314:
297:. Wood carving is done primarily by men, yet there is no one specific specialist. Tools are a creation of the carver themselves, creating tools as needed. Things like chisels, curved knives, straight knives are made by the sculptor. Using these handmade tools leaves room for error and never leaves and entirely smooth surface. Sculptures with heart shaped faces symbolize the earliest artistic endeavors, while current mask display stylizations of birds, beasts, and humans. A majority of Mambila figures in the Mambila Plateau were taken by art traders in the 1960s and 1970s, leaving very few figures and sculptures to be documented. The most documented figures of the Mambila culture are Tadep and Kike figures.
269:). This is an area which, beginning from about A.D 1700, they, in a piece-meal fashion, progressively captured from the Twumwu, a pre-Tikar group that inhabited the Ndom Plain (Zeitlyn & Connell, 2003). At an altitude of some 700 m, these Ndòm villages live in a different ecological zone from those of the Plateau: for example, oil palm plantations and gallery forest are found there. The toponym Ndòm itself on this plain is a transplanted replica of the old Ndòm at Nyö Heights on the Mambilla Plateau. Mbèrr (the correct name of "Shonkolong") was similarly taken from the original "Mbèrr" at Gwalì area of the Nyö Heights, from which the current Mbèrr on Ndòm Plain and the Mbèrrbà around Kwanja emanated.
261:
zone, is
Nigeria's loftiest landform. Villages are found both on the hilltops and on valley bottoms, and are relatively isolated from one another particularly during the rainy seasons when river crossings can be difficult (and impossible for motorised transport). Agriculture is concentrated on the valley bottoms while the highlands have been extensively grazed since the 1940s, i.e. since the immigration of cattle graziers towards the end of British administration (it was part of British Cameroon until the referendum of 1959/61). There has been overgrazing and erosion has caused considerable problems from the late 1970s onwards.
301:
200:. The Common Mambilla or Tungbo Dialect is the most widely understood Mambilla dialect in Nigeria. It is also the literary language of Mambilla for the vast majority who inhabit the Mambilla Plateau. The Mambilla New Testament known as 'Li Fa' and several Mambilla Language study texts are written in the Common Mambilla Dialect for Nigeria. A New Testament in Ju Ba is also available for speakers of Mambilla dialects on the Cameroon side of the border.
1140:
367:
confirmed newspaper and official reports of Fulani mercenaries being brought into
Mambilla). Similar troubles occurred on 17 June 2017 when a Community Leader was abducted at about 3am in a Gestapo-style operation of the now-disbanded SARS Police brought in by certain actors. Again on 1 March 2018, the shooting to death of 2 men in a farm sparked off another round of conflict.
358:", which rest on top of the head. Almost all masks and art figures are kept from women as they are not allowed to see them, or be any part of them. NB: the above description represent external analysis by foreign collectors. Much detail is excluded and local content is largely excluded in line with traditional norms.
264:
A smaller fraction of the
Mambilla, migrants from Nyö or Mvũrr in southern Mambilla Plateau and other villages, are to be found on the edge of the Ndòm (northern Tikar) Plain in Cameroon at the foot of the escarpment of the Mambilla Plateau. The principal Cameroonian villages are Mbèrr (Sonkolong),
260:
grassfields. The plateau is dissected by many rivers (notably the River Donga) leaving a complex geography of steep valleys separated by highlands (all of similar altitude). The Gang Peak, located in the northeastern corner of the
Mambilla Plateau, on the Mambilla-Gashaka-Cameroon tri-point boundary
366:
In late 2000, and thereafter, particularly on 1 January 2002 when Udawa Fulani mercenaries from Niger and Chad invaded the
Mambilla Plateau, conflicts over land led to many Fulani herders being driven from the Mambilla Plateau and becoming refugees in Cameroon and other parts of Nigeria. (There were
345:
The festivals celebrated in
Mambilla include the Bol (November), Literr (February), Toshin (January–February), Mbà Sùu (April–June), Tírrìm (September), and Kàtìi (December). They are known by other nomenclatures in the Ndòm Plain (northern Tikar lowlands). For instance, Bol has an alternative name
336:
are something that only certain sexes are allowed to see. The pith figures were to act as embodiments of visiting ancestral spirits. Ancestral spirits guarded family treasures located within shrines by embodying these figurines. Another distinction is the annual application of their color scheme of
375:
Being the highest point in West Africa, the
