609:
2094:
138:was derived from the large cabinet, called a
51:A pair of IBM mainframes. On the left is the
8:
1566:"Automated Mainframe Testing & Auditing"
1007:, which was instruction-set compatible with
792:, which later merged with Burroughs to form
205:reliability, availability and serviceability
2062:IBM Mainframe Resources & Support Forum
1124:sometimes computers, sometimes more limited
3209:
3033:
2946:
2939:
2914:
2900:
2892:
2616:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2331:
2322:
2212:
2101:
2087:
2079:
1923:Transaction Processing Performance Council
951:Transaction Processing Performance Council
188:of hardware, such as processors and memory
2075:(archived copy from the Internet Archive)
1498:"BMC AMI Ops Automation for Data Centers"
960:Supercomputer performance is measured in
1762:"Why Old Technologies Are Still Kicking"
1264:. Los Alamos: University of New Mexico.
1177:Concise Encyclopedia of Computer Science
941:Mainframes are built to be reliable for
415:facility) and virtual machines (via the
1629:"Bailing Out of the Mainframe Industry"
1137:
1086:
215:, rates traditional mainframes such as
1026:and mainframes has led to a so-called
1464:Phillips, Michael R. (May 10, 2006).
865:. Rapid expansion and development in
356:mainframe designs replaced the older
7:
2881:List of pioneers in computer science
1735:The End of the Mainframe Era at NASA
1256:Beach, Thomas E. (August 29, 2016).
681:. IBM's dominance grew out of their
150:of early computers. Later, the term
1732:Cureton, Linda (11 February 2012).
1268:from the original on August 3, 2020
685:and, later, the development of the
1786:Ante, Spencer E. (July 22, 2010).
1213:(on-line ed.). Archived from
25:
2779:Computers built 1955 through 1978
1288:"National Vulnerability Database"
1262:Computer Concepts and Terminology
1237:(Third ed.). IBM. p. 11
861:combined with mainframe hardware
3604:
3603:
2043:
1708:"Stewart Alsop eating his words"
1070:List of transistorized computers
855:arrived on IBM mainframe systems
532:systems, which it acquired with
1925:Retrieved on December 25, 2009.
1911:High-Performance Graph Analysis
1840:(Press release). Archived from
1627:Sanger, David E. (1984-02-05).
1442:(Press release). Archived from
925:Differences from supercomputers
1981:Retrieved on December 25, 2009
1956:Retrieved on February 19, 2012
1913:Retrieved on February 15, 2012
1760:Lohr, Steve (March 23, 2008).
1600:Bergin, Thomas J, ed. (2000).
1426:"Emulation or Virtualization?"
1350:. The M.I.T Computation Center
1011:mainframes, and could run the
788:; UNIVAC became a division of
1:
2871:History of computing hardware
1660:Also, Stewart (Mar 8, 1993).
1635:. p. Section 3, Page 1.
809:Digital Equipment Corporation
629:History of computing hardware
607:; former competitors include
513:mainframes, based on earlier
403:servers, offer two levels of
1075:Master the Mainframe Contest
1015:operating system (a fork of
777:, R-32 and R-34 mainframes.
196:(MTBF) measured in decades.
105:enterprise resource planning
2001:10.1007/978-3-642-77661-8_5
1150:"IBM Preps Big Iron Fiesta"
27:Large and powerful computer
3647:
3354:Personal digital assistant
2721:University of Pennsylvania
1937:Retrieved on July 19, 2016
970:traversed edges per second
935:high-performance computing
871:People's Republic of China
637:Operator's console for an
626:
526:Hewlett Packard Enterprise
211:vulnerabilities database,
194:mean time between failures
32:Mainframe (disambiguation)
29:
3599:
2706:
2629:
2624:IBM vacuum tube computers
2591:
2215:
1979:World's Top Supercomputer
1545:"Mainframe Modernization"
1210:Oxford English Dictionary
615:. Starting in the 2010s,
575:and Hitachi with AP10000-
55:z13. On the right is the
2057:IBM z Systems mainframes
1468:(Report). Archived from
1174:Edwin D. Reilly (2004).
