1085:
1788:
52:
1407:
987:
2392:
2098:
951:
180:
216:
6630:
144:
650:
446:. Although widespread, the Mandinka constitute the largest ethnic group only in the countries of Mali, Guinea and The Gambia. Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Their traditional society has featured socially stratified castes. Mandinka communities have been fairly autonomous and self-ruled, being led by a chief and group of elders. Mandinka has been an
5534:
198:
126:
90:
885:
slave traders and lucrative income from slave ships to the slave sellers, fed the practice of groups raiding for captives, conducting manhunts, and taking slaves. The victimised ethnic group felt justified in retaliating. Slavery was already an accepted practice before the 15th century, when most enslaved people were taken on routes to North Africa and western Asia by Arab traders.
162:
108:
673:, the Arabic historian, described his visit and stated that Musa built mosques in his kingdom, established Islamic prayers and took back Maliki school of Sunni jurists with him. According to Richard Turner – a professor of African American Religious History, Musa was highly influential in attracting North African and Middle Eastern Muslims to West Africa.
1339:
877:
started in the 15th century, states Green, but the earliest evidence of a trade involving
Mandinka slaves is from and after 1497 CE. In parallel with the start of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the institution of slavery and slave-trading of West Africans into the Mediterranean region and inside Africa continued as a historic normal practice.
1502:. In the course of his research, he traveled to West Africa and heard about his people from a griot. The book was on the New York Times bestseller for many weeks and was also adapted as a popular TV mini-series. Many professional historians and at least one genealogist commented that this familial link was highly improbable (see D. Wright's
692:, many Mandinka converted to Islam. In contemporary West Africa, the Mandinka are predominantly Muslim, with a few regions where significant portions of the population are not Muslim, such as Guinea Bissau, where 35 percent of the Mandinka practice Islam, more than 20 percent are Christian, and 15 percent follow traditional beliefs.
3617:
1542:, Mr. T states: "My folks came from Africa. They were from the Mandinka tribe. They wore their hair like this. These gold chains I wear symbolize the fact that my ancestors were brought over here as slaves." In a 2006 interview, he reiterated that he modeled his hair style after photographs of Mandinka men he saw in
1255:
During this time, they learn about their adult social responsibilities and rules of behaviour. Preparation is made in the village or compound for the return of the children. A celebration marks the return of these new adults to their families. As a result of these traditional teachings, in marriage a
880:
Slavery grew significantly between the 16th and 19th centuries. The
Portuguese considered slave sources in Guinea and Senegambia parts of Mandinka territory as belonging to them; their 16th to 18th-century slave trade-related documents refer to "our Guinea" and complain about slave traders from other
3249:
This slave trade volume excludes the slave trade by
Swahili-Arabs in East Africa and North African ethnic groups to the Middle East and elsewhere. The exports and imports do not match, because of the large number of deaths and violent retaliation by captured people on the ships involved in the slave
910:
traders at the ports controlled by
Mandinka people. The insecure ethnic groups, states Rodney, stopped working productively and tried to withdraw for security, which made their social and economic conditions more desperate. Though less powerful, such groups also joined the retaliatory cycle of slave
1075:
started converting to Islam as early as the 17th century, and most of
Mandinka leatherworkers there converted to Islam before the 19th century. Mandinka musicians, however, were last, converting to Islam mostly in the first half of the 20th century. As in other locales, these Muslims have continued
927:
coasts were
Mandinka people. Hawthorne suggests three causes of Mandinka people being taken captive as slaves during this era: small-scale jihads by Muslims against non-Muslim Mandinka, non-religious reasons such as the economic greed of Islamic elites who wanted imports of goods and tools from the
876:
between West Africa and the Middle East after the 13th century. With the arrival of
Portuguese explorers in Africa as they looked for a sea route to India, the European purchase of slaves had begun. The shipment of slaves by the Portuguese, primarily from the Jolof people, along with some Mandinka,
1325:
has been practiced among the
Mandinka since pre-Islamic days. A Mandinka man is legally allowed to have up to four wives, as long as he is able to care for each of them equally. Mandinka believe the crowning glory of any woman is the ability to produce children, especially sons. The first wife has
884:
Scholars have offered several theories on the source of the transatlantic slave trade of
Mandinka people. According to Boubacar Barry, a professor of History and African Studies, chronic violence between ethnic groups such as the Mandinka people and their neighbours, combined with weapons sold by
539:
are
Kontron and Sanin, the founding "hunter brotherhood". Manden was famous for the large number of animals and game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation, so was a very popular hunting ground. The Camara (or Kamara) are believed to be the oldest family to have lived in Manden, after
1318:
Marriages are traditionally arranged by family members rather than by either the bride or groom. This practice is particularly prevalent in the rural areas. The suitor's family formally sends Kola nuts, a bitter nut from a tree, to the male elders of the bride-to-be. If they accept the nuts, the
676:
The Mandinka people of Mali converted early, but those who migrated to the west did not convert and retained their traditional religious rites. One of the legends among the Mandingo of western Africa is that the general Tiramakhan Traore led the migration, because people in Mali had converted to
641:
The caravan trade to North Africa and Middle East brought Islamic people into Mandinka people's original and expanded home region. The Muslim traders sought presence in the host Mandinka community, and this likely initiated proselytizing efforts to convert the Mandinka from their traditional
4169:, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South , the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge reality—ethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."
914:
Walter Hawthorne (a professor of African History) states that the Barry and Rodney explanation was not universally true for all of Senegambia and Guinea, where high concentrations of Mandinka people have traditionally lived. Hawthorne says that numerous Mandinka were not exported to the
1438:". The kora with its 21 strings is made from half a calabash, covered with cow's hide fastened on by decorative tacks. The kora has sound holes in the side which are used to store coins offered to the praise singers, in appreciation of their performance. The praise singers are called
681:'s granddaughter. The Traore's marriage with a Muhammad's granddaughter, states Toby Green, is fanciful, but these conflicting oral histories suggest that Islam had arrived well before the 13th century and had a complex interaction with the Mandinka people.
1064:, who knows the protective formulas. In most cases, the people do not make important decisions without first consulting a marabout. Marabouts, who have Islamic training, write Qur'anic verses on slips of paper and sew them into leather pouches (
1358:
Mandinka culture is rich in tradition, music, and spiritual ritual. The Mandinka continue a long oral history tradition through stories, songs, and proverbs. In rural areas, the influence of western education is minimal; the literacy rate in
646:, for example, the Almoravids had divided its capital into two parts by 1077, one part was Muslim and the other non-Muslim. The Muslim influence from North Africa had arrived in the Mandinka region before this, via Islamic trading diasporas.
1391:
made from a halved, dried, hollowed-out gourd covered with cow or goat skin. The strings are made of fishing line (these were traditionally made from a cow's tendons). It is played to accompany a griot's singing or simply on its own.
892:(the commander of Mandinka people in Kaabu) energetically hunted for slaves on a large scale. Martin Klein (a professor of African Studies) states that Kaabu was one of the early suppliers of African slaves to European merchants.
1383:. This passing down of oral history through music has made the practice of music one of the most distinctive traits of the Mandinka. They have long been known for their drumming and also for their unique musical instrument, the
700:
Slave raiding, capture and trading in the Mandinka regions may have existed in significant numbers before the European colonial era, as is evidenced in the memoirs of the 14th century Moroccan traveller and Islamic historian
1326:
authority over any subsequent wives. The husband has complete control over his wives and is responsible for feeding and clothing them. He also helps the wives' parents when necessary. Wives are expected to live together in
1025:), tending the plants by hand. This is extremely labour-intensive and physically demanding work. Only about 50% of the rice consumption needs are met by local planting; the rest is imported from Asia and the United States.
1375:
schools for children where this is taught are quite common. Mandinka children are given their name on the eighth day after their birth. The children are almost always named after a very important person in their family.
4486:
Islam is the predominant religion in Guinea-Bissau practiced by 35.1 percent of the population, compared to 22.1 percent of the population who adhere to the faith of Christianity and 14.9 percent who follow traditional
3271:
881:
European nations superseding them in the slave trade. Their slave exports from this region nearly doubled in the second half of the 18th century compared to the first, and most of these slaves disembarked in Brazil.
4601:, see Map 9; The transatlantic slave trade volume over the 350+ years involved an estimated 12.5 million Africans, almost every country that bordered the Atlantic ocean, as well as Mozambique and the Swahili coast.
1252:), in separate groups according to their sex. In years past, the children spent up to a year in the bush, but that has been reduced now to coincide with their physical healing time, between three and four weeks.
1032:
groups. While farming is the predominant profession among the Mandinka, men also work as tailors, butchers, taxi drivers, woodworkers, metalworkers, soldiers, nurses, and extension workers for aid agencies.
4801:; Quote: "Kaabu, for example, began as a Malian colony that provided sea salt and other coastal products to the Mandinka heartland, but it moved early into supplying slaves to European merchants". (p. 39)
6901:
1028:
The oldest male is the head of the family, and marriages are commonly arranged. Small mud houses with conical thatch or tin roofs make up their villages, which are organised on the basis of
6793:
6069:
4974:
3618:"Putting the History Back into Ethnicity: Enslavement, Religion, and Cultural Brokerage in the Construction of Mandinka/Jola and Ewe/Agotime Identities in West Africa, c. 1650–1930"
6499:
1283:
Among the Mandinka women of some other countries of West Africa, the FGM prevalence rates are lower, but still range between 40% and 90%. This cultural practice, locally called
1310:. In 2010, after community efforts of UNICEF and the local government bodies, several Mandinka women's organization pledged to abandon the female genital mutilation practices.
5024:" are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor, Senufo, Minianka, Dogon, Songhay and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations".
