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56:
1352:, it was possible to transfer audio from the PC to the MiniDisc recorder, but for many years it was not possible to transfer audio in the other direction. This restriction existed in both the SonicStage software and in the MiniDisc player itself. SonicStage V3.4 was the first version of the software where this restriction was removed, but it still required a MiniDisc recorder/player that also had the restriction removed. The Hi-MD model MZ-RH1 was the only such player available.
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1018:) when it became more affordable to consumers beginning around 1996. Initially, Sony believed that it would take around a decade for CD-R prices to become affordable – the cost of a typical blank CD-R disc was around $ 12 in 1994 – but CD-R prices fell much more rapidly than envisioned, to the point where CD-R blanks sank below $ 1 per disc by the late 1990s, compared to at least $ 2 for the cheapest 80-minute MiniDisc blanks.
1416:
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and their preferred order of playback modified. Erased tracks are not physically erased, but are only marked as deleted. When a disc becomes full, the recorder can simply direct the data into sections where erased tracks reside. This can lead to fragmentation but unless many erasures and replacements are performed, the only likely problem is excessive searching, reducing battery life.
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232:
47:
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1107:, the player senses the polarization of the reflected light as a 1 or a 0. Recordable MDs can be rerecorded repeatedly, with Sony claiming up to one million times. By May 2005, there were 60-minute, 74-minute and 80-minute discs available. 60-minute blanks, which were widely available in the early years of the format's introduction, were phased out.
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scattered in fragments, similar to a hard drive. Early MiniDisc equipment had a fragment granularity of 4 seconds of audio. Fragments smaller than the granularity are not monitored, which may lead to the usable capacity of a disc shrinking over time. No means of defragmenting the disc is provided in consumer-grade equipment.
1371:
MD Data, a format for storing computer data, was announced by Sony in 1993. Its media were generally incompatible with standard audio MiniDiscs. MD Data can not write to audio MDs, but only the considerably more expensive data blanks. It did see some success in a small number of multi-track recorders
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Recording digitally from a source marked "protected" and "original" (produced by a prerecorded MD or an MD that recorded an analogue input) was allowed, but the recorder would change the "original" bit to the "copy" state on the disc to prevent further copying of the copy. A CD imported via a digital
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drive. The bulk of the disc contains audio data, and a small section contains the table of contents (TOC), providing the playback device with vital information about the number and location of tracks on the disc. Tracks and discs can be named. Tracks may easily be added, erased, combined and divided,
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There have been four versions of ATRAC, each claimed by Sony to more accurately reflect the original audio. Early players are guaranteed to play later version ATRAC audio. Version 1 could only be copied on consumer equipment three or four times before artifacts became objectionable, as the ATRAC
994:
Despite having a loyal customer base largely of musicians and audio enthusiasts, the MiniDisc met with only limited success in the United States. It was very popular in Japan and parts of Asia, and relatively so in Europe during the 1990s and into the 2000s, but did not enjoy comparable sales success
1473:
Modes marked in green are available for recordings made on the player, while those marked in red are available for music transferred from a PC. Capacities are official Sony figures; real world figures are usually slightly higher. Native MP3 support was added in second-generation Hi-MD players in the
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In 2000, Sony announced MDLP (MiniDisc Long Play), which added new recording modes based on the new codec ATRAC3. In addition to the standard, high-quality mode, now called SP, MDLP adds LP2 mode, which doubles the recording time – 160 minutes on an 80-minute disc – of good-quality stereo sound, and
1217:
The latest versions of Sony's ATRAC are ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus. Original ATRAC3 at 132 kbit/s (also known as ATRAC-LP2 mode) was the format that was used by Sony's defunct
Connect audio download store. ATRAC3plus was not used in order to retain backwards compatibility with earlier NetMD players.
1062:
On 1 February 2013, Sony issued a press release on the Nikkei stock exchange that it would cease shipment of all MD devices, with last of the players to be sold in March 2013. However, it would continue to sell blank discs and offer repair services. Other manufacturers continued to release MiniDisc
951:
Relegating DAT to professional use, Sony set to work to come up with a simpler, more economical digital home format. By the time Sony came up with the MiniDisc in late 1992, Philips had introduced a competing system, DCC, on a magnetic tape cassette. This created marketing confusion very similar to
1427:
recorders allow music files to be transferred from a computer to a recorder (but not in the other direction) over a USB connection. In LP4 mode, speeds of up to 32× real-time are possible and three Sony NetMD recorders (MZ-N10, MZ-N910, and MZ-N920) are capable of speeds up to 64× real-time. NetMD
1234:
MiniDisc has a feature that prevents disc skipping under all but the most extreme conditions. Older CD players had been a source of annoyance to users as they were prone to mistracking from vibration and shock. MiniDisc solved this problem by reading the data into a memory buffer at a higher speed
1154:
The beginning of the disc has a table of contents (TOC, the System File area), which stores the start positions of the various tracks, as well as metadata (title, artist) and free blocks. Unlike a conventional cassette, a recorded song does not need to be stored as one piece on the disc, it can be
1055:
The MZ-RH1 allowed users to freely move uncompressed digital recordings back and forth from the MiniDisc to a computer without the copyright protection limitations previously imposed upon the NetMD series. This allowed the MiniDisc to better compete with HD recorders and MP3 players. However, most
1309:
At the end of recording, after the "Stop" button has been pressed, the MiniDisc may continue to write music data for a few seconds from its memory buffers. During this time, it may display a message ("Data Save", on at least some models) and the case will not open. After the audio data is written
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The slow uptake of MiniDisc was attributed to the small number of pre-recorded albums available on MD, because relatively few record labels embraced the format. The initial high cost of equipment and blank media was also a factor. Additionally, home MiniDisc decks were less widely available, with
1146:
V4.3 software and edited there. Transferring data from an MD unit to a non-Windows PC can only be done in real time, preferably via optical I/O, by connecting the audio out port of the MD to an available audio in port of the computer. With the release of the Hi-MD format, Sony began to use
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based implementation, libnetmd, has been developed. The library allows the user to upload SP files in full quality. In 2019, a programmer named
Stefano Brilli compiled the linux-minidisc CLI into a web browser-based application, allowing users to transfer music via USB on modern devices.
