570:
849:
934:
712:
1045:
38:
658:
113:
4368:
1838:
4378:
1514:
1835:
449:
99:
Most martyrs are considered holy or are respected by their followers, becoming symbols of exceptional leadership and heroism in the face of difficult circumstances. Martyrs play significant roles in religions. Similarly, martyrs have had notable effects in secular life, including such figures as
315:
was a
Palestinian Christian journalist who was killed by Israeli forces, and Arabic media calls her a ‘martyr’. This reflects a communal belief that every Palestinian death is part of a resistance against Israeli occupation. Children are likewise called martyrs, such as the late children of
870:) in 1597. In the engraving, her head is still above the ground and the Catholic priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal. This engraving was part of a major Protestant outrage praising Utenhoven as a martyr.
91:
as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance. Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by
2863:
Page 95 Linda Frey, Marsha Frey – 2004 "He was immortalized by the painter David in the famous painting of the death scene that became the icon of the revolution and an emblem of revolutionary propaganda. The revolutionary martyr was commemorated not only in painting and in
82:
and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In colloquial usage, the term can also refer to any person who suffers a significant consequence in protest or support of a cause.
2226:
2883:
Vietnam At War Mark Philip
Bradley – 2009 "As the concept of 'sacrifice' (hi sinh) came to embody the state's narrative of sacred war (chien tranh than thanh), the ultimate sacrifice was considered to be death in battle as a 'revolutionary martyr' (liet
86:
In the martyrdom narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an individual by an oppressor. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a
1865:
Whereas, as Bishop
Creighton in 1895 said, 'Had Charles been willing to abandon the Church and give up the episcopacy, he might have saved his throne and his life, but on this point he stood firm. For this dying, saved it for the
1822:
156:
centuries, the term acquired the extended meaning of believers who are called to witness for their religious belief, and on account of this witness, endure suffering or death. The term, in this later sense, entered the
2678:
1694:
struggle. During the 20th century, the concept was developed in particular in the culture and propaganda of communist or socialist revolutions, although it was and is also used in relation to nationalist revolutions.
2873:
Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and
Process of the Mexican ... p. 250 John Mason Hart – 1987 "They popularized Ricardo Flores Magon as a revolutionary martyr who was harassed by the American and Mexican
285:
While the term can be narrowly used for a person who is killed because of their religion, it is more generally used to mean a person who died a violent death. Thus it can arguably mean a general ‘victim’.
4617:
2955:
Bélanger, Jocelyn J., et al. "The
Psychology of Martyrdom: Making the Ultimate Sacrifice in the Name of a Cause." Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 107.3 (2014): 494–515. Print.
666:
2961:
Olivola, Christopher Y. and Eldar Shafir. "The
Martyrdom Effect: When Pain and Effort Increase Prosocial Contributions." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26, no. 1 (2013): 91–105.
2803:
1914:
wrote of the early
Christians: "They were so eager to imitate Christ ... they gladly yielded the title of martyr to Christ, the true Martyr and Firstborn from the dead." Eusebius,
410:. Upon completion of their exile, the Pandavas were refused the return of their portion of the kingdom by their cousin Duruyodhana; and following which all means of peace talks by
1845:
In helden.heroes.héros, Special Issue 5: Analyzing
Processes of Heroization. Theories, Methods, Histories. Ed. by N Falkenhayner, S Meurer and T Schlechtriemen (2019): 27–38, 27.
569:
1234:
In politics, a martyr is someone who suffers persecution and/or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, and/or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause.
515:
is also considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred along with Guru Teg
Bahadur at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save kashmiri pandits.
289:
A person is a martyr if they were killed because of their identity, because of natural disasters like earthquakes, or while performing relief or health care work. For example,
1036:, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.
750:
801:, which greatly diminished persecution (although not for non-Nicene Christians). As some wondered how then they could most closely follow Christ there was a development of
195:
is used in
English to describe a wide variety of people. However, the following table presents a general outline of common features present in stereotypical martyrdoms.
2115:
1610:
A political martyr is someone who suffers persecution or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause.
599:, meaning "sanctification of God's name" through public dedication to Jewish practice. Religious martyrdom is considered one of the more significant contributions of
1006:(1980–1988), so that the cult of the martyr had a lasting impact on the course of revolution and war. Since the early 2000s, it has been primarily associated with
1677:, a Russian opposition leader, lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and political prisoner who died while serving a 19-year prison sentence in the corrective colony
96:. Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause.
2747:
2227:"كتاب وأدباء عرب: صلابة وائل الدحدوح نموذج للجسارة الفلسطينية [Arab writers and writers: Wael Al-Dahdouh's toughness is a model of Palestinian courage]"
1049:
1414:
4769:
1272:: "Yesterday morning the Tories, by the hand of Mr Calcraft, accomplished the final act of separation between England and Ireland. The only thing that the
2709:
1276:
still lacked were martyrs. ... To my knowledge, the only time that anybody has been executed for a similar matter in a civilised country was the case of
2588:
265:
The hero's death is commemorated. People may label the hero explicitly as a martyr. Other people may in turn be inspired to pursue the same cause.
3357:
848:
2996:
1663:
915:, though the numbers are disputed. The claim that 100,000 Christians are killed for their faith annually is greatly exaggerated according to the
1943:(Rev 17:6, 12:11, 2:10–13), and describes Jesus in the same way ("Jesus Christ, the faithful witness/martyr" in Rev 1:5, and see also Rev 3:14).
304:
Martyrdom is also tied with nationalism, because a martyr can be a person who died in the context of national struggle. For example, in Beirut,
119:
is regarded by many members of the Church of England as a martyr because, it is said, he was offered his life if he would abandon the historic
3418:
1023:
933:
509:
is considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Hindu Brahmins.
4535:
3382:
2940:
1886:
1351:, that is, a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking; and it operated as a trade-specific
1174:
974:
in the generic sense "witness", but only once in the sense "martyr, one who dies for his faith"; this latter sense acquires wider use in the
906:
in 1545. Three-hundred Roman Catholics were said to have been martyred by the Church authorities in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.
4452:
3352:
730:
have led many scholars to conclude that they are martyrdom accounts in terms of genre and style. Several scholars have also concluded that
2945:
History.com Editors. "Abolitionist John Brown Is Hanged". History.com, 4 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-brown-hanged.
2776:
1670:
who was executed in Bolivia by counter-revolutionary forces. He has since become a figure of political protests and revolutions worldwide.