3053:, Sierra Leonean journalist and former State House Press Secretary to president Koroma. Former Deputy Minister of Information and current Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs.
7091:
6665:
2921:, journalist and spokesman for former Sierra Leone's president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. He is also the former chairman of Sierra Leone National Telecommunications Commission
1498:, tracing his family connections through free and enslaved generations to an 18th-century ancestor taken captive and brought to North America, a Mandinka man known as
1190:. The Mandinka society, states Arnold Hughes, a professor of West African Studies and African Politics, has been "divided into three endogamous castes – the freeborn (
1202:). The freeborn castes are primarily farmers. The enslaved strata included labor providers to the farmers, as well as leather workers, pottery makers, metal smiths,
619:
Another group of Mandinka people, under Faran Kamara – the son of the king of Tabou – expanded southeast of Mali, while a third group expanded with Fakoli Kourouma.
450:, where mythologies, history and knowledge are verbally transmitted from one generation to the next. Their music and literary traditions are preserved by a caste of
7330:
6232:
1244:, which marks the beginning of adulthood for their children. At an age between four and fourteen, the youngsters have their genitalia ritually cut (see articles on
6894:
3443:
2660:
5108:, Quote: "The Jakhanke, who now primarily speak Mandinka, have formed a specialized caste of Muslim clerics and educators since approximately the 13th century".
1216:
The Mandinka castes are hereditary, and marriages outside the caste was forbidden. Their caste system is similar to those of other ethnic groups of the African
2412:
2164:
888:
As the demand grew, states Barry, Futa Jallon, led by an Islamic military theocracy, became one of the centers of this slavery-perpetuating violence. Farim of
6786:
3272:"Mansa Musa Makes His Hajj, Displaying Mali's Wealth in Gold and Becoming the First Sub-Saharan African Widely Known among Europeans | Encyclopedia.com"
3228:
are generally considered archaic and are mostly found in 19th-century and early-20th-century literature. They have been sometimes erroneously referred to as
5239:
3122:, documented captured Mandinka warrior during the last years of the Atlantic slave trade. He is Alex Haley's ancestor and the key character in Haley's book
6062:
5562:
5251:
1464:
626:
and plateau areas of West Africa. Their presence and products attracted Mandika merchants and brought trading caravans from north Africa and the eastern
5594:
6887:
6492:
2702:
2609:
2433:
1303:
1272:, the female genital mutilation prevalence rates among the Mandinka of The Gambia is the highest at over 96%, followed by FGM among the women of the
5542:
5334:
4816:
Rodney, Walter (1966). "African Slavery and other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade".
2888:
2118:
2023:
1538:
899:
states that Mandinka and other ethnic groups already held slaves who had inherited slavery by birth, and who could be sold. The Islamic armies from
1076:
some of their pre-Islamic religious practices as well, such as their annual rain ceremony and "sacrifice of the black bull" to their past deities.
919:
until the period between the mid-18th through to the 19th century. During these years, slave trade records show that nearly 33% of the slaves from
7285:
6779:
2506:
2299:
2260:
1901:
5512:
7315:
7275:
7084:
6055:
5517:
1299:, involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris, or alternatively, the partial or total removal of the labia minora with the clitoris.
7325:
7290:
6658:
5452:
5259:
5101:
5074:
5047:
4957:
4879:
4794:
4740:
4713:
4622:
4564:
4537:
4510:
4479:
4452:
4333:
4279:
4116:
4008:
3976:
3922:
3887:
3862:
3835:
3722:
3600:
3113:
1494:
916:
7320:
7305:
6485:
1084:
5146:
KABBIR CHAM; CAROL MACCORMACK; ABDOULAI TOURAY; SUSAN BALDEH (1987). "Social organization and political factionalism: PHC in The Gambia".
717:
in the Senegambia region during the early 19th century, for example, where slaves were a part of the social strata in all these kingdoms.
6225:
5557:
2232:
903:
had long established the practice of slave raids and trade. Fula jihad from Futa Jallon plateau perpetuated and expanded this practice.
471:
Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Muslim and non-Muslim Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were
4587:
2939:, current Sierra Leone's high commissioner to the Gambia and former high commissioner to Nigeria, former ambassador to Egypt and Iran.
2338:
872:
According to Toby Green, selling slaves along with gold was already a significant part of the trans-Saharan caravan trade across the
7310:
7295:
7077:
5406:
5184:
4767:
4679:
4652:
4422:
4395:
4363:
4306:
4062:
Donald Wright (1978). "Koli Tengela in Sonko Traditions of Origin: an Example of the Process of Change in Mandinka Oral Tradition".
3574:
3311:
1787:
677:
Islam and he did not want to. Another legend gives a contrasting account, and states that Traore himself had converted and married
599:
We originated from Tumbuktu in the land of the Mandinka: the Arabs were our neighbours there... All the Mandinka came from Mali to
3011:, Sierra Leonean model; Miss University Sierra Leone 2006 winner and representative of Sierra Leone at the Miss World 2006 contest
630:, states Toby Green – a professor of African History and Culture. It also brought conflicts with other ethnic groups, such as the
548:. A very large number of families that make up the Mandinka community were born in Manden. Manding is the province from which the
7280:
6651:
5136:, Quote: "The general organization of the society into castes is shared with Sahelian peoples such as the Mandinka, Wolof, (...)"
2816:
2063:
1530:, of American television fame, once claimed that his distinctive hairstyle was modelled after a Mandinka warrior that he saw in
6002:
4204:
Fall, Mamadou (2021). "Les Terroirs Historiques et la Poussée Soninké". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.).
3546:
3175:
1514:, a 19th-century abolitionist, military leader, politician and physician in the United States, was of partial Mandinka descent.
370:
5351:
2282:
7300:
6218:
5547:
1532:
5587:
4594:
6802:
6078:
4911:
Quinn, Charlotte A. (December 1973). "Mandingo Kingdoms of the Senegambia: Traditionalism, Islam and European Expansion".
2833:
1071:
The conversion of the Mandinka to Islam took place over many centuries. According to Robert Wyndham Nicholls, Mandinka in
1053:
5341:, allhiphop.com, Published 9 November 2006. Mr. T gives a 1977 date, for an article with photos on the Mandinka in Mali.
7335:
6910:
3432:
1330:, at least superficially. They share work responsibilities of the compound, such as cooking, laundry, and other tasks.
1186:
The Mandinka people have traditionally been a socially stratified society, as are many West African ethnic groups with
7053:
6508:
1504:
4582:
David Eltis and David Richardson (2015), Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 2nd Edition, Yale University Press,
2945:, Sierra Leonean businessman and former SLPP chairman for the Western Area. He is the younger brother of Kemoh Fadika
2761:
1807:
2933:, former minister of development and economic planning from 2002 to 2007, former ECOWAS commissioner of income tax
622:
With the migration, many gold artisans and metal working Mandinka smiths settled along the coast and in the hilly
6408:
5580:
2540:
2517:
2395:
1265:
3492:
1209:
The Mandinka Muslim clerics and scribes have traditionally been considered a separate occupational caste called
1096:
and self-ruled, being led by a council of upper-class elders and a chief who functions as a first among equals.
7100:
5317:
1072:
418:
in search of better agricultural lands and more opportunities for conquest. Nowadays, the Mandinka inhabit the
2428:
5522:
3642:
3468:
3105:, abolitionist, journalist, physician and writer (had two Mandinka grandparents brought to America as slaves)
483:
culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in
5647:
5497:
Pauls, Elizabeth Prine (February 2007). "Malinke people". In: Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, (online)
3303:
3128:
2649:
1636:
1573:
998:
705:. Slaves were part of the socially stratified Mandinka people, and several Mandinka language words, such as
396:
5272:"Architecture vernaculaire et paysage culturel mandingue du Gberedou/Hamana - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
1092:
Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Mandinka villages are fairly
6674:
5776:
2439:
2391:
2294:
1669:
1469:
1456:
1249:
689:
488:
414:, who founded an empire that would go on to span a large part of West Africa. They migrated west from the
51:
5331:
3327:
6241:
5929:
419:
256:
1517:
1021:, men plant peanuts as their main cash crop. Men also grow millet. The women grow rice (traditionally,
4219:
Lange, Dierk (1994), "From Mande to Songhay: Towards a political and ethnic history of medieval Gao",
1264:
The women among the Mandinka people, like other ethnic groups near them, have traditionally practiced
6279:
4949:
The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean
3854:
The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean
3588:
3044:
3026:
3014:
2912:
2872:
2353:
2255:
2203:
2153:
2147:
2142:
1997:, founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic military state that resisted French rule in West Africa
1947:
1861:
1602:
1475:
472:
5459:
6868:
6329:
6144:
2839:
1481:
1395:
A Mandinka religious and cultural site under consideration for World Heritage status is located in
767:
540:
having left Wagadou, due to drought. They founded the first village of Manding, Kiri, then Kirina,
326:
276:
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3296:
1608:
1406:
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4153:
4087:
4079:
4036:
3782:
3774:
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3056:
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2136:
2130:
556:. The Manden were initially a part of many fragmented kingdoms that formed after the collapse of
2745:
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2563:
2501:
2451:
2175:
2085:
2057:
2028:
1965:
1953:
1936:
1850:
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among these Mandinka is quite low. But, more than half the adult population can read the local
986:
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7201:
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6634:
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5786:
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4709:
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4648:
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4533:
4532:. Ohio University Center for International Studies, Africa Program. pp. 59 with note 17.
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4359:
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2930:
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2828:
2766:
2729:
2723:
2685:
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2237:
2180:
1959:
1865:
1844:
1822:
1812:
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1702:
1431:
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583:
374:
260:
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63:
in 1324 CE with large amounts of gold attracted Middle Eastern Muslims and Europeans to Mali.
