331:
This was the epoch of the decline of national legend, the disintegration of associated ethical norms, and the concomitant explosion of new religious and philosophical schools vying with each other over "ultimate questions". The "epic and tragic wholeness of a man and his fate" lost its power as a social and literary ideal, and consequently social 'positions' became devalued, transformed into 'roles' played out in a theatre of the absurd. Bakhtin argues that the generic integrity of
Menippean satire in its expression of a decentred reality is a quality that has enabled it to exercise an immense influence over the development of European novelistic prose.
760:
73:, virtuosi, enthusiasts, rapacious and incompetent professional men of all kinds," although they are addressed in terms of "their occupational approach to life as distinct from their social behavior ... as mouthpieces of the idea they represent". Characterization in Menippean satire is more stylized than naturalistic, and presents people as an embodiment of the ideas they represent. The term
349:
ordinary life, and the acceptance and even celebration of everything that was hidden or repressed by that structure. The apparently heterogeneous characteristics of
Menippean satire can, in essence, be traced back to the "concretely sensuous forms" worked out in the carnival tradition and the unified "carnival sense of the world" that grew out of them.
358:
periods including the modern. As a type of discourse, “Menippean” signifies a mixed, often discontinuous way of writing that draws upon distinct, multiple traditions. It is normally highly intellectual and typically embodies an idea, an ideology or a mind-set in the figure of a grotesque, even disgusting, comic character.
305:
other possibilities than those apparently preordained in himself and his life: "he loses his finalized quality and ceases to mean only one thing; he ceases to coincide with himself". This non-finalization and non-coincidence is facilitated by a rudimentary form of "dialogic relationship to one's own self".
688:
of the ancient genre. Rather it was a creative renewal based in an instinctive recognition of its potential as a form through which to express the philosophical, spiritual and ideological ferment of his time. It could be said that "it was not
Dostoevsky's subjective memory, but the objective memory
357:
In a series of articles, Edward
Milowicki and Robert Rawdon Wilson, building upon Bakhtin's theory, have argued that Menippean is not a period-specific term, as many Classicists have claimed, but a term for discursive analysis that instructively applies to many kinds of writing from many historical
308:
Breaches of conventional behaviour and disruptions to the customary course of events are characteristic of the
Menippea. Scandals and eccentricities have the same function in 'the world' that mental disorders have in 'the individual' – they shatter the fragile unity and stability of the established
304:
states of mind – madness, split personality, unrestrained daydreaming, weird dreams, extreme passions, suicides etc. Such phenomena function in the
Menippea to destabilize the unity of an individual and his fate – a unity that is always assumed in other genres such as the epic. The person discovers
330:
Despite the apparent heterogeneity of these characteristics, Bakhtin emphasizes the "organic unity" and the "internal integrity" of the genre. He argues that
Menippean satire is the best expression and the truest reflection of the social-philosophical tendencies of the epoch in which it flowered.
348:
of a ritualistic sort": its essential elements were common to a great diversity of times and places, and over time became deeply rooted in the individual and collective psyche. These elements revolved around the suspension of the laws, prohibitions and restrictions that governed the structure of
312:
Sharp contrasts, abrupt transitions, oxymoronic combinations, counterintuitive comparisons and unexpected meetings between unrelated things are essential to the
Menippea. Opposites are brought together, or united in a single character – the noble criminal, the virtuous courtesan, the emperor who
683:
For
Bakhtin, Menippean satire as a genre reached its summit in the modern era in the novels and short stories of Dostoevsky. He argues that all the characteristics of the ancient Menippea are present in Dostoevsky but in a highly developed and more complex form. This was not because Dostoevsky
278:
The ideas being tested are always of an "ultimate" nature. Merely intellectual or academic problems or arguments had no place: the whole man and his whole life are at stake in the process of the testing of his idea. Everywhere there is the "stripped down
689:
of the very genre in which he worked, that preserved the peculiar features of the ancient menippea." The generic features of
Menippean satire were the ground on which Dostoevsky was able to build a new literary genre, which Bakhtin calls
257:. It is not bound by the orthodoxies of legend, or by the need for historical or everyday realism, even when its central characters are based on legendary or historical figures. It freely operates in the realm of "the fantastic".
