291:
638:. Also, the officer corps became open to the middle class, although it was once reserved only for nobility. In Britain, becoming a military officer was an expectation for 'second sons' who were to gain no inheritance; the role of officer was assumed to maintain their noble class. In the United States, military service has been/is advertised as a means for lower-class people to receive training and experience that they would not normally receive, propelling them to higher incomes and higher positions in society. Joining the military has enabled many people from lower socioeconomic demographics to receive college education and training. As well, a number of positions in the military involve transferable skills that can be used in the regular labor market after an individual is discharged (e.g., pilot, air traffic controller, mechanic).
237:
1086:, Investigative Report No. 1, September 1999; Investigative Report No. 2, January 2000 (PDFs available at Texas Rangers website). The Rangers found that the FBI used grenade launchers to fire two 40 mm M651 grenades. The Army considers the M651 a pyrotechnic device and that it is known to cause fires. The Army Tech Manual for the M651 warns that it can penetrate 3/4" plywood at 200 meters and "projectile may explode upon target impact." During inventory of the Waco evidence the Texas Rangers also found flashbang grenades.
653:
127:
66:
25:
365:, because war implies emergency powers for the executive branch which are normally reserved for the legislature. As well, politicians have invoked militaristic ideas with rhetorical wars on other social issues. Some governments draw on militaristic imagery when they appoint "task forces" of bureaucrats to address pressing political or social issues.
431:) associate the cultural identities of masculinity with warriors. Representations of Vietnam in popular culture display the male body as a weapon of war and contribute to ideals of masculinity in American culture. Military prowess has been crucial to understandings of contemporary masculinity in European and American culture. During
252:
The perceived level of threat influences what potential for violence or warfare the state must achieve to assure itself an acceptable level of security. When the perceived level of threat is low, as with Canada, a country may have a relatively small military and level of armament. However, in Israel,
459:
The role and image of the military within a society is another aspect of militarization. At differing times and places in history, soldiers have been viewed as respectable, honoured individuals (for example, this was the reputation of Allied soldiers who liberated the Nazi-occupied
Netherlands in WW
548:
How citizenship is tied to military service plays an important role in establishing civil-military relations. Countries with volunteer-based military service have a different mindset from those with universal conscription. In some countries, men must have served with the military to be considered
408:
imagery, using terms such as "enlist, rally, advance and blitz". Major moments of increased political militarization have occurred concurrently with the growth of prominence of militaristic imagery in many evangelical communities, such as the evangelical engagement in a militarized project of
403:
may involve forms of prayer spoken in militarized discourse. Its adherents, sometimes referring to themselves as "prayer warriors", wage "spiritual battle" on a "prayer battlefield". Spiritual warfare is the latest iteration in a long-standing partnership between religious organizations and
435:, soldiers who experienced shell-shock were seen as failures of masculinity, unable to withstand war as the ultimate task of manliness. The maintenance of military systems relies on ideas about men and manliness as well as ideas about women and femininity, including notions of
404:
militarization, two spheres that are rarely considered together, although aggressive forms of prayer have long been used to further the aims of expanding
Christian influence through a variety of conversion tactics. These tactics have begun being articulated in
361:, are rhetorical wars. They are not declared against a concrete, military enemy which can be defeated, but are symbolic of the amount of effort, sacrifice, and dedication which needs to be applied to the issue. They may also be a means of consolidating
442:
Women have been mobilized during times of war to perform tasks seen as incompatible with men's roles in combat, including cooking, laundry, and nursing. Women have also been seen as necessary for servicing male soldiers' sexual needs through
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Improved race relations was seen as a national security issue during the Cold War. Communist propaganda cited
American racism as a major flaw, and America wanted to improve its image to third-world countries which might be susceptible to
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et al.) within the United States government for the first time, reflecting the civilian government's perception of a need for previously military-based intelligence to be incorporated into the structure of the civilian state.
807:
290:
1069:, making vision impossible for approximately five seconds, until the eye restores itself to its normal, unstimulated state. The loud blast is meant to cause temporary loss of hearing, and also disturbs the
583:, military service was a way for blacks to serve the country, and later appeal for equal citizenship during World War II. The military was one of the first national institutions to be integrated. In 1948,
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experienced a post-war reduction of forces after major conflicts, reflecting
American suspicion of large standing armies. After World War II, not only was the army maintained, but the
549:
citizens. Compare historical
Prussia (where every male was required to serve, and service was a requirement of citizenship) to post-Vietnam America's all-volunteer army. In 2016 in
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has spoken out in favor of equipping law enforcement officers with military equipment, on the grounds that it increases the officers' safety and enables them to protect civilians.
