378:
722:, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its
940:
735:
393:" (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement. For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer. Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable
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inches (71 cm) in CSS). In addition, as true screen pixel densities are rarely multiples of 96 dpi, some rounding is often applied so that a logical pixel is an integer amount of actual pixels. Doing so avoids render artifacts. The final "pixel" obtained after these two steps becomes the "anchor" to which all other absolute measurements (e.g. the "centimeter") are based on.
1017:(P-MPix) to measure the sharpness that a camera produces when paired to a particular lens – as opposed to the MP a manufacturer states for a camera product, which is based only on the camera's sensor. The new P-MPix claims to be a more accurate and relevant value for photographers to consider when weighing up camera sharpness. As of mid-2013, the
975:. For example, a camera that makes a 2048 × 1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3.4 megapixels", depending on whether the number reported is the "effective" or the "total" pixel count.
1006:
camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue
750:
at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at a distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be
679:
The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1 bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp
866:
There may, however, be some further adjustments between a "physical" pixel and an on-screen logical pixel. As screens are viewed at difference distances (consider a phone, a computer display, and a TV), the desired length (a "reference pixel") is scaled relative to a reference viewing distance (28
589:
monitors the resolution was possibly adjustable (still lower than what modern monitor achieve), while on some such monitors (or TV sets) the beam sweep rate was fixed, resulting in a fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native
400:
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital
1045:
camera, which only uses a 16 MP sensor but can produce a 64 MP RAW (40 MP JPEG) image by making two exposures, shifting the sensor by a half pixel between them. Using a tripod to take level multi-shots within an instance, the multiple 16 MP images are then generated into a unified 64 MP image.
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resolution at all – instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported. To produce the sharpest images possible on an flat-panel, e.g. OLED or LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor.
1002:, to create the final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record one channel (only red or green or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called
463:
517:
Pixels on computer monitors are normally "square" (that is, have equal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch); pixels in other systems are often "rectangular" (that is, have unequal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch – oblong in shape), as are
452:. By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or
829:
displays use red-green-blue-masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not use subpixel rendering.
327:, is an unrelated filmmaking technique that dates to the beginnings of cinema, in which live actors are posed frame by frame and photographed to create stop-motion animation. An archaic British word meaning "possession by spirits (
654:
per pixel, because 1 radian equals (180/π) × 3600 ≈ 206,265 arcseconds, and because focal lengths are often given in millimeters and pixel sizes in micrometers which yields another factor of 1,000, the formula is often quoted as
1033:
with 64 MP camera. On
December 12, 2019 Samsung released Samsung A71 that also has a 64 MP camera. In late 2019, Xiaomi announced the first camera phone with 108 MP 1/1.33-inch across sensor. The sensor is larger than most of
763:
typically divide each pixel vertically into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as
145:, especially in reference to video games. Modern computers and displays, however, can easily render orders of magnitude more pixels than was previously possible, necessitating the use of large measurements like the
997:
arrangement so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called
456:) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another.
377:
1822:
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A pixel does not need to be rendered as a small square. This image shows alternative ways of reconstructing an image from a set of pixel values, using dots, lines, or smooth filtering.
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camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a
3900:
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on early consumer computers was necessarily rendered at a low resolution, with large pixels visible to the naked eye; graphics made under these limitations may be called
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The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.
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989:(CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the
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In graphic, web design, and user interfaces, a "pixel" may refer to a fixed length rather than a true pixel on the screen to accommodate different
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For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components.
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Pixel is used to define the resolution of a photo. Photo resolution is calculated by multiplying the width and height of a sensor in pixels.
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Saryazdi, Saeı̈d; Haese-Coat, Véronique; Ronsin, Joseph (2000). "Image representation by a new optimal non-uniform morphological sampling".
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370:(photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, and spot.
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3379:
2036:
366:" in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a
42:
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of each pixel is variable. In color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as
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This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged so that individual pixels, rendered as small squares, can easily be seen.
