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however, the ruins have been degraded by natural elements, and today face accelerating threats from grazing livestock, plant growth, lack of conservation and surveillance, and the continued effects of natural elements and weather. The site's location, in the northern
Peruvian highlands of La Libertad, was until recently a difficult to access place. Today a new road makes it accessible on three and a half hours ride from the city of Trujillo, the third largest on the country's Pacific coast, and location of major Moche heritage sites.
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Marcahuamachuco is set atop the nexus of three mountain valleys at an altitude of more than 3,200 meters (10,000 feet). Encompassing more than three kilometres of land, the site is celebrated for its massive castillos and unique circular double-walled archaeological structures. Over many centuries,
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of UC. In addition to reviewing Uhle's writings and collected specimens stored at the
University's Museum of Anthropology, during two years of field work McCown excavated between the monumental galleries. His publication described the site in more detail, and he drew more precise and elaborate maps
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The massiveness and monumentality of the
Marcahuamachuco complex reveals the importance of its constructions and their function, a factor that has moved the Peruvian Government to support the conservation of this immense archaeological site by recently establishing funding for a major project for
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Researchers believed that the site as an oracle center, and for religious and political ceremonies. In the later stages of the culture, it was used as a burial site for the elite. Its influence extended through much of northern Peru and contemporary southern
Ecuador. This importance may have been
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Built defensively on top of an isolated highland mesa that is 5 kilometers long and 500 meters wide, with a vast view of the surroundings, Marcahuamachuco contains several major compounds. These were surrounded by curved stone walls as high as 12 meters. The remains of inner galleries, rooms and
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The
Huamachuco Archaeological Project, supported by a Canadian team, has been dedicated since 1981 to study the prehistory of the area. Its researchers have collected data and drawn conclusions about the site and its history.
304:. John Thatcher, a student of McCown, continued with research in the site during 1968-69 and 1973–74. He worked to establish its cultural phases and chronologies on the basis of ceramic styles.
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conservation of what visitors have denominated “The Machu Picchu of the North”. More recently the
Minister of Culture Juan Ossio denotes the importance of the site and names Marcahuamachuco,
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Marcahuamachuco probably had oracles, who attracted people from the northern Andes, the areas that today comprise Peru and
Ecuador. The cult was probably related to deities, an old cult to
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245:(1991) suggested that occupation may have been seasonal, with a maximum population of 6,000. Their estimate is based upon the quantity of arable land and water availability.
219:(until around 1200), archaeological evidence suggests that human burials were made within the walls. These contributed to the ceremonial functions of the site.
191:. Before being conquered by the Incas in the 14th century, Marcahuamachuco was known as northern Peru's most important political, economic and military center.
88:
454:
Topic, Theresa Lange (1991). "The
Meaning of Monuments at Marcahuamachuco". 55th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. New Orleans: Abril
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Topic, Theresa Lange (1991). "The
Meaning of Monuments at Marcahuamachuco," 55th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. New Orleans: Abril
494:
265:. Early descriptions and drawings from the late 19th century were done by European travelers, as the field of archeology was developing professionally.
410:
Middendorf, Ernst Wihelm (1893). "1893Beobachtungen und
Studien über das Land und seine Bewohner während eines 25 Jährigen Aufenthalts." Berlin
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plazas suggest administrative and ceremonial functions. During the later Middle Period (AD 700–900) followed into the Intermediate
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In 1944 archaeologist Hans Horkheimer published photographs from Marcahuamachuco, which showed stone heads similar to those of
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292:(UC). Uhle photographed the site and corrected the previous maps prepared by Wiener. His research was followed in 1941-42 by
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of the archaeological site, and presented a chronological sequence to explain the cultural development of Marcahuamachuco.
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159:. Although less well-known than other sites, it is considered significant and has been referred to by archaeologists as "
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348:(GHF) announced that it will provide funding and technical expertise for a conservation at Marcahuamachuco.
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in 1880 published the first topographical description of Marcahuamachuco and named its principal compounds.