7156:
6956:
6931:
6309:
5991:
5603:
5471:
5443:
Matt Schaffer (editor). "Djinns, Stars and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal" (
5436:
Robert W. Nicholls. "The Mocko Jumbie of the U.S. Virgin Islands; History and Antecedents".
5235:
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4999:
4920:
4825:
4412:
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4105:
Pettersson, Anders; Lindberg-Wada, Gunilla; Petersson, Margareta; Helgesson, Stefan (2006).
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1740:
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1511:
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366:
310:
266:
252:
31:
3353:
2968:, former Sierra Leone's Minister of Marine Resources and Fisheries; Energy and Power; Lands
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2051:
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1918:
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Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa
5207:
Accelerating the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in The Gambia
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6356:
6341:
6319:
6304:
6274:
6257:
6252:
6179:
6159:
5986:
5875:
5828:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5675:
5670:
5642:
5619:
5019:
4837:
4248:
4091:
3659:
3102:
3074:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2948:
2776:
2734:
2718:
2697:
2511:
2332:
2288:
2276:
2265:
2106:
2074:
2039:
1977:
1906:
1817:
1802:
1776:
1755:
1724:
1698:
1364:
1174:
1161:
924:
896:
623:
521:
443:
383:
185:
5483:
4591:
4157:
3786:
590:
of the Mandinka people. This migration began in the later part of the 13th century.
516:, which would become the political and cultural center of the Mandinka, but also in
7243:
7221:
7216:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7136:
7043:
7028:
7023:
7003:
6971:
6946:
6879:
6863:
6760:
6745:
6735:
6695:
6616:
6604:
6599:
6579:
6574:
6314:
6199:
6189:
6174:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6114:
6089:
6008:
5973:
5904:
5881:
5805:
5738:
5733:
5710:
5685:
5629:
5348:
3230:
2953:
2936:
2918:
2856:
2822:
2793:
2756:
2713:
2627:
2490:
2399:
2359:
2348:
2327:
2252:, Côte d'Ivoire president since 2010; Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire, 1990 - 1993
2112:
1871:
1750:
1734:
1692:
1675:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1595:
1379:
The Mandinka have a rich oral history that is passed down through sung versions by
1368:
1360:
1245:
1022:
714:
643:
635:
631:
557:
509:
346:
318:
221:
35:
3493:"Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais"
3035:, former Sierra Leone's ambassador to Guinea and former Minister of Social Welfare
2573:
1220:
region. These castes are also common across Mandinka communities such as those in
6771:
5271:
5174:
4869:
4784:
4757:
4730:
4703:
4669:
4642:
4612:
4554:
4527:
4385:
4353:
4296:
4269:
3998:
3966:
3712:
7233:
7166:
7151:
7141:
7033:
7013:
7008:
6961:
6936:
6921:
6858:
6833:
6750:
6740:
6725:
6700:
6685:
6554:
6544:
6423:
6418:
6398:
6383:
6363:
6351:
6299:
6289:
6164:
6119:
6094:
6047:
5996:
5981:
5869:
5833:
5792:
5781:
5662:
5637:
4871:
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
4705:
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
3180:
3119:
2988:
2850:
2810:
2593:
2534:
2418:
2365:
2080:
2045:
2033:
2017:
1994:
1889:
1883:
1686:
1647:
1499:
1277:
1273:
702:
685:
579:
569:
549:
415:
407:
343:
296:
4444:
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
3714:
The Gambia and its people: Ethnic identities and cultural integration in Africa
3680:
Eberhard, David M; Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D, eds. (2021). "Mandinka".
586:. This expansion was a part of creating a region of conquest, according to the
7211:
7018:
6594:
6519:
6477:
6336:
6294:
6099:
5953:
5838:
5823:
5680:
5533:
5368:
5003:
4829:
4232:
3633:
3108:
2877:
2598:
2592:, (c. 1280 – c. 1337), the ninth, especially renowned, Mansa (emperor) of the
2589:
2380:
2314:
2068:
1971:
1924:
1708:
1619:
1489:
1347:
1221:
1093:
1049:
1018:
920:
799:
658:
545:
541:
423:
354:
149:
5159:
5118:
John Shoup (2007). "The Griot Tradition in Ḥassāniyya Music: The "Īggāwen"".
5093:
Les nouveaux urbains dans l'espace Sahara-Sahel: un cosmopolitisme par le bas
3897:
3770:
3651:
3575:"Mandinka Tribe- 10 Interesting Details About This West African ethnic Group"
653:
A map of West Africa showing Mandinka peoples, languages and influence, 1906.
6034:
3547:"Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report"
3165:
3147:
2568:
2557:
1895:
578:, these kingdoms were consolidated, and the Mandinka expanded west from the
492:
427:
7069:
6976:
5496:
3800:
3717:(1st ed.). Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press. pp. 43–44.
1372:
917:
various European colonies in North America, South America and the Caribbean
479:. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a
6643:
5475:
4149:
3762:
3681:
3017:, journalist and the current president of the Sierra Leone Reporters Union
6149:
3096:
1415:
1322:
1065:
1061:
991:
907:
678:
476:
387:
in much of West Africa. Virtually all of Mandinka people are adherent to
6210:
5131:
4851:
4325:
Architecture, Islam, and Identity in West Africa: Lessons from Larabanga
3778:
3746:
1268:(FGM), traditionally referred to as "female circumcision." According to
17:
6981:
6154:
5949:
5921:
5815:
5039:
The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa
4932:
4671:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4644:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4614:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4387:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4355:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4298:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4271:
The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589
4083:
1338:
1327:
1256:
woman's loyalty remains to her parents and her family; a man's to his.
431:
358:
203:
131:
5011:
4990:
Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".
4852:"Jihad and Social Revolution in Futa Djalon in the Eighteenth Century"
4240:
6435:
5758:
4133:
3160:
2012:
1396:
1307:
1306:(GAMCOTRAP), estimate FGM is prevalent among 100% of the Mandinka in
1269:
1229:
1010:
1002:
517:
508:
The history of Mandinka, as with many Mandé peoples, begins with the
484:
465:
439:
400:
392:
362:
281:
95:
4924:
4075:
3593:
Slavery and African ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the links
5240:
LEGISLATION TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)
3595:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–51.
1485:
attempt to capture the proverbs and customs of the Mandinka people.
365:. Numbering about 11 million, they are the largest subgroup of the
6986:
6941:
6194:
5725:
5611:
4899:
Djinns, Stars, and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal.
3521:"Africa: Liberia The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3406:"Africa: Senegal The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3038:
2422:
2390:
2096:
1786:
1527:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1380:
1343:
1337:
1217:
1203:
1187:
1083:
1042:
1014:
985:
929:
900:
889:
873:
627:
600:
451:
388:
167:
60:
5426:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1986), pp. 190–191
5419:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1981), pp. 216–217
4414:
Djinns, Stars, and Warriors: Mandinka Legends from Pakao, Senegal
3380:"Africa: Mali - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3354:"Africa: Guinea The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
3029:, former MP of Sierra Leone representing Koinadugu District (APC)
1985:, President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984; grandson of Samory Touré
1864:, Guinean musician (also known as Jali Musa Jawara - 32-stringed
713:
refer to slaves. There were fourteen Mandinke kingdoms along the
410:, which rose to power in the 13th century under the rule of king
5848:
5572:
1419:
1388:
1225:
1213:, with their Islamic roots traceable to about the 13th century.
1057:
1029:
1006:
666:
662:
460:
435:
350:
113:
7073:
6883:
6775:
6647:
6481:
6214:
6051:
6038:
5576:
5433:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - Kondon (1987), pp. 98–99
2285:
Ivorian politician, environmental engineer, former UN Executive
1672:, veteran politician and the First vice President of The Gambia
2927:, current Sierra Leone's deputy minister of trade and industry
1716:, kora artist and celebrated musician in the Mandinka language
1350:
performing songs from the oral tradition of The Gambia on the
945:
906:
These jihads captured the highest number of slaves to sell to
529:
4468:
Peter Karibe Mendy; Richard A. Lobban Jr. (17 October 2013).
3126:, and is also portrayed in the record-breaking TV miniseries
1017:, and small-scale husbandry for their livelihood. During the
512:, also known as Wagadu. Mande hunters founded communities in
5523:
A UK based website devoted to playing Malinke djembe rhythms
5491:
ETHNOLOGUE Languages of the World- Thirteenth Edition (1996)
3431:
National Population Commission Secretariat (30 April 2005).
1791:
Ahmed Sékou Touré, the President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984
5252:
Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines: Female Genital Mutilation
4893:
4891:
4301:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35 with footnote 7.
3878:
Mendy, Peter Michael Karibe; Richard A. Lobban Jr (2013).
3433:"2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution"
3334:. Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB). 2017
2980:, former MP of Sierra Leone from Koinadugu District (SLPP)
2956:, former MP of Sierra Leone from Koinadugu District (SLPP)
399:
and live in rural villages. Their largest urban center is
5176:
Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande
4031:. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 99–128.
5431:
Historical Dictionary of the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
928:
coast, and attacks by the Fula people on the Mandinka's
524:
valley. The Mande diaspora from Ghana extended from the
5460:"Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in The New World"
4134:"Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World"
3747:"Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in the New World"
1459:
wrote novels that refer to Mandinka legends, including
962:
4471:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
3880:
Historical dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
5440:, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 48–61, 94–96
5318:"The Real Meaning Behind Mandinka by Sinéad O'Connor"
5036:
Patricia McKissack; Fredrick McKissack (March 2016).