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is the angular distance between two objects on the sky that fall one pixel apart on the detector (CCD or infrared chip). The scale
1245:
James D. Foley; Andries van Dam; John F. Hughes; Steven K. Fainer (1990). "Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail".
863:
inch (0.26 mm). Doing so makes sure a given element will display as the same size no matter what screen resolution views it.
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is sometimes used), while in yet other contexts (like MRI) it may refer to a set of component intensities for a spatial position.
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to manipulate the three colored subpixels separately, producing an increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While
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to the Moon and Mars. Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link
Division of General Precision in
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more than one-third of the D800's 36.3 MP sensor. In August 2019, Xiaomi released the Redmi Note 8 Pro as the world's first
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with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a
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1869:: Technical info on pixel aspect ratios of modern video standards (480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p), plus software implications.
1101:
963:) is a million pixels; the term is used not only for the number of pixels in an image but also to express the number of
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typically use a staggered grid, where the red, green, and blue components are sampled at slightly different locations.
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The subpixels can be ignored, with full-color pixels being treated as the smallest addressable imaging element; or
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331:)", the term has been used to describe the animation process since the early 1950s; various animators, including
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can be used as a unit of measure such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
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239:, in reference to movies. By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists.
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is a technology which takes advantage of these differences to improve the rendering of text on LCD screens.
258:, who in turn said he did not know where it originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" (
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Worked example, with a 30-inch (76 cm) 2160p TV placed 56 inches (140 cm) away from the viewer:
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Warped grids are used when the underlying geometry is non-planar, such as images of the earth from space.
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of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The
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2017:
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1380:, Alf Sinding-Larsen, "Transmission of pictures of moving objects", published 1916-03-14
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1965:
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Many display and image-acquisition systems are not capable of displaying or sensing the different
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magazine in 1927, though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911.
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The use of non-uniform grids is an active research area, attempting to bypass the traditional
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The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as "
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1782:"Samsung Galaxy A51 and Galaxy A71 announced: Infinity-O displays and L-shaped quad cameras"
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578:, and it should (ideally) be matched to the video card resolution. Each pixel is made up of
571:
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display) and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels, or 0.3 megapixels.
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is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the
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554:. The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the
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Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a
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dots in the color display of CRTs (top row) bear no relation to pixels or subpixels.
547:. What it is depends on the monitor, and size. See below for historical exceptions.
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768:, as they are the basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of hardware, and hence
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31:
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New
Acquisition Techniques for Real Objects and Light Sources in Computer Graphics
943:
Diagram of common sensor resolutions of digital cameras including megapixel values
362:. However, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "
1819:"Soon, 40MP without the tripod: A conversation with Setsuya Kataoka from Olympus"
1538:
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A browser will then choose to use the 1.721× pixel size, or round to a 2× ratio.
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refers to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (called a
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Frame by Frame Stop Motion: NonTraditional
Approaches to Stop Motion Animation
1111:
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116:
84:, pixels are the smallest element that can be manipulated through software.
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41:
1723:"Looking for new photo gear? DxOMark's Perceptual Megapixel can help you!"
1025:
has the highest measured P-MPix. However, with a value of 23 MP, it still
3404:
3219:
2721:
2651:
2519:
2445:
2440:
2052:
1768:"World's First Smartphone with a 64 MP Camera: Xiaomi's Redmi Note 8 Pro"
1010:
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302:
280:. According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term
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17:
1866:
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30:
This article is about the picture element. For the hardware lineup, see
3444:
2598:
2544:
2101:
1876:
497:
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2418:
2368:
2231:
1988:
1330:
Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and
Mariner Photography," in
609:
582:, with the number of these triads determining the native resolution.
418:
408:
The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a
1885:
1516:"Experiments with Pixels Per Inch (PPI) on Printed Image Sharpness"
806:
For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken:
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938:
778:
733:
461:
376:
346:
328:
197:
156:
40:
1396:
Robert L. Lillestrand (1972). "Techniques for Change
Detection".
