529:
296:
128:
103:
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51:
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69:
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cultivation in fields flooded to a depth of 1 foot (0.30 m) which makes production and harvesting easier. The area of land devoted to fox nut production has increased to 87,000 acres (35,000 ha) by 2022. The centre has developed a more productive variety, increasing farm income, and is designing a harvesting machine.
519:
Fox nuts have traditionally been harvested by diving without breathing equipment to a depth of 8 feet (2.4 m) in freshwater ponds. This is arduous, with skin hazards from mud and the plant's thorns. In the 21st century, the
National Research Centre for Makhana has pioneered the plant's
657:
It is classified on the Red List of endangered plants in Japan and given the designation "vulnerable". It is classified as species of Least
Concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, a population decline on the global scale has been reported. It is considered to be
466:, often more than a meter (3 feet) across, with a leaf stalk attached in the centre of the lower surface. The leaves are deep green; the leaf veins are purplish. The stems and leaves are covered in sharp
916:
1860:
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1676:
1795:
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1845:
885:
1624:
1655:
1154:
82:
127:
1443:
784:
1810:
646:
1507:
956:"Euryale ferox (Foxnut, Gorgon Plant, Makhana, Prickly Water Lily) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
827:
Euryalaceae J.Agardh, 1858. (n.d.). GBIF | Global
Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved August 6, 2023, from
528:
443:
Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was probably dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds.
1820:
1741:
762:
757:
701:(Madhubani, Darbhanga, Katihar, Sitamarhi, Purnea, Kishanganj, Araria, Saharsa and Supaul) and some hilly areas of
1830:
1681:
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202:
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793:
31:
1746:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1800:
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1110:
917:"First recent record of Prickly Waterlily (Euryale ferox) Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) in freshwaters of Europe."
1559:
1460:
366:
was proposed in 1858, a classification which has ultimately been rejected. Unlike other water lilies, the
1512:
335:, is a species of water lily found in southern and eastern Asia, and the only extant member of the genus
1232:"Beneath Still Waters - Multistage Aquatic Exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian"
224:
1603:
1429:
915:Živković, M., Pejčić, L., Paskaš, N., Bajić, A., Šipoš, Š., Perić, R., & Novakovic, B. (02 2023).
1533:
1316:
Kumar, N., Rani, S., Kuamr, G., Kumari, S., Singh, I. S., Gautam, S., & Choudhary, B. K. (2019).
1188:
1034:
814:
732:
92:
984:, a water lily at the brink of extinction with potential as a model system for basal angiosperms."
295:
1767:
1733:
1498:
1385:
1339:
1212:
1177:"The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze"
363:
248:
122:
849:
587:. They are also used in other types of cooking, especially to make a porridge or pudding called
1642:
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1175:
Fuller, D. Q.; Qin, L; Zheng, Y; Zhao, Z; Chen, X; Hosoya, LA; Sun, GP; et al. (2009).
1050:
1042:
694:
467:
391:
1399:"Bihar Mithila Makhana awarded GI Tag! Know about this variety of Fox Nut and its benefits"
928:
1689:
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195:
165:
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1038:
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Chen, Fei; Liu, Xing; Yu, Cuiwei; Chen, Yuchu; Tang, Haibao; Zhang, Liangsheng (2017).
979:
904:
842:
549:
152:
1789:
1663:
595:
482:. Pollen is known to be released prior to the opening of the flower. The majority of
470:. It can be grown in shallow water or rich soil. It does not tolerate shade or cold.
112:
107:
1230:
Goren - Inbarand, N.; Melamed, Y.; Zohar, I.; Akhilesh, K.; Pappu, S. (2014-10-11).
1216:
955:
1772:
1525:
1079:
903:. (n.d.). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved February 2, 2024, from
606:
period in the
Yangtze region, with large numbers of finds coming from the sites of
375:
359:
284:
185:
50:
1611:
1492:
1364:
Verma, Arvind Kumar; Banerji, B. K.; Chakrabarty, Debasis; Datta, S. K. (2010).
487:
175:
1001:
306:
1284:
1002:"Seed dormancy and germination traits of an endangered aquatic plant species,
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603:
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68:
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828:
642:
433:
1389:
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1416:
1268:"Plants traditionally used to make Cantonese slow-cooked soup in China"
702:
580:
553:
463:
17:
1616:
1244:
611:
537:
455:
437:
387:
367:
1454:
731:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154.