1108:(extended family) is the basic unit, and is led by a
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
4328:. Routledge. pp. 52–53, 63–64, 91–94, 112–113.
3914:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
3827:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
997:
In the 21st century, the Mandinka continue as rural
5972:
5948:
5920:
5847:
5814:
5757:
5724:
5661:
5628:
5610:
4762:. pp. 16–21, 36, 42–45, 92, 114–117, 148–149.
4436:
4434:
303:
290:
230:
212:
194:
176:
158:
140:
122:
104:
86:
81:
68:
4617:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39, 70.
4559:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 5.
4022:
4020:
3941:Logon, Roberta A. (May 2007). "Sundiata of Mali".
3295:
684:Through a series of conflicts, primarily with the
669:pilgrimage to Mecca with a caravan carrying gold.
5096:. Paris: KARTHALA. pp. 243 with footnote 7.
4208:(in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. pp. 14–39.
3689:(24th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International
3643:20.500.11820/d25ddd7d-d41a-4994-bc6d-855e39f12342
2520:, President of Mali, September 2013 - August 2020
2362:, member of the defunct Liberian Council of State
1387:. The kora is a twenty-one-stringed West African
5349:http://publicationsindex.nationalgeographic.com/
4952:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 168.
4529:Oral Traditions from the Gambia: Mandinka griots
4206:Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siécle
4000:Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, 3rd Edition
3960:
3958:
3956:
3240:, which are other closely related Mandé peoples.
1060:can be controlled mainly through the power of a
721:Slave shipment between 1501 and 1867, by region
5330:Mentioned in a number of interviews, including
5225:. Government Printing Office. pp. 554–555.
4786:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
4379:
4377:
4375:
4347:
4345:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4027:Nicholas S. Hopkins (1971). C. T. Hodge (ed.).
3992:
3990:
3988:
1112:(family head) who manages relations with other
1056:. Among these syncretists, it is believed that
593:
5222:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009
4874:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–73.
4789:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–50.
4735:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–83.
4708:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–64.
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4447:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–72.
4390:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42.
4358:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39.
4274:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–38.
4108:Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective
3706:
3704:
3500:Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau
3041:(born Mohamed Saccoh), Sierra Leonean musician
2974:, Sierra Leonean author, writer and journalist
535:The mythical ancestors of the Malinké and the
458:, as well as guilds and brotherhoods like the
7085:
6895:
6787:
6659:
6493:
6226:
6063:
5588:
5383:, interview by Greg Watkins, 09 November 2006
4976:Oxford Research Encyclopedia: African History
3971:. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–136.
2962:, President of Sierra Leone from 1996 to 2007
8:
5090:Elisabeth Boesen; Laurence Marfaing (2007).
4973:Cannos-Donnay, Sirio (2019). "Mali Empire".
4856:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
4811:
4809:
4807:
4578:
4576:
3882:(Fourth ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
3150:, rapper and professional basketball player.
1841:, Guinean foreign minister from 2004 to 2007
44:
5179:. Indiana University Press. pp. 9–11.
3824:Olson, James Stuart; Meur, Charles (1996).
2915:, Sierra Leonean journalist and news anchor
7092:
7078:
7070:
6902:
6888:
6880:
6794:
6780:
6772:
6666:
6652:
6644:
6500:
6486:
6478:
6233:
6219:
6211:
6070:
6056:
6048:
6035:
5595:
5581:
5573:
5347:s index has no record of such an article.
4998:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250.
4824:(3). Cambridge University Press: 431–443.
4636:
4634:
3965:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
3622:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3289:
3287:
3285:
3047:, former MP from Koinadugu District (SLPP)
719:
371:largest ethnic-linguistic groups in Africa
50:
43:
6019:Ethnic groups whose languages are in the
5528:The Ethnologue page for this people group
3641:
3475:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-18
2442:, Malian historian, writer and playwright
1304:Gambia Committee on Traditional Practices
1240:The Mandinka practice a rite of passage,
1068:); these are worn as protective amulets.
5447:, 5), Brill Academic Publishers (2003).
5401:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5254:, HM Government, United Kingdom (2014),
3298:Islam in the African-American Experience
648:
406:The Mandinka are the descendants of the
4759:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
4732:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
4070:. Cambridge University Press: 257–271.
3936:
3934:
3851:Nicholls, Robert Wyndham (2012-09-14).
3263:
3197:
1434:has become the hallmark of traditional
1120:(village) is formed by a collection of
7331:Muslim ethnoreligious groups in Africa
5066:Living Knowledge in West African Islam
4044:
4034:
395:jurisprudence. They are predominantly
5369:Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!
3302:. Indiana University Press. pp.
3114:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
2652:, President of Mali from 2002 to 2012
2624:, Prime Minister of Mali, 2007 - 2011
2531:, President of Mali from 1960 to 1968
1539:Be Somebody... or Be Somebody's Fool!
1495:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
1465:Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire
1172:'s expansion and the creation of the
1041:Today, most Mandinka people practice
932:, with consequent cycle of violence.
7:
5042:. Macmillan. pp. 66–68, 22–23.
4417:. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–6, 17.
3997:Arnold Hughes; Harry Gailey (1999).
1536:magazine. In his motivational video
1198:), and artisans and praise singers (
614:The oral traditions in Guinea-Bissau
82:Regions with significant populations
5445:African Sources for African History
4556:Historical Dictionary of The Gambia
3449:from the original on 3 January 2018
1683:, former UN under-secretary general
1302:Some surveys, such as those by the
30:Not to be confused with the larger
5069:. BRILL Academic. pp. 63–68.
4858:, Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 269–284.
4111:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 271.
3683:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3111:, writer, author of the 1976 book
2891:, former prime minister of Senegal
2335:, former Liberian foreign minister
2077:, Bissau-Guinean basketball player
1524:was inspired by Alex Haley's book.
25:
5063:Zachary Valentine Wright (2015).
4647:. pp. 81–83 with footnotes.
1991:, former prime minister of Guinea
1956:, former prime minister of Guinea
1933:, former prime minister of Guinea
1100:Family and political organisation
642:religious beliefs into Islam. In
552:started, under the leadership of
6911:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast
6628:
5532:
5417:Historical Dictionary of Senegal
4946:Robert Wyndham Nicholls (2012).
4474:. Scarecrow Press. p. 234.
3099:, professional basketball player
2514:, Malian politician and activist
1950:, former Head of State of Guinea
1666:, Foreign Minister of The Gambia
1598:, Burkinabé mixed martial artist
1586:, political leader and historian
1505:The World And A Very Small Place
1148:that settled there). A group of
949:
214:
196:
178:
160:
142:
124:
106:
88:
3917:. Greenwood. pp. 366–367.
3176:Mandingo people of Sierra Leone
1695:, first president of The Gambia
1693:Alhajj Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara
582:basin under Sundiata's general
7286:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau
6803:Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau
5548:New International Encyclopedia
4992:The Journal of African History
4913:The American Historical Review
4818:The Journal of African History
3857:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
3830:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3442:. The Republic of The Gambia.
3204:Alternative spellings include
2885:, former Senegalese footballer
2742:, former Senegalese footballer
2465:, former Malian prime minister
473:captured, enslaved and shipped
1:
7316:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone
7276:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
6079:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
5424:Historical Dictionary of Mali
5293:"Traditional music in Gambia"
4901:Leiden: Springer-Brill. p. 6.
4674:. pp. 106–108, 226–234.
4184:Cultures d'Afrique de l'Ouest
3711:Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2010).
3616:Nugent, Paul (October 2008).
3294:Richard Brent Turner (2003).
3144:, griot musician and composer
2813:, Justice Minister of Senegal
2109:, Ivorian actor and filmmaker
1450:In literature and other media
1164:initially held the status of
1054:traditional African religions
491:and, to a lesser extent, the
74:
7326:Muslim communities in Africa
7291:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
5343:National Geographic Magazine
4029:Mandinka Social Organization
2549:, founder of the Mali Empire
1622:, former President 1980–1982
1605:, former president 1966–1980
1156:(confederation) headed by a
349:primarily found in southern
7321:Ethnic groups in the Gambia
7306:Ethnic groups in Mauritania
6509:Ethnic groups in the Gambia
5173:Barbara G. Hoffman (2001).
4505:. Wiley. pp. 185–187.
4502:Approaching African History
3911:James Stuart Olson (1996).
3440:Gambia Bureau of Statistics
3064:, Sierra Leonean journalist
3023:, Sierra Leonean footballer
2189:, Ivorian (reggae) musician
2156:, former Ivorian politician
2115:, Ivorian (reggae) musician
2088:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2071:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2060:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2054:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2048:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2036:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
2020:, Bissau-Guinean footballer
7352:
5148:Health Policy and Planning
4221:Journal of African History
4003:. Scarecrow. p. 141.
1880:, Guinean military officer
1830:, former Guinean President
939:
596:The beginnings of Mandinka
567:
29:
7107:
6917:
6809:
6681:
6625:
6515:
6248:
6085:
6045:
6040:Links to related articles
6017:
5004:10.1017/s0021853700025718
4868:Walter Hawthorne (2010).
4830:10.1017/s0021853700006514
4702:Walter Hawthorne (2010).
4526:Donald R. Wright (1979).
4441:Walter Hawthorne (2010).
4322:Michelle Apotsos (2016).
4233:10.1017/s0021853700026438
3634:10.1017/S001041750800039X
2819:, MiNUSCA Force Commander
2042:, Bissau-Guinean activist
1763:, international musician.