1975:
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563:
409:
363:
313:. For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the
2327:
1889:
1797:"Xiaomi Mi Note 10 camera review: The first 108MP phone camera"
1334:, Vol. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, Jan. 1967 (Aug. 1965, San Francisco).
951:
Comparison of the level of detail between 0.3 and 24 megapixels
2323:
850:
760:
756:
567:
551:
1850:: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith.
738:
Geometry of color elements of various CRT and LCD displays;
500:
uses a hierarchical sampling pattern, where the size of the
235:
magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word
504:
of each pixel depends on its location within the hierarchy.
1041:
One new method to add megapixels has been introduced in a
276:, literally 'picture point') in the 1888 German patent of
250:, to describe the picture elements of scanned images from
412:
file used on a web page) may or may not be in one-to-one
1543:(1st ed.). Thomson Course Technology. p. 40.
981:
Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either
795:
pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as
791:
use single-color sensor regions, for example using the
543:
Computer monitors (and TV sets) generally have a fixed
436:
patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar
1332:
Computerized
Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE
914:
Calculate the real-pixel count per logical-pixel as
3883:
3825:
3725:
3668:
3574:
3458:
3370:
3322:
3067:
2834:
2634:
2361:
2305:
2260:
2127:
2016:
1974:
1946:
1923:
641:by the diameter of the associated lens or mirror.)
448:For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in a
1480:
574:, also use pixels to display an image, and have a
493:of each pixel depends on its position on the grid.
489:, resulting in a regular grid of pixels where the
1313:. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging.
485:The vast majority of color digital cameras use a
358:thought of as the smallest single component of a
1873:How a TV Works in Slow Motion – The Slow Mo Guys
1565:"Image registration of blurred satellite images"
726:(for purposes of combining with another image).
242:The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by
2339:
1901:
1160:Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics
8:
3891:Conservation and restoration of photographs
181:(from "pictures", shortened to "pics") and
73:, or the smallest addressable element in a
3618:Comparison of digital and film photography
2346:
2332:
2324:
1971:
1908:
1894:
1886:
1248:Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice
637:. (The focal length is the product of the
106:In some contexts (such as descriptions of
3843:Photographs considered the most important
69:is the smallest addressable element in a
1271:(volume elements), in analogy to pixels.
1705:"Now a megapixel is really a megapixel"
1567:. staff.utia.cas.cz. 28 February 2001.
1526:from the original on December 22, 2008.
1149:
987:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
833:The concept of subpixels is related to
799:just like in the display industry, not
120:in the camera sensor context, although
1503:printer dots-per-inch pixels-per-inch.
1299:
1297:
1817:Damien Demolder (February 14, 2015).
1687:"CSS Values and Units Module Level 3"
1468:from the original on 22 January 2018.
1429:from the original on 20 December 2017
971:or the number of display elements of
817:This latter approach, referred to as
339:, are credited with popularizing it.
7:
2313:List of computer graphics algorithms
1667:from the original on 6 November 2017
1415:Lewis, Peter H. (12 February 1989).
1240:
1238:
1077:Intrapixel and Interpixel processing
3838:Museums devoted to one photographer
1825:from the original on March 11, 2015
1454:. Taylor & Francis. p. 2.
874:Calculate the scaled pixel size as
849:. A typical definition, such as in
783:Samsung UA40M5860AKCHD TV subpixels
305:and in image and video processing,
3380:Timeline of photography technology
1795:Robert Triggs (January 16, 2020).
1729:. 17 December 2012. Archived from
1417:"Compaq Sharpens Its Video Option"
1251:. The Systems Programming Series.
1157:Foley, J. D.; Van Dam, A. (1982).
612:is the ratio of the pixel spacing
585:On older, historically available,
25:
3969:Computer graphics data structures
1571:from the original on 20 June 2008
650:is usually expressed in units of
440:printing and storage techniques.
3941:
3931:
3930:
1766:Anton Shilov (August 31, 2019).
1745:"Camera Lens Ratings by DxOMark"
1711:from the original on 2013-07-01.
