Mestizo - Knowledge (XXG)

1369: 1357: 1787:, called Pardos, were already present in El Salvador, the majority are tri-racial Pardo Salvadorans who largely cluster with the Mestizo population. They have been mixed into and were naturally bred out by the general Mestizo population, which is a combination of a Mestizo majority and the minority of Pardo people, both of whom are racially mixed populations. A total of only 10,000 enslaved Africans were brought to El Salvador over the span of 75 years, starting around 1548, about 25 years after El Salvador's colonization. The enslaved Africans that were brought to El Salvador during the colonial times, eventually came to mix and merged into the much larger and vaster Mestizo mixed European Spanish/Native Indigenous population creating Pardo or Afromestizos who cluster with Mestizo people, contributing into the modern day Mestizo population in El Salvador, thus, there remains no significant extremes of African physiognomy among Salvadorans like there is in the other countries of Central America. 1143:) comprised the Spanish (Españoles) and all other non-Indian peoples. Indians were free vassals of the crown, whose commoners paid tribute while Indigenous elites were considered nobles and tribute exempt, as were Mestizos. Indians were nominally protected by the crown, with non-Indians (Mestizos, blacks, and mulattoes) forbidden to live in Indigenous communities. Mestizos and Indians in Mexico habitually held each other in mutual antipathy. This was particularly the case with commoner American Indians against Mestizos, some of whom infiltrated their communities and became part of the ruling elite. Spanish authorities turned a blind eye to the Mestizos' presence, since they collected commoners' tribute for the crown and came to hold offices. They were useful intermediaries for the colonial state between the Republic of Spaniards and the Republic of Indians. 1838: 2590: 1310: 1228: 673:. There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper-class Portuguese landlord males and enslaved females enjoyed privileges higher than those given to the lower classes, such as formal education. Such cases were not so common and the children of enslaved women tended not to be allowed to inherit property. This right of inheritance was generally given to children of free women, who tended to be legitimate offspring in cases of concubinage (this was a common practice in certain Native American and African cultures). In the Portuguese-speaking world, the contemporary sense has been the closest to the historical usage from the Middle Ages. Because of important linguistic and historical differences, 1462: 1204: 1666: 837: 2960: 1322: 1341: 1449:

others use the culture-based definition, and estimate the percentage of mestizos as high as 90% of the Mexican population, several others mix-up both due lack of knowledge in regards to the modern definition and assert that mixed ethnicity Mexicans are as much as 93% of Mexico's population. Paradoxically to its wide definition, the word mestizo has long been dropped off popular Mexican vocabulary, with the word sometimes having pejorative connotations, which further complicates attempts to quantify mestizos via self-identification.

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1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry. The study also noted that whereas mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of Indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in Indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the Indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.

1256: 810: 1240: 2713:, elites sought to be, act, and look like modern Europeans, that is, different from the majority of the Mexican population. Díaz was mixed-race himself, but powdered his dark skin to hide his Mixtec Indigenous ancestry. At the end of the nineteenth century, however, as social and economic tensions increased in Mexico, two major works by Mexican intellectuals sought to rehabilitate the assessment of the mestizo. Díaz's Minister of Education, 1275: 2184: 2932: 2554: 2643: 1589: 1291: 2088:. With the passage of time these Spanish conquerors and succeeding Spanish colonists sired offspring, largely nonconsensually, with the local Amerindian population, since Spanish immigration did not initially include many European females to the colonies. In a couple of generations a predominantly Mestizo population emerged in Ecuador with a drastically declining Amerindian population due to European diseases and wars. 6368: 60: 1216: 2774: 1407: 1111:("three-quarters white"), and the marriage of a castizo/a to an Español/a resulted in the restoration of Español/a status to the offspring. Don Alonso O’Crouley observed in Mexico (1774), "If the mixed-blood is the offspring of a Spaniard and an Indian, the stigma disappears at the third step in descent because it is held as systematic that a Spaniard and an Indian produce a 1748:

reduced in numbers due to the war and disease. Large numbers of Spaniard men settled in the region and married or forced themselves with the local women. The Natives were forced to adopt Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Lencas and Pipil women and children were Hispanicized. This has made El Salvador one of the worlds most highly mixed race nations.

2918: 6378: 2736:(1910–20) embraced the ideology of mestizaje as a nation-building tool, aimed at integrating Amerindians culturally and politically in the construction of national identity. As such it has meant a systematic effort to eliminate Indigenous culture, in the name of integrating them into a supposedly inclusive mestizo identity. For 1813:"The Ladino population has been characterized as a heterogeneous population which expresses itself in the Spanish language as a maternal language, which possesses specific cultural traits of Hispanic origin mixed with Indigenous cultural elements, and dresses in a style commonly considered as western." 2751:

In recent years, Mestizos' sole claim to Mexican national identity has begun to erode, at least rhetorically." A constitutional changes to Article 4 that now says that the "Mexican Nation has a pluricultural composition, originally based on its Indigenous peoples. The law will protect and promote the

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At independence in Mexico, the casta classifications were abolished, but discrimination based on skin color and socioeconomic status continued. Liberal intellectuals grappled with the "Indian Problem", that is, the Amerindians' lack of cultural assimilation to Mexican national life as citizens of the

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and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the Mestizo and White population combined make up approximately 87% of the Colombian population, while an estimated 50-60% of Colombians are Mestizo or mixed race. A study by Rojas et al reported an average of 47% Amerindian, 42% European, and 11%

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A person's legal racial classification in colonial Spanish America was closely tied to social status, wealth, culture, and language use. Wealthy people paid to change or obscure their actual ancestry. Many Indigenous people left their traditional villages and sought to be counted as Mestizos to avoid

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from 1811 to 1840, he imposed a law that no Spaniard may intermarry with another Spaniard, and that they may only wed mestizos or Amerindians. This was introduced to eliminate any sense of racial superiority, and also to end the predominantly Spanish influence in Paraguay. De Francia himself was not

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In May 2009, the same institution (Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine) issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from those same states. The study found that the mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of Indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European,

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Sometimes, particularly outside of Mexico, the word "mestizo" is used with the meaning of Mexican persons with mixed Indigenous and European blood. This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure Indigenous ancestry would be considered mestizo either by rejecting his

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found that the Y-chromosome (paternal) ancestry of the average Mexican mestizo was predominantly European (64.9%), followed by Indigenous American (30.8%), and African (4.2%). The European ancestry was more prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and Indigenous American ancestry increased in the

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is the term that was used in colonial El Salvador to describe a person of tri-racial or Indigenous, European, and African descent. El Salvador is the only country in Central America that does not have a significant African population due to many factors including El Salvador not having a Caribbean

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Historical evidence and census supports the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry", as a result of a strong bias favoring children born to European man and Indigenous women, and to the important Indigenous male mortality during the conquest. The genetics thus suggests the Native men were sharply

3309:"en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español" 2747:

Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the Indigenous people, with efforts designed to "help" Indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the mestizo society, eventually assimilating Indigenous peoples completely to mainstream Mexican culture,

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is the positive unity of a nation's citizenry based on racial mixture. "Mestizaje placed greater emphasis on commonality and hybridity to engineer order and unity... operated within the context of the nation-state and sought to derive meaning from Latin America's own internal experiences rather

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While for most of its history the concept of mestizo and mestizaje has been lauded by Mexico's intellectual circles, in recent times the concept has been a target of criticism, with its detractors claiming that it delegitimizes the importance of ethnicity in Mexico under the idea of "(racism) not

1448:

Due to the extensiveness of the modern definition of mestizo, various publications offer different estimations of this group, some try to use a biological, racial perspective and calculate the mestizo population in contemporary Mexico as being around a half and two-thirds of the population, while

1395:

Around 50–90% of Mexicans can be classified as "mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any European heritage nor with an Indigenous ethnic group, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating both European and Indigenous elements. In Mexico,

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Today, many Salvadorans identify themselves as being culturally part of the majority Salvadoran mestizo population, even if they are racially European (especially Mediterranean), as well as Indigenous people in El Salvador who do not speak Indigenous languages nor have an Indigenous culture, and

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Silva-Zolezzi, Irma; Hidalgo-Miranda, Alfredo; Estrada-Gil, Jesus; Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos; Uribe-Figueroa, Laura; Contreras, Alejandra; Balam-Ortiz, Eros; del Bosque-Plata, Laura; Velazquez-Fernandez, David; Lara, Cesar; Goya, Rodrigo; Hernandez-Lemus, Enrique; Davila, Carlos; Barrientos,

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who were expelled from Spain in 1492 and fled to colonial backwaters to avoid the Inquisition. The first sizable group of self-identified Jews immigrated from Poland, beginning in 1929. From the 1930s to the early 1950s, journalistic and official antisemitic campaigns fueled harassment of Jews;

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the privilege of becoming priests. On this consideration is based the common estimation of descent from a union of Indian and European or creole Spaniard." O’Crouley states that the same process of restoration of racial purity does not occur over generations for European-African offspring

1960:

states that 60% of the population is of only European origin; mestizos are estimated to amount to a total of 35%, while Indigenous peoples comprise the remaining 5%. A genetic study by the same university showed that the average Chilean's genes in the Mestizo segment are 60% European and 40%

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in which the Indigenous people were murdered in an effort to wipe out the Indigenous people in El Salvador during the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising. Indigenous peoples, mostly of Lenca, Cacaopera, and Pipil descent are still present in El Salvador in several communities, conserving their

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existing here (in Mexico), as everybody is mestizo." Anthropologist Federico Navarrete concludes that reintroducing racial classification, and accepting itself as a multicultural country, as opposed to a monolithic mestizo country, would bring benefits to Mexican society as a whole.

1356: 2171:, spoken by 60% of the population as a first language, with Spanish spoken as a first language by 40% of the population, and fluently spoken by 75%, making Paraguay one of the most bilingual countries in the world. After the tremendous decline of male population as a result of the 1743:

people became culturally extinct due to the mestizo process or diseases brought by the Spaniards. Mestizo culture quickly became the most successful and dominant culture in El Salvador. The majority of Salvadorans in modern El Salvador identify themselves as 86.3% Mestizo roots.

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In the early colonial period, the children of Spaniards and American Indians were raised either in the Hispanic world, if the father recognized the offspring as his natural child; or the child was raised in the Indigenous world of the mother if he did not. As early as 1533,

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originally applied to both Filipinos and Indigenous Chamorro, but they were later separately designated in Spanish censuses in Guam. Like in the Philippines, this caste system was legally mandated and determined what taxes a person must pay. Both full-blooded Spaniards and

1948:

population of Indigenous Chileans to produce an overwhelmingly mestizo population during the first generation in all of the cities they founded. In Southern Chile, the Mapuche, were one of the only Indigenous tribes in the Americas that were in continuous conflict with the

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showed that "When asked if they identify as "mestizo," "mulatto" or some other mixed-race combination, one-third of U.S. Hispanics say they do". These were more likely to be U.S. born, non-Mexican, and have a higher education attainment than those who do not so identify.

