265:
Maryland, which was acquired early in the 19th century by Lewis and Eliza
Wootton Beall, as part of Eliza's dowry from her father Richard Wootton. It is during their ownership of Rose Hill that grapes were first cultivated on their property. The remnants of these grapes are still evident in the sole surviving grapevine that runs eastward from the side of the barn towards the Rose Hill Mansion. According to J. Thomas Scharf, the presence of Catawba grapevines at Rose Hill can be traced back to the early decades of the 19th century. Cuttings of the Catawba grape, first discovered in western North Carolina around 1801, are believed to have been transported to Montgomery County before 1816, when they were left by a traveler with Jacob Scholl, an innkeeper in Clarksburg. They appeared at Rose Hill shortly thereafter when Eliza Beall obtained some cuttings from her brother Singleton Wootton, who had, in turn, gotten them from Scholl.
340:
503:
225:
794:
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616:
56:
450:
The year 1859 was
Catawba's peak in the Ohio wine industry, with the state being the largest producer in the United States, producing more than 568,000 US gallons (21,500 hL) of wine from 2,000 acres (800 ha) acres of mostly Catawba vines. But the 1860s brought an end to the enthusiasm when
442:
Longworth was a fervent champion of
Catawba, particularly grown in the Ohio River Valley, as a grape that he believed would lead the American wine industry for years to come. Prior to his sparkling Catawba, no other American wine had received the level of critical acclaim in Europe that his wines
769:
Catawba is also known under the synonyms
Arkansas, Captraube Rot, Catawba Rosa, Catawampus, Catowba Tokay, Cher Kee, Cherokee, Fancher, Francher Kello White, Francher Kells White, Keller's White, Lebanon, Lebanon Seedling, Lichigan, Lincoln, Lincolun, Mammoth Catawba, Meads Seedling, Mecleron,
264:
whose late husband grew the grape. Again, the story goes that Mrs. Scholl told Adlum that while her husband always called the grape "Catawba", she could not recall where the vines came from. It is possible that the source of the
Catawba grapes came from the Rose Hill property, in Rockville,
495:(wooly hairs). The vine produces moderate size clusters that are nearly cylindrical and fairly compact. The large berries have an oval shape with what Bern Ramey describes as'"a dull purplish-red with a lilac-colored bloom". The Catawba has the characteristic
259:
who wrote to Adlum and said while her late husband always called the grapes "Catawba", she did not know where he got the original vines from. Historian Thomas Pinney describes a similar story with Adlum receiving the cuttings in 1819 from a Mrs. Scholl of
959:
Huber, Franziska; Röckel, Franco; Schwander, Florian; Maul, Erika; Eibach, Rudolf; Cousins, Peter; Töpfer, Reinhard (2016). "A view into
American grapevine history: Vitis vinifera cv. 'SĂ©millon' is an ancestor of 'Catawba' and 'Concord'".
447:, Longworth wrote in 1847, "The day is not distant, when the Ohio River will rival the Rhine, in the quantity and quality of its wine. I give the Catawba preference over all other grapes, for a general crop, for wine."
770:
Merceron, Michigan, Muncy, Muncy Pale Red, Municipale Red, Omega, R'd Muncy, Red Muncy, Rose Of
Tennessee, Rote Captraube, Sarato A, Saratoga, Singleton, Tekomah, Tokay, Virginia Amber, and White Catawba.
3086:
3028:
3023:
3101:
3139:
1318:
757:, often describe the level of foxiness as "distinctive", American writers such as Ramey note that Catawba wines usually fall somewhere in the middle between Concord and
1469:
3096:
439:. So influential was Longworth's Catawba wine that newspapers began referring to him as "the founder of wine culture in America, author of sparkling Catawba."
350:
From its obscure origins, the
Catawba grape began appearing on nursery inventory lists across the United States and soon became a major grape in the growing
487:
varieties, the
Catawba grapevine has large leaves that can be mono-lobed or moderately three-lobed with the slightly smaller leaves that are closer to the
793:
2487:
738:, with heat breaking down some of the coloring compounds from the skin, but that can have an effect on the overall flavor profile of the wine.