781:, Jesus's possible cousin and his prophet and forerunner. The first Christian witness, after the establishment of the Christian faith at
3654:
875:
145:. The process of bearing witness was not intended to lead to the death of the witness, although it is known from ancient writers (e.g.,
1618:, a Xhosa monarch who was shot and killed while attempting to escape captivity during Sixth Frontier War, also known as the Hintsa War.
1472:
has reported to have had the most political murders. Here, the RSS are known to have used brutal violence to eliminate CPI(M) workers.
1460:. In Kerala, many are killed in protests by the police, and some are assassinated by activists in other political parties, such as the
4662:
3387:
2311:
1710:
1441:
311:
In Palestine, the word ‘martyr’ is traditionally used to mean a person killed by Israeli forces, regardless of religion. For example,
1625:, a militant abolitionist who was executed after his raid on Harper's Ferry. Many abolitionists of the time extolled him as a martyr.
379:
4457:
3362:
2175:
1999:
1597:
4414:
798:
2637:
2612:
4759:
4530:
3890:
3342:
3032:
789:(whose name means "crown"), and those who suffer martyrdom are said to have been "crowned". From the time of the Roman Emperor
2390:
M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (eds.),
711:
406:), where violence is used as a last resort to resolution after all other means have failed. Examples of this are found in the
4811:
1535:
339:
2285:
4467:
3438:
3116:
1836:"The Imaginary Field of the Heroic: On the Contention between Heroes, Martyrs, Victims and Villains in Collective Memory."
1382:
769:
is not specifically restricted to the Christian faith. Christianity recognizes certain Old Testament Jewish figures, like
765:
that this will almost certainly result in imminent death (though without intentionally seeking death). This definition of
487:, the fifth leader of Sikhism. Guru ji was brutally tortured for almost 5 days before he attained shaheedi, or martyrdom.
3916:
3460:
3367:
3334:
2381:
Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397–410.
2352:
1376:
1222:
560:
361:
323:
The label of martyrdom is used as a form of memoralizing the dead within some narrative, such as how the victims of the
1492:
in 1968 have been linked to their leadership in movements to improve the rights and quality of life of black citizens,
330:
The wide usage of ‘martyr’ is not restricted to Arabic. Armenian culture likewise uses the term for the victims of the
4816:
4689:
3372:
2933:
Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle: a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany: A Sourcebook on the German Church Struggle
2692:
2207:
1729:
1465:
2958:
Kateb, George. "Morality and Self-Sacrifice, Martyrdom and Self-Denial." Social Research 75.2 (2008): 353–394. Print.
2895:
2241:
1578:
1323:
and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to
1199:
of Sikhism, referred to as "Hind di Chadar" or "Shield of India" martyred in defense of religious freedom of Hindus.
1801:
1550:
1430:
814:
503:
is one of the Sikhs who was martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 due to his refusal to accept Islam.
305:
2679:"Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."
1524:
696:, is one who brings a testimony, usually written or verbal. In particular, the testimony is that of the Christian
4612:
3739:
3609:
2700:
1622:
1355:. But at the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the principal role of
1277:
883:
579:
2066:
4701:
4667:
2299:
1703:, martyrdom is a consistent theme in the ongoing revolutionary struggle, as depicted in literary works such as
1461:
1445:
624:
2259:
1823:"Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East."
1557:
4708:
4677:
4636:
4549:
4520:
4217:
4212:
4140:
4062:
3347:
2840:
1856:
1531:
1402:
1386:
1320:
1148:
526:
116:
31:
1743:, the term "revolutionary martyr" is often used when referring to the world history of socialist struggle.
1440:
activists have died as martyrs in India, due to their allegiance to various communist parties, such as the
1033:
4764:
4590:
4580:
4440:
4252:
4145:
3885:
3791:
3756:
3377:
3188:
3104:
1700:
1489:
895:
754:
727:
670:
522:
123:
in the Church of England. It is said he refused, however, believing that the Church of England was truly "
232:
The hero foresees action by opponents to harm him or her, because of his or her commitment to the cause.
4744:
4135:
4057:
3870:
3766:
3702:
3667:
3111:
3079:
2828:
2109:
1796:
1791:
1564:
1497:
1170:
1044:
919:, with many of those deaths due to war, but the fact of ongoing Christian martyrdoms remains undisputed.
574:
530:
324:
42:
37:
1029:
2993:
2513:
1733:
1413:
are notable female martyrs who have been commemorated in various media. Notable monuments include the
1260:
were three Irishmen executed after being condemned for association with the killing of a policeman in
4554:
4525:
4407:
4247:
4100:
3989:
3951:
3941:
3707:
3074:
2495:
2129:
1747:
was a notable Indian independence activist and communist politician known to have used this phrasing.
1360:
903:
739:
604:
554:
518:
443:
181:
4749:
4585:
4570:
4503:
4445:
4307:
4172:
3472:
3213:
3193:
3173:
3136:
3025:
2514:"Forty Martyrs of England and Wales | Description, History, Canonization, & Facts | Britannica"
2085:
1546:
1312:
1114:
911:
879:
701:
678:
657:
600:
457:
2035:
4806:
4595:
4432:
4353:
4257:
4197:
4157:
4105:
4037:
4009:
3921:
3875:
3467:
3099:
3069:
2721:
1928:
1900:
The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers from the New Testament to John Chrysostom
1769:
1285:
1257:
999:
294:
153:
4025:
1003:
734:
understood Jesus' death as a martyrdom. In light of such conclusions, some have argued that the
308:
is a public square that's dedicated to Lebanese nationalists who were executed by the Ottomans.
2782:
2368:
J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.),
643:. However, the notion of martyrdom in the Jewish and Christian traditions differ considerably.