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During imperial
Germany, military service was a requirement of citizenship, but Jews and other foreigners were not allowed to serve in the military. (Frevert, 2004, pp. 65–9)
137:
610:
said "civil rights an international question. . . may decide whether
Democracy or Communism wins out in the world." (Sherry, 1995, p. 146) and this sort of
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the threat of attack from neighbouring countries means that the armed forces and defense have a high profile and are given significant funding and personnel.
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262:
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Threats to state-interests, such as political control of an oil-rich region, or preventing the spread of a conflicting ideology (e.g., the U.S.'s use of
1209:
474:, who killed many Russian invaders). Alternatively, one can brand soldiers as "baby killers" (as a few U.S. anti-war activists did during and after the
383:
Militarization has been used as a strategy for boosting a state's economy, by creating jobs and increasing industrial production. This was part of
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The military also serves as a means of social restructuring. Lower classes could gain status and mobility within the military, at least after
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1073:, causing loss of balance. The concussive blast of the detonation can still injure, and the heat created can ignite flammable materials.
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1250:"A solid PVC cylinder, 10 cm long and 38 mm in diameter, fired by police or military forces to regain control in riots."
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of 1925: 'Prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials"'
236:
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units committed war crimes and crimes against humanity on a massive scale, including executing millions of civilians.
153:
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553:, military service is mandatory. This develops a society where almost all people have served in the armed forces.
790:
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establishing equality within the armed services. The military was also a tool of integration. In 1957, President
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or politics may import military mindsets and jargon into their new environments - thus we have the popularity of
720:. Criminal justice professor Peter Kraska has defined militarization of law enforcement as "the process whereby
79:
677:
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is prohibited by various international treaties that most states have signed; however, its law enforcement or
470:). Military figures can become heroes (for example, the Finnish people's view of the Finnish sniper nicknamed
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802:
538:
777:
Concerns about the militarization of police have been raised by both ends of the political spectrum in the
1213:
233:. The process of militarization involves many interrelated aspects that encompass all levels of society.
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1041:"SAS - Weapons - Flash Bang | Stun Grenade (The British Army's SAS developed flashbang grenades)"
588:
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1380:
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451:, Vietnamese women who worked as prostitutes were allowed on US bases as local national Jabaits.
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1196:"THE MILITARIZATION OF U.S. POLICE: FINALLY DRAGGED INTO THE LIGHT BY THE HORRORS OF FERGUSON"
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Increasingly, Christian evangelical prayer has taken on militaristic forms and language.
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782:
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829:"The militarization of prayer in America: White and Native American spiritual warfare"
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387:'s plan to revive the German economy after the devastation it suffered after the
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in 1919, is widely used against protesters in the 2000s. The use of tear gas in
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A Nation in
Barracks: Modern Germany, Military Conscription and Civil Society.
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222:
16:
Process by which a society organizes itself for military conflict and violence
854:
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The military also has a role in defining gender identities. War-movies (i.e.
1235:"Congress scrutinizes police militarization before planned Ferguson protest"
1070:
1066:
708:(SWAT) teams. The militarization of law enforcement is also associated with
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491:
322:
272:
1010:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. xiii–xiv.
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The flash from a flashbang grenade detonation momentarily activates all
911:
Battle Cries and
Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present
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210:
86:
771:
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increasingly draw from, and pattern themselves around, the tenets of
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Structural organization is another process of militarization. Before
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1158:"ACLU: Free military weapons making Arizona police more aggressive"
1007:
Maneuvers: The
International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives
808:
List of military officers who have led divisions of a civil service
651:
311:
289:
235:
1210:"press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo21636470.html"
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sent troops to Little Rock, AR to desegregate a school after the
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Militaristic ideas are referred to within civilian contexts. The
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483:
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522:
521:. The Act also created permanent intelligence structures (the
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59:
18:
1177:"11 over-the-top U.S. police raids that victimized innocents"
1301:
Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America
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Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America
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Supreme Court decision in 1954. (See also MacGregor, 1985.)
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487:
240:
Russian military build-up around Ukraine prior to the 2022
962:
Mosse, George (2000). "Shell-shock as a social disease".