1423:
1225:
275:
118:
1462:
159:" flavor. Grown predominantly on the East Coast of the United States, this purplish-red grape is a likely a hybrid of the native American
491:
of the vine shoot. The upper surface of the leaves have a medium green color with a leathery texture while the underside has dense white
3127:
355:
187:
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543:
3018:
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The possible
Carolina origins do correspond with circumstantial details about the name "Catawba". In the Carolinas there is the
3175:
3061:
2057:
1455:
249:
1283:
3091:
186:. During the early to mid-19th century, it was the most widely planted grape variety in the country and was the grape behind
237:
3134:
3106:
3081:
3071:
2480:
391:
171:
cultivar Semillon. Its exact origins are unclear but it seems to have originated somewhere on the East coast from the
3122:
3076:
3013:
515:
412:
1308:, pg 25-28, Technical Report, No. 07-02, Texas Wine Marketing Research Institute, Texas Tech University, June 2007
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2555:
371:
241:
3005:
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624:
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industry. From 1825 to 1850, it was the most widely planted grape in the United States. One early adopter was
1779:
502:
375:
323:, the Catawba people have historically populated the entire area that extended from the western Piedmont of
256:
1842:
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2473:
1884:
1597:
635:
575:
468:
400:
1800:
1793:
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1681:
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styles of wine. Though the grape is technically considered a "red wine" grape, Catawba actually produces
3045:
2791:
2104:
2003:
1856:
1737:
1527:
735:
604:
519:
424:
316:
297:
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1933:
1870:
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of Catawba in his Finger Lake vineyards that had less pigmentation in skin and could produce a lighter
1961:
1604:
634:
and Eastern United States, though its numbers are not very large due to the prevalence of more recent
381:
From the 1830s through the 1850s, Longworth's still and sparkling Catawba were being distributed from
362:, Ohio who founded America's first commercially successful winery. After difficulties cultivating the
232:
The exact origins and parentage of the Catawba grape are unclear. While most sources agree that Major
2429:
1975:
1940:
1905:
1863:
1716:
1632:
1555:
1028:
261:
1583:
1442:
New York, 1930, McGraw-Hill, Page 123; Color Sample of Catawba: Page 135, Plate 56, Color Sample J10
905:
731:
642:
in area suitable for its cultivation. The areas with the largest concentration of plantings are the
2876:
2705:
2670:
1674:
344:
274:
grapes used in wine production, but can also be eaten or made into grape juice, jam, or jelly. The
1420:
304:
also places the vine's origins in North Carolina but claims that it was first identified in 1801.
2745:
2650:
2610:
2154:
2024:
1828:
1807:
1688:
1639:
1618:
1176:, Catawaba entry (no page numbers in book), University of California-Davis, 1977, ASIN B0006CZP4S
977:
683:
472:
456:
2928:
2374:
499:"slip-skin" which is thick but slides easily off between the fingers, leaving the pulp intact.
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1304:
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719:
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671:
363:
278:
gives credit to the Scholls and describes Catawba as a crossing of the North American species
694:
In favorable locations that can accommodate the grape's late ripening, Catawba can produce a
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2017:
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soon eclipsed Catawba in plantings and ended its dominance of the American wine industry.
300:
even earlier, in 1802, but does not state who discovered the variety. British wine expert
152:
366:, Longworth purchased Catawba cuttings from Major Adlum and planted a vineyard along the
1214:
1032:
374:
in his winery, Longworth began producing a sparkling Catawba modeled after the wines of
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Addendum to Inventory No. M: 26/8, Rose Hill Farm/Bullard Mansion Historic District
879:
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555:
1110:
248:
Maryland women given attribution by different writers. Wine writer Bern Ramey and
1041:
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wine than the usual Catawba variety. Fournier decided to use this variety, named
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1982:
1189:, pg 722, Baltimore: Regional Publishing Company, 1968 (reprint of 1882 edition)
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695:
600:
423:. The popularity of Longworth's wine encouraged a flurry of plantings along the
408:
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parentage also means that the Catawba has a higher susceptibility to various
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2234:
2159:
2094:
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where it received numerous press accolades. In the 1850s, a journalist from
301:
172:
1060:
615:
522:
which includes hot, humid summers and cold winters. However, the vine is a
200:
Catawba is a late-ripening variety, ripening often weeks after many other
3144:
3038:
2980:
2866:
2419:
2314:
2244:
1447:
1127:
A History of Wine in America from the Beginnings to Prohibition, Volume 1
868:
492:
176:
745:", which refers to the earthy and musky aromas commonly associated with
411:". The wines were also well received at home in the United States where
17:
2359:
2164:
1015:
Sawler J, Reisch B, Aradhya MK, Prins B, Zhong GY, et al. (2013).