4739:
4488:
4341:
4125:
4120:
3964:
3946:
3579:
3567:
2936:
2739:
2731:
2713:
2665:
2171:
1995:
1882:
1744:
1648:
1633:
1493:
1394:
1390:
1336:
1192:
1135:
1007:
942:
891:
887:
834:
662:
490:
426:
was brought down with doubts, e.g., attachment, sorrow, fear. This is where Krishna instructs
375:
331:
312:
298:
290:
93:
4734:
4607:
4381:
4334:
4232:
4047:
4042:
3999:
3776:
3771:
3557:
3423:
3413:
3315:
3300:
3285:
3236:
3089:
2965:
2298:
Stephen Knapp (2006) The Power of the Dharma: An Introduction to Hinduism and Vedic Culture
2163:
2097:
2047:
2036:"Islamic Attitudes to Disasters in the Middle Ages: A Comparison of Earthquakes and Plagues"
1987:
1615:
1398:
1348:
1300:
1296:
1265:
1218:
1032:, martyrs are those who sacrifice their lives serving humanity in the name of God. However,
778:
735:
731:
652:
158:
88:
2315:
1343:, England, who were arrested for and convicted of swearing a secret oath as members of the
878:
has been regarded as martyrdom as well. There were martyrs recognized on both sides of the
4544:
4498:
4462:
4400:
4322:
4287:
4237:
4192:
4167:
3806:
3677:
3536:
3408:
3403:
3320:
3270:
3263:
3251:
3161:
3000:
2356:
1842:
1629:
1469:
1352:
1281:
1101:
830:
726:
The concept of Jesus as a martyr has recently received greater attention. Analyses of the
583:
536:
497:(i.e. "the shield of Religion"), suggesting that to save Hinduism, the guru gave his life.
397:
317:
124:
2589:"Martyr killed by bulldozer becomes symbol of growing persecution of Christians in China"
2016:
674:
374:
party in modern China. Revolutionaries who died fighting against the Qing dynasty in the
3828:
112:
4672:
4626:
4515:
4371:
4095:
3926:
3687:
3622:
3455:
3433:
3310:
3258:
3018:
1785:
1774:
1721:
1674:
1181:
1127:
938:
909:
Even more modern day accounts of martyrdom for Christ exist, depicted in books such as
859:
826:
818:
746:
595:
564:
453:
54:
2661:
4800:
4787:
4696:
4684:
4130:
4115:
4072:
3984:
3818:
3796:
3672:
3639:
3531:
3506:
1644:
1481:
1422:
1211:
1071:
988:
882:
after 1534. Two hundred and eighty-eight Christians were martyred for their faith by
790:
786:
693:
620:
512:
506:
461:
138:
1571:
1359:, and wages were at issue. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced not to death but to
4653:
4631:
4227:
4110:
3994:
3911:
3835:
3823:
3682:
3589:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3444:
3295:
3275:
3218:
3203:
3094:
1755:
1705:
1640:
1418:
1406:
1311:
pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging in 1853 during the Italian
1247:
1203:
992:
810:
794:
716:
685:
400:, and there being no concept of martyrdom, there is the belief of righteous duty (
2562:
2167:
2101:
1991:
1401:—are honored and commemorated as martyrs. The red scarf worn by the 100+ million
1280:
at Harpers Ferry. The Fenians could not have wished for a better precedent." Ten
960:
meaning "witness", and is also used to denote a martyr; a female martyr is named
327:
were called ‘martyrs of corruption’ as a form of protest against the government.
4510:
4302:
4297:
4267:
4222:
4202:
4187:
4182:
4162:
4079:
4004:
3974:
3931:
3761:
3644:
3305:
3280:
3246:
3178:
3156:
3151:
3141:
2081:
1779:
1655:
1513:
1356:
1289:
1251:
1166:
1084:
899:
612:
608:
500:
407:
367:
79:
2538:
2420:(Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for Harvard Theological Review, 1975), pp. 38–41.
2051:
493:, the ninth guru of Sikhism, martyred on 11 November 1675. He is also known as
4754:
4575:
4483:
4272:
4242:
4207:
4177:
4150:
4052:
3880:
3840:
3692:
3649:
3627:
3594:
3290:
3208:
3166:
3146:
3056:
2743:
1691:
1316:
1261:
1243:
1196:
1117:, beheaded for refusing to forsake her devotion to Christ, for Roman paganism.
856:
852:
822:
720:
636:
484:
371:
243:
The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause.
149:) and from the New Testament that witnesses often died for their testimonies.
120:
4030:
2985:
2922:
2717:
2693:"The Punishment of the Grave: A Neglected Motivation for Jihad and Martyrdom"
2349:
2335:
See Philippe Bobichon, « Martyre talmudique et martyre chrétien »,
2160:
Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations
2158:
Fierke (2012). "Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa".
1984:
Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations
1982:
Fierke (2012). "Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa".
4643:
4317:
4312:
4277:
4067:
3959:
3744:
3697:
3634:
3599:
3574:
3450:
3131:
3126:
1651:
in Mexico City, Trotsky is considered a Marytr by Trotskyist Internationals.
1485:
1437:
1410:
1364:
1269:
1207:
863:
782:
777:, as holy, and the New Testament mentions the imprisonment and beheading of
774:
382:
period, furthering the cause of the revolution, were recognized as martyrs.
210:
A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
185:
66:
4346:
3895:
254:
The opponents kill the hero because of his or her commitment to the cause.
4292:
4262:
3813:
3801:
3734:
3562:
3231:
3198:
3084:
3064:
1911:
1678:
1426:
1131:
1058:
1011:
628:
162:
146:
101:
2726:
2192:
4776:
4724:
4329:
3969:
3936:
3781:
3729:
3490:
3428:
3241:
3121:
1751:
1717:
1667:
1538: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1457:
1449:
1273:
1185:
1155:
1088:
1061:, a Greek philosopher who chose to die rather than renounce his ideals.
867:
640:
632:
590:
476:
and represents an important institution of the faith. Sikhs believe in
473:
448:
431:
419:
411:
297:. Because he died as a humantiarian activist, he is called a martyr by
276:
In contemporary Middle Eastern cultures, the term for 'martyr’ (Arabic
133:
17:
4392:
757:, it developed that a martyr was one who was killed for maintaining a
715:
Illustration of Christian martyrs burned at the stake by the order of
688:, a martyr, in accordance with the meaning of the original Greek term
4729:
3979:
3749:
3617:
3541:
3183:
2392:
The Trial and Death of Jesus: Essays on the Passion Narrative in Mark
1453:
1340:
1324:
1159:
975:
962:
953:
928:
806:
697:
427:
423:
415:
402:
392:
278:
981:. Islam views a martyr as a man or woman who dies while conducting
4493:
4424:
3865:
3845:
3786:
3584:
3041:
2735:
2337:
Kentron : Revue du Monde Antique et de Psychologie Historique
2086:"The Martyrs' Revolutions: The Role of Martyrs in the Arab Spring"
1970:
Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation
1957:
Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation
1740:
1690:
The term "revolutionary martyr" usually relates to those dying in
1308:
1043:
983:
971:
957:
932:
880:
schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England
847:
758:
710:
705:
656:
568:
447:
177:
142:
111:
36:
2804:"Biography of Hazrat Abdullah bin az-Zubayr (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہ)"
1632:, 16th U.S. President. Assassinated by a Confederate sympathizer
2193:"Shireen Abu Akleh: A martyr to the truth of Israeli inhumanity"
1659:
770:
616:
165:. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called
4396:
3014:
2827:
Marx and Engels in Ireland (1971) Progress Publishers, Moscow.