1641:from the original on 5 July 2015
1358:from the original on 9 July 2017
1344:Safire, William (2 April 1995).
1320:from the original on 2009-02-19.
1290:from the original on 2010-12-30.
1231:from the original on 2018-01-22.
1187:Modern Dictionary of Electronics
853:, is that a "physical" pixel is
710:24 bpp, 2 = 16,777,216 colors ("
101:cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
27:Physical point in a raster image
3942:
1190:. Oxford: Newnes. p. 569.
1163:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
1038:with 1/2.3-inch across sensor.
900:Calculate the DPI of the TV as
539:Resolution of computer monitors
165:display elements on a laptop's
1848:A Pixel Is Not A Little Square
146:
1:
3430:Painted photography backdrops
3362:Golden triangle (composition)
2642:35 mm equivalent focal length
2270:3D computer graphics software
1611:10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00158-2
1483:The Magic of Digital Printing
1448:Tom Gasek (17 January 2013).
1284:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1267:These cells are often called
1019:Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens
925:in × 82.61 dpi ≈ 1.721 pixels
259:
191:"); similar formations with '
2085:Hidden-surface determination
1867:Square and non-Square Pixels
1661:"CSS: em, px, pt, cm, in..."
1102:Pixel art scaling algorithms
703:16 bpp, 2 = 65,536 colors ("
450:regular two-dimensional grid
3140:Intentional camera movement
1007:in the Bayer arrangement).
4015:
3833:Most expensive photographs
3185:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1540:Mastering Digital Printing
1419:. The Executive Computer.
1307:A brief history of 'pixel'
672:
29:
3926:
1663:w3.org. 8 November 2017.
1479:Derek Doeffinger (2005).
1304:Lyon, Richard F. (2006).
1057:Computer display standard
680:image can have 8 colors:
627:of the preceding optics,
309:is often used instead of
3767:Digital image processing
1211:Michael Goesele (2004).
1043:Micro Four Thirds System
598:The pixel scale used in
594:Resolution of telescopes
323:, spelled with a second
3875:Photography periodicals
3435:Photography and the law
2297:Vector graphics editors
2292:Raster graphics editors
1862:Computer History Museum
1537:Harald Johnson (2002).
1184:Rudolf F. Graf (1999).
1127:Glossary of video terms
534:digital video standard.
272:" (the German word for
244:Frederic C. Billingsley
3787:Gelatin silver process
2811:Science of photography
2796:Photographic processes
2774:Perspective distortion
2180:Checkerboard rendering
1487:. Lark Books. p.
952:
944:
784:
743:
471:
382:
352:
170:
149:(one million pixels).
46:
36:Pixel (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3999:Television technology
3240:Schlieren photography
2784:Photographic printing
2707:Exposure compensation
2135:Affine transformation
2114:Surface triangulation
2058:Anisotropic filtering
1087:PenTile matrix family
983:charge-coupled device
950:
942:
782:
759:colors. For example,
737:
700:8 bpp, 2 = 256 colors
684:1 bpp, 2 = 2 colors (
528:anamorphic widescreen
522:formats with diverse
465:
380:
350:
301:as early as 1972. In
293:Some authors explain
160:
44:
3029:Straight photography
2667:Chromatic aberration
1784:. December 12, 2019.
1015:Perceptual MegaPixel
821:, uses knowledge of
787:Most digital camera
697:4 bpp, 2 = 16 colors
562:(and TV sets), e.g.
466:Text rendered using
356:A pixel is generally
177:is a combination of
97:red, green, and blue
3984:Digital photography
3901:photographic plates
3576:Digital photography
2759:Hyperfocal distance
2672:Circle of confusion
2150:Collision detection
2078:Global illumination
1603:2000PatRe..33..961S
1591:Pattern Recognition
1217:. Books on Demand.