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According to Alberto Flores Galindo, "By the 1940 census, the last that utilized racial categories, Mestizos were grouped with white, and the two constituted more than 53% of the population. Mestizos likely outnumbered Indians and were the largest population group."

2114:. They form a majority in both of those regions. There are also small communities of Afro-Ecuadorians living along the coastal areas outside of the Esmeraldas province. However, significant numbers of Afro-Ecuadorians can be found in the countries' largest cities of 2669:) is a term that came into usage in twentieth-century Latin America for racial mixing, not a colonial-era term. In the modern era, it is used to denote the positive unity of race mixtures in modern Latin America. This ideological stance is in contrast to the term 1427:

Indigenous culture or by not speaking an Indigenous language, and a person with none or very low Indigenous ancestry would be considered Indigenous either by speaking an Indigenous language or by identifying with a particular Indigenous cultural heritage. In the

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Mestizos are the majority in Venezuela, accounting for 51.6% of the country's population. According to D'Ambrosio 57.1% of Mestizos have mostly European characteristics, 28.5% have mostly African characteristics and 14.2% have mostly Amerindian characteristics.

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Martínez-Cortés, Gabriela; Salazar-Flores, Joel; Gabriela Fernández-Rodríguez, Laura; Rubi-Castellanos, Rodrigo; Rodríguez-Loya, Carmen; Velarde-Félix, Jesús Salvador; Francisco Muñoz-Valle, José; Parra-Rojas, Isela; Rangel-Villalobos, Héctor (September 2012).

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Criollo-Rayo, Angel; Bohórquez, Mabel Elena; Lott, Paul; Carracedo, Angel; Tomlinson, Ian; Castro, Jorge Mario; Mateus, Gilbert; Molina, Daniel; Vargas, Catalina Rubio; Puentes, Carlos; Consortium, Chibcha; Echeverry, Magdalena; Carvajal, Luis (2 March 2023).

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denoted those peoples with evidence of Euro-indigenous ethno-racial "descent" and access—usually monetary access, but not always—to secondary educational institutions. Similarly, well before the 20th century, Euramerican "descent" did not necessarily denote

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centre and south-east (37–50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%). The states that participated in this study were Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatán.

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By the late 20th century, allusions in textbooks and political discourse to "whiteness," or to Spain as the "mother country" of all Costa Ricans, were diminishing, replaced with a recognition of the multiplicity of peoples that make up the nation.

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descent is around 27,000. There is also a small community of Jews who came to El Salvador from France, Germany, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. Many of these Arab groups naturally mixed and contributed into the modern Salvadoran Mestizo population.

1866:, the face of Argentina and Uruguay has overwhelmingly become European in culture and tradition. Because of this, the term Mestizo has fallen into disuse. Nevertheless, the cultural practice of the region is commonly centred on the figure of the 1086:) to take the children of Spanish men and Indigenous women from their mothers and educate them in the Spanish sphere. This mixed group born out of Christian wedlock increased in numbers, generally living in their mother's Indigenous communities. 1485:

A study of 104 mestizos from Sonora, Yucatán, Guerrero, Zacatecas, Veracruz, and Guanajuato by Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine, reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 31.05% Indigenous American, and 10.03% African.

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During the colonial era of Mexico, the category Mestizo was used rather flexibly to register births in local parishes and its use did not follow any strict genealogical pattern. With Mexican independence, in academic circles created by the

4999: 2052:, both mixed race groups of significant partial African ancestry who live primarily in coastal regions among other Afro-Colombians; and pockets of Amerindians living around the rural areas and the Amazonian Basin regions of the country. 2036:

and colonist with the different Amerindian peoples of Colombia. With the arrival of Europeans came the arrival of the enslaved Africans, whose cultural element was mostly introduced into the coastal areas of Colombia. To this day,

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had a predominantly mestizo population like the rest of the Spanish colonies, but due to a flood of European migration in the 19th century and the repeated intermarriage with Europeans, the mestizo population became a so-called

2691:(process of "mestizo-izing"). In Spanish America, the colonial-era system of castas sought to differentiate between individuals and groups on the basis of a hierarchical classification by ancestry, skin color, and status ( 2709:

nation, rather than members of their Indigenous communities. Urban elites spurned mixed-race urban plebeians and Amerindians along with their traditional popular culture. In the late nineteenth century during the

2721:(1902), which situated Mexican identity in the mixing of European whites and Amerindians. Mexicans are "the sons of two peoples, of two races. dominates our whole history; to this we owe our soul." Intellectual 1321: 6323: 759:(capitalized), as a loanword from French, refers to persons of mixed French or European and Indigenous ancestry, who were part of a particular ethnic group. French-speaking Canadians, when using the word 356:), especially in Andean regions re-infrastructured by Euramerican "modernities" and buffeted by mining labor practices. This conception changed by the 1920s, especially after the national advancement and 5620: 5876: 4412: 1127:

and a Spaniard, a Spaniard. The admixture of Indian blood should not indeed be regarded as a blemish, since the provisions of law give the Indian all that he could wish for, and Philip II granted to

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development of their languages, cultures, uses, customs, resources, and specific forms of social organization and will guarantee their members effective access to the jurisdiction of the State."

1101:, they had a higher standing than any mixed-race person since they did not have to pay tribute, the men could be ordained as priests, and they could be licensed to carry weapons, in contrast to 6414: 6333: 5896: 1473:, Chile (right). The position of each dot on the triangle plot indicates the proportion of European, indigenous American and African ancestry estimated for each individual in the population. 1309: 2129:(a term for Mestizos from the inland countryside of coastal Ecuador - who are culturally distinct from Mestizos from the rest of the country), Afro-Ecuadorian, Amerindians, and Europeans. 2125:

Mestizos are the largest of all the ethnic groups, and comprise 70% of the current population. The next 30% of the population is comprised by four ethnic groups with about 7.5% each, the

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In theory, and as depicted in some eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings, the offspring of a castizo/a and an Español/a could be considered Español/a, or "returned" to that status.

3753:"Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)" 1203: 4910:

Lorenzana, Jozon A. (2013). "Being Indian in Post-colonial Metro Manila: Identities, Boundaries and the Media Practices". In Eng, Lai Ah; Collins, Francis L.; Yeoh, Brenda S.A. (eds.).

3730: 3108: 1290: 6197: 4165:

Boletín No. 25. AFEHC. Asociación para el Fomento de los Estudios en Centroamérica, "Mestizaje, Raza y Nación en Centroamérica: identidades tras conceptos, 1524-1950". Octubre 2006.

2740:, the ideology has denied their historical contributions to Mexico and their current place in Mexican political life. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and 2760:

There has been considerable academic work on race and race mixture in various parts of Latin America in recent years. Including South America; Venezuela Brazil, Peru and Colombia.

1837: 1255: 1192:

Because the term had taken on a myriad of meanings, the designation "Mestizo" was actively removed from census counts in Mexico and is no longer in official nor governmental use.

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tribute payments to the Spanish. Many Indigenous people, and sometimes those with partial African descent, were classified as Mestizo if they spoke Spanish and lived as Mestizos.

2427:("Chinese mestizos"), most of whom were merchants and traders. They paid about twice the amount of taxes than natives, but less taxes than someone of full Chinese ancestry (the 1174:

means being mixed without specifying which mixture; it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Native American, and African.

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however, by the 1950s and 1960s, the immigrants won greater acceptance. Most of the 3,500 Costa Rican Jews today are not highly observant, but they remain largely endogamous.

3238: 1953:

and did not submit to a European power. But because Southern Chile was settled by German settlers in 1848, many mestizos include descendants of Mapuche and German settlers.

1105:, mulattoes, and other castas. Unlike Blacks and mulattoes, Mestizos had no African ancestors. Intermarriage between Españoles and Mestizos resulted in offspring designated 5869: 3968: 734:

as used in either the Spanish-speaking world or the English-speaking one. It does not relate to being of Native American ancestry, and is not used interchangeably with

6338: 6192: 2848:, was one of the first documented mestizos to arrive in Spain. His first trip occurred in 1528, when he accompanied his father who sought to have him legitimized by 6407: 868:," show groupings of racial types in hierarchical order, which has influenced the way that modern scholars have conceived of social difference in Spanish America. 6233: 3909: 6371: 5913: 5862: 2044:

Over time Colombia has become a primarily Mestizo country due to limited immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the minorities being: the

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marrying whites. "From the union of a Spaniard and a Negro the mixed-blood retains the stigma for generations without losing the original quality of a mulato."

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Sueann Caulfield, 'Interracial Courtship in the Rio de Janeiro Courts, 1918–1940,' in Nancy P. Appelbaum, Anne S. Macpherson and Karin A. Rosemblatt (eds.) in

856:, the Spanish developed a complex set of racial terms and ways to describe difference. Although this has been conceived of as a "system," and often called the 275:

trials, and others. Priests and royal officials might have classified persons as mestizos, but individuals also used the term in self-identification. With the

7237: 2683:(1882–1959), the Mexican Minister of Education in the 1920s. The term was in circulation in Mexico in the late nineteenth century, along with similar terms, 4404: 1767:(especially from the area of Bethlehem), but also from Lebanon. Salvadorans of Palestinian descent numbered around 70,000 individuals, while Salvadorans of 7222: 7074: 4143: 445:

the government, in its attempts to create an unified Mexican identity with no racial distinctions, adopted and actively promoted the "mestizaje" ideology.

387:, the concept of the Mestizo became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly Indigenous. The word 2826: 2589: 763:, are referring to Canadian Métis ethnicity, and all persons of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. Many were involved in the fur trade with Canadian 6400: 3312: 2362: 1494:

the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Indigenous American contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in

7157: 6328: 6307: 6283: 3483:

a person of mixed blood; specifically: Generally used in Latin America to describe a person of mixed European and American Indian indigenous ancestry.

2937: 2498:) refers to anyone who has the fair-skinned appearance of mixed native and European ancestry, often used as a compliment. It is commonly shortened to 1578: 6702: 1089:

Mestizos were the first group in the colonial era to be designated as a separate category from the Spanish (Españoles) and enslaved African blacks (

5901: 5599: 4985: 4157: 1215: 805:

painting by Miguel Cabrera. Here he shows a Spanish (español) father, Mestiza (mixed Spanish–American Indian) mother, and their Castiza daughter.

4593: 3942: 3790: 3330: 6255: 5218: 2544: 2474: 2144: 864:, archival research shows that racial labels were not fixed throughout a person's life. Artwork created mainly in eighteenth-century Mexico, " 7182: 6381: 5496: 5386: 5269: 5124: 5087: 5036: 4483: 3867: 3842: 3805: 3549: 3345: 3258: 3009: 1603:

As of 2012, most Costa Ricans are primarily of Spanish or mestizo ancestry with minorities of German, Italian, Jamaican, and Greek ancestry.