1151:-compatible software. However, the Mac OS X-compatible software was still not compatible with legacy MD formats (SP, LP2, LP4). This means that an MD recorded on a legacy unit or in a legacy format still requires a Windows PC for faster than real-time transfers.
1056:
pro users like broadcasters and news reporters had already abandoned MiniDisc in favor of solid-state recorders, because of their extended recording time, open digital content sharing, high-quality digital recording capabilities and reliable, lightweight design.
1103:, making the material in the disc susceptible to a magnetic field. A magnetic head above the disc then alters the polarity of the heated area, recording the digital data onto the disk. Playback is accomplished with the laser alone: taking advantage of the
1238:
If a MiniDisc player is bumped, playback continues unimpeded while the laser repositions itself to continue reading data from the disc. This feature allows the player to stop the spindle motor for significant periods, increasing battery life.
1142:, MiniDisc is a random-access medium, making seek time very fast. MiniDiscs can be edited very quickly even on portable machines. Tracks can be split, combined, moved or deleted with ease either on the player or uploaded to a PC with Sony's
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connection does not have the SCMS bits (as the CD format predates SCMS), but the recording MD recorder treats any signal where the SCMS bits are missing as protected and original. The MD copy, therefore, cannot be further copied digitally.
1310:
out, the final step is to write the TOC track denoting the start and endpoints of the recorded data. Sony points out in the manual that the power should not be interrupted or the unit exposed to undue physical shock during this time.
1162:. An unprotected disc or song can be copied without limit, but the copies can no longer be digitally copied. However, as a concession, the last Hi-MD players can upload to PC a digitally recorded file which can be resaved as a
1465:. Hi-MD units allow the recording and playback of audio and data on the same disc, and can write both audio and data to standard MiniDisc media – an 80-minute MiniDisc blank could be formatted to store 305 MB of data.
1099:. This shutter is opened automatically when inserted into a drive. MiniDiscs can either be blank or prerecorded. Recordable MiniDiscs use a magneto-optical system to write data: a laser below the disc heats a spot to its
1400:, and it uses separate stereo coding with discrete left and right channels. LP2 mode uses a bitrate of 132 kbit/s and also uses separate stereo coding. The third mode, LP4, has a bitrate of 66 kbit/s and uses
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linear PCM audio recording and playback is offered, placing Hi-MD on par with CD-quality audio. Hi-MD also supports both ATRAC3 and ATRAC3plus at various bitrates, but not the original ATRAC (except for playback only).
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ATRAC was devised to allow MiniDisc to have the same runtime as a CD. ATRAC reduces the 1.4 Mbit/s of a CD to a 292 kbit/s data stream, roughly a 5:1 reduction. ATRAC was also used on nearly all flash memory
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that the introductory DAT machine Sony had intended to market for about $ 400 in the late 1980s then had to retail for $ 800 or even $ 1,000 to break even, putting it out of reach of most users.
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announced the MiniDisc in
September 1992 and released it in November of that year for sale in Japan and in December in Europe, North America, and other countries. The music format was based on
1214:
on the recorder attempted to compress the already compressed data. By version 4, the potential number of generations of copy had increased to around 15 to 20 depending on audio content.
1431:
When transferring music in SP mode using NetMD with SonicStage, what is transferred is actually padded LP2. That is to say that the quality of the music is that of LP2 but recorded as SP.
1210:
audio data reduction scheme. Like other lossy audio compression formats, it is intended to be acoustically transparent, but some listeners claim to be able to hear audible artifacts.
1110:
MiniDiscs use a mastering process and optical playback system that is very similar to CDs. The recorded signal of the premastered pits and of the recordable MD are also very similar.
1130:
Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks; green denotes start and red denotes end. Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
940:(DAT) to be the dominant home digital audio recording format, replacing the analog cassette. Because of technical delays, the DAT was not launched until 1989, and by then the
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A buffer of at least six seconds is required on all MiniDisc players, whether portable or full-sized units. This ensures uninterrupted playback in the presence of file
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Recording from an analogue source resulted in a disc marked "protected" and "original" allowing one further copy to be made (this contrasts with the SCMS on the
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By March 2011 Sony had sold 22 million MD players, but halted further development. Sony ceased manufacturing and sold the last of the players by March 2013.
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By 2007, because of the waning popularity of the format and the increasing popularity of solid-state MP3 players, Sony was producing only one model, the
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such as Sony's MDM-X4, Tascam's 564 (which could also record using standard audio MD discs, albeit only two tracks), and Yamaha's MD8, MD4, & MD4S.
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The data structure of the MiniDisc, where music is recorded in a single stream of bytes while the TOC contains pointers to track positions, allows for
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than was required before being read out to the digital-to-analog converter at the standard rate of the format. The size of the buffer varies by model.
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version 3.4, released in Feb 2006, introduced ripping CDs in bitrates 320 and 352 and added track transfer in ATRAC 192 kbit/s to Hi-MD devices.
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in the S/PDIF digital audio stream and on disc to differentiate between "protected" vs. "unprotected" audio, and between "original" vs. "copy":
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In 1997, MD Data2 blanks were introduced with 650 MB. They were only implemented in Sony's short-lived MD-based camcorder, the DCM-M1.
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producing new decks up until 2020 when both its consumer and professional products, TEAC MD-70CD and TASCAM MD-CD1MKIII, were discontinued.