2405:
The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors
1347:
The rules of the society showed it was clearly structured as a
2208:"For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel"
1507:
1052:, Auriesville, New York, showing the sanctuary and high altar.
998:
The concept of martyrdom in Islam became prominent during the
916:
2638:"Christianity's Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam"
2418:
Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept
2539:"Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?"
937:
A painting commemorating the martyrdom of the 3rd Shia Imam
480:(from love to martyrdom). Some famous Sikh martyrs include:
2935:. Westchester, PA: SSI Bookstore, West Chester University.
2457:
Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul's Theology of Atonement
2286:"President Biden formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide"
2137:
The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center
1951:
1949:
1939:. Revelation describes several Christian reh with the term
704:. A Christian witness is a biblical witness whether or not
2483:
Beyond the Passion: Rethinking the Death and Life of Jesus
2966:
https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/41a.html
533:– the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Sikh guru.
3010:
2896:"Algeria says 5.6 million died under French colonialism"
2778:
Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shi'i and Babi Religions
738:
of the first three centuries would have interpreted the
184:. The early Christians appear to have seen Jesus as the
1339:
were a group of 19th century agricultural labourers in
876:
death due to sectarian persecutions by other Christians
641:
refusing to eat pork or meat sacrificed to foreign gods
817:, and separation from the world, practiced by several
2770:
2768:
2242:"Martyrdom in Lebanon: An Evolution of Memory-Making"
2206:
Raja Abdulrahim and Hiba Yazbek (December 31, 2022).
539:, who came from a family of over 20 different martyrs
172:
The early Christians who first began to use the term
2446:(Ann Arbor: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 212ff.
2246:
International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation
1393:
but also including devoted humanitarians during the
180:
as the first and greatest martyr, on account of his
4717:
4652:
4563:
4476:
4431:
4088:
4018:
3904:
3858:
3720:
3608:
3550:
3499:
3488:
3481:
3396:
3333:
3055:
3048:
2990:– 16th century classic book, accounts of martyrdoms
2613:"Christian evangelist murdered in southeast Turkey"
1658:, an influential Marxist–Leninist revolutionary in
1643:murdered on the Orders of Soviet General Secretary
793:, Christianity was decriminalized, and then, under
751:
persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire
422:failed. During the great war which commenced, even
137:, was used in the secular sphere as well as in the
2444:A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles
1221:, a Roman Catholic priest who was martyred in the
131:In its original meaning, the word martyr, meaning
1264:, England in 1867. The day after the executions,
1931:was written during the period when the word for
1855:Episcopal Church. Diocese of Eau Claire (1978).
1389:—most particularly the many victims of the 1927
282:) has more uses than the English word ‘martyr’.
2264:The Armenian Church, Eastern Diocese of America
845:, the giving of one's life in a violent death.
104:, among other political and cultural examples.
2964:PBS. "Plato and the Legacy of Socrates." PBS.
2472:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
1902:(Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004), pp. 107.
1151:, martyred for opposing the Umayyad Caliphate.
1074:, considered to be the first Christian martyr.
841:, dying to oneself every day, as opposed to a
127:" and should maintain the Catholic episcopate.
4408:
3026:
2994:"Martyrdom from the perspective of sociology"
1959:(New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 217–229.
1158:, Christian reformer burned at the stake for
1050:National Shrine of the North American Martyrs
631:overlords, being executed for such crimes as
8:
2975:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co., 2012.
2563:"IS 'beheads Christian hostages' in Nigeria"
2114:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1504:Notable people entitled as political martyrs
1040:Notable people entitled as religious martyrs
886:between 1553 and 1558 by the Roman Catholic
661:From the gallery of 20th century martyrs at
199:Common features of stereotypical martyrdoms
2775:Winters, Jonah (1997-09-19). "Conclusion".
2372:(Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005) pp. 157–168.
2370:Deutungen des Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament
1345:Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers.
890:in England leading to the reversion to the
69:
4415:
4401:
4393:
3496:
3485:
3052:
3033:
3019:
3011:
2710:International Centre for Counter-Terrorism
2433:(Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), pp. 83–112.
2339:11, 2 (1995) and 12, 1 (1996), pp. 109–129
366:Martyrdom was extensively promoted by the
342:, and also called "Armenian Martyrs Day".
2973:A Plato Reader: Eight Essential Dialogues
2829:Letter of November 24 1867 Engels to Marx
2725:
2090:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
1972:(New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 218.
1598:Learn how and when to remove this message
987:, whether on or off the battlefield (see
898:in 1559. "From hundreds to thousands" of
623:(adoption of Greek ideas or customs of a
430:how to carry out his duty as a righteous
320:who were killed in an Israeli airstrike.
2470:Paul and the Crucified Christ in Antioch
1636:after the end of the American Civil War.
615:recount numerous martyrdoms suffered by
472:in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in
197:
2681:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.
2260:"Holy Martyrs of the Armenian Genocide"
1814:
1169:, beheaded for refusing to acknowledge
41:The Christian martyrs of the 1622
2225:Abu Mazen, Saddam (October 28, 2023).
2107:
2067:"Remembering the Mavi Marmara victims"
1385:, people who died in the cause of the
575:Martyrdom of the seven Hebrew brothers
3383:List of ways people dishonor the dead
3005:Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion
2407:(Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2004), pp. 193–210
2394:(Leuven: Peeters, 2006), pp. 189–203.
2130:"The Culture of Palestinian Shaheeds"
1825:, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.
1758:are officially recognized as martyrs.
1175:Supreme Head of the Church of England
785:, to be killed for his testimony was
7:
2015:Whitaker, Brian (October 12, 2000).
1879:The New Testament Concept of Witness
1861:Journal of the Diocese of EAU Claire
1536:adding citations to reliable sources
1223:Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz
2312:"Biographies of Great Sikh Martyrs"
1968:From A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk,
1104:, the subject of many works of art.
4663:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
3388:List of ways people honor the dead
2894:Staff, The New Arab (2021-10-04).
2485:(Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004).
2459:(Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010)
2314:. Sikh-history.com. Archived from
2310:Sandeep Singh Bajwa (2000-02-11).
1724:are often honoured as martyrs, or
25:
3419:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
2662:The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam
2587:Chiaramonte, Perry (2016-04-21).