853:operating system, which
647:IBM and the Seven Dwarfs
99:, industry and consumer
3591:Wireless sensor network
2812:UNIVAC family computers
2765:Sperry Rand Corporation
2306:Soviet computer systems
1792:The Wall Street Journal
1712:Computer History Museum
1380:. IEEE Computer Society
964:operations per second (
807:, were typified by the
302:, later 7090 and 7094.
278:operations followed by
243:facilities such as IBM
144:central processing unit
3364:Portable data terminal
2488:University of Illinois
1486:Hitachi AP10000 - VOS3
943:transaction processing
805:departmental computers
641:
407:: logical partitions (
395:Mainframes can add or
381:
174:backward compatibility
109:transaction processing
79:, informally called a
72:
60:
44:
3547:Information appliance
3369:Portable media player
3312:Handheld game console
2052:at Wikimedia Commons
1967:million service units
1402:. IBM. Archived from
1294:on September 25, 2011
796:Corporation in 1986.
636:
567:mainframes globally.
443:peripheral processors
375:
284:continuous stationery
66:
50:
42:
3322:Mobile data terminal
3302:Electronic organizer
2974:Intelligent terminal
2859:Vacuum-tube computer
1606:. DIANE Publishing.
1406:on February 11, 2009
1258:"Types of Computers"
1115:had channels in 1958
919:Telum microprocessor
859:open source software
819:AT&T Corporation
467:return on investment
3631:Mainframe computers
2847:Transistor computer
2283:Electronika SS VLSI
2050:Mainframe computers
1696:. January 19, 2010.
1193:Extract of page 482
1050:Commodity computing
555:(formerly Siemens)
276:sorting and merging
176:with older software
3579:Computer-on-module
3437:Digital wristwatch
3239:Mobile workstation
3009:Video game console
2969:Internet appliance
2549:Harvard University
2030:on April 29, 2007.
1952:2011-12-27 at the
1766:The New York Times
1633:The New York Times
1217:on August 7, 2021.
824:personal computers
642:
421:backup data center
382:
338:terminal emulation
334:personal computers
294:, was released at
142:, that housed the
129:personal computers
107:, and large-scale
95:for tasks such as
77:mainframe computer
73:
61:
45:
3618:
3617:
3567:Rugged smartphone
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3153:Small form factor
2979:Interactive kiosk
2889:
2888:
2830:Colossus computer
2818:
2817:
2715:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2482:
2481:
2314:
2313:
2048:Media related to
1993:Supercomputer ’92
1844:on July 19, 2017.
1613:978-0-9702316-1-1
1587:"CA Technologies"
1187:978-0-470-09095-4
1148:(July 20, 2005).
913:in 2019 and the
838:Year 2000 problem
528:sells its unique
501:co-developed the
201:high availability
16:(Redirected from
3638:
3607:
3606:
3442:Calculator watch
3425:Activity tracker
3210:
3034:
2947:
2940:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2569:Harvard Mark III
2332:
2323:
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2103:
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2080:
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2020:
2014:
2013:
1988:
1982:
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1301:
1299:
1290:. Archived from
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1278:
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1125:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
867:emerging markets
834:
671:General Electric
534:Tandem Computers
425:Parallel Sysplex
386:virtual machines
270:mode to support
249:Parallel Sysplex
237:operating system
199:Mainframes have
21:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3595:
3552:Microcontroller
3542:Embedded system
3530:
3499:
3468:
3411:
3383:
3379:Ultra-mobile PC
3288:
3265:
3191:
3092:
3025:
2929:
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2890:
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2835:
2814:
2802:
2783:
2759:
2734:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2673:
2625:
2622:
2580:
2575:Harvard Mark IV
2563:Harvard Mark II
2543:
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2455:
2310:
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2268:
2256:
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2204:
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2146:
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2107:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1954:Wayback Machine
1945:
1941:
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1496:
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1480:
1472:on 2009-01-19.
1463:
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1433:
1428:. 22 June 2009.
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:, eds. (2011).
1369:Walden, David;
1368:
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1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1045:Cloud computing
1036:
927:
869:, particularly
832:
683:700/7000 series
631:
625:
617:cloud computing
613:CA Technologies
524:product lines.