Mambilla Plateau is the coldest area in Nigeria. The climate is generally temperate throughout the year. There is a dry season from late November until early March, the rains (which are abundant and regular) peaking in August - September before gradually
179:
The
Mambilla people of Nigeria (with a small fraction in Cameroon) regard themselves as a group with a common identity. They are the denizens of the Mambilla Region, and have been in their homeland for about 5,000 years. In Nigerian dialects they refer to themselves as 'Norr' (the people) while in
162:
side of the international border as well as in a couple of small villages, such as New Nàmba, on the
Gashaka Plain in the north, and Jiini-Nyalang-Langa area close to the Kwanja. The Mambilla also occupy the Nyorrong-Lii-Ngùum area of Cameroon and are traceable in history to the Bang District of
184:
who can be referred to as "Bo ba bo", meaning "the Ba people". The populations of different
Mambilla villages speak different dialects of Mambilla or closely related Mambiloid languages. They also share a set of closely related cultural practices, in particular a conjunction of masquerade and
376:
reducing in intensity. Showers and isolated heavy rains are rarely experienced between December and February On the Mambilla Plateau the altitude is sufficient for evenings to be cool. Daytime temperatures hardly exceed 25 °C (77.0 °F) making it the coldest plateau in Nigeria.
313:
185:
oath-taking called "Suu", "Shua", "Sua" or "Shuaga". In the Somie (Ndiba) dialect this is phonetically written as . See discussion in "Sua in Somie" cited below. A locally written French language historical source for Somie history is Zeitlyn Mial & Mbe 2000.
180:
Cameroon there is a collective noun 'Ba' that is used in the unmarked sense to refer to the Mambilla, and also to refer to Mambilla in Cameroon on the Ndom or northern Tikar plain (see below) contrastively with neighbouring Mambilla on the highlands of the
349:
Men travel from village to village for festivities which include dance, sports, and form friendships that promote inter-village relations. Masks appear at Mbâ Sùu and can only be seen by men. There are many awe-instilling Sùu figures. The "Sùuburr" or
661:
Gausset, Q. (2005): 'Agro-pastoral conflicts in the Tikar Plain (Cameroon)', in Q. Gausset, M. Whyte and T. Birch-Thomsen (eds.), Beyond territory and scarcity: Exploring conflicts over natural resource management, 90–111. Uppsala: Nordic Africa
668:
Zeitlyn, David, Nicodeme Mial, and Charles Mbe 2000. Trois études sur les mambila de Somié, Cameroun. Boston, Mass.: Boston University African Studies Center: Groupe de Recherches sur l'Afrique Francophone. Fulltext available from
710:
354:" is a Sùu of the first rank, typically like a helmet and worn over the head, resting on the wearers shoulders. It is always accompanied by a number of second rank masks like the "Suu Dua" or "
321:
Tadep depict male and female pairs usually carved from low density wood. They can also depict singular figures of multiples of one sex. Kike (Táké) are figures carved and made from the pith of
337:
red, white, and black to functioning objects. The male figure had a small opening in the abdomen as a receptacle for food particles, while the female figure had a blocked off abdomen opening.
329:, while other statues are displayed on the outside as well. These objects were sacra of associations related to illness and healing. Tadep and Kike were part of the Suu or Suaga association.
196:
database gives two codes MCU for the Cameroonian dialects and MZK for the Nigerian dialects. See the survey work of Bruce Connell on the VIMS website cited below, and the article on
346:
of "Lùm", which, though known, is less widely used on the Plateau except at Nyo, Mvua and other eastern villages. Gùbírr is celebrated in September too and begins at Dieb (Dembe).
1175:
646:
Bami-Yuno (2009): "Linguistic Genocide in the Mambilla Region", Paper, 3rd Biennial Convention, National Association of Mambila Students, Bommi, Nigeria, 28–29 December 2009
750:
649:
Bami-Yuno (2011): "The Original Bantu Homeland Debate"; Paper, 4th Biennial Convention, National Association of Mambilla Students, Bommi,Nigeria, 28–29 December 2011
704:
317:
Male Tadep figure, Mambila People, Cameroon, early 19th century CE. Tadep figures were used in male-female pairs. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
602:
332:
There are several eccentricities that set their art apart from other cultures. Mambila figures made of soft pith, and the attachment to shrines and
678:
1168:
215:
743:
717:
1527:
1161:
1532:
736:
698:
David Zeitlyn, Sua in Somie: Aspects of Mambila Traditional Religion, Sankt Augustin, Academia Verlag, 1994, 260 pp., 3 88345 375 7
1220:
701:
Perrin, M. J. and Hill, M. V. 1969. Mambila (Parler d'Atta): Description Phonologique. Yaoundé: Universite Federale du Cameroun.