2191:Alamuddin, Baria (May 16, 2022).
728:Passion narratives in the Gospels
293:was killed by Israel in the 2010
4376:
4367:
4366:
2503:, directed by Paul Tickell, 2006
2284:The Genocide Education Project.
1512:
1448:. Most of them hail from mainly
1048:Interior of the Coliseum at the
874:In the history of Christianity,
45:; 17th-century Japanese painting
4377:
2753:from the original on 2 May 2024
2065:Keddie, Patrick (21 Jul 2016).
1711:Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery
1523:needs additional citations for
1415:Monument to the People's Heroes
1397:such as the Canadian physician
593:is one of the main examples of
2931:Foster, Claude R. Jr. (1995).
2691:Karimi, Nima (December 2023).
2617:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
2537:Alexander, Ruth (2013-11-12).
1955:A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk,
340:Armenian Genocide Memorial Day
221:People who oppose that cause.
27:Person who suffers persecution
1:
3439:Maternal mortality in fiction
2781:. M.A. Thesis. Archived from
1756:Algerian war for independence
1141:
1120:
1107:
1094:
1077:
1064:
1024:Martyrdom in the Baháʼí Faith
3353:Expressions related to death
3306:Medical declaration of death
2968:(accessed October 21, 2014).
2168:10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011
2102:10.1080/13530194.2014.918802
2040:The Medieval History Journal
1992:10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011
1377:Martyrdom in Chinese culture
561:Self-sacrifice in Jewish law
362:Martyrdom in Chinese culture
272:Martyrdom in the Middle East
3373:Preventable causes of death
2359:, New Matthew Bible Project
1935:was gaining its meaning of
1877:See e.g. Alison A. Trites,
4833:
4770:Women of the patristic age
2052:10.1177/097194580701000214
1802:Religious views on suicide
1405:honors their spilt blood.
1383:People's Republic of China
1374:
1241:
1134:beheaded for opposing the
1021:
1002:(1979) and the subsequent
1000:Islamic Revolution in Iran
926:
667:Mother Elizabeth of Russia
650:
558:
552:
441:
359:
29:
4785:
4453:Eastern Orthodox calendar
4362:
3740:Consciousness after death
3663:
3227:
2701:Perspectives on Terrorism
2240:ICSR Team (10 May 2023).
1722:the independence struggle
1431:Longhua Martyrs' Memorial
1367:, a harsh form of exile.
970:occurs frequently in the
700:, or more generally, the
580:Attavante degli Attavanti
390:Despite the promotion of
78:) is someone who suffers
70:
58:
4668:Candidates for sainthood
4141:Personification of death
3363:People by cause of death
2017:"Martyrs, never victims"
1754:, those who died in the
1484:, the assassinations of
625:Hellenistic civilization
4760:Early Christian writers
4709:Equivalent canonization
4550:Saints in Protestantism
4545:Symbology of the Saints
4218:Death-positive movement
4063:Post-mortem photography
3343:Causes of death by rate
3271:Death by natural causes
2841:"The Tolpuddle Martyrs"
2080:Buckner, Elizabeth and
749:, from the time of the
637:circumcising their boys
527:Sahibzada Zorawar Singh
32:Martyr (disambiguation)
4441:General Roman Calendar
4253:Fascination with death
3891:Reincarnation research
3886:Out-of-body experience
3348:Notable deaths by year
3189:Immunogenic cell death
3105:Temporal lobe necrosis
2481:Stephen J. Patterson,
1927:Scholars believe that
1701:culture of North Korea
1490:Martin Luther King Jr.
1284:members died during a
1184:, the fifth leader of
1053:
946:
871:
862:being buried alive at
837:). This was a kind of
755:Julio-Claudian dynasty
723:
681:
671:Martin Luther King Jr.
586:
523:Sahibzada Jujhar Singh
465:
396:(non-violence) within
240:Courage and commitment
128:
46:
4812:Religious terminology
4745:Saints in Anglicanism
4058:Post-mortem chemistry
3871:Near-death experience
3767:Desecration of graves
3703:Postmortem caloricity
3668:Beating heart cadaver
3112:Programmed cell death
3080:Liquefactive necrosis
2987:Fox's Book of Martyrs
2927:Catholic Encyclopedia
2861:The French Revolution
2350:"Martyr, or Witness?"
2034:Akasoy, Anna (2006).
1797:Religious persecution
1792:Perpetua and Felicity
1498:civil rights movement
1476:Civil rights movement
1417:at the confluence of
1282:Irish Republican Army
1210:, killed by a mob in
1081: 2nd century CE
1047:
936:
902:were martyred in the
851:
714:
660:
633:observing the Sabbath
572:
531:Sahibzada Fateh Singh
451:
325:2020 Beirut explosion
176:in its new sense saw
115:
43:Great Genna Martyrdom
40:
4555:Levitation of saints
4248:Festival of the Dead
4146:Dying-and-rising god
4101:Chinese burial money
3990:Prohibition of dying
3942:Death-qualified jury
3708:Post-mortem interval
3368:Premature obituaries
3075:Coagulative necrosis
2455:Jarvis J. Williams,
1720:, those who died in
1686:Revolutionary martyr
1532:improve this article
1177:. Canonised in 1935.
904:Massacre of Mérindol
740:crucifixion of Jesus
605:Western Civilization
555:Martyrdom in Judaism
519:Sahibzada Ajit Singh
456:of the execution of
444:Martyrdom in Sikhism
30:For other uses, see
4750:Saints in Methodism
4586:Prayer for the dead
4571:Communion of saints
4446:Tridentine calendar
4308:Philosophy of death
4173:Death from laughter
3473:Perinatal mortality
3214:Mitotic catastrophe
3194:Ischemic cell death
3137:Intrinsic apoptosis
3085:Gangrenous necrosis
1857:"annual convention"
1305:Martiri di Belfiore
1149:Abdullah ibn Zubair
1115:Saint Agnes of Rome
805:characterized by a
803:desert spirituality
679:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
601:Hellenistic Judaism
544:Abrahamic religions
478:Ibaadat se Shahadat
458:Banda Singh Bahadur
378:and throughout the
200:
4817:Jungian archetypes
4458:Anglican calendars
4433:Calendar of saints
4354:Thanatosensitivity
4258:Hierarchy of death
4198:Death notification
4106:Coins for the dead
4038:Forensic pathology
3922:Capital punishment
3876:Near-death studies
3468:Mortality salience
3100:Fibrinoid necrosis
3070:Avascular necrosis
2999:2015-09-23 at the
2660:A. Ezzati (1986).