1558: 1673:, a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña (The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland), alongside his nephew 1239: 7232: 7172: 6202: 5713: 5640: 4838: 4820: 3054: 2883:, Spain, demanded in 2003 that the government of Mexico recommence payment of the so-called "Moctezuma pensions" it had cancelled in 1934. 853: 326: 114: 5406:

Graubart, Karen B. (1 August 2009). "The Creolization of the New World: Local Forms of Identification in Urban Colonial Peru, 1560–1640".

1780: 1752: 7227: 7202: 7187: 7142: 6270: 6265: 6223: 6176: 6171: 6166: 5502:

Schwaller, R. C. (1 October 2012). "The Importance of Mestizos and Mulatos as Bilingual Intermediaries in Sixteenth-Century New Spain".

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opened). Other ethnic groups known to live in Costa Rica include Nicaraguan, Colombians, Venezuelans, Peruvian, Brazilians, Portuguese,

4988:, “ race idea is somewhat at odds with the experience of Mexican Americans, over half of whom designate themselves racially as white.” 4961: 7242: 7212: 7192: 7167: 7090: 6473: 6228: 5688: 5628: 5309:

Gobierno y calidad en el orden colonial: Las categorías del mestizaje en la provincia de Mariquita en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

4894: 3014: 1638: 1461: 956: 871:

During the initial period of colonization of the Americas by the Spanish, there were three chief categories of ethnicities: Spaniard (

300:, is a term for racial mixing that did not come into usage until the 20th century; it was not a colonial-era term. In the modern era, 248: 3141: 1274: 7177: 7152: 6275: 6250: 6240: 4944: 4919: 4760: 4683: 4618: 4576: 2813: 2748:

working toward the goal of eventually solving the "Indian problem" by transforming Indigenous communities into mestizo communities.

209: 4138: 2891: 1972:, descendants of intermarriages of European Chileans (mostly Spanish) and Rapa Nui are even considered by Chilean law as mestizos. 4609:

Reyes, Angela (2020). "Coloniality of Mixed Race and Mixed Language". In Alim, H. Samy; Reyes, Angela; Kroskrity, Paul V. (eds.).

4258: 2365:(1565–1898). It was a legal classification and played an important part in the colonial taxation system as well as social status. 1944:

entered northern Chile, a process of 'mestizaje' began where Spaniards began to intermarry and reproduce with the local bellicose

7207: 7197: 7147: 6295: 6245: 6218: 5140: 2974: 1756: 414: 4783: 2744:

were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of "mestizaje" (the process of ethnic homogenization).

2175:, European male worker émigrés mixed with the female Mestizo population to create a middle-class of largely Mestizo background. 1809:

is officially recognized as a distinct ethnic group, and the Ministry of Education of Guatemala uses the following definition:

7162: 6260: 3975: 2695:), giving separate labels to the perceived categorical differences and privileging whiteness. In contrast, the idea of modern 7217: 7059: 6290: 5812: 5252:(Lagos-Outubro 1997). Ed. Rui Manuel Loureiro and Serge Gruzinski, 122-46. Lagos, Nigeria: Centro de Estudios Gil Eanes 1999. 4049: 2989: 2795: 1996: 836: 7017: 6302: 5885: 4461: 2984: 2872: 2085: 1897: 1665: 1545: 1079: 5402:

Frederick, Jake. "Without Impediment: Crossing Racial Boundaries in Colonial Mexico." The Americas 67. 4 (2011): 495-515.

4807: 4244: 3752: 6695: 670: 5143:(28 June 2008). "Mestizaje, Hybridity, and the Cultural Politics of Difference in Post-Revolutionary Central America". 2871:

acknowledged, willingly having set foot on European soil. Among these descendants are the Counts of Miravalle, and the

2722: 6868: 968:(fem. parda) – a person of mixed Spanish, Amerindian and African ancestry; sometimes a polite term for a black person; 5169:

Winthrop Wright, Cafe ́Con Leche: Race, Class and National Image in Venezuela. Austin: University of Texas Press 1990

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European migrants used Costa Rica to get across the isthmus of Central America as well to reach the U.S. West Coast (

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of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as mestizos. In Chiapas, the term

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In Brazil specifically, at least in modern times, all non-Indigenous people are considered to be a single ethnicity (

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acquired another meaning in the 1930 census, being used by the government to refer to all Mexicans who did not speak

5657: 7100: 5612: 4259:"Reflexiones sobre el mestizaje y la identidad nacional en Centroamérica: de la colonia a las Républicas liberales" 4158:"Reflexiones sobre el mestizaje y la identidad nacional en Centroamérica: de la colonia a las Républicas liberales" 2172: 697:

can also refer to fully African or East Asian in their full definition (thus not brown). One does not need to be a

3916: 2784: 691:(brown people originally of European–Indigenous American admixture, or assimilated Indigenous American). The term 7064: 5844: 2887: 2252:

and Spanish ancestry. In the administrative racial hierarchy, they were ranked below the full-blooded Spaniards (

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is 50.8% European, 40.7% Amerindian, and 8.5% African ancestry, however this varies significantly across region.

1858:

population. With more Europeans arriving in the early 20th century, the majority of these immigrants coming from

1800: 1478: 1670: 6941: 2791: 2225: 1300: 1281: 1246: 1005: 887:

in the Americas, ways of differentiating individuals in a racial hierarchy, often called in the modern era the

576: 405:

as "official languages of the State...wherever they predominate" has increasingly severed these languages from

146: 4986:

https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/the-invention-hispanics-what-it-says-about-the-politics-race

325:

being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate Indigenous ethnic and cultural identity,

1431:, the word mestizo has a different meaning to the one used in the rest of Mexico, being used to refer to the 775:). Over generations, they developed a separate culture of hunters and trappers, and were concentrated in the 712:. Lines between ethnic groups are historically fluid); since the earliest years of the Brazilian colony, the 6688: 5994: 5934: 5780: 5760: 1436: 946:(fem. castiza) – a person with primarily Spanish and some American Indian ancestry born into a mixed family. 764: 236: 4367:"Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers" 2605:

of Mexican or Central American or South American descent have family histories bound to categories such as

1645:. About 8% of the population is of African descent or mulatto (mix of European and African) who are called 1498:. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree"). 6392: 5963: 5939: 5681: 3124: 2076:

During the colonial era, the majority of Ecuadorians were Amerindians and the minorities were the Spanish

1764: 1178: 1048: 118: 3361: 1422:(the only mestizos before were those born in the Caribbean to Spanish men and Indigenous Caribbean women) 6814: 6017: 5790: 5785: 5354: 5329:

de la Cadena, Marisol (May 2005). "Are Mestizos Hybrids? The Conceptual Politics of Andean Identities".

3950: 2201: 2167:

As a result of this, today 90% of Paraguay's population is mestizo, and the main language is the native

1432: 2292:) refers to a person of mixed Chamorro and any foreign ancestry. It can be heritage-specific, such as 1724: 797: 305: 5250:

Pasar as fronteiras: Actas do II Colóqyui Internacional sobre Mediadores Culturais, séculos XV a XVIII

4168: 2593:

The dance group Joyas Mestizas ("Mestiza jewels") performs at the Fiestas Patrias Parade, South Park,

2372:("Spanish mestizos"), most of whom were descendants of intermarriage between Spanish settlers and the 7037: 7032: 6794: 6429: 6107: 6092: 6087: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6022: 5728: 4092: 2965: 2459: 2421:, of which there was a much larger population. They were differentiated from the Spanish mestizos as 2029: 1669:

Painting of the First Independence Movement celebration in San Salvador, El Salvador. At the center,

1634: 1428: 1135:

The Spanish colonial regime divided groups into two basic legal categories, the Republic of Indians (

993: 441:" ideology, scholars asserted that Mestizos are the result of the mixing of all the races. After the 5477:. ed. Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, 196-217. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007. 5248:

Ades Queija, Berta. "Mestizos en hábito de indios: Estraegias transgresoras o identidades difusas?"

4081:"Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico" 2122:, where they have been migrating to from their ancestral regions in search of better opportunities. 840:

Casta painting showing 16 hierarchically arranged, mixed-race groupings. The top left grouping uses

429:, for instance, is more commonly connected to language families in both urban and rural vernacular. 6897: 6799: 6786: 6102: 6082: 6072: 6062: 5989: 5755: 5723: 4344: 4227: 2680: 2647: 2621: 2451: 2444:

were often from wealthy families and thus part of the educated class in the late 19th century (the

2423: 2233: 2168: 2103: 1957: 1922: 1889: 1873: 1674: 1401: 817: 720: 654: 639: 523: 515: 394: 4228:"Culture of Costa Rica - history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social, marriage" 4207:"Culture of Costa Rica - history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social, marriage" 2833: 809: 7116: 6711: 6148: 6138: 6128: 6097: 6067: 6027: 5770: 5765: 5523: 5346: 5296: 4733: 4656: 4307: 3671: 3456: 3409: 3275: 2733: 2407: 2274: 2065: 2059:

or Mixed population in Colombia vary, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between

1981: 1893: 1783:, who passed racial laws to keep people of African descent and others out of El Salvador, though 1470: 1390: 442: 398: 357: 5637: 4845: 4823:(Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. Archived from 4777:"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)" 4436: 2417:

classification was also applied to people of mixed native and Chinese ancestry who converted to

1577: 438: 7095: 6819: 6143: 6123: 6077: 5951: 5775: 5718: 5674: 5575: 5492: 5382: 5265: 5120: 5083: 5032: 4940: 4915: 4890: 4808:

ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)

4756: 4679: 4614: 4572: 4479: 4386: 4120: 4027: 3863: 3838: 3801: 3545: 3448: 3401: 3341: 3254: 2614: 2467: 2463: 2323: 2313: 2281: 2138: 2111: 2081: 1941: 1710: 756: 402: 347: 5456: 5116: 5104: 4871: 4824: 3834: 3822: 2064:

African. A genetic study conducted by Criollo at el estimates that the average admixture for

724:) group has been the most numerous among the free people. As explained above, the concept of 7137: 6133: 5906: 5565: 5555: 5511: 5415: 5338: 5288: 5152: 4723: 4715: 4648: 4440: 4378: 4297: 4289: 4110: 4100: 4017: 3440: 3391: 3250: 3246: 3149: 2849: 2665: 2602: 2485: 2327: 2091: 1841:

Distribution of genetic ancestry among 441 individuals from Argentina by four major regions.