110:
634:
300:
999:
1184:
962:
171:
in Nigeria. "Norr" is also used (the word for person in Nigerian dialects of Mambilla) (Bami-Yuno, 2013 ms).
1406:
1255:
1205:
723:
1431:
1376:
711:
Words and Processes in Mambila Kinship: the Theoretical Importance of the Complexity of Everyday Life.
1327:
1260:
994:
197:
509:
474:
492:
Zeitlyn, David (Autumn 1994). "Mambila Figurines and Masquerades: Problems of Interpretation".
457:
Zeitlyn, David (Autumn 1994). "Mambila Figurines and Masquerades: Problems of Interpretation".
281:
lies north of the grasslands. The inhabitants developed unique art styles of sculpture made of
713:
143:
501:
466:
333:
278:
209:
189:
181:
155:
139:
94:
86:
54:
1240:
989:
880:
665:
Percival, D.A (1938): "Administrative Reorganization of Mambilla" (An Intelligence Report)
90:
1297:
1496:
1421:
1344:
1230:
1144:
1114:
1089:
1054:
1039:
957:
947:
930:
925:
1521:
1471:
1386:
1364:
1359:
1322:
1287:
1282:
1225:
1119:
1104:
1059:
1029:
1024:
1009:
1004:
972:
915:
890:
875:
815:
810:
805:
795:
780:
770:
325:. and are larger statue type figures. These figures would often be placed inside of
1506:
1491:
1481:
1461:
1446:
1436:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1317:
1312:
1292:
1250:
1245:
1215:
1124:
1094:
1074:
1034:
1014:
984:
977:
900:
895:
885:
855:
830:
825:
820:
800:
790:
253:
147:
118:
1476:
1466:
1451:
1371:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1302:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1109:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1044:
967:
952:
942:
937:
910:
870:
860:
850:
840:
695:
322:
192:
or Mambilla language is a congeries of dialects and related languages. The SIL
1486:
1456:
1396:
1210:
1200:
1099:
865:
835:
286:
193:
231:
217:
1195:
1153:
256:
of Nigeria . This is a highland plateau, the northerly continuation of the
212:
with their modern capital at Bommi (Gembu in "Sardauna" Local Government).
728:
575:
See Gaussett's article, and reports/photos of the captured mercenaries in
413:
396:
1235:
775:
266:
159:
98:
71:
1501:
785:
759:
670:
513:
478:
326:
257:
151:
135:
61:
17:
1426:
505:
470:
1334:
1019:
920:
905:
312:
299:
114:
1441:
845:
616:
294:
290:
282:
1157:
732:
603:"Number of Nigerian Refugees Spiral as Herdsmen Disputes Surge"
158:
for the Ndòm Plain (also known as northern Tikar Plain) on the
655:
Bami-Yuno (2012): "Jumboni - History of the Mambilla Chiefdom"
690:
652:
Bami-Yuno (2012): "The Mambilla Region in African History"
163:
Mambilla Plateau. Today, the preferred ethnonym is spelt
104:
80:
70:
60:
48:
38:
154:). A small fraction of Mambilla migrants left the
146:local government area (formerly, Mambilla LGA) of
705:Perrin, Mona. 2005 Mambila Orthography Statement
1169:
744:
722:Other work by David Zeitlyn is listed in the
8:
33:
304:Male Tadep Guardian Figure, Brooklyn Museum
1176:
1162:
1154:
751:
737:
729:
446:. Milwaukee Public Museum. pp. 14–16.
32:
527:Gebauer, Paul (1979). "Art of Cameroon".
385:
565:. Milwaukee Public Museum. p. 15.