544:
that are edible. The plant is cultivated for its seeds in lowland
1629:
1551:
698:
588:
584:
572:
565:
557:
527:
429:
425:
421:
305:
294:
283:
139:
1020:"Water lilies as emerging models for Darwin's abominable mystery"
733:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en
1423:
996:
994:
992:
579:
seeds are often roasted or fried, which causes them to pop like
545:
541:
459:
417:
1538:
1458:
1084:
506:
The chromosome count is n = 29. The genome size is 870.42 Mb.
978:
Povilus, R. A., Losada, J. M., & Friedman, W. E. (2015).
302:
Salisb. seedling with scale bar (3 cm) on a white background
583:. These are then eaten, often with a sprinkling of oil and
844:
An
Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
552:
have cultivated the plant for centuries. More than 96,000
602:
was a frequently collected wild food source during the
1080:"The 'superfood' taking over fields in northern India"
458:
with white inner petals and violet outer petals. The
1318:"Physiological and biochemical responses of Makhana (
905:
https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/datura-ferox/
1467:
929:"Euryale ferox Foxnut, Euryale PFAF Plant Database"
62:cultivated in the Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem
1126:
841:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1340:"Physical and Hygroscopic Properties of Makhana"
614:, and Tianluoshan. The earliest recorded use of
980:"Floral biology and ovule and seed ontogeny of
848:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
420:and southern Asia, and is found from northeast
1366:"Studies on Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisbury)"
723:
721:
347:, are dried, and eaten predominantly in Asia.
950:
948:
8:
1345:Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research
743:
741:
1861:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
783:Lee, Sangtae; Chang, Kae Sun, eds. (2015).
560:, India, were set aside for cultivation of
532:Makhana being lightly roasted, ready to eat
1455:
1155:"Are popped lotus seeds the next popcorn?"
386:The genus is named after a mythical Greek
101:
67:
49:
38:
1293:
1283:
1272:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
1243:
1133:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1054:
1000:Imanishi, A., & Imanishi, J. (2014).
1324:Journal of Biological Physics, 45, 1-12.
1866:Taxa named by Richard Anthony Salisbury
1448:United States Department of Agriculture
1439:Germplasm Resources Information Network
871:
869:
717:
697:region, specifically nine districts of
671:
568:produces 90% of the world's fox nuts.
829:https://www.gbif.org/species/206275338
786:English Names for Korean Native Plants
454:grows in fresh water ponds, producing
571:In the northern and western parts of
358:is a member of the water lily family
7:
1796:IUCN Red List least concern species
1397:Bhardwaj, Tarun (August 22, 2022).
986:Annals of Botany, 115(2), 211-226.
564:in 1990–1991. The Indian state of
362:. The separate family Euryalaceae
25:
622:, Israel, among artifacts of the
548:in India, China, and Japan. The
1747:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605350-1
1266:Yujing Liu; et al. (2018).
880:. Boriss Lariushin. p. 17.
641:The seeds of foxnut are used in
494:, though some normally-opening (
126:
1078:Gupta, Priti (13 August 2024).
1420:: Images & occurrence data
1157:. Foodnavigator. 25 April 2018
478:Self pollination can occur in
1:
1444:Agricultural Research Service
735:. Accessed on 03 August 2023.
647:traditional Chinese medicine
1008:Aquatic botany, 119, 80-83.
398:means fierce or ferocious.
339:. The edible seeds, called
83:Curtis's Botanical Magazine
1882:
876:Lariushin, Boriss (2012).
840:Cronquist, Arthur (1981).
763:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
758:Plants of the World Online
76:Botanical illustration of
29:
27:Species of flowering plant
1285:10.1186/s13002-018-0206-y
1125:Mabberley, D. J. (1987).
288:Surface-floating leaf of
254:
247:
230:
223:
123:Scientific classification
121:
99:
90:
75:
66:
57:
48:
41:
1856:Plants described in 1805
1846:Medicinal plants of Asia
1322:) to gamma irradiation."
794:Korea National Arboretum
32:Euryale (disambiguation)
1201:10.1126/science.1166605
1047:10.1038/hortres.2017.51
1006:Salisb.(Nymphaeaceae)."
626:750–790,000 years ago.
394:. The specific epithet
1357:10.1006/jaer.1998.0356
629:The seeds are used in
533:
432:, as well as parts of
315:
303:
292:
1405:. The Indian Express.
1027:Horticulture Research
531:
462:are large, round and
310:A pond of cultivated
309:
298:
287:
1236:Internet Archaeology
815:Korea Forest Service
645:preparations and in
637:Traditional medicine
620:Gesher Benot Ya'aqov
498:) flowers do occur.