1059:
On 7 July 2011, Sony announced that it would no longer ship MiniDisc
Walkman products as of September 2011, effectively killing the format.
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and others producing their own MD products. However, non-Sony machines were not widely available in North
America, and companies such as
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Hi-MD is a further development of the MiniDisc format. Hi-MD media will not play on non-Hi-MD equipment, including NetMD players. The
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Recording digitally from a source marked "unprotected" was also allowed; the "original/copy" marker was ignored and left unchanged.
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Recording digitally from a source marked "protected" and "copy" was not allowed: an error message would be shown on the display.
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format, introduced in 2004, marked a return to the data storage arena with its 1 GB discs and ability to act as a
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LP4, which allows four times more recording time – 320 minutes on an 80-minute disc – of medium-quality stereo sound.
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This article is about the Sony storage format. For other similarly-named formats and other uses of the term, see
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Sony's MiniDisc was one of two rival digital systems introduced in 1992 that were intended to replace the
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The disc is fixed in a cartridge (68×72×5 mm) with a sliding door, similar to the casing of a 3.5"
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in 2001, the mass market began to eschew physical media in favor of more convenient file-based systems.
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2091:"MiniDisc FAQ: Audio Topics - What is the bit rate of the Minidisc's ATRAC audio after compression?"
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most consumers instead connecting a portable MD device to their hi-fi system in order to record.
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MZ-RH1, available as the MZ-M200 in North
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of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Sony licensed MD technology to other manufacturers, with
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NetMD is a proprietary protocol that initially required proprietary software such as
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MiniDisc technology was faced with new competition from the recordable compact disc (
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1784:(SelectaVision) – an RCA-developed format that uses a disc inside a sleeve, like MD
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The data structure and operation of a MiniDisc is similar to that of a computer's
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code, called
Advanced Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (ACIRC) are employed.
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Tracks recorded in LP2 or LP4 mode play back as silence on non-MDLP players.
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All consumer-grade MiniDisc devices have a copy-protection scheme called the
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914:. It took almost 10 years, however, before their idea was commercialized.
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format offering a capacity of 60, 74, and later, 80 minutes of digitized
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The digitally encoded audio signal on a MiniDisc has traditionally been
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MiniDiscs use rewritable magneto-optical storage to store data. Unlike
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1953:"Sony says sayonara to MiniDisc, will sell its last players in March"
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of music, something which competing portable players such as most
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The biggest competition for MiniDisc came with the emergence of
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The ATRAC codec differs from uncompressed PCM in that it is a
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Sony
Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor
2222:"Remember MiniDisc? Here's How You Can Still Use It in 2020"
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players, fail to implement properly. Notable exceptions are
27:
Magneto-optical storage medium, mainly for audio (1992–2013)
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860:, Sony's own proprietary compression code. Its successor,
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The Sony MZ1, the first MiniDisc player, released in 1992.
1278:
Detail view of the MZ-R30 MiniDisc recorder (Sony, 1996)
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where analogue recording was marked as "unprotected").
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In the MiniDisc's final iteration, Hi-MD, uncompressed
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have become increasingly popular as playback devices.
2244:"Sony introduces Hi-MD Walkman digital music players"
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2015:"Sony MZ-M200 Hi-MD Recorder with Stereo Microphone"
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2885:
2809:
2754:
2673:
2653:
2610:
2588:
2517:
2429:
2412:
2403:
2366:
890:In 1983, just a year after the introduction of the
200:
182:
164:
146:
138:
124:
112:
100:
92:
80:
69:
5305:Sony Institute of Higher Education Shohoku College
2266:"Sony Business Solutions & Systems - Featured"
936:(now Panasonic). Sony had originally intended the
528:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
2323:List of artists with a Minidisc release – Discogs
1348:In recorders that could be connected to a PC via
995:in other markets. Since then, recordable CDs,
902:presented the first experiments with erasable
871:to meet audio quality comparable to that of a
4578:
4247:
3509:
2343:
1976:"Experiments Toward an Erasable Compact Disc"
1192:(Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) format.
879:, it did not manage to supplant it globally.
801:
8:
1931:"Sony To Wind Up MiniDisc Walkman Shipments"
1795:(UMD) – a similar Sony format, but read-only
924:analog audio tape system: the other was the
39:
4136:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
1854:"Sony To End Shipments of MiniDisc Players"
1266:MiniDisc Recorder MDS-B1, normally used in
5139:
4585:
4571:
4563:
4254:
4240:
4232:
3726:Comparison of analog and digital recording
3516:
3502:
3494:
3216:
2409:
2350:
2336:
2328:
1974:K. Schouhamer Immink and J. Braat (1984).
1848:
1846:
808:
794:
219:
54:
45:
1040:Sony Hi-MD Recorder MZ-RH1, released 2006
2596:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
1480:
1820:
780:High-definition optical disc format war
222:
2035:"Hi-MD Music Transfer for Mac Ver.2.0"
1322:copy protection system which uses two
1063:players long after Sony stopped, with
864:, would later introduce the option of
619:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
502:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
38:
4197:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
2116:"Sony MDS-JE780 Minidisc Deck Manual"
108:780 nm semiconductor laser diode
7:
2048:Faulkner, Joey (24 September 2012).
1914:"Sony bids farewell to the MiniDisc"
1396:of the standard SP mode is 292
1268:recording or broadcast radio studios
2126:from the original on 3 October 2020
1258:MiniDisc Deck MDS-JE780 (2002–2005)
2210:from the original on 25 June 2023.
2078:from the original on 25 June 2023.
25:
5347:Audiovisual introductions in 1992
3746:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
3458:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
2908:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
2304:. 5 February 2006. Archived from
2302:"Overseas Model Customer Support"
2284:"Overseas Model Customer Support"
2202:Brilli, Stefano (26 March 2020).
2056:from the original on 4 June 2023.