895:inch (0.53 mm)
694:3 bpp, 2 = 8 colors
691:2 bpp, 2 = 4 colors
560:Flat-panel monitors
434:television scanning
80:. In most digital
3989:Display technology
3395:Autochrome Lumière
3390:Analog photography
3215:Pigeon photography
3009:Social documentary
2488:discontinued films
2200:Scanline rendering
1994:Parallax scrolling
1984:Isometric graphics
1856:, 2016 lecture by
1422:The New York Times
1398:IEEE Trans. Comput
1351:The New York Times
1122:Point (typography)
1107:Pixel aspect ratio
953:
945:
819:subpixel rendering
785:
744:
480:Subpixel rendering
472:
383:
353:
195:include the words
171:
47:
3956:
3955:
3747:Collodion process
3683:Chromogenic print
3670:Color photography
3180:Multiple exposure
3155:Lo-fi photography
2687:Color temperature
2321:
2320:
2262:Graphics software
2155:Planar projection
2140:Back-face culling
2012:
2011:
1956:Alpha compositing
1917:Computer graphics
1550:978-1-929685-65-3
1461:978-1-136-12933-9
1346:"Modem, I'm Odem"
1092:Pixel advertising
909:× 16) ≈ 82.61 dpi
774:subpixel circuits
576:native resolution
558:of the computer.
545:native resolution
444:Sampling patterns
16:(Redirected from
4006:
3994:Image processing
3974:Digital geometry
3945:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3807:Print permanence
3752:Cross processing
3710:CMYK color model
3695:Color management
3648:Foveon X3 sensor
3643:Three-CCD camera
3287:Miniature faking
3245:Sabattier effect
2862:Astrophotography
2717:Zebra patterning
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2247:Volume rendering
2119:Wire-frame model
1972:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1881:The Slow Mo Guys
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:. Archived from
1741:
1735:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
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1561:
1555:
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1534:
1528:
1527:
1522:. July 3, 2005.
1512:
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1208:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1072:Image resolution
1028:
973:digital displays
926:
924:
923:
919:
910:
908:
907:
902:2160 / (30 in /
896:
894:
893:
889:
884:
883:
879:
862:
861:
857:
664:
649:
636:
626:
617:
607:
432:originates from
357:
264:
261:
224:
221:
218:
209:
206:
203:
161:A photograph of
134:
131:
128:
87:Each pixel is a
21:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3979:Digital imaging
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3922:
3879:
3821:
3812:Push processing
3728:
3721:
3715:RGB color model
3664:
3570:
3454:
3366:
3332:Diagonal method
3318:
3063:
2967:Photojournalism
2830:
2662:Black-and-white
2630:
2609:Slide projector
2604:Movie projector
2483:available films
2357:
2352:
2322:
2317:
2301:
2256:
2123:
2068:Fluid animation
2008:
1970:
1942:
1933:Diffusion curve
1925:Vector graphics
1919:
1914:
1858:Richard F. Lyon
1854:"Pixels and Me"
1844:
1839:
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1828:
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1531:
1520:ClarkVision.com
1514:
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1371:
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1359:
1348:. On Language.
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1155:
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1146:
1141:
1137:Vector graphics
1067:Gigapixel image
1052:
1026:
969:digital cameras
937:
921:
917:
916:
915:
905:
903:
901:
891:
887:
886:
885:in × (56/28) =
881:
877:
876:
875:
859:
855:
854:
847:pixel densities
843:
732:
677:
671:
656:
645:
628:
622:
613:
603:
596:
541:
530:formats of the
470:using subpixels
446:
419:bitmapped image
391:pixels per inch
355:
345:
282:picture element
262:
222:
219:
216:
207:
204:
201:
155:
132:
129:
126:
82:display devices
67:picture element
51:digital imaging
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3597:
3596:
3584:Digital camera
3580:
3578:
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3568:
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3455:
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3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Camera obscura
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Rule of thirds
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
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3316:
3311:
3306:
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3279:
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3257:
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3217:
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3207:
3202:
3197:
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3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Harris shutter
3117:
3115:Hand-colouring
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
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2844:
2838:
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2832:
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2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Red-eye effect
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Exposure value
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Depth of focus
2694:
2692:Depth of field
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
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2547:
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2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Shadow mapping
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
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2162:
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2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
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1963:
1958:
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1884:
1883:
1870:
1864:
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1843:
1842:External links
1840:
1837:
1836:
1809:
1787:
1773:
1758:
1755:on 2013-05-26.