2619:. 22 November 2019
2518:www.britannica.com
2355:2011-05-11 at the
2212:The New York Times
1898:Frances M. Young,
1841:2020-01-03 at the
1770:Altruistic suicide
1709:. There is also a
1468:. The district of
1307:) were a group of
1286:1981 hunger strike
1258:Manchester Martyrs
1230:Political meanings
1054:
947:
872:
855:'s drawing of the
823:Christian ascetics
815:self-mortification
807:eremitic lifestyle
745:In the context of
724:
682:
587:
468:Martyrdom (called
466:
346:Religious meanings
295:Gaza flotilla raid
198:
129:
47:
4794:
4793:
4740:Roman Martyrology
4489:Equal-to-apostles
4468:Lutheran calendar
4390:
4389:
4126:Death anniversary
4121:Death and culture
3965:Dying declaration
3947:Death certificate
3854:
3853:
3716:
3715:
3568:Neuropreservation
3358:Natural disasters
3329:
3328:
2971:Reeve, C. D. C..
2941:978-1-887732-01-7
2843:. Historic-uk.com
2666:Tehran University
2442:Stanley Stowers,
2416:Sam K. Williams,
2139:. January 4, 2018
1887:978-0-521-60934-0
1745:Guru Radha Kishan
1736:are two examples.
1634:John Wilkes Booth
1608:
1607:
1600:
1582:
1494:black nationalism
1395:Chinese Civil War
1391:Shanghai massacre
1337:Tolpuddle Martyrs
1193:Guru Tegh Bahadur
1136:Umayyad Caliphate
1008:Islamic extremism
943:Battle of Karbala
896:Queen Elizabeth I
892:Church of England
835:Anthony the Great
663:Westminster Abbey
491:Guru Tegh Bahadur
380:Republic of China
376:Xinhai Revolution
351:Eastern religions
334:, who are called
332:Armenian genocide
313:Shireen Abu Akleh
269:
268:
262:Audience response
94:collective memory
16:(Redirected from
4824:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4350:
4335:Assisted suicide
4233:Death trajectory
4048:Mortuary science
4043:Funeral director
4034:
4000:Suspicious death
3772:Eternal oblivion
3558:Cryopreservation
3497:
3486:
3424:Infant mortality
3414:Excess mortality
3316:Terminal illness
3301:Lazarus syndrome
3286:End-of-life care
3237:Accidental death
3090:Caseous necrosis
3053:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2900:www.newarab.com/
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1603:
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1540:
1516:
1508:
1399:Tillson Harrison
1349:friendly society
1315:. They included
1297:Belfiore martyrs
1266:Frederick Engels
1219:Maximilian Kolbe
1204:Joseph Smith Jr.
1146:
1143:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1066:
779:John the Baptist
759:religious belief
742:as a martyrdom.
736:early Christians
732:Paul the Apostle
653:Christian martyr
495:Dharam Di Chadar
229:Foreseeable risk
201:
159:English language
89:posthumous title
73:
72:
60:
21:
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4648:
4627:Passion bearers
4559:
4499:Catacomb saints
4472:
4463:Coptic calendar
4427:
4421:
4391:
4386:
4358:
4344:
4288:Museum of Death
4238:Dignified death
4193:Death messenger
4168:Death education
4084:
4028:
4014:
3952:Declared death
3900:
3850:
3807:Online mourning
3712:
3678:Cadaveric spasm
3659:
3604:
3546:
3537:Skeletonization
3477:
3409:Child mortality
3404:Birthday effect
3392:
3325:
3321:Unnatural death
3252:Brainstem death
3223:
3162:Pseudoapoptosis
3044:
3039:
3001:Wayback Machine
2982:
2952:
2950:Further reading
2919:
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2468:S. A. Cummins,
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2431:The Noble Death
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1863:. The Diocese.
1854:
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1843:Wayback Machine
1833:
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1811:
1806:
1765:
1732:and schoolgirl
1730:Nguyễn Thái Học
1728:in Vietnamese.
1713:in the country.
1688:
1630:Abraham Lincoln
1604:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1541:
1539:
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1506:
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1452:states such as
1387:Communist Party
1379:
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1353:benefit society
1333:
1319:and the priest
1254:
1240:
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1123:
1110:
1102:Saint Sebastian
1097:
1080:
1067:
1042:
1026:
1020:
931:
925:
839:white martyrdom
831:Paul the Hermit
655:
649:
584:Vatican Library
567:
557:
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546:
537:Bhai Mani Singh
446:
440:
398:Sanatana Dharma
388:
364:
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356:Chinese culture
353:
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318:Wael Al-Dahdouh
306:Martyrs' Square
274:
154:early Christian
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4773:
4772:
4767:
4765:Church Fathers
4762:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4718:Related topics
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4673:Servant of God
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4516:List of saints
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:Apparent death
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Cause of death
3924:
3919:
3917:Administration
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3688:Death erection
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:Natural burial
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3456:Mortality rate
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3434:Maternal death
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Unusual deaths
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Organ donation
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3259:Clinical death
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2991:
2981:
2980:External links
2978:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2929:
2918:
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2911:
2886:
2876:
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2795:
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2653:
2629:
2604:
2579:
2554:
2529:
2505:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2429:David Seeley,
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2374:
2361:
2341:
2328:
2302:
2291:
2276:
2251:
2232:
2217:
2198:
2183:
2176:
2150:
2121:
2072:
2057:
2026:
2007:
2000:
1974:
1961:
1945:
1920:
1916:Church History
1904:
1891:
1870:
1847:
1827:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1786:Martyrs Mirror
1782:
1777:
1775:Martyr complex
1772:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1737:
1714:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:Alexei Navalny
1671:
1652:
1649:Ramón Mercader
1647:by NKVD agent
1637:
1626:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:respectively.
1477:
1474:
1403:Young Pioneers
1372:
1369:
1361:transportation
1332:
1329:
1321:Enrico Tazzoli
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:, August 1941.
