Mimicry - Knowledge

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tends to avoid anything that looks like it for a long time, and does not re-sample soon to see whether the initial experience was a false negative. However, if mimics become more abundant than models, then the probability of a young predator having a first experience with a mimic increases. Batesian systems are therefore most likely to be stable where the model is more abundant than the mimic.

1668:), which is recognized by other fishes as a cleaner. The false cleanerfish resembles the cleaner, and mimics the cleaner's "dance". Once it is allowed close to the client, it attacks, biting off a piece of its fin before fleeing. Fish wounded in this fashion soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they also become much more cautious of the model. 2026: 442:. Mimicry systems have three basic roles: a mimic, a model, and a dupe. When these correspond to three separate species, the system is called disjunct; when the roles are taken by just two species, the system is called bipolar. Mimicry evolves if a dupe (such as a predator) perceives a mimic (such as a palatable prey) as a model (the organism it resembles), and 40: 310:(translated and presented by Ralph Meldola). He described a situation where different species were each unpalatable to predators, and shared similar, genuine, warning signals. Bates found it hard to explain why this should be so, asking why they should need to mimic each other if both were harmful and could warn off predators on their own. Müller put forward 1476:

species of varying toxicity. These species store toxins from its host plant, which are maintained even in the adult. As levels of toxin vary depending on diet, some individuals are more toxic than the rest, which profit from the toxicity of those individuals, just as hoverflies benefit from mimicking

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with respect to the mimic (e.g., avoiding harm). Some cases may belong to more than one class, e.g., automimicry and aggressive mimicry are not mutually exclusive, as one describes the species relationship between model and mimic, while the other describes the function for the mimic (obtaining food).

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applies in most forms of mimicry. Specifically, Batesian mimicry can only be maintained if the harm caused to the predator by eating a model outweighs the benefit of eating a mimic. The nature of learning is weighted in favor of the mimics, for a predator that has a bad first experience with a model

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action of a dupe. Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects, whilst avoiding noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. Models do not have to be more abundant than mimics. In the case of mutualism,

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When a man comes by chance upon a young brood , and tries to catch them, the hen-bird rolls in front of the hunter, pretending to be lame: the man every moment thinks he is on the point of catching her, and so she draws him on and on, until every one of her brood has had time to escape; hereupon she

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to recognize the snake's warning signals. There would then be no advantage for an extremely deadly snake in being aposematic: any predator that attacked it would be killed before it could learn to avoid the deadly prey, so the snake would be better off being camouflaged to avoid attacks. But if the

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has another strategy to reach its host's intestine. They are brightly coloured and move in a pulsating fashion. A sporocyst-sac pulsates in the snail's eye stalks, coming to resemble an irresistible meal for a songbird. In this way, it can bridge the gap between hosts, allowing it to complete its

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of females. Beta males mimic females and manage to enter the harem of females without being detected by the alpha males allowing them to mate. Gamma males are the smallest males and mimic juveniles. This also allows them to mate with the females without the alpha males detecting them. Similarly,

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The resemblance of the genera named is the more worthy of notice since it occurs between insects both belonging to the group of butterflies which are protected by distastefulness. The explanation which applies in ordinary cases of mimicry—and no other has, so far as I know, been offered—cannot

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butterflies; when perching on a twig or flower, they commonly do so upside down and shift their rear wings repeatedly, causing antenna-like movements of the "tails" on their wings. Studies of rear-wing damage support the hypothesis that this strategy is effective in deflecting attacks from the

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One form of automimicry is where one part of an organism's body resembles another part. For example, the tails of some snakes resemble their heads; they move backwards when threatened and present the predator with the tail, improving their chances of escape without fatal harm. Some fishes have

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bear "false eyes" on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare. Many insects have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and patterns of markings on the wings themselves. These combine to create a "false head". This

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Gilbertian mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host-parasite aggressive mimicry. It was coined by Pasteur as a phrase for such rare mimicry systems, and is named after the American

91:, is harmful, and is avoided by the dupe, such as an insect-eating bird. Birds hunt by sight, so the mimicry in that case is visual, but in other cases mimicry may make use of any of the senses. Most types of mimicry, including Batesian, are deceptive, as the mimics are not harmful, but 334: 526:

effects, creating an increasingly close resemblance. This model is supported by empirical evidence that suggests that a few single point mutations cause large phenotypic effects, while numerous others produce smaller effects. Some regulatory elements collaborate to form a

286:. The term "Batesian mimicry" has since been used in his honour, its usage becoming restricted to the situation in which a harmless mimic gains protection from its predators by resembling a distasteful model. Among the observations in Bates's 1862 paper is the statement: 472:

rings of co-mimics. In the evolution of wasp-like appearance, it has been argued that insects evolve to masquerade wasps since predatory wasps do not attack each other, and that this mimetic resemblance has had the useful side-effect of deterring vertebrate predators.

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Emsleyan or Mertensian mimicry describes the unusual case where a deadly prey mimics a less dangerous species. It was first proposed by M. G. Emsley in 1966 as a possible explanation for how a predator can learn to avoid a very dangerous aposematic animal, such as a

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to the mimic's selective advantage. The resemblances can be via any sensory modality, including any combination of visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric. Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is

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fields and looks similar to rice; its seeds are often mixed in rice and have become difficult to separate through Vavilovian mimicry. Vavilovian mimics may eventually be domesticated themselves, as in the case of rye in wheat; Vavilov called these weed-crops

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however argued that although natural selection might stabilize a "mimic" form, it would not be necessary to create it. The most widely accepted model used to explain the evolution of mimicry in butterflies is the two-step hypothesis. The first step involves

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Sinervo, B.; Miles, D. B.; Frankino, W. A.; Klukowski, M.; Denardo, D. F. (2000). "Testosterone, Endurance, and Darwinian Fitness: Natural and Sexual Selection on the Physiological Bases of Alternative Male Behaviors in Side-Blotched Lizards".

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than of distinct 'mimic' and 'model' species, as their warning signals tend to converge. Also, the mimetic species may exist on a continuum from harmless to highly noxious, so Batesian mimicry grades smoothly into Müllerian convergence.

603:, which are hypothesized to resemble the eyes of larger animals. They may not resemble any specific organism's eyes, and whether or not animals respond to them as eyes is also unclear. The model is usually another species, except in 1197:. The signal receiver also benefits by this system, despite being deceived about species identity, as it is able to generalize the pattern to potentially harmful encounters. The distinction between mimic and model that is clear in 492:

butterflies. Models tend to be relatively closely related to their mimics, but mimicry can be of vastly different species, for example when spiders mimic ants. Most known mimics are insects, though many other examples including

1438:, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars. 1928: 119:, an orchid flower is the mimic, resembling a female bee, its model; the dupe is the male bee of the same species, which tries to copulate with the flower, enabling it to transfer pollen, so the mimicry is again bipolar. In 1885: 390: 548:

Some mimicry is imperfect. Natural selection drives mimicry only far enough to deceive predators. For example, when predators avoid a mimic that imperfectly resembles a coral snake, the mimic is sufficiently protected.

1460:; where the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. This is the analogue of Batesian mimicry within a single species, and occurs when there is a palatability spectrum within a population. Examples include the 1687:

Parasites can be aggressive mimics, though the situation is somewhat different from those outlined previously. They can mimic their hosts' natural prey, allowing themselves to be eaten as a pathway into their host.

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In Batesian mimicry, the mimic resembles the model, but does not have the attribute that makes it unprofitable to predators (e.g., unpalatability, or the ability to sting). In other words, a Batesian mimic is a

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is also blurred. Where one species is scarce and another abundant, the rare species can be said to be the mimic. When both are present in similar numbers, however, it makes more sense to speak of each as a

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for this phenomenon: if a common predator confuses the two species, individuals in both those species are more likely to survive, as fewer individuals of either species are killed by the predator. The term

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resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions

7639: 2122:, some males mimic the yellow throat coloration and even mating rejection behaviour of the other sex to sneak matings with guarded females. These males look and behave like unreceptive females. This 1785:

mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of

1298: 1318: 1800:, the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By resembling the model, a flower can lure its pollinators without offering nectar. The mechanism occurs in several orchids, including 1271:) all have a red background color with black and white/yellow rings. In this system, both the milk snakes and the deadly coral snakes are mimics, while the false coral snakes are the model. 1679:. It flies amongst the vultures, effectively camouflaged as a vulture which poses no threat to the hawk's prey. It hunts by suddenly breaking from the formation and ambushing its prey. 620:

The terminology used has been debated, as classifications have differed or overlapped; attempts to clarify definitions have led to the partial replacement of old terms with new ones.

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of that species to try to copulate with the flower. This is much like aggressive mimicry in fireflies, but with a more benign outcome for the pollinator. The mechanism is named after

1242:. The scenario is unlike Müllerian mimicry, where the most harmful species is the model. But if a predator dies on its first encounter with a deadly snake, it has no occasion to 615:

Many types of mimicry have been described. An overview of each follows, highlighting the similarities and differences between the various forms. Classification is often based on

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Shuster, Stephen (May 1987). "Alternative Reproductive Behaviors: Three Discrete Male Morphs in Paracerceis sculpta, an Intertidal Isopod from the Northern Gulf of California".