1122:Differences from cassette and CDs
1114:(EFM) and a modification of CD's
4215:
2250:. 7 January 2004. Archived from
2178:"MiniDisc MD-Data Product Table"
2050:"MiniDisc, The Forgotten Format"
1766:
1495:Availability and capacity (min)
775:History of optical storage media
495:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
230:
3731:Experimental musical instrument
2986:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
2697:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
2268:. 15 April 2008. Archived from
1955:. Engadget.com. 1 February 2013
1318:All MiniDisc recorders use the
1302:players, as well as all recent
980:tended to promote DCC instead.
4706:Sony Music Entertainment Japan
4694:Sony Interactive Entertainment
2286:. 7 April 2006. Archived from
2228:. 25 July 2020. Archived from
1890:Emeran, Riyad (8 April 2008).
1419:A NetMD Sony MiniDisc Recorder
999:and HDD and solid-state-based
944:had fallen so far against the
906:compact discs during the 73rd
1:
3916:Electronic musical instrument
2182:The MiniDisc Community Portal
2154:. August 1995. Archived from
1937:. 7 July 2011. Archived from
1892:"Music on the Move: MiniDisc"
1160:Serial Copy Management System
481:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
5275:(umbrella company in the US)
4643:Sony Semiconductor Solutions
4222:Record production portal
4111:Institute of Broadcast Sound
2782:Thermionic Products Recordon
1469:Recording and transfer modes
1428:recorders all support MDLP.
1200:devices until the 8 series.
1170:) file and thus replicated.
1112:Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
488:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
5273:Sony Corporation of America
5239:Sony Professional Solutions
5234:Sony Network Communications
4131:Musical Electronics Library
3169:Analog-to-digital converter
3076:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
1782:Capacitance Electronic Disc
640:Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
626:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
605:Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
206:; 11 years ago
188:; 31 years ago
5398:
5377:Discontinued media formats
5197:Sony Entertainment Network
4880:Sony Entertainment Network
3878:Sound reinforcement system
3787:Sound reinforcement system
3292:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2376:Music box cylinder or disc
2146:"Reviews / Sony's Mini-MO"
1450:
1364:
1177:
474:Universal Media Disc (UMD)
29:
4600:
4495:Magneto-optic Kerr effect
4211:
4101:Audio Engineering Society
3999:Software effect processor
3979:Digital audio workstation
3820:Digital signal processing
3584:Digital audio workstation
2992:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
2771:
2095:Minidisc Community Portal
1998:"Sony MZ-RH1 User Manual"
1510:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1105:magneto-optic Kerr effect
741:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
549:Personal Video Disc (PVD)
120:Magnetic field modulation
53:
44:
32:Minidisc (disambiguation)
5129:Great American Pure Flix
4192:Professional audio store
4094:People and organizations
4080:Sound recording engineer
3242:Digital Compact Cassette
3130:Capitol Records Audiopak
2980:Dictaphone Travel master
2776:Telefunken magnetic disc
2745:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
1343:Digital Compact Cassette
1080:Physical characteristics
954:videocassette format war
926:Digital Compact Cassette
5298:Nonprofit organizations
3610:Microphone preamplifier
3058:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
2739:Protona Minifon special
2360:audio recording formats
1423:Debuting in late 2001,
747:Universal Disk Format (
612:3D optical data storage
591:Video Single Disc (VSD)
5069:Sony Creative Software
3551:Electronic and digital
3142:Bandai micro cartridge
3088:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
2204:"The Web MiniDisc App"
1420:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1174:Audio data compression
1131:
1092:
1041:
991:
896:Kees Schouhamer Immink
858:audio data compression
825:
701:(layer jump recording)
267:Recording technologies
257:Optical disc authoring
96:60, 74, and 80 minutes
60:MiniDisc by TDK, with
5167:Anime Digital Network
3010:Cousino Echo-matic II
2490:Indestructible record
2037:. Sony. 15 July 2006.
1880:Retrieved 1 June 2016
1418:
1277:
1265:
1257:
1129:
1087:
1039:
1001:digital audio players
986:
823:
598:Magneto-optical discs
5357:Consumer electronics
5284:List of acquisitions
5133:Great American Media
5131:(joint venture with
4677:Sony Financial Group
4009:Software synthesizer
3974:Digital audio editor
3760:Playback transducers
3620:Multitrack recording
3106:Sanyo Tape cartridge
2932:Rediffusion Reditune
2811:Loose (reel-to-reel)
2762:Magnetic stripe card
2691:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
2456:Perfected phonograph
2384:(early 17th century)
2232:on 19 December 2020.
1793:Universal Media Disc
5382:Japanese inventions
5244:Sony Honda Mobility
5097:PlayStation Network
5085:Online distribution
4944:Historical products
4915:Video8/Hi8/Digital8
2920:Mohawk Midgetape RL
2733:Protona Minifon P55
2727:Protona Minifon P51
2502:Blue Amberol record
2484:Gold moulded record
2478:Le Céleste cylinder
2450:Dictaphone cylinder
2440:Phonograph cylinder
2308:on 5 February 2006.
2254:on 1 February 2004.
2158:on 20 December 1996
2074:. 27 January 2020.
2052:. The Guardian UK.
1402:joint stereo coding
343:), Super Video CD (
296:Optical media types
41:
5279:Other subsidiaries
5114:Sony Pictures Core
4648:Sony Entertainment
4631:Primary businesses
4060:Re-recording mixer
3863:Keyboard amplifier
3579:Binaural recording
3375:Electronic circuit
3230:Digital Audio Tape
2944:RCA tape cartridge
2902:Cousino Echo-matic
2800:Audio High Density
2549:Edison Voicewriter
2089:Woudenberg, Eric.
2023:. 5 December 2007.
1828:Woudenberg, Eric.
1421:
1280:
1272:
1260:
1132:
1093:
1052:software support.