714:
of varying shades of pink and white wines because the concentration of
631:
580:
1340:
The Wild Vine: A Forgotten Grape and the Untold Story of American Wine
936:
is a representation of the color of the outer skin of catawba grapes.
2906:
2851:
2329:
2229:
1421:
Image of Catawba grapes from Sedimentality.com wine connoisseur site:
386:
1399:
The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called
510:
varieties, Catawba is susceptible to both downy and powdery mildew.
1484:
822:
718:
in the grapes is very low and they contribute little color during
614:
501:
338:
245:
223:
144:
39:
1198:
Inventory of Historic Properties From Maryland Historical Trust,
1113:, Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, accessed 2011-01-14
2465:
826:
814:
416:
191:
140:
2469:
1451:
883:
845:
818:
148:
726:
from the skins also means that Catawba wines are very low in
395:
noted that the still white Catawba compared favorably to the
459:
led to many vineyards being pulled up or abandoned. Another
455:
decimated Catawba plantings and the economic turmoil of the
197:
that were distributed as far away as California and Europe.
1363:, pg 629, Oxford University Press, USA, 1st Edition, 2007,
1241:, Third Edition, pg 144, Oxford University Press, 2006,
1080:
cv. 'SĂ©millon' is an ancestor of 'Catawba' and 'Concord'"
734:. Winemakers wishing to produce a darker Catawba can use
592:. In 1950, this sparkling pink Catawba was the first non-
546:
before incremental winter weather sets in. The possible
514:
The Catawba is a hardy vine that can handle the severe
1411:
is displayed on page 123, Plate 56, Color Sample J10.
630:
The Catawba grape can still be found throughout the
255:
professor Lloyd A. Lider credit Mrs. J. Johnston of
3140:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
3115:
3054:
3004:
2764:
2503:
2065:
1483:
1284:
Vintage America: A Brief History of Wine in America
1017:"Genomics Assisted Ancestry Deconvolution in Grape"
904:
896:
866:
839:
812:
802:
790:
780:
741:
The flavor of Catawba can have varying degrees of "
526:variety, usually one to two weeks later than other
117:
107:
96:
73:
65:
32:
619:Photographic plate of Catawba grape from the book
1129:, pg 142, University of California Press, 1989,
1361:The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
650:wine region, but Catawba can also be found in
570:In the 1940s, French-American viticulturalist
542:hazards that can come in locations with short
290:and list 1819 as its likely introduction. The
182:Catawba played an important role in the early
2481:
1463:
8:
445:Culture of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine
155:. The grape can have a pronounced musky or "
749:varieties. While European tasters, such as
311:, which flows through the territory of the
208:varieties, it can be susceptible to fungal
2488:
2474:
2466:
1470:
1456:
1448:
403:and the sparkling Catawba "transcends the
236:was growing the variety at his nursery in
54:
29:
1333:
1331:
1298:
1296:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1111:Growing Grapes in the Home Fruit Planting
1095:
1076:"A view into American grapevine history:
1050:
1040:
268:The Catawba grape is one of the earliest
1383:, pg 45, Oxford University Press, 1996,
1121:
1119:
943:as a color name in English was in 1916.
1305:A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN WINE INDUSTRY
1210:
1208:
1202:, pg 4, Maryland Historical Trust, 2003
951:
419:dedicated to Nicholas Longworth titled
1407:New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color
1381:Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes
777:
588:, in his New York sparkling wine from
538:which means that it is susceptible to
1226:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
962:Vitis - Journal of Grapevine Research
638:varieties and increased plantings of
276:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
7:
370:. After accidentally stumbling upon
1403:in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul
240:by at least 1823, where he got the
998:, pg 228, Mitchell Beazley, 1986,
443:received. In the American journal
343:Nicholas Longworth as depicted by
296:states the vine was identified in
25:
1343:, pg 102, Clarkson Potter, 2010,
1302:N. Barber, L. Hutchins, T. Dodd,
2056:
925:At right is displayed the color
792:
244:of the vine is unknown with two
1266:, pg 59, Harcourt Books, 2001,
798: Color coordinates
722:. Similarly, the low amount of
250:University of California, Davis
761:when it comes to foxy aromas.