275:: the 'testing of the idea' never avoids the degenerate or grotesque side of earthly existence. The man of the idea encounters "worldly evil, depravity, baseness and vulgarity in their most extreme expression".
334:
According to Bakhtin, the cultural force that underpins the integrity and unity of Menippean satire as a genre, despite its extreme variability and the heterogeneity of its elements, is
705:
said that Menippean satire moves rapidly between styles and points of view. Such satires deal less with human characters than with the single-minded mental attitudes, or "
309:
order and the 'normal', expected course of events. The inappropriate, cynical word that unmasks a false idol or an empty social convention is similarly characteristic.
286:
A three-planed construction—Earth, Olympus and the nether-world—is apparent. Action and dialogue frequently take place on the "threshold" between the planes.
338:. The genre epitomises the transposition of the "carnival sense of the world" into the language and forms of literature, a process Bakhtin refers to as
1826:
260:
The unrestrained use of the fantastic is internally motivated by a philosophical objective: a philosophical idea, embodied in a seeker of truth, is
323:
Widespread use of inserted genres such as novellas, letters, speeches, diatribes, soliloquys, symposia, and poetry, frequently of a parodic nature.
1689:
42:, that is characterized by attacking mental attitudes rather than specific individuals or entities. It has been broadly described as a mixture of
204:, are Menippea "extended to the limits of the novel". The most complete picture of the genre in ancient times is to be found in the satires of
1627:
1422:
719:
664:
in "Visionary Film", Mennipea became the dominant new genre in avant-garde cinema at the turn of the century. Filmmakers he cited include
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810:
547:
190:, especially in the banquet scene "Cena Trimalchionis", which combines epic form, tragedy, and philosophy with verse and prose. Both
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1375:
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nature, a fragmented narrative, the combination of many different targets, and the rapid moving between styles and points of view.
499:
1389:
246:
Bakhtin identifies a number of basic characteristics that distinguish Menippean satire from comparable genres in antiquity:
1819:
568:
222:
1788:
1783:
1620:
Von Atlantis bis Zamonien, von Menippos bis Moers: Die Zamonien-Romane Walter Moers' im Kontext der menippeischen Satire
1342:"Narrative and Narrated Homicide": The Vision of Contemporary Civilisation in Martin Amis's Postmodern Detective Fiction
176:, or "Pumpkinification", is the only near-complete classical Menippean satire to survive. It consisted in an irreverent
713:
The novelist sees evil and folly as social diseases, but the Menippean satirist sees them as diseases of the intellect
1890:
1489:
Milowicki, Edward J. and Robert Rawdon Wilson (2002) "A Measure for Menippean Discourse: The Example of Shakespeare."
745:
709:", that they represent: the pedant, the braggart, the bigot, the miser, the quack, the seducer, etc. Frye observed,
1598:, MARTIN Martial (édition critique de), Paris, H. Champion, 2007, "Textes de la Renaissance", n° 117, 944 p.
723:) as a character rooted in novelistic realism, but the tutors Thwackum and Square as figures of Menippean satire.
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457:
65:
The term is used by classical grammarians and by philologists mostly to refer to satires in prose (cf. the verse
1941:
1854:
1812:
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411:
69:
and his imitators). Social types attacked and ridiculed by Menippean satires include "pedants, bigots, cranks,
389:. The 20th century saw renewed critical interest in the form, with Menippean satire significantly influencing
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652:
452:
393:. Among the works that contemporary scholars have identified as growing out of the Menippean tradition are:
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250:
There is a significantly heightened comic element, although there are exceptions (for example in Boethius).
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105:
1648:
Menippean Satire and the Poetics of Wit: Ideologies of Self-Consciousness in Dunton, D’Urfey, and Sterne.