1042:
1027:Diamond Rio player
992:
938:Digital Audio Tape
928:(DCC), created by
826:
327:, Super Audio CD (
284:Burst cutting area
262:Authoring software
252:Optical disc drive
186:November 1992
5334:
5333:
5289:List of libraries
5217:
5216:
5157:PlayStation Video
5107:PlayStation Store
4560:
4559:
4310:Professional Disc
4229:
4228:
4035:Guitar technician
3931:Music workstation
3815:Digital recording
3792:Speaker enclosure
3711:8-track cartridge
3653:Phonograph record
3491:
3490:
3434:
3433:
3163:
3162:
2998:Orrtronic Tapette
2926:Dictaphone Dictet
2525:Phonograph record
2382:Mechanical cuckoo
2272:on 15 April 2008.
1980:J. Audio Eng. Soc
1757:
1756:
1516:(HiMD formatted)
1356:Format extensions
987:Pioneer MiniDisc
869:digital recording
835:) is an erasable
818:
817:
655:Professional Disc
562:MD Data, MD Data2
456:Mini Blu-ray Disc
218:
217:
16:(Redirected from
5389:
5367:History of radio
5222:Other businesses
5140:
4653:Sony Music Group
4638:Sony Corporation
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4106:Goji Electronics
4045:Monitor engineer
4004:Software sampler
3911:Electronic drums
3888:Electronic music
3858:Guitar amplifier
3703:Analog recording
3663:Compact cassette
3625:Music production
3533:Music technology
3525:Music technology
3518:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3217:
3070:DC-International
3028:Compact cassette
2846:Fullcoat magfilm
2788:Record Maker Pye
2755:Magnetic surface
2685:Lorenz Textophon
2508:Paradis cylinder
2472:Stentor cylinder
2410:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2290:on 7 April 2006.
2280:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2068:"Mdデッキ生産の終息について"
2064:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1941:on 11 July 2011.
1927:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:. Archived from
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1519:1 GB Hi-MD disc
1500:Standard player
1481:
1474:spring of 2005.
1292:gapless playback
1140:Compact Cassette
1029:in 1998 and the
922:Compact Cassette
810:
803:
796:
695:(packet writing)
460:Ultra HD Blu-ray
448:BD-R & BD-RE
234:
220:
214:
212:
207:
196:
194:
189:
168:
155:Compact Cassette
150:
128:
116:
104:
58:
49:
42:
21:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5309:
5293:
5261:
5213:
5172:Anime on Demand
5162:PlayStation Vue
5138:
5102:PlayStation Now
5087:
5079:
5074:FeliCa Networks
5057:
4939:
4873:8 channel films
4724:
4717:
4626:
4605:
4596:
4591:
4561:
4556:
4539:Laser turntable
4527:
4489:
4406:
4374:
4324:
4304:
4266:
4263:Optical storage
4260:
4230:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4207:
4155:
4089:
4055:Record producer
4040:Mixing engineer
4013:
3960:
3926:MIDI controller
3901:Circuit bending
3882:
3824:
3801:
3777:Monitor speaker
3755:
3697:
3645:Recording media
3639:
3630:Music sequencer
3615:Monitor speaker
3561:Sound recording
3555:
3527:
3522:
3492:
3487:
3430:
3419:USB flash drive
3413:Toymax VJ Starz
3369:
3278:
3247:
3206:
3159:
3022:Philips EL 3583
2968:Cousino MR-9000
2956:Protona Attaché
2950:Philips EL 3581
2881:
2805:
2767:
2750:
2669:
2654:Loose magnetic
2649:
2606:
2584:
2513:
2425:
2413:Grooved surface
2399:
2362:
2356:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:on 13 May 2008.
1889:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1515:
1511:80-minute disc
1488:
1471:
1455:
1449:
1413:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1316:
1314:Copy protection
1252:
1232:
1186:data-compressed
1182:
1176:
1124:
1082:
1077:
904:magneto-optical
888:
837:magneto-optical
814:
785:
784:
770:
762:
761:
676:
668:
667:
297:
289:
288:
272:Recording modes
242:
210:
208:
205:
204:March 2013
192:
190:
187:
166:
148:
126:
114:
102:
74:Magneto-optical
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5144:Former/Defunct
5137:
5136:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5093:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:HDCAM/HDCAM-SR
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4533:
4532:Optical Assist
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4432:(20th century)
4427:
4426:(20th century)
4421:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4160:Related topics
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Lejaren Hiller
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Sound operator
4072:
4070:Sound follower
4067:
4065:Sound designer
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4025:Audio engineer
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:Bass amplifier
3840:
3838:Mixing console
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3576:
3574:Mixing console
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3476:Timecode vinyl
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
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3154:Pocket Rockers
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3118:Steno-Cassette
3115:
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3094:Grundig DeJ614
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2852:Stripe magfilm
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2721:Peirce 330/360
2718:
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2540:
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2317:External links
2315:
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1514:80-minute disc
1512:
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1451:Main article:
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1365:Main article:
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1205:psychoacoustic
1178:Main article:
1175:
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1138:or the analog
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910:Convention in
887:
886:Market history
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458:, 4K Blu-ray (
441:Blu-ray Disc (
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325:5.1 Music Disc
302:Compact disc (
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5394:
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5380:
5378:
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5373:
5372:Sony products
5370:
5368:
5365:
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5362:Digital audio
5360:
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5352:Audio storage
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5033:1 inch Type C
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4778:Dream Machine
4776:
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4668:
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4658:Entertainment
4656:
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4204:
4203:Vehicle audio