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One of the earliest sketch maps on Marcahuamachuco comes from the 18th-century document prepared by Bishop
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The domestic residences are multi-storied galleries which originally housed numerous individual families.
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The first formal archaeological research in Marcahuamachuco was conducted during three months in 1900 by
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in southern Peru culture flourished (AD 400 – 1100). The site was likely abandoned in the 15th century.
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visited Marcahuamachuco in 1887, describing its principal compounds and comparing the site to
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Uhle, Max (1900). "Carta a la Señora Phoebe A. Hearst," Universidad de California.
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University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1945
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Global Heritage Fund to support Marcahuamachuco archaeological site conservation
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period and continued until approximately 800 AD. This was well before the
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Construction of Marcahuamachuco began around AD 400, during the Andean
230:. Marcahuamachuco became a prominent center at the same time that the
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as the major archaeological tourist destinations, at equal level to
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related to trade with its neighbors between AD 650 and 700, the
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Map showing location of the Marcahuamachuco's Inca ruins in Peru
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Marcahuamachuco- Plaza Principal (Sector El Castillo),
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The latest investigations of the site by researchers
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207:in the north and lesser-known cultures of the
163:of the North" and "The Jewel of La Libertad."
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2198:Archaeological sites in La Libertad Region
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187:and the later imperial expansion of the
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257:Marcahuamachuco-(Sector Las Monjas)
175:Marcahuamachuco, Muros del Castillo
443:The Pre-Incaic Site of Huamachuco,
290:University of California, Berkeley
14:
419:Middendorf, Ernst Wihelm (1895).
401:Paris: Librarie Hachette et Cie.
263:Baltazar Jaime Martinez Compañón
51:
44:
1:
1727:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
2193:Archaeological sites in Peru
511:Archaeological sites in Peru
441:McCown, Theodore D. (1945).
226:, and a more recent cult to
147:is an archeological site of
1832:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
421:Peru Vol. III, Das Hochland
16:Archaeological site in Peru
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1427:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
912:Huamanmarca, La Convención
473: (archived 2011-06-01)
288:under the auspices of the
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423:Berlin: Robert Oppenheim.
39:
24:
2027:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
1722:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
1582:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
1512:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
397:Wiener, Charles (1880).
1227:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1012:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
1872:The Toads of Wiraqucha
1322:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
1312:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
1222:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
997:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
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1987:Ventanillas de Otuzco
1572:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
1317:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
1217:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1132:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1042:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1032:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
992:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
256:
174:
2162:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
1717:Quriwayrachina, Anta
1437:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
1432:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
1337:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