1736:
1733:on 8 May 2017.
1714:
1696:
1678:
1652:
1634:dictionary.com
1616:
1597:(6): 961–977.
1581:
1556:
1549:
1529:
1507:
1497:
1471:
1460:
1440:
1407:
1388:
1369:
1336:
1323:
1293:
1275:
1261:
1253:Addison-Wesley
1234:
1223:
1203:
1196:
1176:
1169:
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1059:
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936:
933:
929:
928:
912:
898:
842:
839:
823:pixel geometry
815:
814:
811:
770:pixel circuits
748:color channels
731:
728:
716:
715:
708:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
673:Main article:
670:
669:Bits per pixel
667:
595:
592:
540:
537:
536:
535:
526:, such as the
515:
508:
505:
494:
483:
445:
442:
414:correspondence
385:The measures "
368:digital camera
364:printed pixels
344:
341:
333:Norman McLaren
287:Wireless World
284:itself was in
154:
151:
130:sensor element
108:camera sensors
78:display device
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4011:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
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3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
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3964:
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3909:
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3902:
3899:
3897:
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3893:
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3889:
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3882:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:Photographers
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Bleach bypass
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:primary color
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Reversal film
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Image sharing
3653:
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3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
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3624:
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3557:
3556:United States
3554:
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3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
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3428:
3426:
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3418:
3416:
3415:Daguerreotype
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
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3398:
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3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
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3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Stopping down
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Rephotography
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
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3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
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3173:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Long-exposure
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
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3017:
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3007:
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2999:
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2860:
2858:
2857:Architectural
2855:
2853:
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2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Shutter speed
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Metering mode
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
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2725:
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2710:
2708:
2705:
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2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Color balance
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Angle of view
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
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2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Manufacturers
2592:
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2400:
2397:
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2356:
2349:
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2337:
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2329:
2326:
2314:
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2298:
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2283:
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2278:
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2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Shadow volume
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
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2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:Triangle mesh
2093:
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2079:
2076:
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2074:
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2069:
2066:
2064:
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2054:
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2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:3D projection
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1966:Text-to-image
1964:
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1640:
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1596:
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1498:1-57990-689-3
1494:
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1333:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:0-201-12110-7