1728: 1694: 1646: 1540: 1411: 776: 591: 561: 500: 492: 466:, meaning mixed. Its usage was documented as early as 1275, to refer to the offspring of an 223: 165: 110: 37: 6358:

The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

5625: 5469:

Martinez, Maria Elena. "Interrogating Blood Lines: "Purity of Blood," the Inquisition, and

4050:"Evaluation of Ancestry and Linkage Disequilibrium Sharing in Admixed Population in Mexico" 2406:

were not required to pay the "tribute" (a personal tax) levied on natives specified in the

2183: 6848: 6831: 6660: 6433: 5984: 5748: 5661: 5644: 5632: 3683: 3287: 3103: 2876: 2515: 2249: 2241: 2107: 2038: 2016: 1969: 1784: 1768: 1740: 1686: 1529: 1521: 780: 658: 546: 538: 343: 276: 268: 247:, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors are 5606: 5323:

The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Col-515.onial Mexico City, 1660-1720

2477:(1898–1946), the term expanded to include people of mixed native and American ancestry. 2450:). Along with children from wealthy native families, they played a prominent part in the 4839:"The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia" 4096: 3883: 2642: 2318: 27:

Spanish term to denote a person with mixed European and non-European indigenous ancestry

6804: 6748: 6731: 6585: 6526: 5808: 5570: 5543: 5375: 5258: 4462:

https://theconversation.com/amp/from-paraguay-a-history-lesson-on-racial-equality-68655

4115: 4080: 3908:

González Sobrino, Blanca Zoila; Silva Zolezzi, Irma; Sebastián Medina, Leticia (2010).

3569:

The Disappearing Mestizo: Configuring Difference in the Colonial New Kingdom of Granada

3428: 3080: 2841: 2340: 2336: 2301: 2157: 2153: 1950: 1935: 1881: 1717: 1581: 1566: 1083: 1036: 932: 884: 628: 606: 471: 460: 260: 240: 134: 2700:

than the dictates and necessities of empire... ultimately embraced racial mixture."

2553: 7131: 7054: 7049: 6772: 6763: 6758: 6634: 5832: 5300: 4776: 4365:

Rojas, Winston; Parra, Maria V; Campo, Omer; Caro, María Antonieta (September 2010).

4311: 3663:

Encyclopedia of World History:Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

3460: 3413: 3153: 2951: 2868: 2737: 2671: 2454:(1880-1895), which called for reforms in the colonial government of the Philippines. 1965: 1525: 1517: 1511: 1440: 1347: 309: 244: 83: 79: 4366: 4206: 3474: 1181:

was established in 1824, legal racial categories ceased to exist. The production of

752:, and African, and they likely constitute the majority in the three latter groups.) 59: 7022: 6881: 6481: 6449: 5489:

The Disappearing Mestizo: Configuring Difference in the Colonial Kingdom of Granada

4676:

Agrarian Reform in the Philippines Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform

4006:"Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages" 2923: 2898:

princess Isabel Chimpo Oclloun arrived in Spain from Peru. He lived in the town of

2860: 2853: 2830: 2741: 2714: 2392: 2264:), but ranked higher than full-blooded Indigenous Filipinos and Chamorro. The term 2254: 2077: 2060: 2033: 2006: 1910: 1732: 1721: 1714: 1698: 1622: 1621:

Many of the first Spanish colonists in Costa Rica may have been Jewish converts to

1615: 1611: 1592: 1588: 1562: 813: 772: 4053: 3542:

The Color of Words: An Encyclopædic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States

3396: 3379: 2903: 952:(fem. mestiza) – a person of extended mixed Spanish and American Indian ancestry; 653:, historically referred to any mixture of Portuguese and local populations in the 426: 5666: 5560: 4874:(Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. 3954: 3495: 2617:

being classed in roughly equal proportions as "white" or "some other ethnicity".

7044: 6954: 6889: 6843: 6837: 6809: 6726: 6599: 6465: 6457: 5929: 5854: 5836: 5738: 5441:. Ed. Philip Stueward and byron Wells, 231-59. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation 2004. 5358: 4460:

Paraguay, a history lesson in racial equality, Juan Manuel Casal, 2 Dec, 2016.

4444: 3044: 3029: 3024: 3019: 2979: 2895: 2845: 2773: 2481: 2418: 2382: 2348: 2332: 2229: 1736: 1702: 1596: 1466: 924: 363: 272: 91: 4085:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1406: 397:

regardless of ancestry. In 20th- and 21st-century Peru, the nationalization of

7069: 6908: 6613: 5946: 5828: 5824: 5743: 5701: 5594: 5419: 5367:

Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru 1919-1991

5342: 4719: 4185: 3759: 3628:(1774), trans. and ed. Sean Galvin. San Francisco: John Howell Books, 1972, 20 2913: 2710: 2466:

Mestizos formed about 5% of the total tribute paying population whereas mixed

2446: 1885: 1832: 1828: 1607: 1414:, who adopted the Maya way of life and fathered the first mestizo children in 1397: 1070: 928:– a person of Spanish descent born in Spain who later settled in the Americas; 648: 352: 142: 138: 95: 31: 5515: 5428:

The Mestizo Mind: The Intellectual Dynamics of Colonization and Globalization

5292: 5156: 4515: 3452: 3405: 3123:

Marez, Curtis (2007). "Mestizo/a". In Burgett, Bruce; Hendler, Glenn (eds.).

2102:), are a significant minority in the country, and can be found mostly in the 1876:

still has a predominantly mestizo population, especially in the provinces of

333:

affiliation, community engagement, etc. In late 19th- and early 20th-century

6902: 6874: 6780: 6743: 5999: 5542:

Wang, S.; Ray, N.; Rojas, W.; Parra, M. V.; Bedoya, G.; et al. (2008).

4105: 3697: 3075: 3039: 2880: 2675:, which usually has negative connotations. The main ideological advocate of 2527: 2398: 2357: 2161: 2115: 1846: 1806: 1706: 1435:-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the 1186: 1151: 910: 422: 7000: 5579: 4887:

American Mestizos, The Philippines, and the Malleability of Race: 1898-1961

4390: 4124: 4031: 3170: 848:. Ignacio Maria Barreda, 1777. Real Academia Española de la Lengua, Madrid. 679:(mixed, mixed-ethnicity, miscegenation, etc.) is separated altogether from 2879:

and left many descendants in Europe. The Counts of Miravalle, residing in

2490: 6989: 6981: 6949: 6853: 6578: 5193:

Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, 1919–1991

3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3034: 2899: 2260: 2148: 2126: 2025: 1495: 1491: 1419: 624: 619: 41: 17: 6667: 5654: 4737: 4703: 4302: 4048:

J.K. Estrada; A. Hidalgo-Miranda; I. Silva-Zolezzi; G. Jimenez-Sanchez.

4022: 4005: 1909:

The Chilean race, as everybody knows, is a Mestizo race made of Spanish

1004:

Racial labels in a set of eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings by

828:, with their Mestizo son. This is the only known casta painting with an 7027: 6994: 6974: 6959: 6927: 6913: 6825: 6753: 6592: 6519: 5968: 5956: 5816: 5733: 5350: 5279:

Becker, Marc (September 2012). "The Limits of Indigenismo in Ecuador".

5206:

Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia

4753:

Ilustrado Politics Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908

4660: 4382: 3049: 2999: 2837: 2798: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2594: 2429: 2373: 2099: 2045: 1989:

Genetic ancestry of Mestizo Colombians according to Rojas et al (2010)

1945: 1914: 1855: 1850: 1763:

There is a significant Arab population (of about 100,000), mostly from

1650: 1630: 1533: 1107: 972: 942: 936:(fem. criolla) – a person of Spanish descent born in the Americas; 664: 642: 263:. It was a formal label for individuals in official documents, such as 5068:. Trans. Charles Ramsdell. Austin: University of Texas Press. P. xvii. 4437:"Colorectal Cancer Risk and Ancestry in Colombian admixed Populations" 4334:. Book of the Year (various issues). Britannica World Data: Argentina. 3941:

Moreno Figueroa, Mónica G.; Moreno Figueroa, Mónica G. (August 2016).

2501: 68:

painting of a Spanish man and an Indigenous woman with a Mestizo child

6680: 6653: 5000:"'Mestizo' and 'mulatto': Mixed-race identities among U.S. Hispanics" 4914:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 202–203. 4728: 3910:"Miradas sin rendicíon, imaginario y presencia del universo indígena" 2380:). They were part of the land-owning aristocratic class known as the 2095: 1867: 1642: 1554: 1487: 1415: 384: 330: 264: 30:

This article is about the Spanish term. For the Portuguese term, see

5544:"Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos" 5536:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

5524:"Genetic Study Of Latin Americans Sheds Light On A Troubled History" 4652: 4541: 1689:, intermarriage by European men with Indigenous women, typically of 3444: 6967: 6934: 6736: 6627: 6540: 6424: 5840: 5820: 5655:

Legislative Assembly pays tribute to the caboclos and all Mestizos

5451:

Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, "Reckoning with Mestizaje,"

4639:

Plehn, Carl C. (December 1901). "Taxation in the Philippines. I".

4079:

Eduardo; March, Santiago; Jimenez-Sanchez, Gerardo (26 May 2009).

3004: 2994: 2864: 2641: 2588: 2317: 2182: 2119: 2049: 1877: 1863: 1859: 1836: 1775: 1690: 1664: 1587: 1576: 1460: 1405: 1182: 1157: 996:

descent, primarily former enslaved Africans and their descendants.

988: 980: 964: 865: 835: 808: 802: 796: 792: 474:/Afro Asiatic. This term was first documented in English in 1582. 467: 280: 254: 87: 65: 5027:

Lewis, Stephen (1997). "Mestizaje". In Werner, Michael S. (ed.).

4293: 3427:

Coler, Matt; Valenzuela, Pilar; Zariquiey, Roberto (April 2018).

3380:"Linguistic and cultural divisions in pre-Hispanic Northern Peru" 1561:

to refer to those Spanish-speakers who were not colonial elites (

6861: 5605: 5464:

Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico

4281: 3611:

Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico

2221: 1189:

ceased at the same juncture, after almost a century as a genre.

1097:) in 1543 in Mexico. Although Mestizos were often classified as 768: 334: 6684: 6396: 5858: 5670: 5649: 5377:

Solventando las diferencias: la ideología del mestizaje en Cuba

1755:

was responsible for La Matanza ("The Slaughter"), known as the

976:(fem. mulata) – a person of mixed Spanish and African ancestry; 5397:

Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America

5219:"La descendencia española de Moctezuma reclama pago de Mexico" 3637:

O’Crouley, "A Description of the Kingdom of New Spain’’, p. 20

2767: 2548: 913:– person of Spanish ancestry; a blanket term, subdivided into 183: 4872:"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday" 4821:"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday" 2335:

by Jean Mallat de Bassilan (c.1846), both are wearing native

2032:

is the product of the interacting and mixing of the European

350:

ancestry (distinct Portuguese administrative classification:

251:. The term was used as an ethno-racial exonym for mixed-race 2041:

form a majority in several coastal regions of the country.