734:
Observers have noted the militarizing of the policing of
1316:
Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare.
941:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
884:
Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War
1362:
Army Girls: The Role of Militarization in Women's Lives
145:
1128:"Why Police Spying On Americans Is Everyone's Problem"
561:
Racial interactions between society and the military:
460:
II, or the view of Americans and Canadians who placed
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http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plastic+bullet
712:-style information gathering aimed at the public and
379:
metropolitan-military complex (Lotchin, 2002, Ch. 1)
914:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
887:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
668:The militarization of police involves the use of
413:expansion conducted against the backdrop of the
1143:"State lawmakers push to rein in police spying"
229:that reflects the level of militarization of a
134:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1082:Texas Rangers, Department of Public Safety,
781:, with both the right-of-center/libertarian
314:tank at a Kuwaiti port from a landing craft.
1113:"Ferguson and the Militarization of Police"
871:, Hill & Wang, 1994. ISBN 0-8090-1578-1
833:Journal of Religious and Political Practice
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1330:Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965
89:. Please do not remove this message until
844:
742:have fired at protesters using guns with
466:car-magnets on their vehicles during the
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
789:voicing criticisms of the practice. The
509:restructured both civilian and military
85:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1275:McGill-Queen's University Press. 1985.
819:
1273:War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970.
1030:See also Frevert, 2004, Ch. 1.4, 1.5.
614:was continued further throughout the
7:
1318:University of Illinois Press, 2002.
1126:Michael German (December 18, 2014).
1111:Paul D. Shinkman (August 14, 2014).
999:
997:
995:
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1194:GLENN GREENWALD (August 14, 2014).
827:McAlister, Elizabeth (2016-01-02).
321:interventions to undermine various
14:
1156:Ryan Van Velzer (June 24, 2014).
716:, and a more aggressive style of
579:In the United States, beyond the
34:This article has multiple issues.
1175:Jodie Gummow (August 29, 2013).
1141:Josh Peterson (March 25, 2014).
541:and election victories (even if
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64:
23:
1332:U.S. Govt. Print Office, 1989.
1115:. U.S. News & World Report.
964:Journal of Contemporary History
42:or discuss these issues on the
1096:James Joyner (June 15, 2011).
787:American Civil Liberties Union
660:team members, some armed with
1:
1342:Yale University Press, 1995.
846:10.1080/20566093.2016.1085239
513:structures, establishing the
507:National Security Act of 1947
256:This threat may involve the:
209:, is the process by which a
706:Special Weapons and Tactics
680:. This includes the use of
375:military-industrial complex
281:weapons of mass destruction
265:of neighboring states (pre-
242:Russian invasion of Ukraine
148:, discuss the issue on the
91:conditions to do so are met
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1098:"Militarization of Police"
976:10.1177/002200940003500109
754:, which was developed for
682:armored personnel carriers
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490:units responsible for the
447:. For example, during the
439:and patriotic motherhood.
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791:Fraternal Order of Police
774:situations is permitted.
731:and the military model."
585:President Harry S. Truman
519:National Security Council
1084:Branch Davidian Evidence
881:Jeffords, Susan (1989).
678:law enforcement officers
648:Militarization of police
455:Civil-military relations
1303:Hill & Wang, 1994.
1004:Enloe, Cynthia (2000).
908:de Pauw, Linda (2000).
867:Gibson, James William:
803:Militarization of space
785:and the left-of-center
1299:Gibson, James William
1100:. Outside the Beltway.
935:Connell, R.W. (2005).
665:
568:During Nazi Germany's
357:declared by President
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1340:In the Shadow of War.
1328:MacGregor, Morris J.
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535:advertising campaigns
529:Ex-soldiers entering
515:Department of Defense
298:continues fortifying
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269:Europe, for example.)
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213:organizes itself for
1162:The Arizona Republic
1043:. Eliteukforces.info
589:Executive Order 9981
154:create a new article
146:improve this article
136:may not represent a
1338:Sherry, Michael S.
1145:. Fox News Channel.
1063:photoreceptor cells
738:. Since the 1970s,
714:political activists
710:intelligence agency
221:. It is related to
78:of this article is
1376:Military sociology
1314:Lotchin, Roger W.
694:flashbang grenades
670:military equipment
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463:support our troops
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698:grenade launchers
636:French Revolution
608:Eleanor Roosevelt
593:Dwight Eisenhower
501:(1939-1945), the
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