1:
1074:Huber F, et al. (2016).
101:
60:A bottle of Ohio Catawba wine
3135:American Vineyard Foundation
1239:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1042:10.1371/journal.pone.0080791
1187:History of Western Maryland
1097:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.53-56
974:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.53-56
596:to win a gold medal at the
479:Description and viticulture
392:The Illustrated London News
238:Georgetown, Washington, D.C
3192:
3123:American Viticultural Area
2047:V. zhejiang-adstricta
939:The first recorded use of
690:Winemaking and wine styles
413:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
284:with the European species
2054:
1781:V. lanceolatifoliosa
996:Vines, Grapes & Wines
914:
785:
372:sparkling wine production
319:is currently centered in
204:varieties and, like many
53:
37:
3171:Red wine grape varieties
1886:V. pseudoreticulata
625:Ulysses Prentiss Hedrick
293:Oxford Companion to Wine
184:history of American wine
1844:V. Ă— novae-angliae
918:: Normalized to (byte)
257:Fredericktown, Maryland
3176:Hybrid grape varieties
3029:Twenty-first Amendment
1942:V. shuttleworthii
1599:V. bloodworthiana
1478:Hybrid grape varieties
1264:Encyclopedia of Grapes
636:French-American hybrid
627:
621:The Grapes of New York
511:
469:Concord, Massachusetts
467:developed in 1849 in
347:
229:
3046:Vine and Olive Colony
1802:V. luochengensis
1795:V. longquanensis
1753:V. jinggangensis
1683:V. erythrophylla
1440:A Dictionary of Color
1405:A Dictionary of Color
1290:magazine, Jan 3, 2011
1228:, accessed 2011-01-14
1174:The Great Wine Grapes
618:
605:California State Fair
520:Eastern United States
505:
342:
317:Catawba Indian Nation
227:
3024:Eighteenth Amendment
2026:V. xunyangensis
2005:V. wenchouensis
1914:V. rotundifolia
1858:V. peninsularis
1830:V. mustangensis
1809:V. menghaiensis
1739:V. jacquemontii
1690:V. fengqinensis
1641:V. chunganensis
1620:V. bryoniifolia
1529:V. Ă— andersonii
1323:The Pittsburgh Press
1319:Red White and Bubbly
262:Clarksburg, Maryland
2040:V. yunnanensis
1956:V. sinocinerea
1935:V. shenxiensis
1928:V. ruyuanensis
1872:V. pilosonerva
1837:V. nesbittiana
1816:V. mengziensis
1634:V. Ă— champinii
1627:V. californica
1613:V. Ă— bourquina
1578:V. betulifolia
1571:V. berlandieri
1237:J. Robinson (ed.),
1185:Scharf. J. Thomas,
1033:2013PLoSO...880791S
906:ISCC–NBS descriptor
698:wine with moderate
590:Gold Seal Vineyards
554:, like powdery and
516:continental climate
421:Ode to Catawba Wine
345:Robert S. Duncanson
66:Color of berry skin
2019:V. wuhanensis
1970:V. tiliifolia
1963:V. Ă— slavinii
1949:V. silvestrii
1788:V. lincecumii
1746:V. jaegeriana
1676:V. Ă— doaniana
1662:V. coignetiae
1606:V. bourgaeana
1515:V. aestivalis
1508:V. adenoclada
1501:V. acerifolia
1426:2013-12-18 at the
1220:2012-05-13 at the
736:thermovinification
628:
560:labrusca varieties
512:
473:Ephraim Wales Bull
457:American Civil War
356:Nicholas Longworth
348:
230:
188:Nicholas Longworth
135:is a red American
3153:
3152:
2966:St. Vincent grape
2463:
2462:
2430:Triomphe d'Alsace
2265:Lakemont seedless
1977:V. treleasei
1921:V. rupestris
1907:V. romanetii
1865:V. piasezkii
1823:V. monticola
1718:V. hancockii
1697:V. ficifolia
1557:V. bashanica
1543:V. balansana
1536:V. arizonica
1522:V. amurensis
923:
922:
425:Ohio River Valley
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
3183:
2847:Gamay Beaujolais
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2060:
2012:V. wilsonae
1991:V. vinifera
1893:V. retordii
1879:V. popenoei
1767:V. labrusca
1725:V. heyneana
1711:V. girdiana
1704:V. flexuosa
1585:V. biformis
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1438:Maerz and Paul,
1436:
1430:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1377:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1335:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1260:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1212:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1137:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1012:
1006:
992:
986:
985:
956:
892:
887:
862:
861:(348°, 52%, 44%)
857:
835:
830:
797:
796:
778:
572:Charles Fournier
427:and up north to
102:list of synonyms
58:
47:
42:
30:
27:Variety of grape
21:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3111:
3050:
3000:
2929:Rogers' Hybrids
2765:Grape cultivars
2760:
2499:
2494:
2464:
2459:
2375:Rogers' Hybrids
2295:Marechal Joffre
2230:Himrod seedless
2125:Cabernet Cortis
2067:Notable hybrids
2061:
2052:
1998:V. vulpina
1900:V. riparia
1851:V. palmata
1774:V. Ă— labruscana
1669:V. davidii
1655:V. cinerea
1648:V. chungii
1592:V. blancoi
1564:V. bellula
1550:V. barbata
1479:
1476:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1428:Wayback Machine
1419:
1415:
1398:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1358:
1354:
1336:
1329:
1325:, Dec. 15, 1991
1316:
1312:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1222:Wayback Machine
1213:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1140:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1014:
1013:
1009:
993:
989:
958:
957:
953:
949:
919:
890:
872:
867:
860:
840:
833:
813:
791:
776:
774:Catawba (color)
767:
755:Jancis Robinson
692:
613:
594:California wine
576:clonal mutation
568:
558:, than typical
544:growing seasons
530:varieties like
489:apical meristem
481:
337:
222:
195:sparkling wines
61:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3189:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:South Carolina
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:North Carolina
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Villard grapes
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:L'Acadie blanc
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Cabernet blanc
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2033:V. Yeshanensis
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1760:V. Kelungensis
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1413:
1392:
1372:
1352:
1327:
1317:K. Brewster, "
1310:
1292:
1282:T. Baiocchi, "
1275:
1250:
1230:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1138:
1115:
1103:
1078:Vitis vinifera
1066:
1027:(11): e80791.
1007:
987:
950:
948:
945:
921:
920:
912:
911:
908:
902:
901:
900:Maerz and Paul
898:
894:
893:
888:
870:
864:
863:
858:
837:
836:
831:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
788:
787:
783:
782:
775:
772:
766:
763:
747:Vitis labrusca
708:off-dry to dry
691:
688:
680:South Carolina
676:North Carolina
640:Vitis vinifera
612:
609:
567:
564:
552:grape diseases
485:Vitis labrusca
480:
477:
453:powdery mildew
336:
333:
329:South Carolina
325:North Carolina
321:South Carolina
313:Catawba people
298:North Carolina
287:Vitis vinifera
281:Vitis labrusca
271:Vitis labrusca
221:
218:
214:powdery mildew
210:grape diseases
168:Vitis vinifera
162:Vitis labrusca
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
85:Vitis vinifera
79:Vitis labrusca
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3188:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:American wine
3164:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Valvin muscat
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Black Spanish
2790:
2788:
2787:Blanc du Bois
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:West Virginia
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:New Hampshire
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Massachusetts
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:Wine by state
2502:
2498:
2497:American wine
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Valvin muscat
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Seibel grapes
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Marechal Foch
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Blanc du Bois
2108:
2106:
2105:Black Spanish
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:V. tsoii
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:0-19-860098-4
1386:
1382:
1379:J. Robinson,
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:0-19-530796-8
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:0-307-40936-8
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:0-15-100714-4
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:0-19-860990-6
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:0-520-06224-8
1132:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1090:(11): 53–56.