4201:
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4172:High fidelity
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3808:
3807:Digital audio
3804:
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3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
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3752:
3751:Tape recorder
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Cassette deck
3719:
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3659:
3658:Magnetic tape
3656:
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3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3635:Outboard gear
3633:
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3628:
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3569:Audio channel
3567:
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3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:Mini-cassette
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:Takara E-kara
3405:
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3399:
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3393:
3390:
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3259:
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3254:
3253:Sound-on-film
3250:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
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3228:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:Magnetic tape
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
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3178:
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3155:
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3140:
3137:
3134:
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3128:
3125:
3124:Stenorette DL
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:Microcassette
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:Micro pack 35
3050:
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3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
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3008:
3005:
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2999:
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2990:
2987:
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2978:
2975:
2974:IBM Magnabelt
2972:
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2960:
2957:
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2915:
2912:
2909:
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2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
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2888:
2887:Magnetic tape
2884:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:Blattnerphone
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2814:magnetic tape
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
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2780:
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2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
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2613:
2612:Sound-on-film
2609:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:Highway Hi-Fi
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
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2544:
2541:
2538:
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2380:
2378:(9th century)
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711:File systems
710:
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707:Rainbow Books
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693:Mount Rainier
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142:Audio storage
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33:
19:
5266:Other assets
5143:
4895:Tunnel diode
4827:
4823:Memory Stick
4818:LocationFree
4723:Technologies
4617:Masaru Ibuka
4509:
4430:Optical disc
4424:Optical tape
4411:Discontinued
4380:Compact disc
4213:
3946:Sound module
3906:Drum machine
3848:Effects unit
3741:Player piano
3682:
3668:Compact disc
3590:Effects unit
3385:(late 1970s)
3303:
3284:Optical disc
3148:Picocassette
3144:(late 1980s)
2938:Saba Sabafon
2709:RCA MI-12877
2703:RCA MI-12875
2589:Grooved tape
2555:SoundScriber
2551:(late 1940s)
2537:Diamond disc
2518:Grooved disc
2420:Phonautogram
2388:Punched card
2306:the original
2296:
2288:the original
2278:
2270:the original
2260:
2252:the original
2247:
2238:
2230:the original
2225:
2216:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:the original
2149:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2071:
2062:
2043:
2029:
2018:
2009:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1947:
1939:the original
1934:
1908:
1900:the original
1895:
1885:
1878:Sony history
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1833:. Retrieved
1823:
1809:Mini Blu-ray
1774:1990s portal
1503:MDLP player
1472:
1456:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1347:
1340:
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1308:
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1157:
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1133:
1109:
1094:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1020:
1013:
1009:
997:flash memory
993:
989:car receiver
950:
916:
900:Joseph Braat
892:compact disc
889:
881:
873:compact disc
849:
841:data storage
832:
828:
827:
660:
653:
645:
638:
633:Hyper CD-ROM
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
573:
566:
556:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
440:
373:
335:, CD Video (
301:
247:Optical disc
201:Discontinued
159:Compact disc
36:
5124:Crunchyroll
5062:Electronics
4900:TransferJet
4890:Sony Tablet
4853:PlayStation
4699:PlayStation
4622:Akio Morita
4187:Music store
4182:Home cinema
4141:Robert Moog
4126:Max Mathews
4050:Piano tuner
4018:Professions
3994:Scorewriter
3951:Synthesizer
3767:Loudspeaker
3195:PCM adaptor
3183:X80/ProDigi
3177:Soundstream
3064:Cantata 700
3034:Grundig En3
2828:Magnetophon
2715:Peirce 265B
2579:Bandai 8ban
2446:Graphophone
2187:22 December
2162:22 December
2120:HiFi Engine
1830:"Sony MZ-1"
1738:Linear PCM
1712:ATRAC3plus
1686:ATRAC3plus
1660:ATRAC3plus
1101:Curie point
1097:floppy disk
1025:. With the
1023:MP3 players
978:Radio Shack
942:U.S. dollar
839:disc-based
574:LaserDisc (
5341:Categories
5326:Sony timer
5182:Funimation
4768:Cyber-shot
4725:and brands
4663:Publishing
4177:Home audio
4167:Audiophile
3984:GarageBand
3830:Live music
3772:Headphones
3736:Phonograph
3605:Microphone
3600:Headphones
3546:Electrical
3541:Mechanical
3401:Yaboom Box
3389:MP3 player
3383:Sound chip
3201:DA-88/DTRS
3016:Stereo-Pak
2914:Stenorette
2794:Synchrofax
2644:Fantasound
2638:Photophone
2531:Pathé disc
2394:Music roll
2368:Mechanical
1986:: 531–538.