511:ClearPath Libra
488:
370:
368:Characteristics
288:airline booking
160:
93:data processing
35:
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3066:
3064:Personal super
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
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3031:
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3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3006:
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2996:
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2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Arcade cabinet
2955:
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2923:Computer sizes
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2823:United Kingdom
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2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
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2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:IBM mainframes
2707:
2704:
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2698:
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2598:
2592:
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2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2557:Harvard Mark I
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2538:Trusted ILLIAC
2535:
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2039:External links
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2015:
2009:
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1371:Van Vleck, Tom
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1220:
1205:"mainframe, n"
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1055:Computer types
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1024:supercomputers
1009:IBM System/370
1000:
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992:floating point
985:floating point
962:floating point
958:
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875:z/Architecture
729:in Italy, and
723:United Kingdom
624:
621:
559:, and Fujitsu-
487:
486:Current market
484:
474:fault tolerant
405:virtualization
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336:equipped with
282:to preprinted
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2994:Smart speaker
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2319:United States
2317:
2307:
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2139:
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2119:
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2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2010:9783540557098
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:The Graph 500
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1883:
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1875:
1869:
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1857:
1851:
1848:
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1793:
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1679:
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1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1446:on 2008-05-13
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1376:
1372:
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1362:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1298:September 20,
1293:
1289:
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1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Vance, Ashlee
1141:
1138:
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1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
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1038:
1037:
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1006:
997:
993:
991:
986:
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979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:(measured by
944:
940:
939:
938:
936:
932:
931:supercomputer
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
909:in 2017, the
908:
905:in 2015, the
904:
899:
897:
893:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
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839:
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820:
815:
813:
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764:
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566:
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558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
519:Sperry Univac
516:
515:Burroughs MCP
512:
509:manufactures
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
483:
480:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
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432:
430:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
379:
378:IBM System z9
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:line printing
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:magnetic tape
261:
257:
256:punched cards
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
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182:
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165:
164:
163:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:minicomputers
114:
113:supercomputer
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
69:IBM System z9
65:
58:
54:
53:IBM z Systems
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3574:Single-board
3515:
3459:Smartglasses
3402:Programmable
3327:Mobile phone
3180:Blade server
3019:Microconsole
3014:Home console
2209:Soviet Union
2109:
2042:
2028:the original
2018:
1992:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1892:IBM Newsroom
1891:
1882:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1842:the original
1832:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1812:Press, Gil.
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1734:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1632:
1622:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:BMC Software
1501:
1492:
1481:
1473:
1470:the original
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:the original
1434:
1420:
1410:December 28,
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1394:
1384:February 20,
1382:. Retrieved
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1322:. Retrieved
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1261:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1230:
1223:
1215:the original
1208:
1199:
1176:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1154:The Register
1153:
1140:
1120:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1021:
1013:Hitachi VOS3
1005:HITAC S-3800
1001:
989:
982:
928:
900:
889:
842:
827:
816:
804:
801:minicomputer
798:
779:
751:Soviet Union
663:Control Data
643:
581:
489:
471:
464:
460:data storage
442:
436:
433:
394:
383:
362:server farms
351:
347:green screen
320:
253:
241:virtualizing
198:
191:
186:Hot swapping
161:
151:
139:
135:
133:
125:workstations
84:
80:
76:
74:
57:IBM LinuxONE
36:
3317:Handheld PC
3249:Subnotebook
3227:Convertible
3088:Workstation
3081:Home server
3004:Thin client
2984:Rich client
2286: [
2269: [
2257: [
2240: [
2228: [
2067:Univac 9400
1040:Channel I/O
765:series and
755:Warsaw Pact
697:-based and
649:": usually
538:Groupe Bull
493:, with the
450:and files.
427:and shared
323:timesharing
272:back office
59:Rockhopper.