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:1-85732-999-6
1001:
997:
994:J. Robinson,
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
952:
946:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:(112, 54, 66)
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:
801:
795:
789:
784:
779:
773:
771:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:medium bodied
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
574:discovered a
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:late ripening
521:
517:
509:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
463:variety, the
462:
458:
454:
448:
446:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:American wine
346:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Catawba River
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
266:
263:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
193:
190:'s acclaimed
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:grape variety
134:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:United States
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3116:Other topics
3097:South Dakota
3034:Volstead Act
2892:Minnesota 78
2802:Cayuga White
2796:
2711:South Dakota
2701:Rhode Island
2696:Pennsylvania
2676:North Dakota
2455:Zarya severa
2400:Seyval blanc
2185:Couderc noir
2145:Cayuga White
2139:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
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1899:
1892:
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1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
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1829:
1822:
1815:
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1752:
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1731:
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1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
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1675:
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1654:
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1619:
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1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
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1549:
1542:
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1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
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1490:
1486:
1439:
1434:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1380:
1375:
1360:
1355:
1338:
1322:
1313:
1303:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1238:
1233:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1126:
1106:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1024:
1020:
1010:
995:
990:
968:(2): 53–56.
965:
961:
954:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
924:
915:
891:(31, 37, 1°)
768:
758:
746:
740:
716:anthocyanins
711:
693:
672:Pennsylvania
648:Finger Lakes
639:
629:
620:
611:Wine regions
598:wine tasting
586:Pink Catawba
585:
579:
569:
566:Pink Catawba
559:
556:downy mildew
547:
540:harvest time
527:
513:
507:
496:
484:
482:
460:
449:
444:
441:
433:Finger Lakes
420:
415:published a
390:
380:
349:
315:. While the
306:
291:
285:
279:
269:
267:
231:
205:
201:
199:
181:
166:
160:
132:
131:
83:
77:
44:
3062:New England
3019:Prohibition
2996:Vidal blanc
2961:Scuppernong
2912:Olmo grapes
2877:La Crescent
2626:Mississippi
2541:Connecticut
2440:Vidal blanc
2405:Seyval noir
2365:Ravat blanc
2340:Olmo grapes
2320:Muscat bleu
2280:LĂ©on Millot
2275:Landot noir
2270:Landal noir
2150:Chambourcin
1732:V. hui
1337:T. Kilman,
1262:Oz Clarke,
1125:T. Pinney,
808:#703642
804:Hex triplet
706:to produce
702:and enough
601:competition
327:across the
253:viticulture
143:as well as
97:Also called
3160:Categories
3092:New Mexico
3087:New Jersey
3014:California
2976:Traminette
2827:Corot noir
2741:Washington
2661:New Mexico
2656:New Jersey
2531:California
2425:Traminette
2205:Flot rouge
2190:De Chaunac
2180:Corot noir
2155:Chancellor
2115:Breidecker
2090:Baco blanc
1359:A. Smith,
1172:B. Ramey,
947:References
932:The color
720:maceration
684:Washington
623:, 1908 by
506:Like many
483:Like many
435:region of
405:Champagnes
397:hock wines
383:California
368:Ohio River
360:Cincinnati
234:John Adlum
228:John Adlum
2971:St. Pepin
2949:Massasoit
2887:Marquette
2882:La Crosse
2862:Jaeger 70
2857:Ives noir
2842:Frontenac
2837:Edelweiss
2817:Chardonel
2772:Alexander
2751:Wisconsin
2716:Tennessee
2621:Minnesota
2596:Louisiana
2415:St. Pepin
2305:Massasoit
2300:Marquette
2285:Malverina
2260:La Crosse
2240:Jaeger 70
2235:Ives noir
2210:Frontenac
2195:Edelweiss
2160:Chardonel
2095:Baco noir
2080:Alexander
751:Oz Clarke
644:Lake Erie
429:Lake Erie
376:Champagne
364:Alexander
302:Oz Clarke
173:Carolinas
139:used for
3145:Meritage
3107:Virginia
3082:Missouri
3072:Illinois
3055:Wineries
3039:Vine-Glo
2991:Vignoles
2981:Thomcord
2872:Lakemont
2867:Kay Gray
2832:Delaware
2736:Virginia
2686:Oklahoma
2666:New York
2641:Nebraska
2631:Missouri
2616:Michigan
2606:Maryland
2591:Kentucky
2571:Illinois
2546:Delaware
2536:Colorado
2526:Arkansas
2445:Vignoles
2420:Thomcord
2315:Merzling
2245:Kay Gray
2225:Hibernal
1424:Archived
1218:Archived
1061:24244717
1021:PLOS ONE
982:87513053
910:Dark red
765:Synonyms
759:vinifera
743:foxiness
664:Missouri
660:Michigan
652:Arkansas
548:vinifera
536:Delaware
528:labrusca
508:vinifera
497:labrusca
493:tomentum
461:labrusca
437:New York
331:border.