1735:Professor Lamin O. Sanneh
1266:female genital mutilation
1260:Female genital mutilation
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
798:
788:
778:
766:
756:
746:
736:
731:
728:
725:
308:
295:
235:
73:
49:
27:West African ethnic group
7311:Ethnic groups in Senegal
7296:Ethnic groups in Liberia
7101:Ethnic groups in Senegal
5499:Encyclopaedia Britannica
5415:Lucie Gallistel Colvin.
5397:Charry, Eric S. (2000).
4783:Martin A. Klein (1998).
1737:, academician and author
1488:In 1976 American writer
1104:In Mandinka society the
7281:Ethnic groups in Guinea
6675:Ethnic groups in Guinea
5563:Encyclopædia Britannica
5422:Pascal James Imperato.
5120:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
4729:Boubacar Barry (1998).
3805:Encyclopedia Britannica
3745:Schaffer, Matt (2005).
3554:Statistics Sierra Leone
2897:, Senegalese footballer
2869:, Senegalese footballer
2853:, Senegalese footballer
2842:, Senegalese footballer
2836:, Senegalese footballer
2807:, Senegalese footballer
2801:, Senegalese footballer
2790:, Senegalese footballer
2784:, Senegalese footballer
2753:, Senegalese footballer
2726:, Senegalese footballer
2710:, Senegalese footballer
1909:, Guinean kora musician
1689:, opposition politician
1637:president of The Gambia
1574:Yaya Darlaine Coulibaly
1470:The Lieutenant of Kouta
1232:, and other countries.
821:Brazil (South America)
403:, the capital of Mali.
6023:group of Mandé are in
5566:(11th ed.). 1911.
5458:Schaffer Matt (2005).
5160:10.1093/heapol/2.3.214
4897:Schaffer, Matt (2003).
4850:Walter Rodney (1968),
4840:. Accessed 2016-11-04.
4553:David Perfect (2016).
4499:Michael Brett (2013).
4411:Matt Schaffer (2003).
4132:Matt Schaffer (2005).
3968:Encyclopedia of Africa
2518:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
2403:
2102:
1948:General Sékouba Konaté
1792:
1670:Sheriff Mustapha Dibba
1592:, Burkinabé footballer
1570:, Burkinabé footballer
1564:, Burkinabé footballer
1422:
1355:
1250:female genital cutting
1132:of the most important
1089:
994:
831:Rest of South America
690:Imamate of Futa Jallon
654:
605:
489:Southern United States
422:region extending from
391:, mostly based on the
7301:Ethnic groups in Mali
6635:The Gambia portal
6242:Ethnic groups in Chad
5537:Texts on Wikisource:
5476:10.1353/hia.2005.0021
5219:US State Department.
4150:10.1353/hia.2005.0021
3763:10.1353/hia.2005.0021
3589:Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo
3332:www.pggpopulation.org
2825:, Senegalese musician
2394:
2356:, Minister of Finance
2100:
1790:
1463:, which won the 1971
1409:
1341:
1319:courtship may begin.
1182:Social stratification
1087:
989:
652:
560:in the 11th century.
420:West Sudanian savanna
304:Related ethnic groups
257:Kita Maninka language
5381:Mr. T: Pity The Fool
5332:Mr. T: Pity The Fool
3276:www.encyclopedia.com
3045:Alhaji A. B. Sheriff
3027:Tejan Amadu Mansaray
3015:Brima Dawson Kuyateh
2913:Ibrahim Jaffa Condeh
2650:Amadou Toumani Touré
2354:Amara Mohamed Konneh
2291:, Ivorian footballer
2279:, Ivorian footballer
2273:, Ivorian politician
2240:, Ivorian footballer
2229:, Ivorian footballer
2223:, Ivorian footballer
2206:, Ivorian footballer
2200:, Ivorian Footballer
2150:, Ivorian footballer
2143:Souleymane Coulibaly
2127:, Ivorian footballer
2121:, Ivorian footballer
1974:, Guinean footballer
1968:, Guinean footballer
1927:, Guinean footballer
1915:, Guinean footballer
1898:, Guinean footballer
1892:, Guinean footballer
1886:, Guinean footballer
1874:, Guinean footballer
1862:Djeli Moussa Diawara
1847:, Guinean footballer
1635:, politician; third
1492:published his novel
1482:The Butcher of Kouta
1367:(including Mandinka
911:raids and violence.
737:West central Africa
612:, Transl: Toby Green
381:family, which are a
7336:West African people
4611:Toby Green (2011).
4268:Toby Green (2011).
3075:Mohamed Kader Toure
2817:General Balla Keita
2636:, Malian footballer
2618:, Malian footballer
2612:, Malian footballer
2543:, Malian footballer
2493:, Malian politician
2487:, Malian footballer
2440:Massa Makan Diabaté
2436:, Malian footballer
2415:, Malian footballer
2295:Abdou Razack Traoré
1544:National Geographic
1533:National Geographic
1476:The Barber of Kouta
1457:Massa Makan Diabaté
1080:Society and culture
999:subsistence farmers
722:
634:, particularly the
574:During the rule of
454:, known locally as
397:subsistence farmers
46:
5354:2013-06-11 at the
5337:2008-03-21 at the
4597:2016-11-22 at the
3801:"Malinke | people"
3473:The World Factbook
3057:Mohamed Buya Turay
2960:Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
2788:Souleymane Diawara
2429:Souleymane Dembélé
2413:Soumaila Coulibaly
2404:
2137:Kafoumba Coulibaly
2131:Fousseny Coulibaly
2103:
1962:, Guinean musician
1939:, Guinean musician
1921:, Guinean musician
1853:, Guinean musician
1799:, Guinean musician
1793:
1436:Mandinka musicians
1423:
1356:
1090:
995:
961:. You can help by
866:0.01 million
732:Total disembarked
720:
688:-led jihads under
655:
610:Mandinka de Bijini
7258:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7067:
7066:
6877:
6876:
6769:
6768:
6641:
6640:
6475:
6474:
6208:
6207:
6032:
6031:
5464:History in Africa
5453:978-90-04-13124-8
5429:Robert J. Mundt.
5320:. 10 August 2023.
5260:978-1-78246-414-3
5103:978-2-84586-951-6
5076:978-90-04-28946-8
5049:978-1-250-11351-1
4959:978-1-4968-0118-0
4881:978-1-139-78876-2
4796:978-0-521-59678-7
4742:978-0-521-59226-0
4715:978-1-139-78876-2
4624:978-1-139-50358-7
4566:978-1-4422-6526-4
4539:978-0-89680-083-0
4512:978-1-84701-063-6
4481:978-0-8108-8027-6
4454:978-1-139-78876-2
4335:978-1-317-27555-8
4281:978-1-139-50358-7
4138:History in Africa
4118:978-3-11-018932-2
4064:History in Africa
4010:978-0-8108-3660-0
3978:978-0-19-533770-9
3924:978-0-313-27918-8
3889:978-0-8108-8027-6
3864:978-1-4968-0118-0
3837:978-0-313-27918-8
3751:History in Africa
3724:978-9987-16-023-5
3602:978-0-8078-2973-8
3062:Sitta Umaru Turay
2966:Haja Afsatu Kabba
2931:Mohamed B. Daramy
2873:Boubakary Soumaré
2829:Kalidou Koulibaly
2730:Souleymane Camara
2724:Papa Demba Camara
2630:, Malian musician
2606:, Malian musician
2586:, Malian musician
2560:, Malian musician
2537:, Malian musician
2481:, Malian musician
2479:Fatoumata Diawara
2454:, Malian musician
2448:, Malian musician
2256:Badra Ali Sangaré
2250:Alassane Ouattara
2204:Abdul Kader Keïta
2154:Henriette Diabaté
1767:Mohamadou Sumareh
1705:artist (musician)
1603:Sangoulé Lamizana
1140:(village head or
979:
978:
870:
869:
856:0.4 million
846:4.1 million
836:0.9 million
826:4.7 million
814:0.54 million
804:0.76 million
792:0.39 million
782:0.34 million
772:1.21 million
750:2.00 million
740:5.69 million
584:Tiramakhan Traore
375:Manding languages
373:. They speak the
332:
331:
313:, especially the
299:(Almost entirely)
240:Manding languages
100:3,786,101 (29.4%)
34:or the unrelated
16:(Redirected from
7343:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7071:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6881:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6773:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6645:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6479:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6212:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6049:
6036:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5574:
5567:
5552:
5536:
5487:
5412:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5346:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:. whc.unesco.org
5268:
5262:
5249:
5243:
5236:Berhane Ras-Work
5233:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5191:
5190:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5033:
5027:
5026:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4919:(5): 1506–1507.
4908:
4902:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4865:
4859:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4813:
4802:
4800:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4699:
4686:
4685:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4608:
4602:
4592:Slave Route Maps
4580:
4571:
4570:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4438:
4429:
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4340:
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3994:
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3950:
3938:
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3908:
3902:
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3875:
3869:
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3848:
3842:
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3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:(Online version)
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3645:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3571:
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3551:
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3532:
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3510:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3489:
3483:
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3481:
3480:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3437:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3301:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3202:
3021:Sidique Mansaray
3004:Saidu Bah Kamara
2999:Musa Noah Kamara
2840:Cheikhou Kouyaté
2485:Fousseni Diawara
2474:Mahamadou Diarra
2469:Aboubacar Diarra
2421:, Malian female
2376:Mohammed Sangare
2246:, Ivorian writer
2244:Ahmadou Kourouma
2187:Tiken Jah Fakoly
2101:Tiken Jah Fakoly
1878:Mamady Doumbouya
1741:Abdoulie Sanyang
1579:Djibril Ouattara
1568:Amadou Coulibaly
1512:Martin R. Delany
1293:Musolula Karoola
1236:Rites of passage
1178:(king/emperor).