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90:
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475:
1125:
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428:
406:
166:
Varro's own 150 books of Menippean satires survive only through quotations. The genre continued with
50:
narrative, and satirical commentary. Other features found in Menippean satire are different forms of
1303:"Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" in the light of Bakhtin's "Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics""
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604:
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506:
418:
235:
147:
135:
1895:
1314:
1203:
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640:
445:
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108:(116–27 BC), the latter being the first to identify the genre by referring to his own satires as
66:
730:
to be "cumbersome and in modern terms rather misleading", and proposed as replacement the term
1946:
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1599:
1418:
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899:
765:
554:
1474:
980:
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440:
1936:
1835:
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677:
669:
661:
523:
511:
469:
370:
172:
119:
1900:
1849:
1566:
1482:
592:
518:
464:
386:
213:
200:
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Satyre Menippee de la Vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne et de la tenue des Estats de Paris
1930:
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1120:
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209:
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intentionally adopted and expanded it as a form: his writing was not in any sense a
1088:
673:
220:, and in early Christian literature, including the Gospels. Later examples include
180:
of the deification of Emperor Claudius. The Menippean tradition is also evident in
78:
881:
1773:
1587:
Korkowski, Eugene. "Tristram Shandy, Digressions, and the Menippean Tradition".
1565:
Kharpertian, Theodore D. "Of Models, Muddles, and Middles: Menippean Satire and
647:
623:
587:
123:
59:
1885:
755:
535:
47:
1560:
Postcolonial Satire: Indian Fiction and the Reimagining of Menippean Satire.
1465:
186:
181:
122:, the genre itself was in existence prior to Menippus, with authors such as
55:
326:
A sharp satirical focus on a wide variety of contemporary ideas and issues.
1470:
482:
227:
195:
97:
43:
17:
1548:. Ed. Frank Lestringant and Daniel Menager. Geneva: Droz, 1986. 105–118.
1318:
1302:
1207:
1187:
1165:
1149:
740:). In his theory of prose fiction it occupies the fourth place with the
1657:. Ed. Frank Lestringant and Daniel Menager. Geneva: Droz, 1985. 151-99.
1450:
940:
487:
362:
293:
in narrative point of view appears, for example the "view from above" (
70:
1232:. Translated by Emerson, Caryl. University of Texas Press. p. 28.
1793:
1768:
1747:
1742:
1710:
1698:
1544:
Boudou, B., M. Driol, and P. Lambercy. "Carnaval et monde renverse".
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217:
205:
177:
101:
93:
51:
35:
1804:
741:
559:
39:
1551:
Courtney, E. "Parody and Literary Allusion in Menippean Satire",
717:
He illustrated this distinction by positing Squire Western (from
1667:
1276:
Donohue, Denis (1998). "Introduction". In O'Brien, Flann (ed.).
883:
A hand to turn the time: the Menippean satires of Thomas Pynchon
58:, a critique of the myths inherited from traditional culture, a
1808:
1671:
1582:
Menippean Satire: An Annotated Catalogue of Texts and Criticism
320:, usually in the form of a dream or journey to an unknown land.
1653:
Vignes, Jean. "Culture et histoire dans la Satyre Menippee".
1150:"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: A Text and Its Conjuncture"
1368:
Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal.
981:
Subversive Symmetry: Exploring the Fantastic in Mark 6:45-56
208:. The influence of Menippean satire can be found in ancient
1613:
Grotesque Anatomies: Menippean Satire Since the Renaissance
1570:
1053:
1051:
271:
Fantastic and mystical elements are combined with a crude
255:
extraordinary freedom of plot and philosophical invention
1500:: Voices in The Darkness of Troy." Jonathan Hart, ed.
866:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 108, 114–119.
1622:. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2016. 35–103.
1615:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2014.
77:
distinguishes it from the earlier satire pioneered by
1502:
Reading The Renaissance: Culture, Poetics, and Drama.
1873:
1842:
1761:
1735:
1496:
Wilson, Robert Rawdon and Edward Milowicki (1996) "
89:The form is named after the third-century-BC Greek
1481:A Hand to Turn the Time: The Menippean Satires of
1228:Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981). Holquist, Michael (ed.).