242:cuttings
212:such as
206:vinifera
202:labrusca
177:Maryland
165:and the
90:SĂ©millon
18:Merceron
3006:History
2944:Herbert
2917:Royalty
2897:Niagara
2822:Clinton
2812:Concord
2807:Cassady
2797:Catawba
2756:Wyoming
2731:Vermont
2636:Montana
2576:Indiana
2556:Georgia
2551:Florida
2521:Arizona
2511:Alabama
2410:Solaris
2395:Severny
2385:Royalty
2360:Plantet
2355:Phoenix
2325:Niagara
2220:Herbert
2175:Concord
2170:Clinton
2165:Chelois
2140:Catawba
2135:Cassady
2130:Cascade
1491:species
1485:Grape (
1409:catawba
1401:catawba
1215:Catawba
1052:3823699
1029:Bibcode
941:catawba
934:catawba
927:catawba
781:Catawba
732:extract
728:tannins
724:phenols
700:acidity
656:Georgia
632:Midwest
603:of the
532:Concord
518:of the
465:Concord
399:of the
335:History
246:widowed
220:Origins
153:jellies
133:Catawba
74:Species
33:Catawba
3077:Kansas
2939:Goethe
2907:Noiret
2902:Norton
2852:Himrod
2777:Agawam
2691:Oregon
2646:Nevada
2586:Kansas
2561:Hawaii
2516:Alaska
2335:Norton
2330:Noiret
2310:Melody
2215:Goethe
2085:Aurore
2075:Agawam
1387:
1367:
1347:
1270:
1245:
1133:
1059:
1049:
1002:
980:
897:Source
869:CIELCh
786:
704:sugars
409:France
387:Europe
121:number
108:Origin
3067:Idaho
2954:Requa
2934:Flora
2924:Onaka
2721:Texas
2601:Maine
2566:Idaho
2380:Rondo
2370:Requa
2350:Orion
2345:Onaka
2250:Kyoho
2200:Flora
1487:Vitis
1288:Eater
1084:Vitis
978:S2CID
712:rosés
401:Rhine
145:juice
69:Rouge
46:Vitis
40:Grape
3128:list
3102:Utah
2782:Beta
2726:Utah
2681:Ohio
2581:Iowa
2100:Beta
1385:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1057:PMID
1000:ISBN
815:sRGB
753:and
730:and
682:and
668:Ohio
646:and
581:rosé
534:and
431:and
417:poem
192:Ohio
157:foxy
151:and
149:jams
141:wine
125:2346
119:VIVC
100:See
1321:",
1286:",
1092:doi
1047:PMC
1037:doi
970:doi
842:HSV
471:by
407:of
385:to
358:of
175:to
3162::
1489:)
1330:^
1295:^
1253:^
1224:,
1207:^
1141:^
1118:^
1088:55
1086:.
1082:.
1055:.
1045:.
1035:.
1023:.
1019:.
976:.
966:55
964:.
929:.
882:,
878:,
871:uv
852:,
848:,
825:,
821:,
686:.
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
607:.
562:.
378:.
216:.
179:.
147:,
82:Ă—
2489:e
2482:t
2475:v
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
1100:.
1094::
1063:.
1039::
1031::
1025:8
984:.
972::
916:B
886:)
884:h
880:C
876:L
874:(
856:)
854:v
850:s
846:h
844:(
829:)
827:b
823:g
819:r
817:(
92:"
88:"
49:)
43:(
20:)
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