1088:Mandinka dancing
974:
971:
953:
946:
942:Wassoulou Empire
936:Wassoulou Empire
760:1.6 million
757:Bight of Biafra
723:
615:
244:
220:
218:
217:
202:
200:
199:
184:
182:
181:
166:
164:
163:
148:
146:
145:
130:
128:
127:
118:1,772,102 (8.8%)
112:
110:
109:
94:
92:
91:
76:
69:Total population
54:
47:
21:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7103:
7098:
7068:
7063:
6913:
6908:
6878:
6873:
6805:
6800:
6770:
6765:
6677:
6672:
6642:
6637:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6511:
6506:
6476:
6471:
6244:
6239:
6209:
6204:
6081:
6076:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6013:
6003:Mandingo people
5968:
5963:Mandinka people
5944:
5940:Shangawa people
5916:
5843:
5810:
5767:Jakhanke people
5753:
5720:
5657:
5624:
5606:
5601:
5555:
5540:
5509:
5457:
5409:
5396:
5393:
5391:Further reading
5388:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5356:Wayback Machine
5344:
5339:Wayback Machine
5329:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5300:
5297:Music In Africa
5291:
5290:
5286:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5250:
5246:
5234:
5230:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5209:, UNICEF (2012)
5205:
5194:
5187:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5035:
5034:
5030:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4925:10.2307/1854194
4910:
4909:
4905:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4849:
4845:
4815:
4814:
4805:
4797:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4701:
4700:
4689:
4682:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4599:Wayback Machine
4581:
4574:
4567:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4482:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4440:
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4432:
4425:
4410:
4409:
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4398:
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4382:
4373:
4366:
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4350:
4343:
4336:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4218:
4217:
4213:
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4202:
4198:
4189:
4187:
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4177:
4173:
4162:
4160:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4076:10.2307/3171489
4061:
4060:
4056:
4043:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4011:
3996:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3890:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3577:. 10 June 2021.
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3386:. 27 April 2021
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3328:"PGGPopulation"
3326:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3171:Mande languages
3157:
3142:Foday Musa Suso
3136:Gabourey Sidibe
3092:Aboubacar Keita
3088:
3071:
3051:Sheka Tarawalie
3009:Kadijatu Kebbay
2908:Amadou Bakayoko
2904:
2746:Pape Abou Cissé
2694:
2681:Mahamane Traoré
2634:Mohamed Sissoko
2564:Ibrahima Konaté
2507:Youssouf Fofana
2502:Diaranké Fofana
2452:Toumani Diabaté
2446:Mamadou Diabate
2389:
2371:Sylvanus Nimely
2344:Mohammed Kamara
2324:
2261:Ibrahim Sangaré
2176:Cheick Doukouré
2170:Sinaly Diomande
2165:Ismaël Diomandé
2095:
2086:Panutche Camará
2009:
2001:Mohamed Yattara
1954:Lansana Kouyaté
1937:Famoudou Konaté
1913:Alhassane Keita
1851:Sona Tata Condé
1797:Sekouba Bambino
1785:
1761:Foday Musa Suso
1701:, first female
1681:Abdoulie Janneh
1664:Ousainou Darboe
1629:
1614:Gustavo Sangaré
1584:Joseph Ki-Zerbo
1558:
1553:
1518:Sinéad O'Connor
1452:
1428:
1401:Gberedou/Hamana
1336:
1316:
1262:
1238:
1184:
1136:, aided by the
1102:
1082:
1039:
984:
975:
969:
966:
959:needs expansion
944:
938:
779:Windward Coast
747:Bight of Benin
698:
671:Shihab al-Umari
617:
613:
607:
598:
572:
566:
506:
501:
369:and one of the
286:
253:Eastern Maninka
249:Western Maninka
242:
215:
213:
197:
195:
190:212,269 (14.7%)
179:
177:
161:
159:
154:700,568 (34.4%)
143:
141:
125:
123:
107:
105:
89:
87:
64:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7349:
7347:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7263:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6884:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6639:
6638:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5992:Kuranko people
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5958:
5956:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5910:Wangara people
5907:
5900:Soninke people
5897:
5894:Malinke people
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5858:Bambara people
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5800:Yalunka people
5796:
5789:
5787:Mogofin people
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5749:Wangara people
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5553:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5507:External links
5505:
5504:
5503:
5494:
5488:
5455:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5323:
5309:
5284:
5263:
5244:
5228:
5211:
5192:
5185:
5165:
5154:(3): 214–226.
5138:
5110:
5102:
5082:
5075:
5055:
5048:
5028:
4982:
4965:
4958:
4938:
4903:
4887:
4880:
4860:
4843:
4803:
4795:
4775:
4768:
4756:Barry (1998).
4748:
4741:
4721:
4714:
4687:
4680:
4668:Green (2011).
4660:
4653:
4641:Green (2011).
4630:
4623:
4603:
4588:978-0300212549
4572:
4565:
4545:
4538:
4518:
4511:
4491:
4480:
4460:
4453:
4430:
4423:
4403:
4396:
4384:Green (2011).
4371:
4364:
4352:Green (2011).
4341:
4334:
4314:
4307:
4295:Green (2011).
4287:
4280:
4253:
4227:(2): 275–301,
4211:
4196:
4171:
4124:
4117:
4097:
4054:
4016:
4009:
3984:
3977:
3952:
3930:
3923:
3903:
3888:
3870:
3863:
3843:
3836:
3816:
3792:
3737:
3723:
3700:
3672:
3628:(4): 920–948.
3608:
3601:
3580:
3566:
3538:
3512:
3484:
3460:
3423:
3397:
3371:
3345:
3319:
3312:
3281:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3080:Assimiou Touré
3077:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3033:Shekuba Saccoh
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Mohamed Kamara
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2946:
2943:Lansana Fadika
2940:
2934:
2928:
2925:Mabinty Daramy
2922:
2916:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:Abdoulaye Sané
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:Moustapha Mbow
2843:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2805:Lamine Gassama
2802:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Abdou Diakhaté
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:Ibrahima Baldé
2700:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:Sidiki Diabaté
2683:
2678:
2676:Kalilou Traoré
2673:
2671:Dramane Traoré
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2640:Adama Soumaoro
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2610:Djibril Sidibé
2607:
2601:
2596:
2587:
2584:Moussa Kouyate
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2547:Sundiata Keita
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Moussa Djenepo
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:Drissa Diakité
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2434:Cheick Diabaté
2431:
2426:
2416:
2410:
2408:Zoumana Camara
2398:in action for
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2271:Guillaume Soro
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2198:Hassane Kamara
2195:
2190:
2184:
2181:Emmanuel Eboué
2178:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2148:Siriki Dembélé
2145:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1960:N'Faly Kouyate
1957:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1857:Amadou Diawara
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:Seydouba Cissé
1820:
1815:
1813:Ibrahima Cissé
1810:
1805:
1800:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:Momodou Touray
1769:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Amadou Sanyang
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:Yankuba Minteh
1727:
1722:
1720:Alasana Manneh
1717:
1714:Jaliba Kuyateh
1711:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Notable people
1549:
1548:
1547:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1486:
1455:Malian author
1451:
1448:
1427:
1424:
1335:
1332:
1315:
1312:
1261:
1258:
1237:
1234:
1206:, and others.
1183:
1180:
1128:is led by the
1101:
1098:
1081:
1078:
1048:Some Mandinka
1038:
1035:
983:
980:
977:
976:
956:
954:
940:Main article:
937:
934:
895:The historian
868:
867:
864:
862:
858:
857:
854:
852:
851:North America
848:
847:
844:
842:
838:
837:
834:
832:
828:
827:
824:
822:
818:
817:
815:
812:
808:
807:
805:
802:
796:
795:
793:
790:
786:
785:
783:
780:
776:
775:
773:
770:
764:
763:
761:
758:
754:
753:
751:
748:
744:
743:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:Total embarked
727:
697:
694:
592:
588:oral tradition
576:Sundiata Keita
565:
562:
554:Sundiata Keita
537:Bambara people
526:Atlantic Ocean
505:
502:
500:
497:
412:Sundiata Keita
379:Mande language
330:
329:
306:
305:
301:
300:
293:
292:
288:
287:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
246:
245:
236:
233:
232:
228:
227:
226:160,080 (2.3%)
224:
210:
209:
208:166,849 (3.2%)
206:
192:
191:
188:
174:
173:
170:
156:
155:
152:
138:
137:
136:900,617 (5.6%)
134:
120:
119:
116:
102:
101:
98:
84:
83:
79:
78:
71:
70:
66:
65:
55:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7348:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
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7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
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7268:
7266:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
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7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7081:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6900:
6898:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6636:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6498:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6280:Dar Daju Daju
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:Baggara Arabs
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6037:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Kpelle people
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Kyenga people
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:Jowulu people
5886:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Gbandi people
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:Kakabe people
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5653:Seenku people
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:Mandé peoples
5598:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5408:0-226-10161-4
5404:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5242:, UN, page 11
5241:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5186:0-253-10893-4
5182:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4769:9780521597609
4765:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4681:9781139503587
4677:
4673:
4672:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4654:9781139503587
4650:
4646:
4645:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4424:90-04-13124-8
4420:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4397:9781139503587
4393:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4365:9781139503587
4361:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4308:9781139503587
4304:
4300:
4299:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4038:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3673:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3313:0-253-21630-3
3309:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3257:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3224:. Forms with
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3186:N'Ko alphabet
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:Martin Delany
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:United States
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Alhaji Kamara
2982:
2979:
2978:Mohamed Kakay
2976:
2973:
2972:Karamoh Kabba
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Saidu Fofanah
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:Aminata Touré
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:Moussa Konaté
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:Boukary Dramé
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:Krépin Diatta
2780:
2778:
2777:Lamine Diatta
2775:
2773:
2772:Pape Diakhaté
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Issa Cissokho
2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Lamine Camara
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Brancou Badio
2696:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:Modibo Sidibé
2620:
2617:
2616:Mamady Sidibé
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:Oumou Sangaré
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Tiécoro Keita
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:Momolu Dukuly
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Lacina Traoré
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Alpha Sissoko
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Moryké Fofana
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Oumar Diakité
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:Ibrahim Cissé
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:Sidiki Bakaba
2105:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:Neemias Queta
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Mamadi Camará
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:Guinea Bissau
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:Diarra Traoré
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Morlaye Sylla
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:Kabiné Komara
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Moussa Camara
1806:
1804:
1803:Abdoul Camara
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1777:Saikou Touray
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Alagie Sosseh
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Kekuta Manneh
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:Sona Jobarteh
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Oumarou Nébié
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:Joffrey Bazié
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1467:. His novels
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:in Mandinka.