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and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. In the simplest case, as in

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Robbins, Robert K. The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies. The American Naturalist Vol. 118, No. 5 (Nov., 1981), pp. 770-775

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Inter-sexual mimicry (a type of automimicry, as it is within a single species) occurs when individuals of one sex in a species mimic members of the opposite sex to facilitate

7624: 1126:), a rare species which lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, has a similar red crest, black back, and barred underside to two larger woodpeckers: 1879:

by releasing chemicals that fool the worker ants to believe that the caterpillar larvae are ant larvae. This enables the larvae to be brought directly into the ant's nest.

1751:. This is common in plants with deceptive flowers that do not provide the reward they seem to offer and it may occur in Papua New Guinea fireflies, in which the signal of 306:

also spent many years studying butterflies in the Amazon rainforest. He first published a journal article on mimicry in German in 1878, followed in 1879 by a paper to the

607:, where members of the species mimic other members, or other parts of their own bodies, and in inter-sexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the other. 4739: 3808:

Rowland, Hannah M.; Ihalainen, Eira; Lindström, Leena; Mappes, Johanna; Speed, Michael P. (2007). "Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences".

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butterflies. This type of mimicry is unique in several respects. Firstly, both the mimic and the model benefit from the interaction, which could thus be classified as

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Huheey, James E. (1976). "Studies in warning coloration and mimicry VII — Evolutionary consequences of a Batesian–Müllerian spectrum: A model for Müllerian mimicry".

2071:. Weeders do not want to select weeds and their seeds that look increasingly like cultivated plants, yet there is no other option. For example, early barnyard grass, 1580:) employ prominent patterns in the middle of their webs, such as zigzags. These may reflect ultraviolet light, and mimic the pattern seen in many flowers known as 1567:, though no conscious deceptive intent is involved. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism that does not threaten the prey or host. 1615:", and are captured and eaten. Each female has a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the flashes of the female of the corresponding species. 1277: 480:

if mimicry negatively affects the model, in which case the model can evolve a different appearance from the mimic. Mimics may have different models for different

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Kunte, K.; Zhang, W.; Tenger-Trolander, A.; Palmer, D. H.; Martin, A.; Reed, R. D.; Mullen, S. P.; Kronforst, M. R. (2014). "doublesex is a mimicry supergene".

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eat parasites and dead skin from client fish. Some allow the cleaner to venture inside their body to hunt these parasites. However, the sabre-toothed blenny or

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butterflies have tail patterns and appendages of various degrees of sophistication that promote attacks at the rear rather than at the head. Several species of

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warning coloration. More complex types may be bipolar, involving only two species, such as when the model and the dupe are the same; this occurs for example in

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predator first learnt to avoid a less deadly warning-coloured snake, the deadly species could profit by mimicking the less dangerous snake. Some harmless

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A.; Igic, Branislav; Magrath, Robert D. (30 July 2014). "Avian vocal mimicry: a unified conceptual framework".

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Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1975). "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants". In L. E. Gilbert; P. H. Raven (eds.).

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that regulate a complex cluster of linked genes that cause large changes in morphology. The second step consists of selections on genes with smaller

7137: 2261: 246:, used the term "mimicry" informally to depict the way that the structure and coloration of some insects resembled objects in their environments: 7665: 4715:

Sourakov, Andrei (2013): Two heads are better than one: false head allows Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae) to escape predation by a Jumping Spider,

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Mimicry is defensive or protective when organisms are able to avoid harmful encounters by deceiving enemies into treating them as something else.

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is an alternative explanation for why coral reef fish have come to resemble each other; the same applies to benthic marine invertebrates such as

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1976. "Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system, with special reference to the Caricaceae. Pp 161–169 in J. Burley and B. T. Styles, eds.

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is effective against "usurper" males with orange throats, but ineffective against blue throated "guarder" males, which chase them away. Female

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are a canonical example; the female cuckoo has its offspring raised by a bird of a different species, cutting down the biological mother's

8496: 7988: 7490: 3655:; Stubbins, Claire L.; Hardman, Chloe J. (30 May 2008). "The anti-predator function of 'eyespots' on camouflaged and conspicuous prey". 2429: 1909: 282: 8054: 7104: 7031: 1625: 6430: 6197: 6175: 6032: 5984: 5945: 5895: 2924: 8534: 8203: 7312: 6978: 5220: 4690: 2063:. Selection against the weed may occur either by manually killing the weed, or by separating its seeds from those of the crop by 1327: 131:

on their wings that mimic their own heads, misdirecting predator dupes to strike harmlessly. Many other types of mimicry exist.

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Moran, Jonathan A. (1996). "Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant

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Vavilov, N. I. (1951). "The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants (translation by K. S. Chester)".

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Barber, Jesse R.; Plotkin, David; Rubin, Juliette J.; Homziak, Nicholas T.; Leavell, Brian C.; et al. (21 June 2022).

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Wiklund, Christer; Tullberg, Birgitta S. (September 2004). "Seasonal polyphenism and leaf mimicry in the comma butterfly".

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from the species they imitated, although they belong to a family totally different in structure and metamorphosis from the

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near their tails, and when mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards, presenting the tail as a head. Some insects such as some

167: 8476: 8121: 8006: 2301: 211: 163: 83:, a mimic resembles a model, so as to deceive a dupe, all three being of different species. A Batesian mimic, such as a 8580: 8196: 8066: 8000: 7845: 7833: 6840: 5135:

Kelley, Laura A.; Coe, Rebecca L.; Madden, Joah R.; Healy, Susan D. (1 September 2008). "Vocal mimicry in songbirds".

3031: 2119: 2101: 1717: 1228:, when the predator is very likely to die, making learning unlikely. The theory was developed by the German biologist 251: 4139: 2987:

Roy, B. A. (1994). "The effects of pathogen-induced pseudoflowers and buttercups on each other's insect visitation".

2448:(1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen" [On the Advantages of Mimicry in Butterflies]. 1564: 464:

each model is also a mimic; all such species can be called "co-mimics". Many harmless species such as hoverflies are

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Sinervo, B.; C. M. Lively (1996). "The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies".

4790: 4613:(1970). "Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain and implications for mimicry theory". In Chambers, K. L. (ed.). 3652: 3600: 3565: 3556: 3494: 2007:

of the next flower the male tries to inseminate, resulting in pollination. The mimicry is a combination of visual,

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that share some of the characteristics of a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey or

1048:. Mimics are less likely to be found out (for example by predators) when in low proportion to their model. Such 7515: 7255: 7180: 6585: 4559: 2123: 1584:. Spiders change their web day to day, which can be explained by the ability of bees to remember web patterns. 439: 8310: 3966:

Barber, Jesse R.; Chadwell, Brad A.; Garrett, Nick; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Conner, William E. (July 2009).

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involving seeds, vocal mimicry in birds, and aggressive and Batesian mimicry in brood parasite-host systems.

7905: 7815: 7458: 7154: 6064: 6024: 5013: 3037: 2836: 2583: 1736: 1723: 7959: 7875: 7450: 7444: 7334: 7097: 6666: 6517: 6313: 6308: 6273: 6258: 2341: 494: 485: 477: 31: 3694:(August 2013). "Defensive posture and eyespots deter avian predators from attacking caterpillar models". 2201: 8072: 8042: 8024: 7821: 7421: 7307: 7041: 7000: 6995: 6973: 6676: 6423: 6283: 2073: 1938: 1814: 1493: 1435: 531:

for the development of butterfly color patterns. The model is supported by computational simulations of

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Lloyd, J. E. (1975). "Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris Fireflies: Signal Repertoires by Femmes Fatales".

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to form aggregations to attract females. Other forms of mimicry have a reproductive component, such as

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Bawa, K. S. (1980). "Mimicry of male by female flowers and intrasexual competition for pollinators in

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Jackson, R. R. (1995). "Eight-legged tricksters: Spiders that specialize at catching other spiders".

4644: 4093: 4082:"Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation" 4034: 3920: 3402: 3343: 3296: 3198: 3143: 2996: 2866: 2755: 2674: 2530: 2049: 1995:, who first described the phenomenon. It is most common in orchids, which mimic females of the order 1900: 1802: 1155: 850: 645: 552: 469: 443: 375: 316: 311: 235: 92: 68: 60: 3099: 1374: 226: 8544: 8504: 8288: 7778: 7609: 7604: 7589: 7317: 7248: 7205: 7149: 6619: 6465: 6303: 6224: 5904: 5674: 5280: 2109: 1844: 1739:(rear part) is held raised. This presumably increases the chances of the ant being eaten by birds. 1403: 1194: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1080: 655: 532: 448: 197: 8482: 8382: 8219: 8165: 7869: 7734: 7675: 7570: 7414: 7200: 7159: 7144: 6968: 6641: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6522: 6455: 6387: 6123: 6078:

Wiens, D. (1978). "Mimicry in Plants". In Max K. Hecht; William C. Steere; Bruce Wallace (eds.).