1870:, which intrinsically mixes European and native traditions. 1400:

Mexicans but includes all Mexican citizens who do not speak

5600:

The Construction and Function of Race: Creating The Mestizo

5446:

Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico

4937:

Transpacific Femininities The Making of the Modern Filipina

4502:. Edizioni "Universitá degli Studi di Genova". Genova, 1981 1610:) in the late 19th century and until the 1910s (before the 1330:

Sample of a Peruvian casta painting, showing intermarriage

1221:

Casta painting. "Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo", 1780.

189: 171: 3206: 3204: 1396:

mestizo has become a blanket term that not only refers to

1209:

Español, India, Mestizo. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c Mexico

746:

among all major groups of the country: Indigenous, Asian,

3791:"Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México" 3331:"Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México" 1465:

Distribution of admixture estimates for individuals from

1350:, headed by an ex Spanish soldier and his Indigenous wife 984:– a person of mixed African and American Indian ancestry; 960:(fem. india) – a person of pure American Indian ancestry; 377:, mixed people started to be referred to collectively as 283:

disappeared and terms like "mestizo" fell in popularity.

198: 3109:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2859:

There is also verified evidence of the grandchildren of

1299:(From a Mestizo man and an Indigenous American woman, a 5182:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003 5022: 5020: 3945:[An Archive of the Study of Racism in Mexico]. 3521: 2725:

also took a revisionist stance on Mestizos in his work

2565: 1374:

Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1763

1362:

Examples of Mestizo and Mulatto classifications in 1808

1093:) and were included in the designation of "vagabonds" ( 371:

To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term

5055:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, pp. 61-2. 4476:

In Search of an Inca: Identity and Utopia in the Andes

4456: 4454: 3243:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History

895:, developed where society was divided based on color, 4569:

Destiny's Landfall A History of Guam, Revised Edition

3915:(in Spanish). INMEGEN. pp. 51–67. Archived from 3126:

Keywords for American Cultural Studies, Third Edition

2296:("female of mixed Chamorro and Filipino descent") or 1705:

happened almost immediately after the arrival of the

1490:

shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and

210: 201: 186: 174: 5453:

Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820

4755:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 8–10. 4286:

Humanidades: Revista de la Universidad de Montevideo

2361:) and either Spanish or Chinese ancestry during the 2273:

were exempt from paying tribute as specified in the

1968:

is a territory of Chile and the native settlers are

1649:, English-speaking descendants of 19th century Afro- 661:, most of the non-enslaved population was initially 417:

as well as topographical and geographical contexts.