804:
802:
800:
1457:, translated by Caryl Emerson. Minnesota U P 1984
783:(1594) – a satirical work in France during the
711:
361:The form was revived during the Renaissance by
100:. His works, now lost, influenced the works of
1370:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
914:
912:
845:
843:
841:
1820:
1683:
1265:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–13.
1095:(1985 edition), article on satire, pp. 166–8.
878:Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire
8:
1486:. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson U P, 1990.
1460:Branham, R Bracht and Kinney, Daniel (1997)
1664:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2005.
1504:New York: Garland, 1996. 129–144, 234–240.
829:Narrative Contexts for Bacon's New Atlantis
109:
1827:
1813:
1805:
1690:
1676:
1668:
373:, while 19th-century examples include the
1520:Canadian Review of Comparative Literature
1230:The Dialogic Imagination (Epic and Novel)
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
823:
821:
819:
811:Specific Continuous Forms (Prose Fiction)
114:; such satires are sometimes also termed
1522:34: 2 (June, 2007). pp. 203–213.
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
796:
81:, which was based on personal attacks.
1417:(3rd ed.). Oxford. p. 410.
1263:The Role of Thunder in Finnegans Wake
1007:A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
7:
1280:. Dalkey Archive Press. p. ix.
831:, p. 39, in Bronwen Price (editor),
1509:The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust
1348:(PhD thesis). University of Silesia
1636:. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1981.
1539:Satire and the Postcolonial Novel.
898:(Sesta edizione: Roma-Bari 2004).
25:
1516:On Disgust: A Menippean Interview
344:. Carnival as a social event is "
1860:Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
1634:Chaucer and the Menippean Satire
1455:Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
945:Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
864:Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics
758:
500:The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
1662:Menippean Satire Reconsidered.
1655:Etudes sur la Satyre Mennippee
1594:Martin, Martial, "Préface" in
1525:Disgust: A Menippean Interview
947:, pp. 113, 115. Translated by
283:of life's ultimate questions".
201:Metamorphoses (The Golden Ass)
1:
1546:Etudes sur la Satyre Menippée
1514:Wilson, Robert Rawdon (2007)
1507:Wilson, Robert Rawdon (2002)
1493:23: 2 (Summer 2002). 291–326.
894:Mastromarco, Giuseppe (1994)
569:The Dream of a Ridiculous Man
316:There is often an element of
223:The Consolation of Philosophy
155:
151:
143:
139:
131:
127:
1394:The New York Review of Books
1093:A Glossary of Literary Terms
833:Francis Bacon's New Atlantis
808:Frye, Fourth essay, section
1891:Culture of popular laughter
1301:Krasnov, Vladislav (1987).
1251:Bakhtin (1984). pp. 147–153
1242:Bakhtin (1984). pp. 137–147
1188:"The Critic's New Clothes:
1186:Felluga, D. Franco (1995).
291:experimental fantasticality
1963:
1584:. New York: Garland, 1980.
1437:Bakhtin (1984). pp. 121–22
1413:Sitney, P. Adams (2002) .
1129:(1974 edition) pp. 309–12.
1061:(Princeton 1971) p. 310-12
1018:Bakhtin (1984). pp. 114–19
880:pp. 29–30, in Kharpertian
696:
212:, in the Roman satires of
1705:
1479:Kharpertian, Theodore D.
1339:Stolarek, Joanna (2011).
1036:Bakhtin (1984). pp 122–25
896:Introduzione a Aristofane
876:Theodore D. Kharpertian,
862:Bakhtin, Mikhail (1984).
458:The Anatomy of Melancholy
1855:The Dialogic Imagination
1641:Ancient Menippean Satire
1511:, U Alberta Press, 2002.
1307:Russian Language Journal
994:Petronius, The Satyricon
617:The Master and Margarita
412:Gargantua and Pantagruel
300:An experimentation with
266:extraordinary situations
1874:Concepts and Philosophy
1541:Psychology Press, 2003.
1390:"When Privacy Is Theft"
1148:Pechey, Graham (1979).
1916:Polyphony (literature)
1865:Rabelais and His World
1261:McLuhan, Eric (1997).