323:, commonly known as
30:For other uses, see
1811:Flora of Bangladesh
1193:2009Sci...323.1607F
1187:(5921): 1607–1610.
1039:2017HorR....417051C
960:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
653:Conservation status
536:The plant produces
93:Conservation status
1337:Jha, S.N. (1999).
982:Nymphaea thermarum
534:
490:, not opening for
416:native to eastern
316:
304:
293:
1821:Flora of Mongolia
1783:
1782:
1703:Open Tree of Life
1461:Taxon identifiers
1403:Financial Express
1140:978-0-521-34060-1
1114:, "Euryale ferox"
878:Solanaceae family
859:978-0-231-03880-5
803:978-89-97450-98-5
727:Zhuang, X. 2011.
624:Acheulean culture
492:cross-pollination
325:prickly waterlily
314:in northern India
282:
281:
205:
116:
16:(Redirected from
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1831:Flora of Myanmar
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693:is found in the
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662:in South Korea.
258:Anneslea spinosa
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39:
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1841:Flora of Russia
1836:Flora of Taiwan
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1370:Current Science
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796:. p. 466.
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598:indicates that
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1826:Flora of Japan
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1816:Flora of India
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1806:Flora of China
1803:
1801:Flora of Korea
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1411:External links
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1129:The Plant-book
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1112:Flora of China
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1721:kew-2805127
1612:iNaturalist
1493:Wikispecies
792:. Pocheon:
680:gorgon nut.
515:Cultivation
447:Description
374:have three
176:Nymphaeales
166:Angiosperms
1790:Categories
1716:Plant List
1251:16 October
1161:2021-03-18
965:2024-05-30
938:2024-05-30
713:References
660:Endangered
370:grains of
268:ussuriense
58:Flowering
1578:200007078
1565:200007078
1382:0011-3891
1091:13 August
608:Kuahuqiao
604:Neolithic
382:Etymology
210:Species:
136:Kingdom:
1760:22600010
1755:Tropicos
1643:10857583
1630:605350-1
1478:Wikidata
1390:24109608
1304:29334976
1278:(1): 4.
1217:21357179
1209:19299619
1065:28979789
933:pfaf.org
643:Ayurveda
616:E. ferox
554:hectares
524:Culinary
468:prickles
434:Pakistan
364:J.Agardh
351:Taxonomy
341:fox nuts
249:Synonyms
182:Family:
113:IUCN 3.1
86:(1812).
1851:Euryale
1591:5333335
1484:Q310795
1295:5769313
1189:Bibcode
1181:Science
1056:5626932
1035:Bibcode
809:7 March
768:26 July
753:Salisb"
703:Manipur
695:Mithila
691:Euryale
581:popcorn
562:Euryale
550:Chinese
538:starchy
464:peltate
456:flowers
407:Euryale
392:Euryale
372:Euryale
345:makhana
337:Euryale
329:makhana
312:Euryale
276:Planch.
260:Andrews
241:Salisb.
203:Salisb.
197:Euryale
192:Genus:
172:Order:
140:Plantae
111: (
18:Makhana
1729:PLANTS
1708:583533
1695:125130
1669:168756
1656:506588
1617:183481
1539:485242
1513:367351
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585:spices
540:white
502:Genome
460:leaves
438:Russia
388:Gorgon
376:nuclei
368:pollen
1734:EUFE6
1638:IRMNG
1604:16447
1552:EYUFE
1526:3D2ZS
1422:from
1386:JSTOR
1213:S2CID
1023:(PDF)
790:(PDF)
699:Bihar
666:Notes
589:kheer
573:India
566:Bihar
558:Bihar
546:ponds
542:seeds
430:Japan
426:Korea
422:India
412:is a
410:ferox
396:ferox
331:, or
270:Regel
160:Clade
147:Clade
80:from
1742:POWO
1682:4414
1677:NCBI
1664:IUCN
1651:ITIS
1625:IPNI
1599:GRIN
1586:GBIF
1547:EPPO
1508:BOLD
1424:GBIF
1378:ISSN
1300:PMID
1253:2014
1205:PMID
1135:ISBN
1093:2024
1061:PMID
882:ISBN
854:ISBN
811:2019
798:ISBN
770:2023
510:Uses
428:and
418:Asia
1768:WFO
1573:FoC
1560:FNA
1534:EoL
1521:CoL
1353:doi
1290:PMC
1280:doi
1240:doi
1197:doi
1185:323
1085:BBC
1051:PMC
1043:doi
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