180: 7109: 7083: 7010: 6719: 6316: 6211: 6185: 6159: 6116: 6055: 6010: 5977: 5922: 3784: 3782: 3780: 2156:), but feared that racial superiority would create 239:and Indigenous non-European ancestry in the former 195: 177: 168: 127: 101: 73: 5374: 5257: 1940:In Chile, from the time the Spanish soldiers with 1791:tri-racial/pardo Salvadorans or Arab Salvadorans. 321:has become more of a cultural term, with the term 315:In the modern era, particularly in Latin America, 5430:. Trans. Deke Dusinberre. Longon: Routledge 2002. 5031:. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 840–841. 4043: 4041: 3660:Peter N. Stearns & William L. Langer (2001). 2355:was used to refer to a person with mixed native ( 2152:a Mestizo (although his paternal grandfather was 1713:. Other Indigenous groups in the country such as 820:and castas, 1750. The top left grouping is of an 235:, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed 5208:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993 4889:. University of Missouri Press. pp. 11–12. 3571:. Durham: Duke University Press 2014, pp.208-09. 747: 741: 735: 725: 713: 707: 698: 692: 686: 680: 674: 662: 646: 505: 4073: 4071: 3998: 3996: 3535: 3533: 1907: 1618:, Caribbeans, Turks, Armenians, and Georgians. 685:(which refers to any kind of brown people) and 5638:Copy of the Mestizo Day law - State of Roraima 5325:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1994. 5115:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 3943:"El archivo del estudio del racismo en México" 3833:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 3544:. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press. p. 144. 6696: 6408: 5870: 5682: 5626:Copy of the Mestizo Day law - State of Amazon 5066:The Political Evolution of the Mexican People 4678:. Stanford University Press. pp. 42–43. 4613:. Oxford University Press. pp. 196–197. 3433:International Journal of American Linguistics 2719:The Political Evolution of the Mexican People 2656: 2458:were a key demographic in the development of 1169: 1163: 1155: 581: 551: 482: 454: 388: 378: 372: 361: 316: 295: 288: 252: 229: 156: 8: 5621:Copy of the Mestizo Day law - City of Manaus 5538:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018. 5482:Race Mixture in the History of Latin America 5113:The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940 4360: 4358: 3831:The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940 3758:. Redalyc.org. 16 March 2005. Archived from 3613:. Durham: Duke University Press 2003, p. 84. 3563: 3561: 3496:"Mestizo – Define Mestizo at Dictionary.com" 1261:Mulatto and Mestiza, produce Mulatto, he is 1041:De Español y Torna atrás, "Tente en el ayre" 566: 528: 383:. In some Latin American countries, such as 52: 7075:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories 6607:2nd generation (with one Amerindian parent) 5395:Fisher, Andrew B. and Matthew O'Hara, eds. 5318:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1978. 5256:Batalla, Guillermo; Dennis, Philip (1996). 4962:"About face: Breaking down Filipina beauty" 4704:"The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History" 4697: 4695: 4571:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 354. 4478:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 1629:Costa Rica has four small minority groups: 596: 6703: 6689: 6681: 6415: 6401: 6393: 5974: 5877: 5863: 5855: 5689: 5675: 5667: 5260:Mexico Profundo: Reclaiming A Civilization 4510: 4508: 4257:Ministerio de Educación (MINEDUC) (2008). 3227:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, p. 840. 279:and the independence of the Americas, the 51: 5569: 5559: 4912:Migration and Diversity in Asian Contexts 4727: 4405:"Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018" 4371:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4301: 4114: 4104: 4021: 3625:A Description of the Kingdom of New Spain 3395: 2938:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 2814:Learn how and when to remove this message 2514:is also considered one of the archetypal 6572:2nd generation (with one Spanish parent) 5448:. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004. 4634: 4632: 4630: 4611:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Race 4144:Diccionario de la Real Academia Española 3862:. Chicago: Pluto Press. pp. 44–47. 3592: 3590: 2613:is not used for official purposes, with 2386:. Like people of full Spanish ancestry ( 6351: 5180:Race and Nation in Modern Latin America 3481:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 2008. 3324: 3322: 3067: 2470:Mestizos formed 20% of the population. 1199: 740:, literally "brown people." (There are 703:to be classified as pardo or caboclo. 6642:2nd generation (with one black parent) 5491:. Durham: Duke University Press 2014. 5433:Hill, ruth. "Casta as Culture and the 5145:Journal of Latin American Anthropology 4998:Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (10 July 2015). 3679: 3669: 3283: 3273: 2729:(The Great National Problems) (1909). 2545:Category:Mestizo communities in Belize 2522:(brown-skinned native appearance) and 2475:American occupation of the Philippines 618: 5466:. Durham: Duke University Press 2003. 5399:. Durham: Duke University Press 2009. 5369:. Durham: Duke University Press 2000. 3251:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.68 3010:European colonization of the Americas 2664: 2518:in the Philippines, the others being 1677:, future Salvadoran president of the 883:). Throughout the territories of the 719: 605: 590: 575: 560: 545: 537: 522: 514: 499: 491: 413:), with indigenous languages tied to 409:as an exonym (and, in certain cases, 222: 7: 6377: 5195:. Durham: Duke University Press 2000 4939:. Duke University Press. p. 4. 4500:L'emigrazione italiana nel Venezuela 4186:"The Jewish Community in Costa Rica" 3165: 3163: 3055:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2796:adding citations to reliable sources 2028:whose land was named after explorer 1760:languages, customs, and traditions. 1023:De Castizo y Española, nace Española 902:The main divisions were as follows: 115:Indigenous languages of the Americas 74:Regions with significant populations 7238:Multiracial affairs in the Americas 5408:Hispanic American Historical Review 5082:. Chicago: Pluto Press. p. 3. 5080:Race and Ethnicity in Latin America 4960:Sniegowski, Julia (26 April 2013). 4870:Macrohon, Pilar (21 January 2013). 4819:Macrohon, Pilar (21 January 2013). 4245:Ethnic Groups -2007 official Census 3860:Race and Ethnicity in Latin America 3479:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary 2638:Race and ethnicity in Latin America 2228:, which were administered from the 1679:Federal Republic of Central America 7223:Ethnic groups in the United States 5311:. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes 2011. 4708:Journal of Southeast Asian History 4415:from the original on 27 April 2021 3789:Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). 3329:Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). 3171:"mestizo | Definition & Facts" 3015:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2601:In the United States, a number of 2368:The term most commonly applied to 1162:was more commonly used instead of 1019:De Español y Mestiza, nace Castiza 787:Mestizo as a colonial-era category 312:, but with positive connotations. 25: 5331:Journal of Latin American Studies 5316:Race and Class in Colonial Oaxaca 4885:Molnar, Nicholas Trajano (2017). 4789:from the original on 9 March 2016 4282:"Tradicionalistas Y Rioplatenses" 3798:Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas 3338:Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas 3245:. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 2867:emperor, whose royal descent the 2216:Guam and Northern Mariana Islands 2187:Mestizo-Mestiza, Peru, circa 1770 1785:Salvadorans with African ancestry 1139:) and the Republic of Spaniards ( 1032:De Español y Morisca, nace Albino 1029:De Español y Mulata, nace Morisca 137:; religious minorities including 40:. For the Mexican pop group, see 7158:Ethnic groups in Central America 6376: 6367: 6366: 6324:Stereotypes in the United States 4474:Galindo, Alberto Flores (2010). 3622:Sr. Don Pedro Alonso O’Crouley, 3362:"Political Constitution of Peru" 3223:Lewis, Stephen. "Mestizaje", in 3140:Mangan, Jane E. (30 June 2014). 2975:African diaspora in the Americas 2958: 2944: 2930: 2916: 2772: 2727:Los grandes problemas nacionales 2552: 2145:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia 1779:coast, and because of president 1757:1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre 1584:Mixed-Costa Rican Born - Singer 1367: 1355: 1339: 1320: 1308: 1289: 1273: 1254: 1238: 1226: 1214: 1202: 1057:De Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino 1014:De Español e India, nace Mestiza 992:(fem. negra) – a person of 164: 58: 5223:El Noticiero de Alvarez Galloso 4598:(Thesis). University of Hawaii. 4592:Campbell, Bruce L. (May 1987). 2844:Indigenous Mexican interpreter 2783:needs additional citations for 1297:De mestizo e India, sale coiote 1044:De Negro y India, Chino Cambuja 1026:De Español y Negra, nace Mulata 623:), and mixed (English) are all 36:. For the American rapper, see 7060:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 4674:Riedinger, Jeffrey M. (1995). 4595:The Filipino Community of Guam 3523:General Estoria. Primera parte 3378:Urban, Matthias (1 May 2021). 3154:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0240 3112:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 2990:Bronze (racial classification) 2892:Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega 2890:, son of Spanish conquistador 2873:Dukes of Moctezuma de Tultengo 2298:mestison CHamoru yan Amerikanu 1956:A public health book from the 1818:Spanish-speaking South America 1781:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez 1753:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez 1477:A 2012 study published by the 1380:Spanish-speaking North America 1: 7018:Cherokee freedmen controversy 6334:In the United States Congress 5886:Hispanic and Latino Americans 5484:. Boston: Little, Brown 1967, 5457:http://www.fordham.edu/vistas 3397:10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101354 2985:Brown (racial classification) 2300:("male of mixed Chamorro and 1315:Mestizo, Albarazada, Barcina. 1065:De Castizo y Mestiza, Chamizo 899:(status), and other factors. 294:, derived from the adjective 243:. In certain regions such as 7183:Ethnic groups in El Salvador 5561:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 5373:Duno Gottberg, Luis (2003). 5111:. In Graham, Richard (ed.). 4844:. p. 96. Archived from 4167:(in Spanish). Archived from 4156:Soto-Quiros, Ronald (2006). 3829:. In Graham, Richard (ed.). 2764:Mestizos migrating to Europe 2732:The Mexican state after the 2374:pre-colonial ruling families 2240:referred to people of mixed 1445:is used instead of Mestizo. 1061:De Indio y Barcina, Zambaiga 755:In English-speaking Canada, 730:should not be confused with 669:, i.e. mixed Portuguese and 304:is used by scholars such as 7233:Latin American caste system 7173:Ethnic groups in Costa Rica 5281:Latin American Perspectives 5029:Encyclopedia of Mexico: M-Z 4751:Cullinane, Michael (2003). 4641:Political Science Quarterly 4445:10.1101/2023.03.02.23286692 3949:(in Spanish) (51): 92–107. 3723:"El Desafío de la Historia" 3698:"Venezuela – ETHNIC GROUPS" 2294:mestisan CHamoru yan Tagalu 1751:In 1932, ruthless dictator 1701:backgrounds in what is now 1245:Castizo, Mestiza, Chamizo. 1069:Indios Gentiles (Barbarian 1053:De Lobo y India, Albarazado 7259: 7228:Ethnic groups in Venezuela 7203:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua 7188:Ethnic groups in Guatemala 7143:Ethnic groups in Argentina 7091:Contemporary ethnic groups 5381:. Madrid: Iberoamericana. 4567:Rogers, Robert F. (2011). 4247:. Page 13, Digestyc.gob.sv 3800:. Oaxaca: IOC. p. 2. 3340:. Oaxaca: IOC. p. 5. 3225:The Encyclopedia of Mexico 2756:Elsewhere in Latin America 2635: 2542: 2462:. During the 1700s, mixed 2311: 2199: 2173:War of the Triple Alliance 2136: 1979: 1933: 1826: 1798: 1569:), or Indigenous peoples. 1509: 1388: 1346:1919 Barrientos family in 1047:De Chino Cambujo y India, 1035:De Español y Albina, nace 790: 478:Cognates and related terms 29: 7243:Spanish words and phrases 7213:Ethnic groups in Paraguay 7193:Ethnic groups in Honduras 7168:Ethnic groups in Colombia 6440: 6347: 5892: 5799: 5709: 5420:10.1215/00182168-2009-003 5343:10.1017/S0022216X05009004 4720:10.1017/S0217781100002222 4393:– via ResearchGate. 4351:(in Spanish). p. 34. 4288:. 9 (junio) (9): 209–40. 4010:Journal of Human Genetics 3727:Eldesafiodelahistoria.com 3081:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2906:, where he died in 1616. 2888:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 2875:, who became part of the 2704:In post-revolution Mexico 2534:Elsewhere in the Americas 2160:which would threaten his 1805:The Ladino population in 1801:Demographics of Guatemala 1479:Journal of Human Genetics 1328:Mestizo, Mestiza, Mestizo 1082:mandated the high court ( 132: 113:(mainly) and Indigenous 106: 78: 57: 7178:Ethnic groups in Ecuador 7153:Ethnic groups in Bolivia 5631:24 February 2021 at the 5516:10.1215/00141801-1642725 5439:Interpreting Colonialism 5307:Bonil Gómez, Katherine. 5293:10.1177/0094582x12447273 5157:10.1525/jlca.1996.2.1.34 5105:"Racism, Revolution and 3969:"El mestizaje en Mexico" 3823:"Racism, Revolution and 3237:Tarica, Estelle (2016). 