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eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing

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style resembles its prey, allowing it to hunt undetected. Mimicry is not limited to animals; in

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Lloyd, J. E. (1965) Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris: Firefly Femmes Fatales Science 149:653–654.

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Endler, John A. (August 1981). "An Overview of the Relationships Between Mimicry and Crypsis".

2587: 1716:, and must then find a suitable bird to mature in. Since the host birds do not eat snails, the 8509: 8409: 8404: 8345: 8335: 8273: 7893: 7809: 7619: 7485: 7329: 7297: 7175: 7090: 7071: 7066: 7026: 6985: 6933: 6671: 6614: 6554: 6549: 6541: 6502: 6480: 6210: 6193: 6171: 6111: 6091: 6068: 6028: 5980: 5941: 5891: 5854: 5805: 5632: 5536: 5447: 5367: 5305: 5226: 5201: 5109: 5051: 4843: 4672: 4628: 4610: 4592: 4563: 4553: 4402: 4352: 4309: 4266: 4213: 4121: 4062: 3995: 3987: 3948: 3850: 3827: 3634: 3435: 3430:

Pawlik, J.R. (2012). "12". In Fattorusso, E.; Gerwick, W.H.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (eds.).

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Howse, P. E.; Allen, J. A. (1994). "Satyric Mimicry: The Evolution of Apparent Imperfection".

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Kikuchi, D.; Pfenning, D. (2010). "Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry".

3226: 3159: 3041: 2969: 2920: 2892: 2690: 2634: 2591: 2556: 2163: 2153: 1797: 1786: 1772: 1713: 1653: 1619: 1603: 1576: 1512: 1489: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1134: 743: 600: 592: 576: 460: 273: 128: 3968:"Naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning" 3187:"Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Drive the Origin and Maintenance of Imperfect Mimicry" 1406:

who described it in 1975. The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A. (27 April 2016). "Mimicry for all modalities".

2626: 2575: 2546: 2538: 2407: 2270: 2148: 2008: 1967: 1934: 1875: 1869: 1860: 1852: 1836: 1831: 1778: 1672: 1597: 1229: 1218: 1198: 1096:). Several palatable moths produce ultrasonic click calls to mimic unpalatable tiger moths. 1021: 842: 765: 721: 699: 510: 465: 402: 345: 80: 52: 8320: 8283: 8170: 7728: 7687: 7634: 7534: 7349: 6835: 6771: 6761: 6135: 3872:"Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds ( 3063: 2665: 2114: 2060: 2004: 1972: 1690: 1092: 823: 506: 5342:

Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by Epidendrurn ibaguense (Orchidaceae) in Panama".

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Benson, W. W. (1977). "On the Supposed Spectrum Between Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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caterpillars resemble twigs, bark, leaves, bird droppings or flowers. Many animals bear

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of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form

144: 8516:

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

5832: 5695: 5236: 4694: 4667: 4632: 4445:

Hecht, M. K.; Marien, D. (1956). "The coral snake mimic problem: a reinterpretation".

3559:; Hopkins, Elinor; Hinde, William; Adcock, Amabel; Connolly, Yvonne; Troscianko, Tom; 1851:. The adaptation to different hosts is inherited through the female line in so-called 571:

In its broadest definition, mimicry can include non-living models. The specific terms

170:

in 1823. Originally used to describe people, "mimetic" was used in zoology from 1851.

8559: 8461: 8456: 8127: 7851: 7746: 7740: 7565: 7394: 6948: 6867: 6845: 6820: 6781: 6743: 6338: 5773: 5121: 4526: 4023:"Anti-bat ultrasound production in moths is globally and phylogenetically widespread" 3560: 3477: 3460: 3332:"Who resembles whom? Mimetic and coincidental look-alikes among tropical reef fishes" 2824: 2724: 2576: 2168: 2158: 2131: 2127: 1896: 1859:

brood parasitism, where a female lays in a conspecific's nest, as illustrated by the

1747:

Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's

1413: 1236: 1105: 1062: 864: 596: 584: 519: 426: 96: 6219: 5866: 5425: 5424:

Barbero, Francesca; Thomas, J.A.; Bonelli, S.; Balletto, E.; Schonrogge, K. (2009).

5410: 5156: 5063: 4948: 4855: 4466: 3715: 3676: 3586: 3515: 3316: 3273: 3084: 2775: 2646: 8372: 8295: 8278: 8175: 7935: 7827: 7758: 7711: 7705: 7693: 7520: 7185: 6879: 6825: 6661: 6278: 5931: 5817: 4237: 4007: 3171: 2474: 2356: 1839:

or Kirbyan mimicry is a two species system where a brood parasite mimics its host.

1748: 1649: 1581: 1262: 937: 588: 295: 160: 5148: 3772: 3707: 3578: 3507: 2833:

Avoiding Attack: the Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals, and Mimicry

2796:(January 2017). "Cheats and Deceits: How Animals and Plants Exploit and Mislead". 2360: 1957: 1456:

and Jane Van Zandt Brower who first described it in 1967, is a postulated form of

1384:

flower species use Gilbertian mimicry, defending against being eaten by larvae of

979:

or parasite resembles and attacks prey or host; parasite may get itself swallowed

5474:"A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts" 4839: 4251: 3356: 3211: 2396:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae" 2309: 319:, named in his honour, has since been used for this mutualistic form of mimicry. 276:. Returning home, he described multiple forms of mimicry in an 1862 paper at the 8490: 8448: 8367: 8263: 8258: 7887: 7839: 7699: 7555: 7477: 7229: 7190: 7056: 6938: 6857: 6786: 6751: 6609: 6595: 6470: 6460: 6293: 6087: 4962:

Willis, E. O. (1963). "Is the Zone-Tailed Hawk a Mimic of the Turkey Vulture?".

3729: 2003:

is attached to the head or abdomen of the male. This is then transferred to the

1996: 1819: 1505: 1447: 1357: 1343: 1225: 1180: 1057: 1031: 870: 677: 604: 456: 359: 120: 100: 48: 6143:

Vane-Wright, R. I. (1976). "A unified classification of mimetic resemblances".

5617: 4637:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4027:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1937:: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of 579:

are sometimes used when the models are inanimate, and the mimicry's purpose is

264:) go still further in this mimicry, representing a small branch with its spray. 8437: 8432: 8350: 8253: 8100: 7917: 7784: 7287: 7271: 7219: 7046: 6943: 6791: 6600: 6394: 6353: 6318: 5909: 4208: 4191: 3668: 3415: 3390: 2612: 2542: 2143: 2057: 1848: 1790: 1525: 1516: 1418: 1408: 1386: 1380: 1248: 1189: 1109: 1074: 984: 812: 560: 489: 452: 380: 350: 291: 124: 4596: 3991: 3831: 1622:

may be able to increase their rate of capturing insect prey through mimicry.

672:

Brooding bird mimics itself with broken wing, luring predator away from nest

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female. The model in this situation is the same species as the dupe. Female

1529: 1520: 1400: 1353: 1146:

adapts its leaf shape and colour to match that of the plant it is climbing.

1097: 976: 816: 541: 528: 523: 355: 193: 183: 108: 6115: 5858: 5809: 5801: 5636: 5540: 5522: 5451: 5371: 5309: 5205: 5113: 5055: 5028: 4940: 4847: 4406: 4356: 4313: 4270: 4217: 4125: 4066: 3999: 3952: 3638: 3620: 3432:

Antipredatory defensive roles of natural products from marine invertebrates

3375: 3308: 3265: 3230: 3163: 2973: 2896: 2694: 2638: 2560: 786:

resembles less deadly species, predators get chance to learn to avoid them

4676: 4657: 4143: 3076: 140: 39: 8268: 8233: 7994: 7560: 6928: 5385:

Andersson, M.; Eriksson, M. O. G. (1982). "Nest parasitism in Goldeneyes

3391:"Coincidental resemblances among coral reef fishes from different oceans" 2053: 1892: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1645: 1601:

emit light signals that mimic the mating signals of females of the genus

1574:

use aggressive mimicry to lure prey. Species such as the silver argiope (

1556: 1473: 1423: 1267: 1243: 1165: 515: 505:

It is widely accepted that mimicry evolves as a positive adaptation. The

84: 76: 44: 5323:

Dodson, C. H.; Frymire, G. P. (1961). "Natural pollination of orchids".

3823: 3732:(1981). "An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis". 3155: 3061:

Alexander, Victoria N. (2002). "Nabokov, Teleology and Insect Mimicry".

895:

Plant mimic resembles female bee, deceives male, gets itself pollinated

17: 8394: 8389: 8377: 8340: 8248: 8133: 8105: 8030: 7384: 7214: 7082: 6963: 6604: 6262: 6255: 6039:

Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".

6012: 5976: 5730: 5442: 5363: 5301: 4983: 4902: 4774: 4531:

Kritisches Verzeichniss der myrmecophilin und termitophilen Arthropoden

4398: 4348: 4305: 3983: 3016: 2965: 2282: 1592: 1391: 1233: 1143: 1113: 580: 434: 5105: 2878: 2686: 694:

Multiple forms, e.g. one sex mimics the other, tail mimics head, etc.