1935:Nikkei.com
1863:4 February
1858:The Nikkei
1815:References
1524:Stereo SP
1476:SonicStage
1438:. A free
1436:SonicStage
1223:CD-quality
1188:using the
1144:SonicStage
1031:Apple iPod
934:Matsushita
866:linear PCM
730:Rock Ridge
699:Mount Fuji
555:MiniDisc (
522:HD DVD-RAM
452:Blu-ray 3D
70:Media type
62:AA battery
5229:Sony DADC
5207:Minisodes
5089:platforms
5026:FD series
5021:Trinitron
4981:Jumbotron
4971:Sony CLIÉ
4733:α (Alpha)
4687:Sony Bank
4682:Sony Life
4551:Super DLT
4545:Floptical
4436:LaserDisc
4418:Microform
3941:Sequencer
3868:PA system
3797:Subwoofer
3782:PA system
3716:Amplifier
3678:Hard disk
3595:Equalizer
3482:VinylDisc
3328:DVD-Audio
3223:cartridge
3040:Sabamobil
3004:3M Scotch
2962:Fidelipac
2889:cartridge
2870:3/4" tape
2840:1/2" tape
2834:1/4" tape
2678:cartridge
2674:Magnetic
2632:Movietone
2626:Tri-Ergon
2620:Phonofilm
2601:Dictabelt
2567:Long play
2561:Audograph
2358:Physical
1788:Fidelipac
1489:(kbit/s)
1463:USB drive
1284:hard disk
1250:Operation
1230:Anti-skip
1091:Mini-Disc
970:Panasonic
912:Eindhoven
755:ISO 13490
736:El Torito
675:Standards
518:HD DVD-RW
424:DVD-Video
357:CD-ROM XA
125:Developed
117:mechanism
105:mechanism
64:for scale
5177:AnimeLab
5048:Watchman
4920:Vision-S
4828:MiniDisc
4798:Handycam
4610:Founders
4510:MiniDisc
4460:DataPlay
4369:DVD-R DL
4363:DVD+R DL
4299:BD-RE XL
3989:ProTools
3966:Software
3956:Theremin
3896:Chiptune
3853:Foldback
3683:MiniDisc
3464:CD Video
3395:HitClips
3352:BD-Audio
3346:DualDisc
3334:DataPlay
3304:MiniDisc
3082:PlayTape
2896:Optaphon
2460:Ediphone
2432:cylinder
2430:Grooved
2208:Archived
2124:Archived
2076:Archived
2054:Archived
1760:See also
1550:Mono SP
1376:MD Data2
1149:Mac OS X
1003:such as
974:Technics
829:MiniDisc
769:See also
715:ISO 9660
662:DataPlay
514:HD DVD-R
400:DVD+R DS
396:DVD-R DS
392:DVD+R DL
388:DVD-R DL
333:Photo CD
183:Released
165:Extended
147:Extended
93:Capacity
82:Encoding
40:MiniDisc
18:Minidisc
5252:(39.4%)
5202:Crackle
5187:Wakanim
5152:PlayNow
5119:SonyLIV
5038:U-matic
5001:Optiarc
4976:Discman
4966:Betamax
4956:CV-2000
4925:Walkman
4848:PlayNow
4838:MicroMV
4748:Blu-ray
4738:Betacam
4711:Aniplex
4603:History
4516:MD Data
4506:(1980s)
4504:MO disc
4472:ProData
4293:BD-R XL
4272:Blu-ray
4085:Tape op
3936:Sampler
3452:U-matic
3425:MicroSD
3212:Digital
3136:Elcaset
3046:8-track
2876:3" tape
2864:2" tape
2858:1" tape
2480:(1890s)
2474:(1890s)
2468:(1890s)
2100:30 July
1835:30 July
1804:MiniDVD
1799:Mini CD
1735:1411.2
1634:ATRAC3
1608:ATRAC3
1582:ATRAC3
1487:Bitrate
1394:bitrate
1367:MD Data
1361:MD Data
1198:Walkman
1089:Memorex
966:Pioneer
930:Philips
919:Philips
436:MiniDVD
432:EcoDisc
412:DVD-RAM
369:Mini CD
353:CD-Text
241:General
211:2013-03
209: (
193:1992-11
191: (
173:MD Data
5258:(4.9%)
5006:Qualia
4991:Mavica
4935:Xperia
4863:S/PDIF
4858:Reader
4833:MiniDV
4813:Inzone
4808:HMZ-T1
4793:FeliCa
4753:Bravia
4553:(1998)
4547:(1991)
4541:(1986)
4524:(2004)
4518:(1993)
4512:(1992)
4497:(1877)
4486:(2006)
4484:HD DVD
4480:(2004)
4474:(2003)
4468:(2003)
4462:(2002)
4456:(1999)
4454:MIL-CD
4450:(1997)
4448:GD-ROM
4444:(1979)
4438:(1978)
4420:(1870)
4403:(1997)
4397:(1991)
4391:(1988)
4382:(1982)
4371:(2005)
4365:(2004)
4359:(2002)
4353:(2001)
4351:DVD+RW
4347:(1999)
4345:DVD-RW
4341:(1997)
4332:(1995)
4321:(2004)
4312:(2003)
4301:(2010)
4295:(2010)
4289:(2006)
4283:(2006)
4274:(2006)
4199:(NIME)
3873:Reverb
3484:(2007)
3478:(2001)
3472:(1991)
3466:(1987)
3460:(1986)
3454:(1971)
3448:(1967)
3439:Hybrid
3427:(2007)
3421:(2004)
3415:(2002)
3409:(2001)
3403:(1999)
3397:(2000)
3391:(1996)
3366:(2014)
3364:MQA-CD
3360:(2013)
3354:(2008)
3348:(2004)
3342:(2004)
3336:(2002)
3330:(2000)
3324:(1999)
3318:(1995)
3312:(1993)
3306:(1992)
3300:(1989)
3294:(1982)
3275:(1993)
3269:(1990)
3263:(1986)
3244:(1992)
3238:(1992)
3232:(1987)
3203:(1993)
3197:(1982)
3191:(1982)
3185:(1980)
3179:(1976)
3156:(1988)
3150:(1985)
3138:(1976)
3132:(1972)
3126:(1972)
3120:(1971)
3114:(1971)
3108:(1969)
3102:(1969)
3096:(1968)