3212:The Disappearing Mestizo 3196:The Disappearing Mestizo 2226:Northern Mariana Islands 1520:are a mix of Mestizo or 1280:Mestizo, India, Coyote. 1233:Español, India, Mestizo. 259:that evolved during the 7208:Ethnic groups in Panama 7198:Ethnic groups in Mexico 7148:Ethnic groups in Belize 5650:Mestizo Nation Movement 5613:The American Cyclopædia 5595:The 1921 Mexican Census 5365:de la Cadena, Marisol. 4332:Encyclopædia Britannica 4106:10.1073/pnas.0903045106 3888:Encyclopædia Britannica 3884:"Mexico- Ethnic groups" 3540:Herbst, Philip (1997). 3175:Encyclopedia Britannica 2510:) in colloquial usage. 2363:Spanish colonial period 2086:Sebastián de Belalcázar 1543:word that derives from 854:Spanish colonial period 832:man and española woman. 7163:Ethnic groups in Chile 5643:15 August 2016 at the 4280:Casas, Matías (2021). 4052:. ASHG. Archived from 3526:. Spain. p. 261R. 2886:The mestizo historian 2723:Andrés Molina Enríquez 2666:[mes.tiˈsa.xe] 2657: 2651: 2598: 2344: 2188: 2147:, the first consul of 1932: 1842: 1815: 1682: 1639:Indigenous Costa Ricas 1600: 1585: 1474: 1423: 1179:First Mexican Republic 1170: 1164: 1156: 1141:República de Españoles 909:(fem. española), i.e. 849: 833: 806: 748: 742: 736: 726: 714: 708: 699: 693: 687: 681: 675: 663: 647: 597: 582: 567: 552: 529: 506: 483: 455: 389: 379: 373: 362: 317: 296: 289: 253: 230: 157: 119:Austronesian languages 7218:Ethnic groups in Peru 5803:Related terms/topics: 5475:Religion in New Spain 5191:Marisol de la Cadena, 5103:Knight, Alan (1990). 4935:Cruz, Denise (2012). 4702:Wickberg, E. (1964). 4409:geoportal.dane.gov.co 3821:Knight, Alan (1990). 2711:rule of Porfirio Díaz 2645: 2636:Further information: 2620:A 2015 report by the 2592: 2321: 2202:Mestizos in Venezuela 2186: 1961:Indigenous American. 1840: 1827:Further information: 1823:Argentina and Uruguay 1811: 1668: 1591: 1580: 1464: 1409: 1267:Juan Rodríguez Juárez 839: 812: 800: 607:[mɛsˈtizə(n)] 7038:Interracial marriage 7033:Interethnic marriage 6815:Eurasian Singaporean 6430:interracial marriage 5935:Creoles of Louisiana 5660:5 April 2023 at the 5264:. Univ of Texas Pr. 5078:Wade, Peter (1997). 4447:– via medRxiv. 4232:www.everyculture.com 3858:Wade, Peter (1997). 2966:Latin America portal 2831:Spanish conquistador 2792:improve this article 2460:Filipino nationalism 2280:In modern Guam, the 2143:During the reign of 2030:Christopher Columbus 1595:Mixed-Costa Rican - 1437:Caste War of Yucatán 1418:and in the mainland 1402:Indigenous languages 875:), American Indian ( 767:peoples (especially 395:Indigenous languages 6339:Women in journalism 5902:Hispanic and Latino 5487:Rappaport, Joanne. 5109:: Mexico 1910–1940" 5004:Pew Research Center 4966:The Philippine Star 4522:. 29 September 2009 4516:"Mestizo (Mestisu)" 4097:2009PNAS..106.8611S 4023:10.1038/jhg.2012.67 3827:: Mexico 1910–1940" 3567:Rappaport, Joanne, 3210:Rappaport, Joanne. 2856:from 1523 to 1534. 2622:Pew Research Center 2452:Propaganda Movement 2442:mestizos de sangley 2438:mestizos de español 2424:mestizos de sangley 2404:mestizos de español 2370:mestizos de español 2234:Spanish East Indies 2211:Spanish East Indies 2104:Esmeraldas Province 1958:University of Chile 1890:Santiago del Estero 1874:Argentine Northwest 1845:Initially colonial 1671:José Matías Delgado 1653:immigrant workers. 1137:República de Indios 818:Virgin of Guadalupe 721:[mesˈtʃisu] 655:Portuguese colonies 592:[meˈtittʃo] 524:[mesˈtʃisu] 346:ancestry or solely 54: 7117:Race of the future 7101:luk khrueng people 6579:Cuarterón de negro 5435:Sociedad de Castas 5426:Gruzinski, Serge. 5321:Cope, R. Douglas. 5225:. 30 December 2007 4851:on 1 November 2018 4548:. 18 November 2009 4383:10.1002/ajpa.21270 4174:on 26 August 2011. 4056:on 16 January 2013 3765:on 22 October 2013 3520:Alfonso X (1275). 3315:on 23 August 2013. 2734:Mexican Revolution 2652: 2599: 2564:. You can help by 2408:Laws of the Indies 2345: 2275:Laws of the Indies 2189: 2066:Mestizo Colombians 1982:Mestizo Colombians 1843: 1683: 1601: 1586: 1475: 1424: 1391:Mestizos in Mexico 1119:and a Spaniard, a 893:sociedad de castas 862:sociedad de castas 850: 834: 807: 516:[mɨʃˈtisu] 501:[mesˈtiso] 493:[mesˈtiθo] 470:Afro Hamite and a 443:Mexican Revolution 399:Quechuan languages 358:cultural economics 224:[mesˈtiθo] 147:Indigenous beliefs 7125: 7124: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6390: 6389: 6051: 6050: 5852: 5851: 5534:Vinson, Ben III. 5497:978-0-8223-5636-3 5388:978-84-8489-091-1 5271:978-0-292-70843-3 5126:978-0-292-73856-0 5089:978-0-7453-0987-3 5051:Vinson, Ben III. 5038:978-1-884964-31-2 4485:978-0-521-59861-3 4345:Palacios, Nicolás 4091:(21): 8611–8616. 3869:978-0-7453-0987-3 3844:978-0-292-73856-0 3807:978-968-6951-31-8 3702:Countrystudies.us 3551:978-1-877864-42-1 3384:Language Sciences 3347:978-968-6951-31-8 3260:978-0-19-936643-9 2824: 2823: 2816: 2687:("crossing") and 2615:Mexican Americans 2582: 2581: 2526:(lighter-skinned 2314:Filipino Mestizos 2139:Paraguayan people 2112:Imbabura Province 2082:Francisco Pizarro 2055:Estimates of the 1942:Pedro de Valdivia 1711:Pedro de Alvarado 1647:Afro-Costa Ricans 1528:, principally in 1429:Yucatán Peninsula 1334:a casta category. 889:sistema de castas 858:sistema de castas 844:as a synonym for 620:[məsˈtiː] 577:[ˈmɪʃlɪŋ] 562:[məsˈtis] 544: 521: 498: 453:The Spanish word 403:Aymaran languages 308:as a synonym for 153: 152: 16:(Redirected from 7250: 6820:Filipino Mestizo 6705: 6698: 6691: 6682: 6443: 6442: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6394: 6380: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6359: 6356: 6308:Washington, D.C. 6186:Religious groups 6011:Central American 5975: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5856: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5668: 5617: 5609: 5583: 5573: 5563: 5531: 5519: 5480:Mörner, Magnus. 5473:categories." in 5437:as Literature." 5423: 5392: 5380: 5362: 5314:Chance, John K. 5304: 5275: 5263: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5141:Hale, Charles R. 5137: 5131: 5130: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5053:Before Mestizaje 5049: 5043: 5042: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4816: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4636: 4625: 4624: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4305: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4162: 4153: 4147: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4108: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3981:on 1 August 2017 3980: 3974:. 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Archived from 3305: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3146:Atlantic History 3137: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3072: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2850:Pope Clement VII 2819: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2776: 2768: 2681:José Vasconcelos 2668: 2660: 2648:José Vasconcelos 2632:in Latin America 2603:Latino Americans 2577: 2574: 2556: 2549: 2516:beauty standards 2468:Chinese Filipino 2464:Spanish Filipino 2092:Afro-Ecuadorians 2080:, who came with 2014: 2004: 1994: 1930: 1923:Nicolás Palacios 1675:Manuel José Arce 1412:Gonzalo Guerrero 1371: 1359: 1343: 1324: 1312: 1293: 1277: 1258: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1206: 1173: 1167: 1161: 879:), and African ( 777:Red River Valley 751: 745: 739: 729: 723: 717: 711: 702: 696: 690: 684: 678: 671:Native Brazilian 668: 665:mestiço de indio 652: 622: 617: 609: 604: 600: 594: 589: 585: 579: 574: 570: 564: 559: 555: 549: 542: 541: 536: 532: 526: 519: 518: 513: 509: 503: 496: 495: 490: 486: 458: 415:linguistic areas 392: 382: 376: 367: 348:Spanish American 344:Iberian American 337:, for instance, 320: 299: 292: 269:parish registers 258: 233: 226: 221: 214: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 197: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 160: 62: 55: 38:Mestizo (rapper) 21: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7105: 7079: 7006: 6715: 6709: 6679: 6674: 6436: 6434:Spanish America 6421: 6391: 6386: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6312: 6207: 6181: 6155: 6112: 6047: 6006: 5973: 5918: 5888: 5883: 5853: 5848: 5806: 5795: 5705: 5695: 5662:Wayback Machine 5645:Wayback Machine 5633:Wayback Machine 5607:"Mestizo" 5604: 5591: 5586: 5554:(3): e1000037. 5541: 5522: 5501: 5444:Katzew, Ilona. 5405: 5389: 5372: 5328: 5278: 5272: 5255: 5244: 5242:Further reading 5239: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5064:Sierra, Justo. 5063: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4827:on 16 May 2021. 4818: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4653:10.2307/2140422 4638: 4637: 4628: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4498:D'Ambrosio, B. 4497: 4493: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4452: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4349:La raza chilena 4343: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4136: 4132: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3733:on 4 March 2016 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3678: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3648:Hall of Mirrors 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3295: 3282: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2877:Spanish peerage 2820: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2789: 2777: 2766: 2758: 2706: 2640: 2634: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2562:needs expansion 2547: 2541: 2536: 2316: 2310: 2218: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2181: 2141: 2135: 2108:Valle del Chota 2074: 2039:Afro-Colombians 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1984: 1978: 1938: 1931: 1927:La raza chilena 1921: 1906: 1835: 1825: 1820: 1803: 1797: 1741:Mangue language 1725:Ch'orti' people 1687:Central America 1663: 1575: 1530:Central America 1514: 1508: 1506:Central America 1459: 1457:Genetic studies 1393: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1344: 1335: 1325: 1316: 1313: 1304: 1294: 1285: 1278: 1269: 1259: 1250: 1243: 1234: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1198: 866:casta paintings 795: 789: 781:Michif language 659:colonial Brazil 616:Middle English: 615: 602: 587: 572: 557: 539:[metis] 534: 511: 488: 480: 451: 306:Gloria Anzaldúa 277:Bourbon reforms 219: 212: 194: 167: 163: 123: 69: 50: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7256: 7254: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6978: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6919: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6865: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6749:Cape Coloureds 6741: 6734: 6732:Amazonian Jews 6729: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6663: 6658: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6583: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6513:1st generation 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6476: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6460: 6455: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6056:South American 6053: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5923:North American 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5809:Blanqueamiento 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5652: 5647: 5635: 5623: 5618: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5589:External links 5587: 5585: 5584: 5539: 5532: 5520: 5510:(4): 713–738. 5499: 5485: 5478: 5467: 5462:Lewis, Laura. 5460: 5449: 5442: 5431: 5424: 5414:(3): 471–499. 5403: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5370: 5363: 5337:(2): 259–284. 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5276: 5270: 5253: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5210: 5197: 5184: 5171: 5162: 5132: 5125: 5095: 5088: 5070: 5057: 5044: 5037: 5016: 4990: 4978: 4952: 4945: 4927: 4920: 4902: 4896:978-0826221223 4895: 4877: 4862: 4830: 4811: 4800: 4768: 4761: 4743: 4691: 4684: 4666: 4647:(4): 680–711. 4626: 4619: 4601: 4584: 4577: 4559: 4533: 4504: 4491: 4484: 4466: 4450: 4426: 4396: 4354: 4336: 4324: 4272: 4249: 4237: 4219: 4198: 4177: 4148: 4130: 4067: 4037: 4016:(9): 568–574. 