488:, with different individuals imitating different models, as occurs in 8188: 8012: 7984: 7953: 7941: 7863: 5765: 2767: 2105: 1984: 1980: 1919: 1840: 1782: 1703: 1571: 922: 556: 260: 255: 238:

to explain why distasteful species should evolve similar appearances.

123:, another bipolar system, model and mimic are the same, as when blue 6706: 6004: 5722: 5355: 5293: 5187: 4975: 4894: 4766: 4512: 4390: 4340: 4297: 3008: 2957: 2395: 5850: 5402: 5047: 3803: 3801: 3257: 2630: 425:

Batesian vs Müllerian mimicry: the former is deceptive, the latter

159:, "to imitate". "Mimicry" was first used in zoology by the English 8427: 7016: 5599:

Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; et al. (2020).

2327: 2325: 2259:

Pasteur, G. (1982). "A Classificatory Review of Mimicry Systems".

2033: 2024: 1956: 1624: 1608: 1500:) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head. 1484: 1373: 1179:

In Müllerian mimicry, two or more species have similar warning or

1159: 1025: 783: 420: 225: 38: 5081:. Research Signpost; Trivandrum, Kerala, India. pp. 229–242. 4504: 1727:) changes the colour of the abdomen of workers of the canopy ant 1587:

Another case is where males are lured towards what seems to be a

1164:

Comparison of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, illustrated with a

8305: 8243: 8238: 5582:

Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord

5027:

Yanoviak, S. P.; Kaspari, M.; Dudley, R.; Poinar, G. Jr (2008).

2078: 2045: 2041: 1988: 1169: 918: 218:

The behaviour is recognised as a form of mimicry by biologists.

88: 56: 8192: 7244: 7086: 6710: 6412: 6228: 2853:; Vane-Wright, Richard I.; Wickler, Wolfgang (1 January 2017). 459:. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the 8018: 6812: 6192:. Creative Education. Mankato, Minnesota, USA, Great Britain. 6061:

Cheats and deceits: how animals and plants exploit and mislead

5079:

Bioluminescence in Focus - a collection of illuminating essays

4535:

Critical Inventory of Myrmecophile and Termitophile Arthropods

3759:

Allen, J. A.; Cooper, J. M. (2010). "Crypsis and masquerade".

2029: 1847:. The ability to lay eggs that mimic the host eggs is the key 1173: 1036: 949: 384:

butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881

7240: 4719:(Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 47:15-16, 1047-1054 4192:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory" 2744:(1965). "Mimicry and the Evolution of Animal Communication". 5077:

Ohba, N.; Shimoyama, Ayu (2009). Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.).

4617:. Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Oregon State Univ. pp. 69–82. 1671:

A mechanism that does not involve any luring is seen in the

5991:

Evans, M. A. (1965). "Mimicry and the Darwinian Heritage".

5426:"Acoustical mimicry in a predatory social parasite of ants" 3185:

Wilson, J.; Jahner, J.; Williams, K.; Forister, M. (2013).

1187:

attributes (e.g. being unpalatable), as first described in

845:

adult or egg mimics host which raises the young as its own

760:

Palatable butterfly resembles toxic member of same species

738:

Palatable mimic resembles distasteful model, deceives dupe

6408: 5951:

Dafni, A. (1984). "Mimicry and Deception in Pollination".

1644:

A different aggressive strategy is to mimic a mutualistic

1142:. Batesian mimicry occurs in the plant kingdom, where the 99:, as when species of wasps and of bees all have genuinely 95:, where different harmful species resemble each other, is 5029:"Parasite-induced fruit mimicry in a tropical canopy ant" 4423:(1956). "Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen". 716:

Female flower resembles male flower, cheating pollinator

4166:"Deceptive Woodpecker Uses Mimicry to Avoid Competition" 2574:

King, R. C.; Stansfield, W. D.; Mulligan, P. K. (2006).

2032:

is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of

5262:

Variation, breeding, and conservation of tropical trees

3609:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2855:"A hypothesis to explain accuracy of wasp resemblances" 2613:"Imperfect Mimicry and the Limits of Natural Selection" 1903:, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs. 1818:, and is pollinated by monarch butterflies and perhaps 1735:. It also changes the behaviour of the ant so that the 1001:

Mimic resembles background (plant parts, or inanimate)

5973:

Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences

4140:"Mimic Octopus, Thaumoctopus mimicus at MarineBio.org" 3849:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 464. 6170:(translated from the German), McGraw-Hill, New York. 5172:"Evolutionary origins of vocal mimicry in songbirds" 4080:

Kawahara, Akito Y.; Barber, Jesse R. (19 May 2015).

2490:

Proclamations of the Entomological Society of London

200:

to lure predators away from their flightless young:

8527: 8420: 8328: 8226: 8151: 8114: 8093: 8086: 7975: 7800: 7771: 7721: 7664: 7657: 7648: 7625:

List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing

7597: 7588: 7548: 7476: 7437: 7430: 7372: 7278: 7168: 7120: 7009: 6921: 6893: 6811: 6742: 6578: 6540: 6446: 4373:Emsley, M. G. (1966). "The mimetic significance of 2296: 2294: 2292: 2104:. An example is the three male forms of the marine 5472:Welbergen, Justin A.; Davies, Nicholas B. (2011). 5170:Goller, Maria; Shizuka, Daizaburo (22 June 2018). 2723: 2351: 2349: 1867:), do not involve mimicry The parasitic butterfly 1035:, a harmless bush cricket, mimics a well-defended 451:; or it can be to the detriment of one, making it 327:obtain for this imitation among protected species. 258:of the oak on which I took it. The spectre tribe ( 250:A jumping bug, very similar to the one figured by 4740:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities 3909:"Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction" 3030:Johnson, Steven D.; Schiestl, Florian P. (2016). 1702:, their eggs then passing out of the bird in the 1356:in a nest or colony. Most of the models here are 624:Some kinds of mimicry classified by Pasteur 1982 2658: 2656: 1712:, a terrestrial snail. The eggs develop in this 4631:; Van Brower, J. V. Z.; Corvino, J. M. (1967). 4086:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2919:(4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. Chapter 50. 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2067:. Vavilovian mimicry illustrates unintentional 1394:(not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs. 324: 298:, without examining them closely after capture. 288: 272:worked for several years on butterflies in the 248: 202: 5556:Un curieux cas de mimetisme chez les Ophrydées 4691:"Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium californicum)" 2483:; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies" 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 8204: 7256: 7098: 6722: 6424: 6240: 2465: 2463: 205:returns to the nest and calls the young back. 8: 5576:Pouyanne, M.-A. (1917). "La fécondation des 5554: 2386: 2384: 2382: 1255:), the moderately toxic false coral snakes ( 1090:imitate the poisonous pipevine swallowtail ( 354:species (top and third row) and distasteful 30:"Mimic" redirects here. For other uses, see 7465:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 5902:(a supplement of volume 131 of the journal 5507:"Cuckoo–hawk mimicry? An experimental test" 4737:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996) 4633:"Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain" 4478: 4476: 2910: 2908: 2906: 869:Distasteful co-mimics resemble each other, 406:, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp 8211: 8197: 8189: 8090: 7661: 7654: 7630:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 7615:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago 7594: 7434: 7263: 7249: 7241: 7105: 7091: 7083: 6729: 6715: 6707: 6431: 6417: 6409: 6247: 6233: 6225: 5648: 5646: 3845:Stearns, S. C.; Hoekstra, Rolf F. (2000). 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2195: 2193: 2113:. Alpha males are the largest and guard a 2044:that come to share characteristics with a 1731:to make it appear like the ripe fruits of 1422:butterflies. The host plants have evolved 622: 87:, is harmless, while its model, such as a 7846:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) 7128:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6625:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6105: 5672:Barrett, S. (1983). "Mimicry in Plants". 5626: 5616: 5530: 5489: 5441: 5195: 4743:(third edition) Blackwell Science, London 4666: 4656: 4368: 4366: 4260: 4250: 4207: 4115: 4105: 4056: 4046: 3942: 3932: 3891: 3880:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3734:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3628: 3531:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3476: 3465:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3461:"The Evolution and Ecology of Masquerade" 3414: 3365: 3355: 3220: 3210: 3118: 3107:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2940:Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by 2886: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2550: 1979:In Pouyannian mimicry, a flower mimics a 242:In 1823, Kirby and Spence, in their book 6041:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5953:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5890:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5505:Davies, N. B.; Welbergen, J. A. (2008). 4693:. Owl Research Institute. Archived from 4440: 4438: 3098:Holmgren, N. M. A.; Enquist, M. (1999). 2262:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1781:, is a form of automimicry where female 1607:. Male fireflies from several different 4788:Craig, C. L. (1995). "Webs of Deceit". 4537:] (in German). Berlin: Felix Dames. 2611:Kikuchi, D. W.; Pfennig, D. W. (2013). 2189: 1881: 1524:misdirects predators such as birds and 1273: 330: 312:the first mathematical model of mimicry 6131: 6121: 4919:(1966). "Mimicry in Tropical Fishes". 2316:Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown 1352:, the mimic resembles a model that it 1050:negative frequency-dependent selection 6913:Evolution of color vision in primates 5010:Parasites and the behavior of animals 3907:Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007). 1698:, matures in the digestive system of 1434:between caterpillars, which are also 1312:(the model for both types of mimicry) 1056:There are many Batesian mimics among 280:in London, and then in his 1863 book 75:is an evolved resemblance between an 7: 5888:Mimicry and the evolutionary process 5831:Muller, M. N.; Wrangham, R. (2002). 3455:Skelhorn, John; Rowland, Hannah M.; 2519:"The Evolution of Müllerian Mimicry" 1528:. Spectacular examples occur in the 290:I was never able to distinguish the 8497:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 7989:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform 6447: 6053:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 5965:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355 4375:Erythrolamprus aesculapii ocellatus 3972:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3657:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2496:. Translated by R. Meldola: 20–29. 2431:The naturalist on the river Amazons 2400:Transactions of the Linnean Society 2275:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 444:is deceived to change its behaviour 283:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 236:first mathematical model of mimicry 143:dates to 1637. It derives from the 6157:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x 6082:. Vol. 11. pp. 365–403. 5511:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5325:Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 5278:(D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae)". 3893:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x 3746:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3543:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3289:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3120:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x 2503:from the original on 2 March 2024. 2412:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x 1796:In Dodsonian mimicry, named after 1789:. It is common in many species of 1138:. This mimicry reduces attacks on 25: 7380:As evidence for natural selection 6220:Camouflage and Mimicry in Fossils 5696:10.1038/scientificamerican0987-76 4585:Coevolution of Animals and Plants 2367:from the original on 30 June 2024 1826:Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism 650:Description (mimic, model, dupe) 8319: 7491:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 7363: 7313:Coincident disruptive coloration 6802: 6691: 6690: 6531: 6466:Aristotelian/Distraction display 5553:Correvon H., Pouyanne M. (1916) 3478:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01347.x 2134:that make them look like males. 1927: 1908: 1884: 1328:Lampropeltis triangulum annulata 1324:The harmless Mexican milk snake, 1317: 1297: 1276: 389: 367: 333: 5993:Journal of the History of Ideas 5838:The Quarterly Review of Biology 5430:Journal of Experimental Biology 4233:"Repeating Patterns of Mimicry" 3870:Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996). 3761:Journal of Biological Education 3100:"Dynamics of mimicry evolution" 2618:The Quarterly Review of Biology 2040:Vavilovian mimicry is found in 1452:Browerian mimicry, named after 1292:(the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic) 1183:signals and both share genuine 583:. For example, animals such as 308:Entomological Society of London 8061:Operational Camouflage Pattern 7527:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 6646: 5975:. Harlow, Essex and New York, 5937:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 5389:: some evolutionary aspects". 5264:. Academic Press, London, U.K. 3434:. Springer. pp. 677–710. 2314:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). 1777:Bakerian mimicry, named after 1: 7858:Australian Disruptive Pattern 6657:Frequency-dependent selection 6168:Mimicry in Plants and Animals 5711:Journal of Crustacean Biology 5149:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.012 4489:Mimicry in plants and animals 3773:10.1080/00219266.1985.9654747 3708:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.029 3579:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.031 3508:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.008 2726:Mimicry in plants and animals 2311:An Introduction to Entomology 2202:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 1283:The deadly Texas coral snake, 948:Mimic resembles and deceives 244:An Introduction to Entomology 8122:Diffused lighting camouflage 8007:Universal Camouflage Pattern 7640:USN WWII camouflage measures 4840:10.1126/science.187.4175.452 4252:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 3357:10.1371/journal.pone.0054939 3212:10.1371/journal.pone.0061610 2120:common side-blotched lizards 2052:. It is named after Russian 1970:with a flower of the orchid 1873:parasitizes the ant species 1706:. They are then taken up by 567:Living and non-living models 151:, "imitative", in turn from 127:butterflies have 'tails' or 8067:Netherlands Fractal Pattern 8001:Tactical Assault Camouflage 7834:Disruptive Pattern Material 6841:Simple eye in invertebrates 6088:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_6 3389:Robertson, D. Ross (2015). 