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:Arabic script
1362:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:of the first
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
973:
964:
960:
957:This section
955:
952:
948:
947:
943:
935:
933:
931:
926:
925:Guinea-Bissau
922:
918:
912:
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:Walter Rodney
893:
891:
886:
882:
878:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
803:
801:
797:
794:
791:
789:Sierra Leone
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
769:
765:
762:
759:
755:
752:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
695:
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
647:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Fouta Djallon
620:
616:
611:
604:
602:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:Senegal river
519:
515:
511:
503:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Guinea Bissau
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
384:lingua franca
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Mandé peoples
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Mandé peoples
307:
302:
298:
294:
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
238:
237:
234:
229:
225:
223:
211:
207:
205:
193:
189:
187:
186:Guinea-Bissau
175:
171:
169:
157:
153:
151:
139:
135:
133:
121:
117:
115:
103:
99:
97:
85:
80:
72:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
37:
33:
32:Mandé peoples
19:
7171:
7038:
6843:
6730:
6559:
6373:
6330:Yerwa Kanuri
6169:
6145:Iwellemmedan
6024:
6009:Mende people
6001:
5974:Sierra Leone
5962:
5961:
5905:Marka people
5893:
5892:
5882:Dyula people
5880:
5868:
5864:Banka people
5856:
5806:Zialo people
5798:
5791:
5744:Ligbi people
5739:Dyula people
5734:Bissa people
5716:Yaure people
5630:Burkina Faso
5561:
5546:
5498:
5467:
5463:
5444:
5438:African Arts
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5398:
5376:
5364:
5342:
5326:
5312:
5301:. Retrieved
5299:. 2015-05-29
5296:
5287:
5276:. Retrieved
5266:
5247:
5231:
5221:
5214:
5175:
5168:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5092:
5085:
5065:
5058:
5038:
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4948:
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4758:
4751:
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4183:
4174:
4161:. Retrieved
4141:
4137:
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4067:
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3804:
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3713:
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3682:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3625:
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3592:
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3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3553:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3524:
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3503:. Retrieved
3499:
3487:
3477:, retrieved
3472:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3439:
3426:
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3409:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3383:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3331:
3322:
3297:
3275:
3266:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3127:
3123:
3112:
2954:Bomba Jawara
2937:Kemoh Fadika
2919:Kanji Daramy
2902:Sierra Leone
2883:Amara Traoré
2857:Amadou Onana
2823:Seckou Keita
2794:Baba Diawara
2757:Aly Cissokho
2751:Papiss Cissé
2714:Dawda Camara
2666:Djimi Traoré
2661:Adama Traoré
2656:Birama Touré
2645:Almamy Touré
2628:Baba Sissoko
2579:Makan Konaté
2541:Seydou Keita
2529:Modibo Keïta
2491:Daba Diawara
2463:Yoro Diakité
2400:FC Barcelona
2396:Seydou Keita
2360:G. V. Kromah
2349:Nohan Kenneh
2328:Prince Balde
2317:, footballer
2305:Hamed Traorè
2300:Adama Traoré
2217:, footballer
2215:Karim Konaté
2183:, footballer
2172:, footballer
2139:, footballer
2133:, footballer
2113:Alpha Blondy
2058:João Jaquité
2029:Romário Baró
1966:Fodé Mansaré
1919:Mamady Keïta
1902:Mamadou Kane
1872:Kaba Diawara
1839:Mamady Condé
1834:Cheick Condé
1751:Ebrima Sohna
1676:Alieu Fadera
1660:, footballer
1658:Jatto Ceesay
1653:Assan Ceesay
1643:Modou Barrow
1633:Adama Barrow
1596:Cheick Kongo
1556:Burkina Faso
1543:
1537:
1531:
1520:'s 1988 hit
1503:
1493:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1394:
1378:
1361:Latin script
1357:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1276:at 91%, and
1263:
1254:
1241:
1239:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1091:
1070:
1047:
1040:
1027:
1023:African rice
1001:who rely on
996:
967:
963:adding to it
958:
913:
905:
894:
887:
883:
879:
871:
715:Gambia River
710:
706:
699:
683:
675:
656:
640:
636:Jolof Empire
632:Wolof people
621:
618:
609:
606:
595:
594:
573:
558:Ghana empire
534:
510:Ghana Empire
507:
470:
459:
455:
448:oral society
405:
382:
361:and eastern
347:ethnic group
344:West African
339:
335:
333:
247:
222:Sierra Leone
172:647,458 (2%)
59:'s visit to
41:Ethnic group
36:Dinka people
5997:Loko people
5982:Kono people
5930:Busa people
5876:Duun people
5870:Bozo people
5834:Mano people
5793:Susu people
5782:Loma people
5777:Lele people
5706:Tura people
5701:Mwan people
5696:Jeri people
5691:Guro people
5676:Gban people
5671:Beng people
5663:Ivory Coast
5648:Samo people
5643:Kpee people
5638:Bobo people
5620:Boko people
5470:: 321–369.
4590:; Archive:
4186:(in French)
4180:"Mandingue"
4144:: 321–369.
4045:|work=
3949:(9): 34–38.
3757:: 321–369.
3531:22 December
3525:www.cia.gov
3453:29 December
3416:22 December
3410:www.cia.gov
3384:www.cia.gov
3364:22 December
3358:www.cia.gov
3338:22 December
3181:Mane people
3120:Kunta Kinte
2989:Glen Kamara
2895:Zargo Touré
2867:Lamine Sané
2851:Opa Nguette
2811:Sidiki Kaba
2740:Aliou Cissé
2708:Keita Baldé
2594:Mali Empire
2535:Salif Keita
2524:Habib Keïta
2419:Bako Dagnon
2366:Alex Nimely
2283:Sékou Touré
2238:Tiassé Koné
2233:Moussa Koné
2227:Bakari Koné
2221:Arouna Koné
2210:Fadel Keïta
2125:Sekou Cissé
2093:Ivory Coast
2081:Alfa Semedo
2034:Mimito Biai
2018:Yalany Baio
1995:Samori Ture
1983:Sekou Touré
1943:Mory Konaté
1890:Mamadi Kaba
1884:Daouda Jabi
1845:Sékou Condé
1828:Alpha Condé
1687:Sidia Jatta
1648:Musa Barrow
1590:Bakary Koné
1500:Kunta Kinte
1418:collection
1342:A Mandinka
1278:Fula people
1274:Jola people
1194:), slaves (
990:A Mandinka
970:August 2021
811:Mozambique
703:Ibn Battuta
580:Niger River
570:Mali Empire
564:Mali Empire
550:Mali Empire
416:Niger River
408:Mali Empire
357:, southern
297:Sunni Islam
7265:Categories
7239:Toucouleur
6869:Portuguese
5839:Vai people
5824:Dan people
5711:Wan people
5686:Goo people
5681:Dan people
5371:at Youtube
5303:2019-01-25
5278:2009-04-12
5126:: 95–102.
4190:2021-06-16
3810:2021-04-22
3479:2022-02-02
3258:References
3109:Alex Haley
2878:Tony Sylva
2735:Pathé Ciss
2599:Hadi Sacko
2590:Mansa Musa
2512:Aoua Kéita
2381:Ansu Toure
2339:Abu Kamara
2315:Marco Zoro
2289:Yaya Touré
2277:Kolo Touré
2069:Madi Queta
2052:Tomás Dabó
2040:Sana Canté
1972:Petit Sory
1925:Naby Keita
1907:Mory Kanté
1818:Momo Cissé
1709:Modou Jobe
1639:since 2017
1627:The Gambia
1620:Saye Zerbo
1522:"Mandinka"
1490:Alex Haley
1348:Papa Susso
1222:The Gambia
1162:Keita clan
1124:, and the
1094:autonomous
1073:Senegambia
1052:Islam and
1050:syncretise
1019:wet season
921:Senegambia
908:Portuguese
841:Caribbean
800:Senegambia
768:Gold Coast
665:, went on
661:who ruled
659:Mansa Musa
568:See also:
430:region in
424:The Gambia
355:The Gambia
277:Portuguese
150:The Gambia
77:11 million
57:Mansa Musa
7157:Karoninka
6932:Adjoukrou
6263:Shuweihat
5020:162509491
4838:162649628
4249:153657364
4092:162959732
4047:ignored (
4037:cite book
3898:861559444
3771:0361-5413
3660:145235778
3652:1475-2999
3166:Gravikord
3148:Sheck Wes
3138:, actress
2574:Sidy Koné
2569:Pa Konate
2558:Amy Koita
1896:Sory Kaba
1410:Mandinka
1371:). Small
1242:kuyangwoo
1166:kafu-tigi
1158:kafu-tigi
1150:dugu-tigi
1138:dugu-tigi
657:In 1324,
493:Caribbean
428:Casamance
327:Khassonké
243:(primary)
231:Languages
38:of Sudan.