3464:Smart ring
3452:Sportwatch
3447:Smartwatch
3430:Smart band
3407:Scientific
3389:Calculator
3349:Palmtop PC
3342:Smartphone
3279:Detachable
3104:All-in-one
3054:Industrial
2951:Appliances
2777:See also:
2514:ILLIAC III
2432:MUSASINO-1
2327:IAS family
2110:Mainframes
1897:2022-04-13
1823:2016-10-07
1745:31 January
1646:2020-03-02
1571:26 October
1550:26 October
1530:2022-09-23
1450:2008-05-16
1272:October 2,
1159:October 2,
1132:References
1111:E.g., the
846:e-business
711:Telefunken
627:See also:
465:Mainframe
411:, via the
376:Inside an
304:Typewriter
260:paper tape
181:throughput
140:main frame
101:statistics
18:Mainframes
3586:Smartdust
3521:Minisuper
3516:Mainframe
3495:Supermini
3259:Smartbook
3234:Cloudbook
3136:Pizza box
3030:Computers
2989:Simulator
2773:UNIVAC II
2634:305 RAMAC
2520:ILLIAC IV
2508:ILLIAC II
2467:FACOM 201
2420:MANIAC II
2117:Australia
1666:InfoWorld
1641:0362-4331
1354:March 10,
1331:system...
1241:March 30,
1065:Gameframe
1028:gameframe
890:In 2012,
829:InfoWorld
817:In 1991,
667:Honeywell
651:Burroughs
609:Compuware
605:Precisely
448:databases
380:mainframe
318:devices.
152:mainframe
146:and main
136:mainframe
134:The term
81:mainframe
71:mainframe
3625:Category
3610:Category
3482:Midrange
3417:Wearable
3397:Graphing
3374:Siftable
3307:E-reader
3294:Handheld
3244:Notebook
3185:Blade PC
3168:Stick PC
3148:Portable
3131:Deskside
3114:Tabletop
3059:Personal
2999:Smart TV
2807:See also
2789:Raytheon
2754:UNIVAC I
2692:AN/FSQ-8
2687:AN/FSQ-7
2532:ILLIAC 6
2502:ILLIAC I
2414:MANIAC I
2366:JOHNNIAC
2299:See also
1950:Archived
1509:13 March
1324:March 8,
1266:Archived
1060:Failover
1034:See also
996:monetary
968:) or in
884:System z
814:series.
782:shakeout
759:Cold War
727:Olivetti
456:terabyte
452:Gigabyte
437:channels
397:hot swap
327:terminal
312:keyboard
308:Teletype
97:censuses
89:computer
85:big iron
3337:Feature
3284:Phablet
3254:Netbook
3158:Mini PC
3126:Desktop
3119:Surface
3097:By size
2927:classes
2840:Related
2450:Cyclone
2444:EDB-2/3
2402:SILLIAC
2360:IBM 701
2254:PS-3000
2249:PS-2000
2225:ES-2701
2124:SILLIAC
1797:Dec 25,
1771:Dec 25,
1717:Dec 26,
1671:Dec 26,
1113:IBM 709
1017:IBM MVS
990:decimal
903:IBM z13
840:(Y2K).
735:Hitachi
731:Fujitsu
721:in the
715:Germany
707:Siemens
639:IBM 701
623:History
585:Itanium
561:ICL VME
553:Fujitsu
549:OpenVOS
546:Stratus
530:NonStop
522:OS 1100
503:zSeries
499:Hitachi
479:NonStop
390:servers
358:bipolar
316:display
300:IBM 709
225:Windows
213:US-CERT
172:Strict
121:servers
87:, is a
3608:
3562:Rugged
3535:Others
3359:Pocket
3332:Camera
3271:Tablet
3222:2-in-1
3214:Laptop
3205:Mobile
3076:Server
3071:Public
3044:Gaming
3037:By use
2943:Static
2832:(1943)
2799:(1953)
2797:RAYDAC
2756:(1951)
2750:(1949)
2731:(1945)
2577:(1952)
2571:(1949)
2565:(1947)
2559:(1944)
2540:(2006)
2534:(2005)
2528:(1988)
2522:(1965)