3330:Robertson, D. Ross (2013). 1563:; the strategy resembles a 1481:Misdirection by automimicry 1360:insects, principally ants. 811:/prey mimics and so repels 497:, plants, and fungi exist. 344:'s 1862 paper illustrating 8597: 7037:Infrared sensing in snakes 6324:Behavior-altering parasite 6211:Warning colour and mimicry 5940:. Methuen and Co, London, 5833:"Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas" 5618:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z 5222:Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature 3847:Evolution: An Introduction 2944:(Orchidaceae) in Panama". 2093: 2018: 1993:Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne 1950: 1918:resembles a predator, the 1829: 1770: 1540: 1503: 1445: 1367: 1341: 1216: 1153: 1019: 535:. The Batesian mimicry in 254:, also much resembles the 155:, the verbal adjective of 29: 8477:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 8317: 7930:Camouflage Central-Europe 7924:Desert Camouflage Pattern 7361: 7340:Multi-spectral camouflage 6908:Evolution of color vision 6800: 6685: 6529: 6334:Host–parasite coevolution 6269: 6215:University College London 4589:University of Texas Press 4493:Journal of Animal Ecology 4209:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010 4190:Gianoli, Ernesto (2014). 3669:10.1007/s00265-008-0607-3 3416:10.1007/s00338-015-1309-8 2543:10.1007/s00114-008-0403-y 1662:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1631:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1555:is found in predators or 1432:intraspecific competition 1412:, which is grazed by the 1308:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 1258:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 501:Evolutionary explanations 476:Mimicry can result in an 440:to protect from predators 362:, second and bottom row). 212:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 210:Aristotle, translated by 7516:Johann Georg Otto Schick 7181:Anti-predator adaptation 6586:Anti-predator adaptation 5561:J. Soc. Nat. Hortic. Fr. 4560:Harvard University Press 2915:Campbell, N. A. (1996). 2578:A dictionary of genetics 1806:which mimics flowers of 1721:life cycle. A nematode ( 1611:are attracted to these " 1565:wolf in sheep's clothing 1046:sheep in wolf's clothing 113:wolf-in-sheep's-clothing 7906:Desert Night Camouflage 7459:Abbott Handerson Thayer 7155:Paradox of the plankton 6259:biological interactions 6213:• Lecture outline from 6065:Oxford University Press 6025:Oxford University Press 5036:The American Naturalist 5014:Oxford University Press 4615:Biochemical Coevolution 4459:10.1002/jmor.1050980207 4107:10.1073/pnas.1416679112 4048:10.1073/pnas.2117485119 3934:10.1073/pnas.0703627104 3246:The American Naturalist 3038:Oxford University Press 2837:Oxford University Press 2831:; Speed, M. P. (2004). 2584:Oxford University Press 2523:Die Naturwissenschaften 1733:Hyeronima alchorneoides 1724:Myrmeconema neotropicum 1253:Lampropeltis triangulum 1232:who named it after the 484:stages, or they may be 268:The English naturalist 43:Many insects including 8571:Polymorphism (biology) 7451:The Colours of Animals 7445:Edward Bagnall Poulton 7335:Multi-scale camouflage 6190:Mimicry and Camouflage 6021:Camouflage and Mimicry 5802:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622 5555: 5523:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331 4941:10.1098/rstb.1966.0036 4717:Phidippus pulcherrimus 4491:by Wolfgang Wickler". 3874:Tyrannus melancholicus 3621:10.1098/rspb.2007.0220 3309:10.1098/rspb.1994.0102 2361:"Fritz Müller in 1891" 2037: 1987:species, inducing the 1976: 1968:attempting to copulate 1767:Bakerian and Dodsonian 1675:, which resembles the 1641: 1501: 1395: 1390:butterflies with leaf 1176: 1040: 873:warning off predators 478:evolutionary arms race 430: 329: 302:The German naturalist 300: 266: 239: 216: 64: 32:Mimic (disambiguation) 8576:Camouflage mechanisms 8311:Widmanstätten pattern 8043:Multi-Terrain Pattern 8025:Airman Battle Uniform 7822:Rhodesian Brushstroke 7422:Underwater camouflage 7308:Disruptive coloration 7121:Patterns of evolution 7042:Monocular deprivation 7001:Underwater camouflage 6996:Structural coloration 6974:Disruptive coloration 6677:Underwater camouflage 6456:Aggressive/Wicklerian 5917:Carpenter, G. D. Hale 5790:Hormones and Behavior 5491:10.1093/beheco/arr008 5219:Davies, Nick (2015). 4997:See here for a photo. 4871:Nepenthes rafflesiana 4658:10.1073/pnas.57.4.893 4447:Journal of Morphology 4377:Peters from Tobago". 3690:Hossie, Thomas John; 3077:10.1353/nab.2010.0004 2859:Ecology and Evolution 2450:Zoologischer Anzeiger 2074:Echinochloa oryzoides 2028: 1960: 1815:Asclepias curassavica 1628: 1504:Further information: 1498:Chaetodon capistratus 1494:foureye butterflyfish 1488: 1477:well-defended wasps. 1377: 1342:Further information: 1163: 1116:. In the Amazon, the 1058:butterflies and moths 1029: 539:is controlled by the 424: 398:Alfred Russel Wallace 229: 42: 27:Evolutionary strategy 8160:Dazzled and Deceived 7325:Distractive markings 7303:Counter-illumination 7133:Convergent evolution 7114:Evolutionary ecology 7022:Blindness in animals 6954:Counter-illumination 6903:Evolution of the eye 6652:Evolutionary ecology 6637:Deception in animals 6631:Dazzled and Deceived 6591:Animal communication 6349:Parasitic castration 6289:Deception in animals 6080:Evolutionary Biology 6059:Stevens, M. (2016). 5436:(Pt 24): 4084–4090. 5276:Jacaratia dolichaula 4591:. pp. 210–240. 4562:. pp. 511–514. 3978:(Pt 14): 2141–2148. 3795:, book 9, chapter 9. 2942:Epidendrum ibaguense 2090:Inter-sexual mimicry 2050:artificial selection 1803:Epidendrum ibaguense 1666:Labroides dimidiatus 1658:Aspidontus taeniatus 1332:(the Batesian mimic) 1304:The moderately toxic 1135:Campephilus robustus 1078:butterflies such as 1072:imitate unpalatable 952:, lives in ant nest 553:Convergent evolution 69:evolutionary biology 8545:Mathematics and art 8535:Pattern recognition 8505:Aristid Lindenmayer 8049:Australian Multicam 7852:U.S. "M81" Woodland 7610:Aircraft camouflage 7605:Military camouflage 7318:Disruptive eye mask 7206:Distraction display 7150:Divergent evolution 6498:Emsleyan/Mertensian 6188:Hoff, M. K. (2003) 5905:American Naturalist 5758:1996Natur.380..240S 5688:1987SciAm.257c..76B 5675:Scientific American 5580:par les insectes". 5566:: 29–31, 41–42, 84. 5517:(1644): 1817–1822. 5391:American Naturalist 5239:on 28 February 2021 4933:1966RSPTB.251..473W 4887:1996JEcol..84..515M 4832:1975Sci...187..452L 4697:on 28 December 2015 4649:1967PNAS...57..893B 4487:(1969). "Review of 4098:2015PNAS..112.6407K 4039:2022PNAS..11917485B 4033:(25): e2117485119. 3925:2007PNAS..104.9331B 3824:10.1038/nature05899 3692:Sherratt, Thomas N. 3615:(1617): 1457–1464. 3407:2015CorRe..34..977R 3348:2013PLoSO...854939R 3301:1994RSPSB.257..111H 3203:2013PLoSO...861610W 3156:10.1038/nature13112 3148:2014Natur.507..229K 3001:1994Ecol...75..352R 2871:2017EcoEv...7...73B 2829:Sherratt, Thomas N. 2760:1965Natur.208..519W 2679:2016EcolL..19..609D 2535:2008NW.....95..681S 2110:Paracerceis sculpta 1891:Mimicry in a brood 1845:parental investment 1753:Pteroptyx effulgens 1468:from the subfamily 1404:Lawrence E. Gilbert 1213:Emsleyan/Mertensian 1118:helmeted woodpecker 625: 533:population genetics 417:Evolved resemblance 198:distraction display 8581:Warning coloration 8483:On Growth and Form 8383:Logarithmic spiral 8220:Patterns in nature 8166:Stealth technology 7676:Splittertarnmuster 7571:Thomas N. Sherratt 7201:Deimatic behaviour 7160:Predator satiation 7145:Parallel evolution 6969:Deimatic behaviour 6642:Deimatic behaviour 6388:Cleaning symbiosis 6145:Biol. J. Linn. Soc 5971:Edmunds, M. 1974. 5927:. London: Methuen. 5478:Behavioral Ecology 5443:10.1242/jeb.032912 5387:Bucephala clangula 5094:Biological Reviews 5008:Moore, J. (2002). 4875:Journal of Ecology 4629:Brower, Lincoln P. 4611:Brower, Lincoln P. 4548:Hölldobler, Bert; 4231:Meyer, A. (2006). 3984:10.1242/jeb.029991 3792:History of Animals 2798:Skeptical Inquirer 2342:book 9, chapter 8. 2337:History of Animals 2046:domesticated plant 2038: 2021:Vavilovian mimicry 1977: 1966:, a scoliid wasp, 1963:Dasyscolia ciliata 1953:Pouyannian mimicry 1916:Common hawk-cuckoo 1865:Bucephala clangula 1855:(gens, singular). 1761:Vavilovian mimicry 1729:Cephalotes atratus 1642: 1639:Epinephelus tukula 1620:carnivorous plants 1589:sexually receptive 1553:Aggressive mimicry 1543:Aggressive mimicry 1502: 1426:that mimic mature 1396: 1370:Gilbertian mimicry 1350:Wasmannian mimicry 1261:), and the deadly 1177: 1129:Dryocopus lineatus 1123:Dryocopus galeatus 1087:Limenitis arthemis 1041: 623: 431: 342:Henry Walter Bates 322:Müller wrote that 270:Henry Walter Bates 240: 189:History of Animals 117:Pouyannian mimicry 105:aggressive mimicry 65: 59:(A, B), which are 47:(C, D, E) and the 8553: 8552: 8510:Benoît Mandelbrot 8410:Self-organization 8346:Natural selection 8336:Pattern formation 8186: 8185: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8082: 8081: 7894:Camouflage Daguet 7767: 7766: 7620:Dazzle camouflage 7584: 7583: 7486:Mary Taylor Brush 7330:Motion camouflage 7298:Active camouflage 7238: 7237: 7176:Signalling theory 7080: 7079: 7072:Visual perception 7067:Underwater vision 7032:Feature detection 7027:Eyespot apparatus 6986:Eyespot (mimicry) 6934:Animal coloration 6737:Vision in animals 6704: 6703: 6672:Signalling theory 6647:Mimicry#Evolution 6620:Community ecology 6615:Animal coloration 6461:Ant/Myrmecomorphy 6406: 6405: 6097:978-1-4615-6958-9 6073:978-0-19-870789-9 5752:(6571): 240–243. 5655:Chronica Botanica 5258:Baker, Herbert G. 5232:978-1-4088-5656-7 5176:Evolution Letters 5106:10.1111/brv.12129 4826:(4175): 452–453. 4569:978-0-674-04075-5 4550:Wilson, Edward O. 4485:Wickler, Wolfgang 4483:Sheppard, P. M.; 4425:Zool. Jahrb. Syst 4092:(20): 6407–6412. 3919:(22): 9331–9334. 3856:978-0-19-854968-0 3663:(11): 1787–1793. 3561:Cuthill, Innes C. 3457:Ruxton, Graeme D. 3441:978-90-481-3833-3 3295:(1349): 111–114. 3142:(7491): 229–232. 3047:978-0-19-104723-7 2879:10.1002/ece3.2586 2825:Ruxton, Graeme D. 2794:Frazier, Kendrick 2790:Radford, Benjamin 2742:Wickler, Wolfgang 2720:Wickler, Wolfgang 2687:10.1111/ele.12602 2597:978-0-19-530762-7 2200:Harper, Douglas. 