1154:Oxford Literary Review
1027:Bakhtin (1984). p, 119
969:Bakhtin (1984). p. 113
960:Bakhtin (1984). p. 113
715:
423:Euphormionis Satyricon
110:
106:Marcus Terentius Varro
1577:17 (Fall 1985): 3–14.
1138:Bakhtin (1984). p 116
1104:Bakhtin (1984). p 136
1070:Bakhtin (1984). p 136
1045:Bakhtin (1984). p 134
737:Anatomy of Melancholy
734:(taken from Burton's
391:postmodern literature
104:(2nd century AD) and
1660:Weinbrot, Howard D.
1537:Ball, John Clement.
1498:Troilus and Cressida
1126:Anatomy of Criticism
1059:Anatomy of Criticism
1009:(London 1894) p. 558
996:(Penguin 1986) p. 21
992:J. P. Sullivan ed.,
951:. Minnesota UP 1984.
930:Bakhtin (1984). p113
726:Frye found the term
434:Mundus Alter et Idem
1555:106 (1962): 86–100.
1366:Freudenburg, Kirk.
1278:The Third Policeman
1005:H. Nettleship ed.,
629:Dead Babies (novel)
605:The Third Policeman
581:Point Counter Point
566:Fyodor Dostoevsky,
548:Alice in Wonderland
507:Thomas Love Peacock
346:syncretic pageantry
236:Julian the apostate
162:Classical tradition
148:Bion of Borysthenes
136:Heraclides Ponticus
1896:Dialogue (Bakhtin)
1643:. Baltimore, 1993.
1388:Atwood, Margaret.
476:Gulliver's Travels
446:Novelas ejemplares
400:In Praise of Folly
302:psychopathological
168:Seneca the Younger
67:Satires of Juvenal
1924:
1923:
1802:
1801:
1650:Peter Lang, 1996.
1646:Sherbert, Garry.
1628:978-3-8260-5899-8
1591:1.4 (1975): 3–16.
1558:Friedman, Amy L.
1424:978-0-19-514885-5
1192:as Cold Carnival"
978:George W. Young,
766:Literature portal
697:Frye's definition
555:Fyodor Dostoevsky
407:François Rabelais
111:saturae menippeae
54:and mythological
16:(Redirected from
1954:
1911:Menippean satire
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
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1632:Payne, F. Anne.
1589:Scholia Satyrica
1580:Kirk, Eugene P.
1562:Lexington, 2019.
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785:Wars of Religion
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748:and confession.
728:Menippean satire
612:Mikhail Bulgakov
441:Miguel Cervantes
313:becomes a slave.
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116:Varronian satire
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75:Menippean satire
32:Menippean satire
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1942:Literary genres
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1618:Pawlik, Katja.
1609:Musgrave, David
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1532:Further reading
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849:Branham (1997)
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780:Satire Ménippée
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678:Hollis Frampton
670:Sidney Peterson
662:P. Adams Sitney
524:Sartor Resartus
512:Nightmare Abbey
470:A Tale of a Tub
371:Laurence Sterne
355:
341:Carnivalisation
273:slum naturalism
244:
242:Characteristics
173:Apocolocyntosis
164:
120:Mikhail Bakhtin
118:. According to
96:and polemicist
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1494:
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1483:Thomas Pynchon
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1415:Visionary Film
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827:Paul Salzman,
815:
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621:
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593:Finnegans Wake
585:
573:
564:
552:
540:
528:
519:Thomas Carlyle
516:
504:
492:
480:
465:Jonathan Swift
462:
450:
438:
426:
416:
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387:Robert Southey
354:
353:Later examples
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328:
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214:Gaius Lucilius
163:
160:
86:
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27:Literary genre
26:
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14:
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10:
9:
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2:
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1948:
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1906:Heteroglossia
1904:
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1881:Carnivalesque
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1575:Pynchon Notes
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703:Northrop Frye
694:
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666:Yvonne Rainer
663:
660:According to
655:
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636:Terry Gilliam
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531:Nikolai Gogol
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318:social utopia
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146:310 BC)) and
137:
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84:
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38:, usually in
37:
34:is a form of
33:
30:The genre of
19:
1910:
1752:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
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1612:
1595:
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1559:
1552:
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1523:
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1515:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1480:
1475:pp.xiii-xxvi
1469:
1462:Introduction
1461:
1454:
1433:
1414:
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1367:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1341:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1310:
1306:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1199:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1157:
1153:
1143:
1134:
1124:
1100:
1092:
1089:M. H. Abrams
1066:
1058:
1041:
1032:
1023:
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979:
974:
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832:
828:
809:
778:
735:
731:
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718:
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685:
682:
674:Michael Snow
659:
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627:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
474:
468:
456:
444:
432:
422:
419:John Barclay
410:
398:
382:
379:Thomas Amory
374:
360:
356:
345:
339:
335:
333:
329:
317:
301:
294:
290:
280:
272:
265:
261:
254:
253:There is an
245:
231:
221:
210:Greek novels
199:
191:
185:
171:
165:
115:
88:
79:Aristophanes
74:
64:
31:
29:
1453:, Mikhail.