408:
406:
391:
389:
7:
691:Virtual Institute of Mambila Studies
579:, 4 February 2002, pp. 29 –30,
49:Regions with significant populations
27:Ethnic group in Cameroon and Nigeria
563:Mambilla - Art and Material Culture
550:. Portland Art Museum. p. 185.
444:Mambilla - Art and Material Culture
587:, 21–27 January 2002, pp. A1, A2;
431:. Portland Art Museum. p. 39.
25:
677:A full bibliography is online at
1138:
658:Connell, Bruce linguistics refs
1:
591:, 28 January 2002, p. 23
583:, 22 April 2002, p. 42;
111:Traditional African religions
1549:
208:Most Mambilla live on the
1528:Ethnic groups in Cameroon
1191:
1185:Ethnic groups in Cameroon
1135:
766:
109:
85:
53:
43:
1533:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
760:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
561:Schwartz, Nancy (1972).
442:Schwartz, Nancy (1972).
724:Oxford Research Archive
635:"The Zainab Okino Blog"
362:Farmer Grazier disputes
601:Kindzeka, Moki Edwin.
546:Gebauer, Paul (1979).
427:Gebauer, Paul (1979).
318:
305:
316:
303:
232:6.713833°N 11.25002°E
709:David Zeitlyn 2005
414:"Mambila, Cameroon"
397:"Mambilla, Nigeria"
227: /
198:Mambiloid languages
35:
1145:Nigeria portal
674:Zeitlyn refs below
319:
306:
237:6.713833; 11.25002
1515:
1514:
1206:Anglo-Cameroonian
1151:
1150:
718:978-0-7391-0801-7
679:condor.depaul.edu
585:Daily Independent
334:sacred enclosures
265:Atta and Ndiba (
167:in Cameroon and
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
1540:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1141:
753:
746:
739:
730:
639:
638:
631:
625:
624:
613:
607:
606:
598:
592:
573:
567:
566:
558:
552:
551:
543:
537:
536:
524:
518:
517:
489:
483:
482:
454:
448:
447:
439:
433:
432:
424:
418:
417:
410:
401:
400:
393:
251:
250:
248:
247:
246:
244:
239:
238:
233:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
210:Mambilla plateau
182:Mambilla plateau
156:Mambilla Plateau
140:Mambilla Plateau
55:Mambilla Plateau
39:Total population
36:
34:Mambila/Mambilla
21:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1187:
1182:
1152:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1131:
762:
757:
687:
643:
642:
633:
632:
628:
615:
614:
610:
600:
599:
595:
574:
570:
560:
559:
555:
548:Art of Cameroon
545:
544:
540:
526:
525:
521:
506:10.2307/3337317
491:
490:
486:
471:10.2307/3337317
456:
455:
451:
441:
440:
436:
429:Art of Cameroon
426:
425:
421:
412:
411:
404:
395:
394:
387:
382:
373:
364:
343:
311:
279:Mambila Plateau
275:
242:
240:
236:
234:
230:
229:
226:
221:
218:
216:
214:
213:
206:
177:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
764:
763:
758:
756:
755:
748:
741:
733:
727:
726:
720:
707:
702:
699:
693:
686:
685:External links
683:
682:
681:
675:
672:
666:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
641:
640:
626:
608:
593:
581:New Impression
568:
553:
538:
519:
484:
449:
434:
419:
402:
384:
383:
381:
378:
372:
369:
363:
360:
342:
339:
310:
307:
274:
271:
243:Gembu, Nigeria
205:
202:
176:
175:Identification
173:
122:
121:
107:
106:
102:
101:
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
44:129,000 (1993)
41:
40:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:
761:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
734:
731:
725:
721:
719:
715:
712:
708:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
636:
630:
627:
622:
618:
612:
609:
604:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
569:
564:
557:
554:
549:
542:
539:
534:
530:
523:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
453:
450:
445:
438:
435:
430:
423:
420:
415:
409:
407:
403:
398:
392:
390:
386:
379:
377:
370:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
347:
340:
338:
335:
330:
328:
324:
315:
308:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
268:
262:
259:
255:
249:
211:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
183:
174:
172:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
19:
1416:
1328:Yerwa Kanuri
1049:
995:Iwellemmedan
696:Sua in Somie
629:
620:
611:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
562:
556:
547:
541:
532:
529:African Arts
528:
522:
497:
494:African Arts
493:
487:
462:
459:African Arts
458:
452:
443:
437:
428:
422:
374:
365:
355:
351:
348:
344:
331:
320:
276:
263:
254:Taraba State
207:
187:
178:
168:
164:
148:Taraba State
138:live on the
131:
127:
125:
119:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
1261:Beti-Pahuin
323:raffia palm
235: /
1522:Categories
662:Institute.