2164:Molecular mimicry 2154:Locomotor mimicry 1798:Calaway H. Dodson 1787:sexual dimorphism 1773:Mimicry in plants 1714:intermediate host 1654:false cleanerfish 1577:Argiope argentata 1454:Lincoln P. Brower 1156:Müllerian mimicry 1005: 1004: 470:Müllerian mimicry 376:Müllerian mimicry 348:between harmless 317:Müllerian mimicry 274:Amazon rainforest 93:Müllerian mimicry 16:(Redirected from 8588: 8361:Sexual selection 8323: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8190: 8091: 7662: 7655: 7595: 7501:Norman Wilkinson 7496:John Graham Kerr 7435: 7367: 7355:Urban camouflage 7265: 7258: 7251: 7242: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7084: 7052:Palpebral (bone) 6885:Schizochroal eye 6806: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6708: 6696:Category mimicry 6694: 6693: 6535: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6397: 6390: 6376: 6369: 6344:Kleptoparasitism 6329:Brood parasitism 6249: 6242: 6235: 6226: 6160: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6109: 6056: 6019:Owen, D. (1980) 6016: 5968: 5928: 5901: 5871: 5870: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5766:10.1038/380240a0 5741: 5735: 5734: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5620: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5573: 5567: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5445: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5271: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5235:. Archived from 5216: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5137:Animal Behaviour 5132: 5126: 5125: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5005: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4927:(772): 473–474. 4913: 4907: 4906: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4660: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4254: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4142:. Archived from 4136: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4109: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4050: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3936: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3805: 3796: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3696:Animal Behaviour 3687: 3681: 3680: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3603:(22 June 2007). 3597: 3591: 3590: 3573:(5): 1215–1227. 3566:Animal Behaviour 3553: 3547: 3546: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3495:Animal Behaviour 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3369: 3359: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3214: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3104: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2890: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2821: 2806: 2805: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2768:10.1038/208519a0 2754:(5010): 519–21. 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2716: 2699: 2698: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2582:(7th ed.). 2581: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2554: 2515:Sherratt, Thomas 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2388: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2353: 2344: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2298: 2287: 2286: 2256: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2197: 2149:Chemical mimicry 2069:selection by man 2011:, and by touch. 1931: 1912: 1888: 1876:Myrmica schencki 1870:Phengaris rebeli 1837:Brood parasitism 1832:Brood parasitism 1779:Herbert G. Baker 1673:zone-tailed hawk 1472:, which feed on 1354:lives along with 1321: 1301: 1280: 1230:Wolfgang Wickler 1219:Emsleyan mimicry 1199:Batesian mimicry 1022:Batesian mimicry 917:Mimic resembles 626: 511:Vladimir Nabokov 393: 371: 346:Batesian mimicry 337: 214: 196:use a deceptive 139:Use of the word 81:Batesian mimicry 61:Müllerian mimics 21: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8523: 8416: 8324: 8315: 8222: 8217: 8187: 8182: 8171:Cloaking device 8139: 8110: 8078: 7977: 7971: 7882:Type 87 (China) 7802: 7796: 7763: 7737:(1917 aircraft) 7729:Camouflage tree 7717: 7688:Rauchtarnmuster 7667: 7644: 7635:Ship camouflage 7580: 7544: 7540:Timothy O'Neill 7535:Geoffrey Barkas 7472: 7426: 7368: 7359: 7350:Snow camouflage 7345:Self-decoration 7274: 7269: 7239: 7234: 7164: 7116: 7111: 7081: 7076: 7005: 6917: 6889: 6807: 6798: 6738: 6735: 6705: 6700: 6681: 6574: 6536: 6527: 6442: 6437: 6407: 6402: 6393: 6386: 6372: 6365: 6265: 6253: 6207: 6185: 6182: 6142: 6130: 6120: 6098: 6077: 6038: 6005:10.2307/2708228 5990: 5950: 5915: 5898: 5882: 5879: 5877:Further reading 5874: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5723:10.2307/1548612 5708: 5707: 5703: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5552: 5548: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5356:10.2307/2408322 5341: 5340: 5336: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5294:10.2307/2408216 5273: 5272: 5268: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5233: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5188:10.1002/evl3.62 5169: 5168: 5164: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4976:10.2307/1365357 4961: 4960: 4956: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4895:10.2307/2261474 4868: 4867: 4863: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4791:Natural History 4787: 4786: 4782: 4767:10.2307/1311924 4752: 4751: 4747: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4444: 4443: 4436: 4421:Mertens, Robert 4419: 4418: 4414: 4391:10.2307/2406599 4372: 4371: 4364: 4341:10.2307/2407770 4326: 4325: 4321: 4298:10.2307/2407675 4283: 4282: 4278: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4146:on 18 July 2017 4138: 4137: 4133: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3818:(7149): 64–67. 3807: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3730:Endler, John A. 3728: 3727: 3723: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3653:Stevens, Martin 3651: 3650: 3646: 3601:Stevens, Martin 3599: 3598: 3594: 3557:Stevens, Martin 3555: 3554: 3550: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3064:Nabokov Studies 3060: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3009:10.2307/1939539 2986: 2985: 2981: 2958:10.2307/2408322 2939: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2851:Boppré, Michael 2849: 2848: 2844: 2823: 2822: 2809: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2666:Ecology Letters 2662: 2661: 2654: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2485: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2426:Bates, Henry W. 2424: 2423: 2419: 2392:Bates, Henry W. 2390: 2389: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2330: 2323: 2306:Spence, William 2300: 2299: 2290: 2258: 2257: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2140: 2098: 2092: 2084:secondary crops 2077:, is a weed in 2061:Nikolai Vavilov 2023: 2017: 1973:Ophrys speculum 1955: 1949: 1942: 1932: 1923: 1913: 1904: 1889: 1834: 1828: 1775: 1769: 1745: 1691:Leucochloridium 1685: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1533:insect's head. 1526:jumping spiders 1508: 1483: 1450: 1444: 1416:larvae of some 1372: 1366: 1346: 1340: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1221: 1215: 1158: 1152: 1093:Battus philenor 1024: 1018: 1010: 641: 633: 613: 585:flower mantises 569: 537:Papilio polytes 503: 466:Batesian mimics 419: 414: 407: 394: 385: 378:in distasteful 372: 363: 338: 278:Linnean Society 224: 215: 209: 181: 176: 137: 53:Batesian mimics 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8558: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8474: 8472:Wilson Bentley 8469: 8467:Joseph Plateau 8464: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8405:Plateau's laws 8402: 8400:Fluid dynamics 8397: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8193: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8163: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7948:wz. 93 Pantera 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7806: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7682:Platanenmuster 7679: 7672: 7670: 7659: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7576:Martin Stevens 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7518: 7513: 7511:Leon Underwood 7508: 7506:Everett Warner 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7441: 7439: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7397: 7392: 7390:Decorator crab 7387: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7293:Countershading 7290: 7284: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7196:Apparent death 7193: 7188: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7010:Related topics 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959:Countershading 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6875:Holochroal eye 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6579:Related topics 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6518:In vertebrates 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6206: 6205:External links 6203: 6202: 6201: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6161: 6140: 6132:|journal= 6096: 6075: 6057: 6036: 6017: 5999:(2): 211–220. 5988: 5969: 5948: 5929: 5913: 5896: 5886:, ed. (1988). 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5851:10.1086/339199 5823: 5796:(4): 222–233. 5779: 5736: 5717:(2): 318–327. 5701: 5664: 5642: 5591: 5568: 5546: 5497: 5484:(3): 574–579. 5464: 5416: 5403:10.1086/283965 5377: 5334: 5315: 5266: 5250: 5231: 5225:. Bloomsbury. 5211: 5182:(4): 417–426. 5162: 5143:(3): 521–528. 5127: 5100:(2): 643–668. 5084: 5069: 5048:10.1086/528968 5019: 5000: 4989: 4970:(4): 313–317. 4954: 4908: 4881:(4): 515–525. 4861: 4810: 4801: 4780: 4745: 4730: 4721: 4708: 4682: 4620: 4602: 4575: 4568: 4540: 4527:Wasmann, Erich 4518: 4472: 4453:(2): 335–365. 4434: 4412: 4362: 4335:(2): 454–455. 4319: 4276: 4223: 4202:(9): 984–987. 4182: 4157: 4131: 4072: 4013: 3958: 3899: 3886:(4): 351–365. 3876:, Tyrannidae)" 3862: 3855: 3837: 3797: 3785:Pasteur cites 3778: 3751: 3721: 3702:(2): 383–389. 3682: 3644: 3592: 3548: 3521: 3502:(3): 621–627. 3484: 3447: 3440: 3422: 3381: 3322: 3279: 3258:10.1086/657041 3252:(6): 830–834. 3236: 3177: 3126: 3113:(2): 145–158. 3090: 3053: 3046: 3033:Floral Mimicry 3022: 2995:(2): 352–358. 2979: 2952:(1): 135–136. 2932: 2925: 2902: 2842: 2807: 2781: 2733: 2730:. McGraw-Hill. 2700: 2673:(6): 609–619. 2652: 2631:10.1086/673758 2625:(4): 297–315. 2603: 2596: 2566: 2529:(8): 681–695. 2506: 2459: 2437: 2417: 2406:(3): 495–566. 2378: 2345: 2321: 2318:. p. 405. 