1215:
1200:
1189:
1182:Guru Arjan Dev
1178:
1163:
1152:
1139:
1130:, grandson of
1128:Husayn ibn Ali
1118:
1105:
1092:
1075:
1062:
1041:
1038:
1022:Main article:
1019:
1016:
939:Husayn ibn Ali
927:Main article:
924:
921:
884:public burning
860:Anna Utenhoven
827:late antiquity
799:state religion
747:church history
651:Main article:
648:
645:
596:Kiddush Hashem
565:Kiddush Hashem
553:Main article:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
534:
516:
510:
504:
498:
488:
454:Mehdiana Sahib
442:Main article:
439:
436:
387:
384:
360:Main article:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
338:. April 24 is
291:İbrahim Bilgen
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
256:
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249:
245:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
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212:
211:
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109:
106:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4829:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4789:
4788:Saints portal
4784:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4751:
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4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:Beatification
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:The Venerable
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
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4568:
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4562:
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4553:
4551:
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4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4423:Topics about
4418:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4383:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Death anxiety
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Darwin Awards
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4073:Biostratinomy
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Necropolitics
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:Reincarnation
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3722:Other aspects
3719:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Body donation
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Dismemberment
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Mummification
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3542:Fossilization
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Decomposition
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Pallor mortis
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2785:on 2020-02-18
2784:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
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2702:
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2657:
2654:
2643:
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2608:
2605:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:See Davis, R.
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2318:on 2019-04-03
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2229:. Al Jazeera.
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2177:9781139248853
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2138:
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2125:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2069:. Al Jazeera.
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2001:9781139248853
1997:
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1985:
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1971:
1965:
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1692:revolutionary
1685:
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1646:
1645:Joseph Stalin
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1552:
1549: –
1548:
1544:
1543:Find sources:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1521:This section
1519:
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1501:
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1482:United States
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1423:Huangpu River
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1212:Carthage Jail
1209:
1206:, founder of
1205:
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1072:Saint Stephen
1063:
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1005:
1004:Iran–Iraq War
1001:
996:
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990:
989:greater jihad
986:
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889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
866:(present-day
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
843:red martyrdom
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:, became the
796:
792:
788:
787:Saint Stephen
784:
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695:
694:New Testament
691:
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673:, Archbishop
672:
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592:
589:Martyrdom in
585:
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571:
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556:
548:
543:
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528:
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514:
513:Bhai Sati Das
511:
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507:Bhai Mati Das
505:
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139:New Testament
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39:
33:
19:
4654:Canonization
4632:Patron saint
4602:
4581:Intercession
4282:
4228:Death threat
4111:Dark tourism
4053:Necrobiology
3995:Right to die
3953:
3912:Abortion law
3836:Resurrection
3824:Palingenesis
3721:
3683:Coffin birth
3590:Plastination
3551:Preservation
3527:Putrefaction
3522:Livor mortis
3517:Rigor mortis
3512:Algor mortis
3489:
3445:Memento mori
3443:
3296:Lazarus sign
3276:Death rattle
3219:Suicide gene
3204:Karyorrhexis
3095:Fat necrosis
3004:
2986:
2972:
2932:
2926:
2917:Bibliography
2903:. Retrieved
2899:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2845:. Retrieved
2835:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2810:. 2018-06-03
2807:
2798:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2777:
2755:. Retrieved
2705:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2621:. Retrieved
2616:
2607:
2596:. Retrieved
2592:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2569:. 2019-12-27
2566:
2557:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
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2500:
2494:
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2369:
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2344:
2336:
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2305:
2294:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2220:
2211:
2201:
2195:. Arab News.
2186:
2159:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2136:
2124:
2110:cite journal
2093:
2089:
2082:Khatib, Lina
2075:
2060:
2046:(1–2): 398.
2043:
2039:
2029:
2021:The Guardian
2020:
2010:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1878:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1830:
1817:
1784:
1725:
1706:Sea of Blood
1704:
1689:
1641:Leon Trotsky
1614:1835 – King
1609:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1542:
1530:Please help
1525:verification
1522:
1488:in 1965 and
1479:
1435:
1419:Suzhou Creek
1407:Jiang Zhuyun
1380:
1357:trade unions
1344:
1334:
1313:Risorgimento
1304:
1294:
1288:, including
1255:
1248:Independence
1233:
1195:, the ninth
1068: 34 CE
1030:Baháʼí Faith
1027:
1018:Baháʼí Faith
997:
993:lesser jihad
982:
976:
967:
961:
949:
948:
912:Jesus Freaks
910:
908:
888:Queen Mary I
873:
842:
838:
819:desert monks
811:renunciation
802:
795:Theodosius I
766:
762:
744:
725:
717:Ranavalona I
689:
686:Christianity
683:
675:Óscar Romero
647:Christianity
594:
588:
573:
494:
477:
469:
467:
401:
391:
389:
365:
336:Holy Martyrs
335:
329:
322:
310:
303:
288:
284:
277:
275:
192:
190:
173:
171:
166:
151:
132:
130:
98:
85:
75:
65:, 'witness'
62:
50:
48:
4511:Hagiography
4504:Translation
4345: [
4303:Necrophobia
4298:Necrophilia
4268:Immortality
4223:Death squad
4203:Death panel
4188:Death march
4183:Death knell
4163:Death drive
4136:Death deity
4080:Thanatology
4029: [
3975:Legal death
3954:in absentia
3932:Civil death
3777:Examination
3762:Crematorium
3645:Excarnation
3482:After death
3281:Dysthanasia
3247:Brain death
3179:Autoschizis
3157:Phenoptosis
3152:Parthanatos
3142:Necroptosis
3049:In medicine
2808:Aal-e-Qutub
2712:: 127–151.
1834:Gölz, Olmo
1821:Gölz, Olmo
1780:Martyrology
1656:Che Guevara
1425:in central
1290:Bobby Sands
1252:Irredentism
1238:Sovereignty
1214:, Illinois.
1167:Thomas More
1085:Ten Martyrs
1034:Bahá'u'lláh
966:. The term
900:Waldensians
791:Constantine
702:Word of God
677:and Pastor
627:) by their
621:Hellenizing
613:2 Maccabees
609:1 Maccabees
501:Bhai Dayala
434:and fight.
408:Mahabharata
368:Tongmenghui
316:journalist
182:crucifixion
152:During the
80:persecution
4801:Categories
4755:Patristics
4735:Companions
4618:Diocletian
4591:Confessors
4576:Veneration
4484:Folk saint
4477:Traditions
4273:Last rites
4243:Extinction
4213:Death pose
4208:Death poem
4178:Death hoax
4158:Death camp
4151:Psychopomp
4026:Death tech
3881:Necromancy
3859:Paranormal
3841:Underworld
3693:Dissection
3655:Resomation
3650:Promession
3628:Sky burial
3595:Prosection
3580:Maceration
3291:Euthanasia
3209:Karyolysis
3167:Pyroptosis
3147:Paraptosis
3057:Cell death
2905:2023-08-18
2847:2014-08-22
2814:2023-09-05
2789:2007-01-23
2744:1061231390
2736:2014200073
2647:2020-02-17
2623:2020-02-17
2598:2020-02-17
2573:2020-02-17
2548:2014-08-22
2523:2022-09-13
2322:2014-08-22
2269:28 October
2143:9 December
2096:(4): 370.