1352:1 September
686:stylization
648:Dave Eggers
624:Martin Amis
588:James Joyce
429:Joseph Hall
375:John Buncle
232:The Caesars
124:Antisthenes
1931:Categories
1886:Chronotope
1769:Literature
1748:Juvenalian
1553:Philologus
1445:References
1399:2013-12-18
1202:(4): 586.
653:The Circle
536:Dead Souls
383:The Doctor
295:kataskopia
48:picaresque
1753:Menippean
1725:Political
1718:Religious
1466:Petronius
1196:Criticism
1160:(3): 70.
1057:N. Frye,
906:pp. 21–22
720:Tom Jones
691:Polyphony
397:Erasmus,
192:Satyricon
187:Satyricon
182:Petronius
158:250 BC).
142:390 BC –
134:366 BC),
60:rhapsodic
56:burlesque
18:Menippean
1947:Cynicism
1743:Horatian
1471:Satyrica
1324:27 March
1319:43909481
1213:27 March
1208:23118254
1171:27 March
1166:43974142
851:pp. 18–9
752:See also
483:Voltaire
336:carnival
228:Boethius
196:Apuleius
170:, whose
98:Menippus
94:parodist
71:parvenus
44:allegory
1567:Pynchon
1451:Bakhtin
941:Bakhtin
746:romance
732:anatomy
707:humours
701:Critic
488:Candide
363:Erasmus
85:Origins
1937:Satire
1736:Genres
1711:Social
1626:
1602:
1421:
1374:
1317:
1284:
1206:
1164:
902:
835:(2002)
676:, and
656:(2013)
644:(1985)
641:Brazil
632:(1975)
620:(1967)
608:(1939)
596:(1939)
584:(1928)
572:(1877)
563:(1873)
551:(1865)
539:(1842)
527:(1836)
515:(1818)
503:(1794)
491:(1759)
479:(1726)
461:(1621)
449:(1612)
437:(1605)
425:(1605)
415:(1564)
403:(1509)
369:, and
367:Burton
262:tested
218:Horace
206:Lucian
178:parody
154:325 –
130:446 –
102:Lucian
52:parody
36:satire
1843:Works
1794:Other
1779:Music
1762:Media
1346:(PDF)
1315:JSTOR
1204:JSTOR
1162:JSTOR
791:Notes
742:novel
560:Bobok
91:cynic
40:prose
1789:Film
1774:News
1624:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1354:2023
1326:2021
1282:ISBN
1215:2021
1173:2021
920:p.17
900:ISBN
473:and
381:and
230:and
216:and
194:and
1569:'s
1464:to
385:of
377:of
289:An
264:in
234:of
226:of
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1784:TV
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1571:V.
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1200:37
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1194:.
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1123:,
1109:^
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1075:^
1050:^
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911:^
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156:c.
152:c.
144:c.
140:c.
132:c.
128:c.
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268:.
150:(
138:(
126:(
20:)
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