2302:Kirby, William 2288: 2214: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2136: 2132:pseudo-penises 2128:spotted hyenas 2096:Sexual mimicry 2094:Main article: 2091: 2088: 2019:Main article: 2016: 2013: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1890: 1883: 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1809:Lantana camara 1771:Main article: 1768: 1765: 1744: 1741: 1684: 1681: 1677:turkey vulture 1635:potato grouper 1613:femmes fatales 1549: 1546: 1541:Main article: 1538: 1535: 1482: 1479: 1446:Main article: 1443: 1440: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1323: 1316: 1314: 1303: 1296: 1294: 1287:Micrurus tener 1282: 1275: 1240:Robert Mertens 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1185:anti-predation 1154:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1144:chameleon vine 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 981: 980: 974: 971: 968: 963: 960: 954: 953: 946: 943: 940: 935: 932: 926: 925: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 875: 874: 871:aposematically 867: 862: 859: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843:Brood parasite 840: 837: 834: 829: 826: 820: 819: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 788: 787: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 718: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 652: 651: 648: 643: 638: 635: 630: 612: 609: 568: 565: 520:modifier genes 502: 499: 433:Mimicry is an 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 395: 388: 386: 373: 366: 364: 339: 332: 223: 220: 207: 180: 177: 175: 172: 168:William Spence 136: 133: 63:of each other. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8593: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Ernst Haeckel 8460: 8458: 8457:Adolf Zeising 8455: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:Vortex street 8299: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8279:Quasicrystals 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8128:Yehudi lights 8126: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7747:Denison smock 7745: 7742: 7741:Telo mimetico 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566:Innes Cuthill 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Flower mantis 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017:Animal senses 7015: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Chromatophore 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6846:Mammalian eye 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6821:Arthropod eye 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6339:Hyperparasite 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6256:Inter-species 6250: 6245: 6243: 6238: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6198:1-58341-237-9 6195: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6177: 6176:0-07-070100-8 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6034: 6033:0-19-217683-8 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5986: 5985:0-582-44132-3 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5946:0-416-30050-2 5943: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5908:dedicated to 5907: 5906: 5899: 5897:0-226-07608-3 5893: 5889: 5885: 5884:Brower, L. P. 5881: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5465: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5350:(1): 135–36. 5349: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5288:(3): 467–74. 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5042:(4): 536–44. 5041: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4761:(8): 590–98. 4760: 4756: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4643:(4): 893–98. 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 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2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Mallet, James 2352: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2169:Preadaptation 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2159:Mimic octopus 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1983:of a certain 1982: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:Intraspecific 1854: 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Retrieved 2108: 2102:sneak mating 2099: 2083: 2072: 2039: 2009:by olfaction 1978: 1971: 1961: 1939:reed warbler 1874: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1835: 1820:hummingbirds 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1776: 1756: 1752: 1749:reproduction 1746: 1743:Reproductive 1732: 1728: 1722: 1707: 1689: 1686: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1650:Cleaner fish 1643: 1638: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1586: 1575: 1569: 1551: 1509: 1497: 1457: 1451: 1427: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1385: 1379: 1347: 1326: 1306: 1285: 1266: 1263:coral snakes 1256: 1252: 1222: 1209: 1203: 1188: 1178: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1102:Thaumoctopus 1101: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1042: 1030: 1011: 938:Commensalist 908:Reproductive 886:Reproductive 707:Reproductive 656:Aristotelian 614: 589:planthoppers 572: 570: 551: 547: 540: 536: 504: 475: 432: 401: 379: 349: 325: 321: 304:Fritz Müller 301: 289: 281: 267: 259: 252:Schellenberg 249: 243: 241: 234:created the 232:Fritz Müller 222:19th century 217: 203: 187: 182: 156: 152: 148: 138: 72: 66: 55:of stinging 36: 8491:Alan Turing 8449:Liber Abaci 8368:Mathematics 8274:in crystals 8264:Soap bubble 8259:Phyllotaxis 7888:wz. 89 Puma 7840:wz. 68 Moro 7743:(1929 tent) 7700:Sumpfmuster 7556:Roy Behrens 7549:Researchers 7478:Camoufleurs 7230:Unkenreflex 7191:Aposematism 7057:Pseudopupil 6939:Aposematism 6858:Mollusc eye 6596:Aposematism 6471:Automimicry 6314:Synnecrosis 6294:Inquilinism 6284:Competition 6164:Wickler, W. 6047:: 169–199. 5959:: 259–278. 5932:Cott, H. B. 5921:Ford, E. 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B. Ford 5243:8 November 4964:The Condor 4755:BioScience 4499:(1): 243. 3767:(4): 268. 3401:(3): 977. 2586:. p. 2185:References 2144:Biomimicry 2058:geneticist 2015:Vavilovian 1947:Pouyannian 1849:adaptation 1791:Caricaceae 1537:Aggressive 1530:hairstreak 1428:Heliconius 1419:Heliconius 1409:Passiflora 1387:Heliconius 1381:Passiflora 1364:Gilbertian 1338:Wasmannian 1190:Heliconius 1181:aposematic 1110:sea snakes 1075:Heliconius 992:Protective 985:Camouflage 966:Aggressive 958:Wicklerian 930:Wasmannian 901:Vavilovian 879:Pouyannian 861:Forbidding 858:Protective 832:Aggressive 802:Forbidding 799:Protective 792:Gilbertian 776:Forbidding 773:Protective 754:Forbidding 751:Protective 732:Forbidding 729:Protective 710:Forbidding 685:Protective 663:Protective 640:Dupe finds 573:masquerade 524:phenotypic 490:Heliconius 482:life cycle 396:Page from 381:Heliconius 351:Dismorphia 292:Leptalides 194:partridges 157:mimeisthai 107:, where a 101:aposematic 45:hoverflies 8540:Emergence 8443:Fibonacci 7912:Flecktarn 7801:Late 20th 7753:Frog Skin 7521:Hugh Cott 7410:Müllerian 7373:In nature 7062:Rhopalium 6895:Evolution 6868:gastropod 6836:Eye shine 6831:Eagle eye 6762:Dinosaurs 6555:Dodsonian 6542:In plants 6508:Müllerian 6481:Locomotor 6382:Symbiosis 6367:Carnivore 6361:Predation 6304:Mutualism 6151:: 25–56. 6134:ignored ( 6124:cite book 5774:205026253 5611:(1): 16. 5344:Evolution 5331:: 133–39. 5281:Evolution 5122:207101926 4701:23 August 4597:636384400 4431:: 541–76. 4379:Evolution 4329:Evolution 4286:Evolution 4175:12 August 3992:0022-0949 3832:0028-0836 3787:Aristotle 3740:: 25–31. 2946:Evolution 2434:. Murray. 2332:Aristotle 2174:Semiotics 2065:winnowing 2001:pollinium 1861:goldeneye 1718:sporocyst 1700:songbirds 1683:Parasites 1593:fireflies 1557:parasites 1548:Predators 1521:pygmy owl 1442:Browerian 1401:ecologist 1195:mutualism 1150:Müllerian 1098:Octopuses 1008:Defensive 998:Deceptive 973:Deceptive 970:Agreeable 945:Deceptive 942:Agreeable 914:Deceptive 911:Agreeable 892:Deceptive 889:Agreeable 855:3 or more 851:Müllerian 839:Deceptive 836:Agreeable 805:Deceptive 779:Deceptive 757:Deceptive 744:Browerian 735:Deceptive 713:Deceptive 691:Deceptive 688:Agreeable 669:Deceptive 666:Agreeable 646:Deception 542:doublesex 529:supergene 461:selective 453:parasitic 403:Darwinism 356:Ithomiini 230:In 1879, 184:Aristotle 149:mimetikos 135:Etymology 8269:Symmetry 8227:Patterns 8094:Deployed 8073:Xingkong 7995:MultiCam 7987:(2001) ( 7772:Post-war 7696:(c 1941) 7650:Patterns 7590:Military 7561:Tim Caro 7405:Batesian 7138:examples 6929:Albinism 6550:Bakerian 6493:Chemical 6476:Batesian 6116:22182416 5923:(1933). 5867:43440407 5859:11963460 5810:11104640 5661:: 1–366. 5637:32793330 5541:18467298 5452:19946088 5411:86699716 5397:: 1–16. 5372:28563205 5310:28568703 5206:30283692 5157:53192695 5114:25079896 5064:23857167 5056:18279076 4949:83609965 4856:26761854 4848:17835312 4555:The Ants 4552:(1990). 4529:(1894). 4467:83825414 4407:28562911 4357:28563231 4314:28565050 4271:17048984 4218:24768053 4126:25941377 4067:35704762 4000:19561203 3953:17517637 3716:53263767 3677:28288920 3639:17426012 3587:53186893 3516:54270418 3459:(2010). 3376:23372795 3336:PLOS ONE 3317:84458742 3274:35411437 3266:20950143 3231:23593490 3191:PLOS ONE 3164:24598547 3085:42675699 2974:28563205 2897:28070276 2804:(1): 60. 2776:37649827 2722:(1968). 2695:27117779 2647:11436992 2639:24552099 2561:18542902 2517:(2008). 2498:Archived 2481:Thyridia 2473:(1879). 2456:: 54–55. 2428:(1863). 2394:(1862). 2365:Archived 2308:(1823). 2138:See also 2124:strategy 2054:botanist 2048:through 1893:parasite 1709:Succinea 1696:flatworm 1646:symbiont 1604:Photinus 1598:Photuris 1570:Several 1517:lycaenid 1513:eyespots 1490:Eyespots 1474:milkweed 1470:Danainae 1464:and the 1424:stipules 1392:stipules 1358:eusocial 1268:Micrurus 1204:co-mimic 1166:hoverfly 1114:lionfish 1016:Batesian 977:Predator 817:predator 813:parasite 766:Emsleyan 722:Batesian 700:Bakerian 637:Function 617:function 601:eyespots 516:mutation 412:Overview 208:— 129:eyespots 125:lycaenid 109:predator 85:hoverfly 77:organism 51:(F) are 18:Mimetism 8566:Mimicry 8528:Related 8395:Crystal 8390:Physics 8378:Fractal 8356:Mimicry 8341:Biology 8249:Meander 8152:Related 8134:Adaptiv 8106:Nakidka 8031:Type 07 7991:(2002)) 7978:century 7803:century 7735:Lozenge 7400:Mimicry 7385:Crypsis 7280:Methods 7225:Mimicry 7215:Crypsis 7169:Signals 6991:Mimicry 6964:Crypsis 6777:Mammals 6605:Crypsis 6503:Eyespot 6440:Mimicry 6299:Mimicry 6263:ecology 6166:(1968) 6107:3282713 6013:2708228 5977:Longman 5934:(1940) 5925:Mimicry 5818:5759575 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