2516:(1966)
2510:(1958)
2504:(1952)
2498:(1952)
2496:ORDVAC
2475:(1964)
2469:(1960)
2452:(1959)
2446:(1957)
2440:(1957)
2434:(1957)
2428:(1957)
2426:MISTIC
2422:(1956)
2416:(1956)
2410:(1956)
2404:(1956)
2398:(1957)
2392:(1955)
2386:(1955)
2384:WEIZAC
2380:(1952)
2378:ORDVAC
2374:(1953)
2372:ORACLE
2368:(1953)
2362:(1953)
2356:(1953)
2350:(1953)
2348:AVIDAC
2344:(1952)
2342:ILLIAC
2278:Elbrus
2220:BESM-6
2201:(1964)
2195:(1957)
2189:(1956)
2183:(1957)
2174:Sweden
2166:(1949)
2160:(1954)
2143:(1955)
2141:WEIZAC
2134:Israel
2126:(1956)
2007:
1818:Forbes
1639:
1610:
1184:
983:binary
879:Cognos
794:Unisys
790:Sperry
767:Strela
761:; the
749:. The
741:, and
699:OS1100
691:Unisys
655:UNIVAC
557:BS2000
507:Unisys
298:on an
231:, and
221:Unisys
158:Design
148:memory
127:, and
3526:Super
3504:Large
3141:Tower
3109:Panel
2935:Micro
2748:EDVAC
2729:ENIAC
2526:CEDAR
2473:TRASK
2460:1960s
2438:EDB-1
2335:1950s
2290:]
2273:]
2261:]
2244:]
2232:]
2199:TRASK
2193:EDB-1
2164:FUJIC
2158:FACOM
2151:Japan
1690:(PDF)
1378:(PDF)
1348:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1081:Notes
966:FLOPS
851:Linux
833:'
771:Elwro
747:Japan
703:IBM Z
679:BUNCH
593:Telum
571:with
495:IBM Z
413:PR/SM
409:LPARs
401:IBM Z
268:batch
262:, or
233:Linux
217:IBM Z
3557:Nano
3511:Grid
3490:Mini
3175:Rack
3163:Plug
3049:Home
2925:and
2864:list
2852:list
2740:EMCC
2679:SAGE
2408:SMIL
2396:SARA
2390:DASK
2354:BESK
2237:Mars
2187:SMIL
2181:SARA
2005:ISBN
1860:CNBC
1799:2013
1773:2013
1747:2014
1740:NASA
1719:2013
1673:2013
1637:ISSN
1608:ISBN
1573:2012
1552:2012
1511:2023
1412:2009
1386:2022
1356:2022
1326:2022
1300:2011
1274:2020
1243:2023
1182:ISBN
1161:2020
974:MIPS
892:NASA
786:Bull
775:ODRA
763:BESM
753:and
709:and
673:and
611:and
603:and
597:Xeon
589:Xeon
587:and
577:VOS3
573:ACOS
565:GS21
542:GCOS
429:DASD
417:z/VM
354:CMOS
343:GUIs
306:and
292:CTSS
247:and
245:z/OS
229:UNIX
209:NIST
2669:709
2664:705
2659:704
2654:702
2649:701
2644:650
2639:610
2585:IBM
2266:SVS
1997:doi
1694:IBM
978:I/O
955:CPU
947:TPC
915:z16
911:z15
907:z14
896:z10
863:RAS
812:VAX
745:in
743:NEC
739:Oki
719:ICL
713:in
695:MCP
687:360
675:RCA
659:NCR
601:BMC
569:NEC
540:'s
491:IBM
454:to
440:or
330:CRT
296:MIT
83:or
67:An
3627::
2288:ru
2271:ru
2259:ru
2242:ru
2230:ru
2003:,
1890:.
1858:.
1816:.
1790:.
1764:.
1738:.
1710:.
1692:.
1664:.
1631:.
1500:.
1328:.
1260:.
1207:.
1152:.
1030:.
929:A
921:.
737:,
733:,
725:,
717:,
693:)
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
551:,
544:,
364:.
258:,
227:,
123:,
119:,
103:,
75:A
2915:e
2908:t
2901:v
2617:e
2610:t
2603:v
2102:e
2095:t
2088:v
1999::
1900:.
1876:.
1862:.
1826:.
1801:.
1775:.
1749:.
1721:.
1675:.
1649:.
1616:.
1589:.
1575:.
1554:.
1533:.
1513:.
1453:.
1414:.
1388:.
1358:.
1302:.
1276:.
1245:.
1190:.
1163:.
645:"
314:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