380:References
287:terracotta
241: (
222:11°15′00″E
194:Ethnologue
144:'Sardauna'
134:people of
1196:Akunakuna
617:"Mambila"
500:(4): 40.
465:(4): 38.
341:Festivals
327:granaries
219:6°42′50″N
81:Languages
1241:Bamileke
1236:Baligham
1050:Mambilla
990:Itsekiri
958:Kalabari
776:Anlo Ewe
621:Scoop.it
535:(2): 32.
352:Sua Burr
204:Location
169:Mambilla
160:Cameroon
128:Mambilla
105:Religion
99:Fulfulde
72:Cameroon
1502:Wodaabe
1497:Widikum
1422:Mandara
1417:Mambila
1345:Kapsiki
1231:Bakossi
1090:Tangale
1055:Mandara
1040:Longuda
948:Engenni
931:Ukwuani
926:Ikwerre
786:Afusari
577:TheNews
514:3337317
479:3337317
371:Climate
356:Sua Dua
309:Figures
258:Bamenda
190:Mambila
165:Mambila
152:Nigeria
136:Nigeria
132:Mambila
95:English
87:Mambila
62:Nigeria
18:Mambila
1427:Mankon
1387:Kotoko
1365:Tupuri
1360:Musgum
1323:Kanuri
1288:Chamba
1283:Buduma
1226:Bakoko
1120:Yoruba
1105:Urhobo
1060:Mumuye
1030:Kotoko
1025:Kofyar
1010:Kanuri
1005:Kamuku
973:Nkoroo
916:Ekpeye
891:Ibibio
881:Goemai
876:Gbagyi
826:Djerma
816:Defaka
811:Chamba
806:Buduma
796:Bariba
781:Anaang
771:Afemai
716:
512:
477:
293:, and
91:French
76:30,000
66:99,000
1507:Wovea
1492:Vengo
1482:Tikar
1472:Shuwa
1462:Nzime
1447:Mungo
1437:Mboko
1412:Makaa
1407:Limba
1402:Kwele
1392:Kuteb
1382:Kombe
1335:Kirdi
1318:Hausa
1313:Gbaya
1298:Dwe'e
1293:Duala
1256:Bassa
1251:Banda
1246:Bamum
1216:Bafia
1125:Ijebu
1095:Tarok
1075:Ogoni
1035:Kuteb
1020:Kirdi
1015:Kilba
1000:Jukun
985:Isoko
978:Obolo
968:Nkoro
953:Ibani
943:Bille
921:Etche
906:Igede
901:Igala
896:Idoma
886:Hausa
856:Eleme
831:Ebira
821:Dendi
801:Berom
791:Atyap
510:JSTOR
475:JSTOR
267:Somié
115:Islam
1477:Subu
1467:Pori
1452:Njem
1442:Mofu
1372:Kole
1355:Masa
1350:Mafa
1340:Fali
1308:Fula
1303:Ekoi
1278:Bubi
1271:Fang
1266:Beti
1221:Baka
1115:Yakö
1110:Waja
1085:Tera
1080:Saro
1070:Ogba
1065:Nupe
1045:Mafa
963:Kula
938:Ijaw
911:Igbo
871:Fula
861:Esan
851:Ekoi
846:Eket
841:Efik
714:ISBN
589:TELL
295:wood
291:pith
283:clay
277:The
188:The
142:(in
126:The
1487:Tiv
1457:Nso
1432:Mbo
1397:Kwe
1377:Kom
1211:Aro
1201:Ana
1100:Tiv
866:Fon
836:Edo
502:doi
467:doi
273:Art
252:in
150:in
130:or
1524::
619:.
531:.
508:.
498:27
496:.
473:.
463:27
461:.
405:^
388:^
289:,
285:,
117:,
113:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
1177:e
1170:t
1163:v
752:e
745:t
738:v
637:.
623:.
605:.
533:4
516:.
504::
481:.
469::
416:.
399:.
350:"
245:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.