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1224:3-8334-1489-8
1220:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1197:0-7506-4331-5
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:LCD crosstalk
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:bridge camera
1032:
1024:
1021:mounted on a
1020:
1016:
1013:invented the
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
949:
941:
934:
932:
913:
899:
873:
872:
871:
868:
864:
852:
848:
841:Logical pixel
840:
838:
836:
831:
828:
824:
820:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:image sensors
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
749:
741:
736:
729:
727:
725:
721:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:
681:
676:
668:
666:
663:
659:
653:
648:
642:
640:
635:
631:
625:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
593:
591:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
570:monitors, or
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
538:
533:
529:
525:
524:aspect ratios
521:
520:digital video
516:
513:
512:Nyquist limit
509:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
464:
460:
459:For example:
457:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
398:
396:
392:
389:" (dpi) and "
388:
387:dots per inch
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:digital image
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:picture cell,
296:
291:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
233:
228:
220:texture pixel
215:
214:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
168:
164:
159:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
125:
124:
119:
118:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:(abbreviated
56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3913:Polaroid art
3802:K-14 process
3797:Instant film
3792:Gum printing
3742:C-41 process
3727:Photographic
3659:
3628:Image sensor
3623:Film scanner
3277:Sun printing
3210:Print toning
3002:space selfie
2972:Pictorialism
2902:Ethnographic
2882:Conservation
2754:Guide number
2749:Focal length
2227:Shear matrix
2190:Path tracing
2175:Cone tracing
2170:Beam tracing
2090:Polygon mesh
2031:3D rendering
1937:
1827:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:February 20,
1800:. Retrieved
1790:
1776:
1761:
1753:the original
1748:
1739:
1731:the original
1726:
1717:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1632:
1626:
1619:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1559:
1539:
1532:
1519:
1510:
1502:
1482:
1474:
1450:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1349:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1306:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1247:
1213:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1159:
1152:
1117:Pixelization
1040:
1009:
1003:
995:Bayer filter
991:sensor array
980:
977:
967:elements of
965:image sensor
960:
956:
954:
930:
869:
865:
844:
832:
816:
805:
800:
796:
793:Bayer filter
786:
773:
772:rather than
769:
765:
752:
745:
717:
678:
661:
657:
646:
643:
633:
629:
623:
620:focal length
614:
608:measured in
604:
597:
584:
549:
542:
490:
487:Bayer filter
458:
447:
429:
425:raster image
423:
417:
407:
399:
384:
371:
354:
324:
319:
310:
306:
298:
294:
292:
285:
281:
273:
269:
267:
252:space probes
241:
236:
230:
229:appeared in
226:
225:. The word
212:
205:volume pixel
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
137:
121:
115:
111:
105:
86:
71:raster image
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
32:Google Pixel
3918:Stereoscopy
3777:E-6 process
3772:Dye coupler
3700:color space
3613:Digiscoping
3606:camera back
3521:Philippines
3450:Visual arts
3440:Glass plate
3425:Heliography
3324:Composition
3299:Ultraviolet
3255:Stereoscopy
3250:Slow motion
3235:Scanography
3150:Kite aerial
3095:Contre-jour
2987:Post-mortem
2977:Pornography
2957:Neues Sehen
2892:Documentary
2826:Zone System
2801:Reciprocity
2727:Film format
2657:Backscatter
2635:Terminology
2505:beauty dish
2409:rangefinder
2374:light-field
2355:Photography
2242:Translation
2195:Ray casting
2185:Ray tracing
2063:Cel shading
2037:Image-based
2018:3D graphics
1999:Ray casting
1948:2D graphics
1671:21 December
1629:in Science"
1433:21 December
1362:21 December
1004:N-megapixel
1000:demosaicing
675:Color depth
639:focal ratio
476:LCD screens
428:. The word
337:Grant Munro
315:original PC
278:Paul Nipkow
263: 1963
3963:Categories
3908:Lomography
3729:processing
3678:Print film
3594:comparison
3561:Uzbekistan
3511:Luxembourg
3471:Bangladesh
3420:Dufaycolor
3400:Box camera
3357:Simplicity
3314:Zoom burst
3309:Xerography
3304:Vignetting
3294:Time-lapse
3282:Tilt–shift
3175:Mordançage
3165:Luminogram
3130:Holography
3125:High-speed
3105:Fill flash
3090:Burst mode
3068:Techniques
3049:Vernacular
3044:Underwater
3039:Toy camera
3019:Still life
2947:Monochrome
2937:High-speed
2887:Cloudscape
2877:Conceptual
2779:Photograph
2764:Lens flare
2744:Film speed
2626:Zone plate
2572:wide-angle
2557:long-focus
2306:Algorithms
2160:Reflection
1691:www.w3.org
1575:2008-05-09
1378:US 1175313
1170:0201144689
1144:References
1112:Pixelation
1031:smartphone
1023:Nikon D800
906:9^2 + 16^2
686:monochrome
652:arcseconds
556:video card
395:resolution
321:Pixilation
75:dot matrix
3853:Norwegian
3817:Stop bath
3762:Developer
3757:Cyanotype
3385:Ambrotype
3347:Lead room
3270:Slit-scan
3205:Photogram
3200:Panoramic
3110:Fireworks
2942:Landscape
2587:telephoto
2535:reflector
2530:monolight
2525:lens hood
2510:cucoloris
2451:safelight
2362:Equipment
2285:rendering
2275:animation
2165:Rendering
1879:video by
1097:Pixel art
1027:wipes off
985:(CCD) or
957:megapixel
935:Megapixel
801:subpixels
776:is used.