1929:Revelation
1809:References
1734:Võ Thị Sáu
1623:John Brown
1558:newspapers
1375:See also:
1317:Tito Speri
1278:John Brown
1262:Manchester
1244:Separatism
1242:See also:
1171:Henry VIII
1145: 692
1124: 680
1111: 304
1098: 288
1057:399 BCE –
979:literature
857:Anabaptist
853:Jan Luyken
753:under the
721:Madagascar
665:—l. to r.
619:resisting
559:See also:
485:Guru Arjan
372:Kuomintang
299:Al-Jazeera
218:Opposition
186:archetypal
121:episcopacy
4807:Martyrdom
4644:Mariology
4613:Christian
4318:Sacrifice
4313:Predation
4278:Longevity
4068:Taphonomy
4005:Trust law
3960:Death row
3745:Afterlife
3698:Gibbeting
3635:Cremation
3600:Taxidermy
3575:Embalming
3451:Micromort
3397:Mortality
3174:Autolysis
3132:Autophagy
3127:Apoptosis
2923:"Martyrs"
2718:2334-3745
1664:the Congo
1588:July 2024
1486:Malcolm X
1438:communist
1411:Liu Hulan
1371:Communism
1365:Australia
1270:Karl Marx
1268:wrote to
1208:Mormonism
945:in 680 AD
864:Vilvoorde
829:(such as
783:Pentecost
775:Maccabees
708:follows.
191:The word
167:martyrdom
117:Charles I
4564:Theology
4531:Orthodox
4521:Catholic
4372:Category
4342:Thanabot
4293:Necronym
4263:Homicide
3814:Obituary
3802:Mourning
3792:Internet
3735:Cemetery
3610:Disposal
3563:Cryonics
3232:Abortion
3199:Pyknosis
3065:Necrosis
2997:Archived
2748:Archived
2727:27274061
2642:ABC News
2593:Fox News
2567:BBC News
2543:BBC News
2353:Archived
2084:(2014).
1912:Eusebius
1839:Archived
1763:See also
1679:FKU IK-3
1547:"Martyr"
1496:and the
1464:and the
1444:and the
1429:and the
1427:Shanghai
1421:and the
1331:Unionism
1132:Muhammed
1059:Socrates
1012:jihadism
956:term in
773:and the
629:Seleucid
470:shahadat
386:Hinduism
370:and the
188:martyr.
163:loanword
147:Josephus
125:Catholic
102:Socrates
4777:Prophet
4725:Apostle
4656:process
4603:Martyrs
4382:Outline
4330:Suicide
3970:Inquest
3937:Coroner
3829:Saṃsāra
3797:Midwife
3782:Funeral
3757:Customs
3730:Carrion
3429:Karoshi
3242:Autopsy
3122:Anoikis
2162:: 216.
1986:: 198.
1933:witness
1866:future'
1752:Algeria
1726:liệt sĩ
1718:Vietnam
1699:In the
1673:2024 –
1668:Bolivia
1654:1967 –
1639:1940 –
1628:1865 –
1621:1859 –
1572:scholar
1480:In the
1458:Tripura
1450:leftist
1381:In the
1309:Italian
1301:Italian
1274:Fenians
1217:1941 –
1202:1844 –
1191:1675 –
1186:Sikhism
1180:1606 –
1165:1535 –
1156:Jan Hus
1154:1415 –
1089:Judaism
1028:In the
963:shahida
941:at the
868:Belgium
763:knowing
692:in the
669:, Rev.
591:Judaism
549:Judaism
474:Sikhism
464:in 1716
462:Mughals
438:Sikhism
432:warrior
420:Sanjaya
412:Krishna
207:A hero
141:of the
134:witness
108:Meaning
76:martyr-
71:μαρτυρ-
18:Martyrs
4730:Bishop
4637:Places
4536:Titles
4425:Saints
4283:Martyr
4019:Fields
3980:Murder
3896:Séance
3866:Ghosts
3750:Tukdam
3618:Burial
3500:Stages
3184:Eschar
2939:
2742:
2734:
2724:
2716:
2677:Gölz,
2501:Saints
2174:
1998:
1941:martyr
1937:martyr
1918:5.1.2.
1885:
1666:, and
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1470:Kannur
1456:, and
1454:Kerala
1442:CPI(M)
1341:Dorset
1325:Mantua
1250:, and
1160:heresy
977:ḥadīth
968:Shahid
954:Arabic
952:is an
950:Shahid
929:Shahid
894:under
767:martyr
698:Gospel
690:martys
428:Arjuna
424:Arjuna
416:Vidura
403:dharma
393:ahimsa
279:shahid
193:martyr
174:martyr
63:mártys
59:μάρτυς
51:martyr
4526:Child
4494:Relic
4349:]
4323:human
4089:Other
4033:]
3905:Legal
3846:Vigil
3787:Grief
3335:Lists
3042:Death
2884:si)."
2757:3 May
2751:(PDF)
2722:JSTOR
2708:(4).
2696:(PDF)
2496:Arena
2133:(PDF)
1741:India
1579:JSTOR
1565:books
1436:Many
984:jihad
972:Quran
958:Islam
923:Islam
706:death
251:Death
178:Jesus
161:as a
143:Bible
55:Greek
4702:list
4690:list
4678:list
4608:list
4596:list
4010:Will
3491:Body
3461:RAMR
3117:AICD
2937:ISBN
2874:..."
2864:..."
2759:2024
2740:OCLC
2732:LCCN
2714:ISSN
2271:2023
2172:ISBN
2145:2023
2116:link
1996:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1660:Cuba
1551:news
1409:and
1335:The
1299:(in
1295:The
1256:The
1197:guru
1010:and
991:and
833:and
821:and
771:Abel
617:Jews
611:and
563:and
529:and
418:and
67:stem
3264:DOA
2164:doi
2098:doi
2048:doi
1988:doi
1881:,
1750:In
1739:In
1716:In
1534:by
1466:RSS
1462:INC
1446:CPI
1363:to
1173:as
1087:of
995:).
917:BBC
825:in
719:in
684:In
639:or
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