1332:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
1327:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
1232:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
1177:Laguna de las Momias
987:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
982:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
572:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
527:Ahuila Gencha Machay
346:Global Heritage Fund
1812:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
1707:Qurimarka, Apurímac
1622:Purunllacta, Soloco
1587:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1007:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
927:Huaycán de Pariachi
722:Choquequirao Puquio
682:Chauchilla Cemetery
577:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
367:, Arqueologia, Peru
243:Theresa Lange Topic
100: /
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2042:Wanakawri, Huánuco
1617:Purunllacta, Cheto
1477:Paracas Candelabra
1137:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1037:Inti Watana, Calca
259:
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153:La Libertad Region
104:7.7853°S 78.0783°W
73:La Libertad Region
2180:
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1557:Pukara, Coporaque
1517:Pirca Pirca, Lima
877:Huaca Huallamarca
687:Chavín de Huantar
399:Pérou et Bolivie,
377:"Marcahuamachuco"
365:"Marcahuamachuco"
199:to the west, the
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109:-7.7853; -78.0783
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2037:Wanakawri, Cusco
2032:Wamanmarka, Lima
1867:Templo del Zorro
1712:Qurimarka, Cusco
1202:Llamachayuq Qaqa
1182:Lauricocha Caves
1162:K'allapayuq Urqu
1147:Kusichaka valley
892:Huaca San Marcos
867:Huaca del Dragón
862:Huaca de la Luna
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1257:Machu Pitumarka
1082:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
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1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Qhapaq Kancha
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
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1700:
1698:
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1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Puyupatamarca
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
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1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
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1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
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1555:
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1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
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1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Ollantaytambo
1445:
1443:
1442:Ñusta Hispana
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
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1335:
1333:
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1318:
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1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
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1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:La Otra Banda
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Killa Mach'ay
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
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1055:
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1048:
1045:
1043:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Inka Tunuwiri
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:Huayna Picchu
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:Huánuco Pampa
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
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880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Huaca del Sol
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:Hatun Rumiyoc
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Guellayhuasin
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
787:El Cañoncillo
785:
783:
780:
778:
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770:
768:
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758:
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753:
750:
748:
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733:
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723:
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633:
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628:
625:
623:
622:Cajamarquilla
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Baths of Boza
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
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562:Auquilohuagra
560:
558:
555:
553:
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404:
400:
394:
391:
385:
382:
378:
373:
370:
366:
361:
358:
351:
349:
347:
344:In May 2011,
342:
340:
336:
332:
323:
321:
318:
311:
309:
305:
303:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
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272:
268:
264:
255:
248:
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240:
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233:
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225:
220:
218:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
173:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
151:ruins in the
150:
146:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
113:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
47:
38:
34:
28:
23:
2102:Wayna Q'inti
2092:Wat'a, Cusco
2052:Waqra Pukara
2002:Vilcashuamán
1772:Sacsayhuamán
1702:Quri Winchus
1632:Pusuquy Pata
1607:Puqin Kancha
1567:Pukara, Puno
1286:
1262:Machu Q'inti
1247:Machu Picchu
1107:Killarumiyuq
1057:Intipa Ñawin
977:Inka Mach'ay
952:Huchuy Qosqo
882:Huaca Prieta
827:Hatun Machay
807:Gran Pajatén
717:Choquequirao
712:Choquepuquio
707:Chipaw Marka
657:Cerro Pátapo
459:
450:
442:
437:
428:
420:
415:
406:
398:
393:
384:
372:
360:
343:
339:Machu Picchu
331:Wanuku Pampa
327:
324:Conservation
319:
315:
306:
299:
279:
260:
236:
221:
217:Late Horizon
213:
193:
185:Wari culture
178:
161:Machu Picchu
144:
143:
128:15th century
2147:Wiñay Wayna
2142:Willkaraqay
2127:Wila Wilani
2082:Wari Willka
2072:Waraqu Urqu
2017:Waman Pirqa
1922:Tunay Q'asa
1902:Toro Muerto
1852:Taqrachullu
1842:Tanqa Tanqa
1837:Tampukancha
1827:Tambomachay
1822:Tambo Totem
1692:Qunchamarka
1682:Qullqapampa
1592:Pumaq Hirka
1542:Puka Pukara
1507:Pinkuylluna
1497:Pikimach'ay
1412:Nazca Lines
1407:Muyuq Marka
1392:Mullu Q'awa
1367:Mirq'imarka
1342:Mawk'ataray
1277:Maray Qalla
1267:Mallkuamaya
1252:Machu Pirqa
1242:Machu Colca
1197:Llamachayuq
1127:Kuntur Wasi
1022:Inkilltambo
947:Huayrapongo
907:Hualpayunca
902:Huacramarca
842:Hatun Uchku
812:Gran Vilaya
612:Buena Vista
567:Awkin Punta
107: /
83:Coordinates
2187:Categories
2137:Wilcahuaín
2077:Warawtampu
2047:Waqlamarka
1997:Vilcabamba
1952:Uskallaqta
1917:Tunanmarca
1862:Tarmatambo
1797:Sillustani
1782:Sayacmarca
1767:Runkuraqay
1697:Qunchupata
1672:Quillarumi
1652:Qillqatani
1547:Puka Tampu
1522:Pirhuaylla
1492:Pikillaqta
1487:Patallaqta
1462:Pachatusan
1457:Pachacamac
1372:Miyu Pampa
1362:Miraflores
1302:Markapukyu
1297:Markansaya
1292:Markahirka
1282:Marayniyoq
1237:Llaqtapata
1167:K'ipakhara
1152:Khichuqaqa
1047:Intikancha
1027:Inti Punku
1017:Inkapintay
857:Honcopampa
852:Hatunmarka
847:Hatun Usnu
797:El Paraíso
792:El Ingenio
767:Coricancha
757:Condorcaga
747:Colcampata
737:Cochabamba
702:Chichakuri
692:Chawaytiri
677:Chanquillo
667:Chacamarca
652:Cerro Baúl
557:Auga Punta
352:References
95:78°04′42″W
33:Huamachuco
2067:Waraqayuq
2062:Warahirka
2022:Wamanilla
1992:Ventarron
1967:Usnu Muqu
1927:Tupu Inka
1907:Trinchera
1857:Tarahuasi
1847:Tantarica
1817:Susupillu
1777:Sara Sara
1752:Rumicolca
1732:Qasa Pata
1687:Qulu Qulu
1642:Qaqapatan
1612:Puruchuco
1552:Puka Urqu
1472:Pañamarca
1452:Pacatnamu
1422:Ninamarca
1417:Nina Kiru
1402:Muyu Urqu
1397:Muyu Muyu
1387:Mulinuyuq
1087:Kanamarka
1067:Iskuqucha
972:Ingatambo
922:Huankarán
772:Cumbemayo
762:Cota Coca
742:Cochapata
672:Chan Chan
632:Carachupa
627:Cao Viejo
607:Bandurria
592:Ayawayq'u
587:Ayamachay
537:Arhuaturo
205:Cajamarca
149:Pre-Incan
137:Pre-Incan
92:7°47′07″S
2117:Wichqana
1892:Titiqaqa
1787:Sayhuite
1757:Rumiwasi
1677:Quishuar
1597:Pumawasi
1577:Pukarani
1532:Pirwayuq
1502:Pilluchu
1482:Paraccra
1207:Llamayuq
1142:Kuntuyuq
1077:Jinkiori
962:Inca Uyo
782:El Brujo
727:Churajón
697:Cheqollo
617:Cahuachi
597:Azángaro
582:Aya Muqu
464:Archived
312:The Site
282:Max Uhle
228:Catequil
133:Cultures
69:Location
2122:Wich'un
2112:Wichama
1977:Uyu Uyu
1972:Usqunta
1762:Runayoc
1742:Raqch'i
1627:Pusharo
1602:Punkuri
1377:Molloko
1352:Miculla
1272:Mameria
1212:Llamuqa
1192:Llactan
1092:Kanichi
917:Huamboy
802:Garagay
777:Cutimbo
637:Carajía
469:at the
209:Maranon
197:Mochica
167:History
125:Founded
120:History
2157:Yanaca
2057:Waqutu
2012:Vitcos
1947:Urpish
1932:T'akaq
1912:Túcume
1882:Tinyaq
1807:Sóndor
1792:Sechín
1747:Revash
1667:Quiaca
1657:Qillqa
1527:Piruro
1467:Paiján
1357:Millka
1187:Layzón
1122:Kukuli
1117:Kuelap
1112:Kotosh
957:Huiñao
752:Collor
552:Aspero
522:Acaray
335:Kuelap
302:Chavin
275:Kuelap
224:Ataujo
2167:Yaynu
2132:Wilca
2087:Waruq
1887:Tipón
1877:Tikra
1802:Sipán
1647:Qenko
1537:Písac
1382:Moray
1347:Mazur
1307:Marpa
1097:Kenko
937:Huari
732:Chuya
642:Caral
542:Asana
189:Incas
1072:Isog
333:and
284:and
241:and
239:John
232:Wari
157:Peru
77:Peru
155:of
2189::
341:.
277:.
211:.
75:,
503:e
496:t
489:v
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