3992: 3960: 3933: 3922:on 5 July 2015 3900: 3875: 3868: 3850: 3843: 3813: 3806: 3776: 3744: 3714: 3689: 3652: 3639: 3630: 3615: 3602: 3586: 3573: 3557: 3550: 3529: 3512: 3500:Dictionary.com 3487: 3466: 3445:10.1086/695541 3429:"Introduction" 3419: 3370: 3353: 3346: 3318: 3293: 3284:|website= 3259: 3229: 3216: 3200: 3187: 3159: 3132: 3115: 3095: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2955: 2941: 2927: 2911: 2908: 2822: 2821: 2780: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2705: 2702: 2650:in Mexico City 2633: 2627: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2559: 2557: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2480:In the modern 2337:barong tagalog 2312:Main article: 2309: 2306: 2302:White American 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2200:Main article: 2197: 2194: 2180: 2177: 2158:class division 2154:Afro-Brazilian 2137:Main article: 2134: 2131: 2073: 2070: 2011: 2001: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980:Main article: 1977: 1974: 1951:Spanish Empire 1936:Chilean people 1934:Main article: 1919: 1905: 1902: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1796: 1793: 1718:Poqomam people 1662: 1659: 1582:Chavela Vargas 1574: 1571: 1557:dating to the 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1458: 1455: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1282:Miguel Cabrera 1279: 1272: 1270: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1247:Miguel Cabrera 1244: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1006:Miguel Cabrera 998: 997: 985: 977: 969: 961: 953: 947: 939: 938: 937: 929: 885:Spanish Empire 791:Main article: 788: 785: 779:and speak the 757:Canadian Métis 709:os brasileiros 547:[meti] 479: 476: 450: 447: 261:Spanish Empire 241:Spanish Empire 151: 150: 135:Roman Catholic 133:Predominantly 130: 129: 125: 124: 122: 121: 107: 104: 103: 99: 98: 76: 75: 71: 70: 63: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7255: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055:One-drop rule 7053: 7051: 7050:Miscegenation 7048: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Anglo-Burmese 6793: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6383: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6364: 6355: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256:Massachusetts 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6234:San Francisco 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160:Ethnic groups 6158: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Nuevomexicano 5962: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:United States 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528:Science Daily 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204:Wade, Peter, 5201: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4979: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4948: 4946:9780822353164 4942: 4938: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4921:9789814380478 4917: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4762:9789715504393 4758: 4754: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714:(1): 62–100. 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4685:9780804725309 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4620:9780190845995 4616: 4612: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4578:9780824860974 4574: 4570: 4563: 4560: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4427: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 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3314: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239:"Indigenismo" 3233: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3084:(Online). n.d 3083: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2956: 2953: 2952:Europe portal 2942: 2939: 2928: 2925: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Spanish Crown 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:Hernán Cortés 2832: 2829:, son of the 2828: 2827:Martín Cortés 2818: 2815: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2781:This section 2779: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738:Afro-Mexicans 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2672:miscegenation 2667: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2591: 2585:United States 2584: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2560:This section 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2530:appearance). 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2162:absolute rule 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094:, (including 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:conquistadors 2071: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2034:conquistadors 2031: 2027: 2018: 2008: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1966:Easter Island 1962: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911:conquistadors 1903: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:Latin America 1523: 1519: 1518:Ladino people 1513: 1512:Ladino people 1505: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1392: 1384: 1379: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1348:Baracoa, Cuba 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1303:is begotten). 1302: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185:paintings in 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1001: 995: 991: 990: 986: 983: 982: 978: 975: 974: 970: 967: 966: 962: 959: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944: 940: 935: 934: 930: 927: 926: 922: 921: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 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6926: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6888: 6882: 6867: 6860: 6836: 6824: 6800:Anglo-Indian 6785: 6737: 6641: 6620: 6606: 6571: 6533: 6512: 6423: 6354: 5995:Puerto Rican 5914:Demographics 5807: 5802: 5801: 5697: 5611: 5551: 5547: 5535: 5527: 5507: 5504:Ethnohistory 5503: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5411: 5407: 5396: 5376: 5366: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5287:(5): 45–62. 5284: 5280: 5259: 5249: 5227:. 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Retrieved 3079: 3070: 2924:Spain portal 2885: 2861:Moctezuma II 2858: 2854:Pope of Rome 2825: 2810: 2801: 2790:Please help 2785:verification 2782: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2742:Manuel Gamio 2731: 2726: 2718: 2715:Justo Sierra 2707: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2670: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2629: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2573:October 2022 2570: 2566:adding to it 2561: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2479: 2472: 2455: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2393:peninsulares 2391: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2322: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2255:peninsulares 2253: 2245: 2237: 2219: 2205: 2190: 2166: 2142: 2124: 2090: 2075: 2056: 2054: 2043: 2024: 1988: 1963: 1955: 1939: 1926: 1908: 1872: 1844: 1812: 1804: 1789: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1746: 1733:Xinca people 1684: 1655: 1628: 1623:Christianity 1620: 1616:Palestinians 1612:Panama Canal 1605: 1602: 1593:Keylor Navas 1563:Peninsulares 1559:colonial era 1550: 1544: 1536: 1522:Hispanicized 1515: 1500: 1484: 1476: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1425: 1410:A statue of 1394: 1331: 1327: 1296: 1262: 1191: 1176: 1150:In colonial 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1076: 1071:Meco Indians 1064: 1056: 1018: 1013: 1003: 1002: 999: 987: 979: 971: 963: 955: 949: 941: 931: 923: 918: 915:Peninsulares 914: 906: 901: 896: 892: 888: 880: 876: 872: 870: 861: 857: 851: 845: 841: 829: 825: 821: 814:Luis de Mena 773:Anishinaabeg 760: 754: 731: 705: 637: 632: 611: 481: 463: 452: 434: 431: 418: 410: 406: 370: 351: 338: 322: 314: 301: 287: 285: 281:caste system 228: 155: 154: 49:Ethnic group 46: 32: 7045:Melting pot 6955:Mixed-blood 6844:Luso-Asians 6838:Luk khrueng 6712:Multiracial 6648:Negro fino 6329:In politics 6018:Costa Rican 5837:Mixed-blood 5776:Philippines 5761:El Salvador 5107:indigenismo 4317:22 February 3985:15 December 3825:indigenismo 3680:|work= 3194:Rappaport, 3045:Mixed-blood 3030:Mestizo art 3025:Melting pot 3020:Indo people 2980:Arab-Berber 2894:and of the 2836:and of the 2689:mestización 2685:cruzamiento 2609:. The term 2482:Philippines 2473:During the 2419:Catholicism 2383:Principalia 2351:, the term 2349:Philippines 2341:baro't saya 2333:Philippines 2308:Philippines 2304:descent"). 2236:, the term 2230:Philippines 2106:and in the 1703:El Salvador 1661:El Salvador 1597:Real Madrid 1524:peoples in 1471:Quetalmahue 1469:(left) and 1467:Mexico City 1263:Torna Atrás 1037:Torna atrás 512:Portuguese: 439:Cosmic Race 364:indigenismo 273:Inquisition 139:Protestants 92:Philippines 7132:Categories 6810:Dutch Indo 6777:Eurasians 6727:Afro-Asian 6474:Amerindian 6466:Peninsular 6458:Peninsular 6428:terms for 6271:New Mexico 6266:New Jersey 6224:California 6193:Christians 6108:Venezuelan 6093:Paraguayan 6088:Ecuadorian 6043:Salvadoran 6038:Panamanian 6033:Nicaraguan 6023:Guatemalan 5947:Floridanos 5930:Californio 5829:Half-caste 5825:Half-breed 5704:by country 5548:PLOS Genet 4793:3 February 3955:1812273925 3737:15 October 3390:: 101354. 3142:"Mestizos" 3088:15 October 3062:References 2717:published 2646:Statue of 2543:See also: 2528:East Asian 2506:(feminine 2494:(feminine 2447:ilustrados 2288:(feminine 2232:under the 1997:Amerindian 1915:Araucanian 1833:Uruguayans 1829:Argentines 1799:See also: 1608:California 1599:Goalkeeper 1573:Costa Rica 1389:See also: 1095:vagabundos 925:Peninsular 640:Portuguese 249:Indigenous 215:-zoh, mis- 143:syncretism 96:Micronesia 7096:Diasporas 6903:Melungeon 6869:Hùnxuě'ér 6781:Amerasian 6744:Coloureds 6229:San Diego 6212:By region 6103:Uruguayan 6083:Colombian 6073:Brazilian 6063:Argentine 6000:Nuyorican 5990:Dominican 5978:Caribbean 5791:Venezuela 5781:Sri Lanka 5359:195913906 5301:145145902 4729:1808/1129 4546:Guampedia 4520:Guampedia 4347:(1918) . 4312:236372020 3947:Desacatos 3893:1 October 3682:ignored ( 3672:cite book 3475:"mestizo" 3461:224808126 3453:0020-7071 3414:234217133 3406:0388-0001 3286:ignored ( 3276:cite book 3214:, p. 247. 3104:"mestizo" 3076:"mestizo" 3040:Mischling 2904:Andalucía 2881:Andalucía 2804:July 2010 2697:mestizaje 2677:mestizaje 2658:Mestizaje 2630:Mestizaje 2607:mestizaje 2430:sangleyes 2399:insulares 2196:Venezuela 2116:Guayaquil 2100:mulattoes 2046:mulattoes 1894:Catamarca 1847:Argentina 1807:Guatemala 1795:Guatemala 1765:Palestine 1729:Alaguilac 1707:Spaniards 1695:Cacaopera 1187:New Spain 1177:When the 1152:Venezuela 1084:Audiencia 1080:Charles V 633:mixticius 598:mestiezen 568:Mischling 468:Egyptian/ 464:mixticius 449:Etymology 435:mestizaje 427:Huascarán 423:Altiplano 421:from the 419:La sierra 407:mestizaje 339:mestizaje 302:mestizaje 290:mestizaje 286:The noun 102:Languages 18:Mestizaje 7110:See also 6990:Quadroon 6982:mameluco 6890:caiçaras 6875:Chindian 6854:Topasses 6849:Macanese 6832:Kristang 6661:Cimarrón 6372:Category 6284:Portland 6276:New York 6251:Maryland 6241:Colorado 6149:Galician 6139:Canarian 6129:Asturian 6117:European 6098:Peruvian 6068:Bolivian 6028:Honduran 5744:Mestiços 5739:Caiçaras 5734:Caboclos 5719:Colombia 5658:Archived 5641:Archived 5629:Archived 5580:18369456 5455:(2015). 5355:ProQuest 5229:29 March 4855:23 April 4784:Archived 4738:20067476 4542:"Indios" 4419:5 August 4413:Archived 4391:20734436 4212:29 March 4191:29 March 4125:19433783 4032:22832385 3951:ProQuest 3707:29 March 3600:, p. 55. 3596:Mörner, 3580:Mörner, 3505:29 March 3180:15 March 2910:See also 2900:Montilla 2846:Malinche 2456:Mestizos 2378:caciques 2324:Mestizos 2282:Chamorro 2271:mestizos 2261:criollos 2250:Filipino 2242:Chamorro 2149:Paraguay 2133:Paraguay 2127:Montubio 2026:Colombia 2007:European 1976:Colombia 1970:Rapa Nui 1920:— 1913:and the 1898:La Rioja 1769:Lebanese 1651:Jamaican 1631:Mulattos 1567:Criollos 1496:Veracruz 1492:Guerrero 1420:Americas 1129:mestizos 1123:; and a 1108:Castizos 919:Criollos 911:Spaniard 826:española 743:mestiços 694:mestiços 625:cognates 588:Italian: 583:meticcio 558:Catalan: 489:Spanish: 459:is from 327:language 265:censuses 237:European 220:Spanish: 128:Religion 42:Mestizzo 7138:Mestizo 7070:Plaçage 7065:Passing 7028:Exogamy 7011:History 6995:Sacatra 6975:caboclo 6961:mulatos 6928:castizo 6922:Mestizo 6909:mestiço 6898:Marabou 6883:juçaras 6805:Burgher 6787:Bụi đời 6759:Griquas 6754:Basters 6635:Cambujo 6621:Mestizo 6593:Castizo 6586:Criollo 6534:Mestizo 6527:Criollo 6520:Mulatto 6446:Parent 6382:Commons 6296:Houston 6280:Oregon 6246:Florida 6219:Arizona 6203:Muslims 6144:Catalan 6124:Spanish 6078:Chilean 5957:Chicano 5952:Mexican 5845:Passing 5833:Ladinos 5817:Castizo 5756:Ecuador 5724:Bolivia 5702:Mestiço 5698:Mestizo 5616:. 1879. 5571:2265669 5351:3875686 4971:29 July 4661:2140422 4552:31 July 4526:31 July 4265:28 July 4116:2680428 4093:Bibcode 4060:18 July 3926:8 March 3769:27 June 3646:Lewis, 3584:, p.58. 3266:5 April 3050:Mulatto 3000:Castizo 2838:Nahuatl 2693:calidad 2611:mestizo 2595:Seattle 2524:chinito 2512:Mestizo 2508:"tisay" 2496:mestisa 2491:mestiso 2486:Tagalog 2415:mestizo 2353:mestizo 2347:In the 2331:in the 2328:Español 2290:mestisa 2286:mestisu 2238:mestizo 2169:Guaraní 2110:of the 2072:Ecuador 2057:Mestizo 2017:African 1946:Mapuche 1929:(1904). 1886:Tucumán 1856:Castizo 1851:Uruguay 1709:led by 1541:Spanish 1534:demonym 1196:Gallery 1165:mestizo 1125:castizo 1121:castizo 1117:mestizo 1113:mestizo 994:African 950:Mestizo 943:Castizo 933:Criollo 907:Español 897:calidad 891:or the 873:español 852:In the 846:mestizo 824:and an 732:mestizo 727:mestiço 715:mestiço 700:mestiço 688:caboclo 676:mestiço 649:mestiço 643:cognate 627:of the 573:German: 535:French: 507:mestiço 484:Mestizo 456:mestizo 390:mestizo 374:mestizo 353:mestiço 318:mestizo 297:mestizo 231:mestiza 227:; fem. 158:Mestizo 111:Spanish 53:Mestizo 33:Mestiço 7001:sarará 6942:coyote 6915:ainoko 6773:Dougla 6764:Oorlam 6738:cafuzo 6714:topics 6668:Prieto 6654:Mulato 6600:Moreno 6261:Nevada 6134:Basque 5969:Tejano 5940:Isleño 5907:Latino 5813:Bronze 5771:Panama 5766:Mexico 5749:Pardos 5729:Brazil 5714:Belize 5578: 5568: 5495: 5385: 5357: 5349: 5299: 5268: 5123: 5086: 5035: 5009:5 June 4943: 4918: 4893: 4759: 4736: 4682: 4659: 4617: 4575: 4482: 4389: 4310: 4146:(DRAE) 4142:en el 4139:Ladino 4123: 4113: 4030: 3953: 3866: 3841: 3804: 3548: 3459: 3451: 3412: 3404: 3344: 3257: 3198:, p. 4 2852:, the 2597:, 2017 2539:Belize 2520:moreno 2484:, the 2390:, the 2388:blanco 2343:finery 2096:zambos 2050:pardos 2015: 2013: 2005: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1868:Gaucho 1643:Asians 1641:, and 1555:exonym 1553:is an 1551:Ladino 1546:Latino 1537:Ladino 1532:. 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