755:, mostly
753:subpixels
751:known as
730:Subpixels
720:Highcolor
712:Truecolor
705:Highcolor
600:astronomy
468:ClearType
381:Pixel art
343:Technical
270:Bildpunkt
256:Palo Alto
173:The word
153:Etymology
147:megapixel
143:pixel art
117:photosite
93:intensity
18:Megapixel
3937:Category
3633:CMOS APS
3531:Slovenia
3459:Regional
3405:Calotype
3342:Headroom
3220:Redscale
3135:Infrared
3085:Brenizer
3059:Wildlife
2982:Portrait
2927:Forensic
2917:Fine-art
2852:Aircraft
2842:Abstract
2722:F-number
2702:Exposure
2677:Clipping
2652:Aperture
2520:hot shoe
2446:enlarger
2441:Darkroom
2280:modeling
2207:Rotation
2145:Clipping
2128:Concepts
2107:Deferred
2073:Lighting
2053:Aliasing
2047:Unbiased
2042:Spectral
1829:March 8,
1823:Archived
1709:Archived
1665:Archived
1639:Archived
1627:Subpixel
1569:Archived
1524:Archived
1466:Archived
1427:Archived
1356:Archived
1315:Archived
1288:Archived
1229:Archived
1050:See also
1011:DxO Labs
740:phosphor
644:Because
532:Rec. 601
438:halftone
303:graphics
237:pictures
163:subpixel
139:Software
3948:Outline
3884:Related
3566:Vietnam
3551:Ukraine
3486:Denmark
3466:Albania
3445:Tintype
3372:History
3337:Framing
3230:Rollout
3195:Panning
3145:Kirlian
3054:Wedding
2932:Glamour
2912:Fashion
2897:Eclipse
2867:Banquet
2789:Albumen
2599:Monopod
2577:fisheye
2545:softbox
2399:pinhole
2389:instant
2379:digital
2212:Scaling
2102:Shading
1877:YouTube
1860:at the
1749:DxOMark
1727:DxOMark
1599:Bibcode
920:⁄
904:√
890:⁄
880:⁄
858:⁄
835:samples
724:opacity
610:radians
502:support
498:clipmap
232:Variety
188:element
3946:
3935:
3863:street
3858:Polish
3546:Turkey
3541:Taiwan
3526:Serbia
3516:Norway
3491:Greece
3476:Canada
3075:Afocal
3034:Street
3014:Sports
2997:Selfie
2952:Nature
2907:Erotic
2872:Candid
2847:Aerial
2835:Genres
2737:medium
2614:Tripod
2582:swivel
2495:Filter
2473:holder
2468:format
2369:Camera
2232:Shader
2004:Skybox
1989:Mode 7
1961:Layers
1645:4 July
1547:
1495:
1458:
1384:
1269:voxels
1259:
1221:
1194:
1167:
797:pixels
766:pixels
660:= 206
580:triads
454:kernel
430:raster
372:Pixels
329:pixies
210:, and
185:(for "
169:screen
123:sensel
89:sample
3868:women
3826:Lists
3782:Fixer
3660:Pixel
3589:D-SLR
3536:Sudan
3506:Korea
3501:Japan
3496:India
3481:China
3265:Strip
3190:Night
3170:Macro
3080:Bokeh
3024:Stock
2992:Ruins
2732:large
2562:prime
2540:snoot
2500:Flash
2478:stock
2419:still
2404:press
2394:phone
2384:field
2252:Voxel
2237:Texel
1938:Pixel
1318:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1132:Voxel
1062:Dexel
662:p / f
634:p / f
572:E-ink
491:color
422:or a
311:pixel
295:pixel
274:pixel
213:texel
198:voxel
175:pixel
112:pixel
99:, or
65:, or
55:pixel
3896:film
3601:MILC
3100:ETTR
2962:Nude
2922:Fire
2821:Sync
2619:head
2567:zoom
2552:Lens
2515:gobo
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