3090:(1967)
3084:(1966)
3078:(1965)
3072:(1965)
3066:(1965)
3060:(1965)
3054:(1964)
3048:(1964)
3042:(1964)
3036:(1964)
3030:(1963)
3024:(1963)
3018:(1962)
3012:(1962)
3006:(1962)
3000:(1962)
2994:(1962)
2988:(1961)
2982:(1961)
2976:(1961)
2970:(1960)
2964:(1959)
2958:(1959)
2952:(1958)
2946:(1958)
2940:(1958)
2934:(1957)
2928:(1957)
2922:(1955)
2916:(1954)
2910:(1953)
2904:(1952)
2898:(1951)
2878:(1978)
2872:(1969)
2866:(1967)
2860:(1957)
2854:(1953)
2848:(1953)
2842:(1953)
2836:(1949)
2830:(1935)
2824:(1928)
2802:(1978)
2796:(1959)
2790:(1953)
2784:(1948)
2778:(1945)
2764:(1900)
2747:(1962)
2741:(1961)
2735:(1955)
2729:(1951)
2723:(1951)
2717:(1951)
2711:(1947)
2705:(1947)
2699:(1944)
2693:(1944)
2687:(1942)
2666:(1898)
2646:(1940)
2640:(1929)
2634:(1926)
2628:(1922)
2622:(1919)
2603:(1947)
2581:(2004)
2575:(1956)
2569:(1948)
2563:(1945)
2557:(1945)
2545:(1920)
2539:(1912)
2533:(1905)
2527:(1889)
2510:(1913)
2504:(1912)
2498:(1908)
2492:(1907)
2486:(1902)
2462:(1888)
2452:(1887)
2442:(1877)
2422:(1857)
2405:Analog
2396:(1883)
2390:(1881)
2130:30 May
1959:16 May
1706:Hi-SP
1680:Hi-LP
1556:ATRAC
1530:ATRAC
1492:Codec
1398:kbit/s
1075:Design
1069:TASCAM
1067:&
732:/ SUSP
720:Joliet
585:LV-ROM
581:LD-ROM
542:GD-ROM
509:HD DVD
467:M-DISC
408:DVD+RW
404:DVD-RW
365:MIL-CD
313:CD-ROM
167:
149:
127:
115:
103:
5314:Other
5246:(50%)
5076:(57%)
5016:TR-55
5011:Rolly
4986:Lissa
4930:XDCAM
4788:Exmor
4743:Bionz
4522:Hi-MD
4401:CD-RW
4357:DVD+R
4339:DVD-R
4287:BD-RE
4265:media
4151:STEIM
4146:SMPTE
4121:IRCAM
3586:(DAW)
3340:Hi-MD
3112:HiPac
2001:(PDF)
1701:2040
1675:2700
1649:1970
1623:1250
1484:Name
1459:Hi-MD
1453:Hi-MD
1447:Hi-MD
1425:NetMD
1411:NetMD
1304:iPods
1208:lossy
1190:ATRAC
1180:ATRAC
1050:macOS
1046:Hi-MD
1005:iPods
962:Sharp
862:Hi-MD
855:ATRAC
845:audio
725:Romeo
684:ATAPI
568:Hi-MD
535:VCDHD
420:DVD-A
416:DVD-D
384:DVD+R
380:DVD-R
321:CD-RW
309:CD-DA
177:Hi-MD
139:Usage
113:Write
87:ATRAC
5256:Vaio
5053:WEGA
5043:Vaio
4996:NEWS
4951:AIBO
4910:Vaio
4885:SXRD
4868:SDDS
4843:mylo
4773:Dash
4763:Cell
4594:Sony
4442:WORM
4395:CD-i
4389:CD-R
4281:BD-R
3921:MIDI
3693:Opus
3470:ADAT
3358:HFPA
3316:HDCD
3273:SDDS
3189:DASH
2676:wire
2656:wire
2248:Sony
2189:2023
2164:2023
2151:Byte
2132:2020
2102:2022
2020:CNET
1961:2016
1865:2013
1837:2022
1747:n/a
1744:n/a
1741:n/a
1732:PCM
1727:475
1724:140
1721:n/a
1718:n/a
1715:n/a
1709:256
1698:610
1695:n/a
1692:n/a
1689:n/a
1672:810
1669:n/a
1666:n/a
1663:n/a
1646:590
1643:320
1640:320
1637:n/a
1628:LP4
1620:370
1617:127
1614:127
1611:n/a
1605:105
1597:990
1594:290
1591:160
1588:160
1585:n/a
1579:132
1576:LP2
1571:n/a
1568:n/a
1565:160
1562:160
1559:160
1553:146
1545:n/a
1542:n/a
1527:292
1440:*nix
1392:The
1384:MDLP
1324:bits
1320:SCMS
1116:CIRC
1065:TEAC
1016:CD-R
976:and
952:the
932:and
898:and
851:Sony
649:(AD)
361:CD-i
349:CD+G
345:SVCD
329:SACD
317:CD-R
151:from
133:Sony
101:Read
76:disc
5192:VRV
4961:DAT
4905:UMD
4783:DVD
4478:UMD
4466:UDO
4330:DVD
4319:PDD
3688:MP3
3673:DAT
3310:DTS
3267:CDS
1753:94
1750:28
1683:64
1657:48
1631:66
1539:80
1536:80
1533:80
1350:USB
1296:MP3
1168:PCM
1164:WAV
1136:DCC
958:JVC
946:yen
908:AES
749:UDF
688:MMC
681:SFF
428:HVD
375:DVD
347:),
341:VCD
337:CDV
331:),
5343::
5250:M3
4758:CD
4030:DJ
3261:DD
3236:NT
2246:.
2224:.
2206:.
2180:.
2148:.
2122:.
2118:.
2093:.
2070:.
2017:.
1984:32
1982:.
1978:.
1933:.
1922:^
1894:.
1856:.
1845:^
1654:–
1602:–
1306:.
1300:CD
1246:.
968:,
964:,
960:,
894:,
847:.
833:MD
583:,
578:):
576:LD
559:):
557:MD
520:,
516:,
454:,
450:,
445:):
443:BD
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
394:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
306:):
304:CD
175:,
169:to
157:,
129:by
5135:)
4586:e
4579:t
4572:v
4255:e
4248:t
4241:v
3517:e
3510:t
3503:v
2458:/
2448:/
2351:e
2344:t
2337:v
2191:.
2166:.
2134:.
2104:.
2003:.
1963:.
1916:.
1867:.
1839:.
1270:.
1166:(
831:(
809:e
802:t
795:v
751:)
686:/
511::
462:)
377::
213:)
195:)
34:.
20:)
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