7271:Mandinka
7207:Niominka
7182:Mankanya
7172:Mandinka
7162:Konyagui
7147:Jakhanke
7039:Mandinka
6854:Mankanya
6844:Mandinka
6731:Mandinka
6711:Konyagui
6590:Niominka
6570:Mankanya
6560:Mandinka
6550:Jakhanke
6409:Sudanese
6374:Mandinka
6310:Hadjarai
6170:Mandinka
6150:Jakhanke
5558:Mandingo
5543:Mandingo
5513:Mandinka
5484:52045769
5352:Archived
5335:Archived
5238:(2009),
5132:25803021
4595:Archived
4487:beliefs.
4158:52045769
3943:Calliope
3787:52045769
3779:20065748
3730:23 April
3693:23 April
3665:23 April
3591:(2005).
3559:28 March
3505:28 March
3444:Archived
3222:Mandinko
3218:Mandingo
3214:Mandinga
3155:See also
3097:Mo Bamba
2064:Jorginho
2046:Rui Dabó
1618:Colonel
1601:General
1440:jalibaas
1426:The kora
1416:Gallieni
1373:Qur'anic
1346:Al-Haji
1323:Polygamy
1314:Marriage
1280:at 88%.
1211:Jakhanke
1170:Sundiata
1066:talisman
1062:marabout
1037:Religion
992:marabout
679:Muhammad
520:and the
477:Americas
426:and the
336:Mandinka
291:Religion
261:Mandinka
45:Mandinka
18:Mandenka
7229:Soninke
7132:Biafada
7122:Bassari
7117:Balanta
6999:Djimini
6982:Tchaman
6839:Landuma
6829:Biafada
6824:Bassari
6819:Balanta
6756:Yalunka
6721:Landuma
6691:Bassari
6612:Soninke
6540:Biafada
6535:Bassari
6530:Balanta
6465:Bidayat
6460:Zaghawa
6441:Anakaza
6389:Masalit
6379:Mararit
6369:Mandara
6347:Kujarke
6325:Kanembu
6285:Fongoro
6270:Bagirmi
6185:Soninke
6155:Kassena
6140:Gurunsi
6110:Djimini
6105:Dagaaba
6021:Manding
5950:Senegal
5922:Nigeria
5816:Liberia
5551:. 1905.
5518:Malinke
4933:1854194
4163:June 1,
4084:3171489
3469:"Ghana"
3237:Bambara
3210:Manding
3206:Maninka
2692:Senegal
2402:in 2008
2322:Liberia
1868:player)
1328:harmony
1289:Kuyungo
1200:nyamolo
1168:before
1152:form a
1058:spirits
1003:peanuts
982:Economy
861:Europe
696:Slavery
504:Origins
499:History
475:to the
466:hunters
432:Senegal
377:in the
359:Senegal
340:Malinke
323:Yalunka
315:Bambara
267:English
204:Liberia
132:Senegal
7197:Laalaa
7177:Manjak
7127:Bedick
7112:Bainuk
7059:Yoruba
7054:Whites
7049:Senufo
6977:M'Bato
6967:Evalue
6957:Baoulé
6952:Avikam
6849:Manjak
6814:Bainuk
6716:Kpelle
6706:Gbandi
6580:Laalaa
6565:Manjak
6525:Bainuk
6455:Tupuri
6450:Tunjur
6436:Gouran
6431:Toubou
6414:Sungor
6404:Sinyar
6394:Musgum
6357:Bilala
6342:Kotoko
6320:Kanuri
6305:Haddad
6275:Buduma
6253:Amdang
6180:Senufo
6160:Kusasi
5954:Gambia
5759:Guinea
5482:
5451:
5405:
5258:
5183:
5130:
5100:
5073:
5046:
5018:
5012:182616
5010:
4956:
4931:
4878:
4836:
4793:
4766:
4739:
4712:
4678:
4651:
4621:
4586:
4563:
4536:
4509:
4478:
4451:
4421:
4394:
4362:
4332:
4305:
4278:
4247:
4241:183220
4239:
4156:
4115:
4090:
4082:
4007:
3975:
3921:
3896:
3886:
3861:
3834:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3721:
3658:
3650:
3599:
3527:. 2019
3412:. 2019
3360:. 2019
3310:
3250:trade.
3231:Dioula
3161:Djembe
2425:singer
2013:Aladje
1783:Guinea
1461:Janjon
1397:Guinea
1381:griots
1308:Gambia
1270:UNICEF
1230:Guinea
1204:griots
1188:castes
1160:. The
1011:millet
726:Region
518:Bambuk
514:Manden
487:, the
485:Brazil
481:Creole
452:griots
440:Guinea
401:Bamako
393:Maliki
363:Guinea
342:are a
325:, and
319:Dioula
309:Other
282:Arabic
272:French
219:
201:
183:
165:
147:
129:
111:
96:Guinea
93:
7244:Wolof
7222:Saafi
7217:Palor
7192:Serer
7187:Papel
7137:Dyula
7044:Mossi
7029:Krahn
7024:Hausa
7004:Dyula
6987:Wassa
6972:Fante
6947:Attie
6942:Aowin
6864:Papel
6761:Zialo
6746:Papel
6736:Mende
6696:Dyula
6617:Wolof
6605:Saafi
6600:Palor
6575:Serer
6315:Hausa
6200:Zarma
6195:Yarse
6190:Turka
6175:Mossi
6135:Gurma
6130:Gouin
6125:Fulse
6115:Dyula
6090:Bissa
5726:Ghana
5612:Benin
5480:S2CID
5345:'
5128:JSTOR
5016:S2CID
5008:JSTOR
4929:JSTOR
4834:S2CID
4245:S2CID
4237:JSTOR
4154:S2CID
4088:S2CID
4080:JSTOR
3783:S2CID
3775:JSTOR
3656:S2CID
3550:(PDF)
3496:(PDF)
3447:(PDF)
3436:(PDF)
3390:1 May
3306:–19.
3192:Notes
3129:Roots
3124:Roots
3039:K-Man
2423:griot
1528:Mr. T
1444:jalis
1412:saber
1369:Ajami
1344:Griot
1334:Music
1297:Bondo
1285:Niaka
1218:Sahel
1196:jongo
1175:mansa
1043:Islam
1015:maize
930:Kaabu
901:Sudan
890:Kaabu
874:Sahel
711:Jongo
644:Ghana
628:Sahel
601:Kaabu
461:donso
456:jelis
389:Islam
168:Ghana
61:Mecca
7234:Susu
7212:Noon
7202:Ndut
7167:Lebu
7152:Jola
7142:Fula
7034:Lobi
7014:Gagu
7009:Fula
6994:Bété
6962:Bono
6937:Anyi
6927:Abbé
6922:Akan
6859:Nalu
6834:Jola
6751:Susu
6741:Nalu
6726:Loma
6701:Fula
6686:Baga
6595:Noon
6585:Ndut
6555:Jola
6545:Fula
6424:Kimr
6419:Tama
6399:Sara
6384:Masa
6364:Maba
6352:Lisi
6300:Gula
6290:Fula
6165:Lobi
6120:Fula
6095:Bobo
6025:Bold
5849:Mali
5449:ISBN
5403:ISBN
5256:ISBN
5181:ISBN
5098:ISBN
5071:ISBN
5044:ISBN
4954:ISBN
4876:ISBN
4791:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4737:ISBN
4710:ISBN
4676:ISBN
4649:ISBN
4619:ISBN
4584:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4534:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4476:ISBN
4449:ISBN
4419:ISBN
4392:ISBN
4360:ISBN
4330:ISBN
4303:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4165:2016
4113:ISBN
4049:help
4005:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3919:ISBN
3894:OCLC
3884:ISBN
3859:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3767:ISSN
3732:2021
3719:ISBN
3695:2021
3667:2021
3648:ISSN
3597:ISBN
3561:2020
3533:2019
3507:2020
3455:2017
3418:2019
3392:2021
3366:2019
3340:2019
3308:ISBN
3220:and
3069:Togo
2387:Mali
1866:Kora
1703:kora
1479:and
1432:kora
1430:The
1420:MHNT
1389:harp
1385:kora
1352:kora
1248:and
1246:male
1226:Mali
1192:foro
1154:kafu
1126:dugu
1118:dugu
1116:. A
1030:clan
1007:rice
923:and
707:Jong
686:Fula
667:Hajj
663:Mali
546:Kita
542:Siby
442:and
436:Mali
351:Mali
334:The
114:Mali
7019:Gio
6520:Aku
6337:Kim
6295:Fur
6100:Bwa
5560:".
5545:".
5472:doi
5156:doi
5000:doi
4921:doi
4826:doi
4229:doi
4146:doi
4072:doi
3759:doi
3638:hdl
3630:doi
3234:or
1442:or
1399:at
1295:or
1291:or
1287:or
1045:.
965:.
709:or
530:Gao
528:to
468:).
338:or
7267::
5478:.
5468:32
5466:.
5462:.
5295:.
5195:^
5150:.
5122:.
5022:.
5014:.
5006:.
4996:32
4994:.
4927:.
4917:78
4915:.
4890:^
4854:,
4832:.
4820:.
4806:^
4690:^
4633:^
4575:^
4484:.
4433:^
4374:^
4344:^
4256:^
4243:,
4235:,
4225:35
4223:,
4182:.
4152:.
4142:32
4140:.
4136:.
4086:.
4078:.
4066:.
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4035:{{
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1122:lu
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1013:,
1009:,
1005:,
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438:,
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75:c.
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