939:, or neurological lesion, has been shown to inhibit the ability of human subjects to take into account intent when forming a moral judgment. According to such investigations, TMS did not disrupt participants' ability to make any moral judgment. On the contrary, moral judgments of intentional harms and non-harms were unaffected by TMS to either the RTPJ or the control site; presumably, however, people typically make moral judgments of intentional harms by considering not only the action's harmful outcome but the agent's intentions and beliefs. So why were moral judgments of intentional harms not affected by TMS to the RTPJ? One possibility is that moral judgments typically reflect a weighted function of any morally relevant information that is available at the time. Based on this view, when information concerning the agent's belief is unavailable or degraded, the resulting moral judgment simply reflects a higher weighting of other morally relevant factors (e.g., outcome). Alternatively, following TMS to the RTPJ, moral judgments might be made via an abnormal processing route that does not take belief into account. On either account, when belief information is degraded or unavailable, moral judgments are shifted toward other morally relevant factors (e.g., outcome). For intentional harms and non-harms, however, the outcome suggests the same moral judgment as to the intention. Thus, the researchers suggest that TMS to the RTPJ disrupted the processing of negative beliefs for both intentional harms and attempted harms, but the current design allowed the investigators to detect this effect only in the case of attempted harms, in which the neutral outcomes did not afford harsh moral judgments on their own.
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misallocation of resources, underuse of social support, and social influence. To begin with, the authors demonstrate that people in no less than 60 nations hold the belief that morality is deteriorating continuously, and this conviction has been present for the last 70 years. Subsequently, they indicate that people ascribe this decay to the declining morality of individuals as they age and the succeeding generations. Thirdly, the authors demonstrate that people's evaluations of the morality of their peers have not decreased over time, indicating that the belief in moral decline is an illusion. Lastly, the authors explain a basic psychological mechanism that uses two well-established phenomena (distorted exposure to information and distorted memory of information) to cause the illusion of moral decline. The authors present studies that validate some of the predictions about the circumstances in which the perception of moral decline is attenuated, eliminated, or reversed (e.g., when participants are asked about the morality of people closest to them or people who lived before they were born).
1079:... if we adopt the principle of universality: if an action is right (or wrong) for others, it is right (or wrong) for us. Those who do not rise to the minimal moral level of applying to themselves the standards they apply to others—more stringent ones, in fact—plainly cannot be taken seriously when they speak of appropriateness of response; or of right and wrong, good and evil. In fact, one of them, maybe the most, elementary of moral principles is that of universality, that is, If something's right for me, it's right for you; if it's wrong for you, it's wrong for me. Any moral code that is even worth looking at has that at its core somehow.
1028:, in this regard. Haidt found that Americans who identified as liberals tended to value care and fairness higher than loyalty, respect and purity. Self-identified conservative Americans valued care and fairness less and the remaining three values more. Both groups gave care the highest over-all weighting, but conservatives valued fairness the lowest, whereas liberals valued purity the lowest. Haidt also hypothesizes that the origin of this division in the United States can be traced to geo-historical factors, with conservatism strongest in closely knit, ethnically homogeneous communities, in contrast to
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network pertaining to representing others' intentions (i.e., theory of mind) and the network pertaining to representing others' (vicariously experienced) emotional states (i.e., empathy). This supports the notion that moral reasoning is related to both seeing things from other persons' points of view and to grasping others' feelings. These results provide evidence that the neural network underlying moral decisions is probably domain-global (i.e., there might be no such things as a "moral module" in the human brain) and might be dissociable into cognitive and affective sub-systems.
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trend has seen homicide rates drop to historical lows" with the exceptions being the United States (with a high religiosity level) and "theistic" Portugal. In a response, Gary Jensen builds on and refines Paul's study. he concludes that a "complex relationship" exists between religiosity and homicide "with some dimensions of religiosity encouraging homicide and other dimensions discouraging it". In April 2012, the results of a study which tested their subjects'
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feeling. However, there are three ways humans can override their immediate intuitive response. The first way is conscious verbal reasoning (for example, examining costs and benefits). The second way is reframing a situation to see a new perspective or consequence, which triggers a different intuition. Finally, one can talk to other people which illuminates new arguments. In fact, interacting with other people is the cause of most moral change.
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610:(although to what degree this actually occurs is a controversial topic in evolutionary theory). Some sociobiologists contend that the set of behaviors that constitute morality evolved largely because they provided possible survival or reproductive benefits (i.e. increased evolutionary success). Humans consequently evolved "pro-social" emotions, such as feelings of empathy or guilt, in response to these moral behaviors.
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homosexuality, gambling, abortion, alcohol use, contraceptive use, and premarital sex. Each of the 40 countries in this study has a range of percentages according to what percentage of each country believes the common moral issues are acceptable, unacceptable, or not moral issues at all. Each percentage regarding the significance of the moral issue varies greatly on the culture in which the moral issue is presented.
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territorial morality is permissive, allowing the individual whatever behaviour does not interfere with the territory of another. By contrast, tribal morality is prescriptive, imposing the norms of the collective on the individual. These norms will be arbitrary, culturally dependent and 'flexible', whereas territorial morality aims at rules which are universal and absolute, such as
434:
towards the environment at the moment must be a factor for the result to be truly moral, as morality is subject to culture. Something can only be morally acceptable if the culture as a whole has accepted this to be true. Both practical reason and relevant emotional factors are acknowledged as significant in determining the morality of a decision.
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quick, affect-laden processes. Nonetheless, certain cognitive skills such as being able to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions to oneself, and others is a common feature of a broad range of prototypical situations. In line with this, a meta-analysis found overlapping activity between
568:. One of these was whether the driver of a car would have his friend, a passenger riding in the car, lie in order to protect the driver from the consequences of driving too fast and hitting a pedestrian. Trompenaars found that different cultures had quite different expectations, from none to definite.
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The authors also state that "A few hundred years ago rates of homicide were astronomical in
Christian Europe and the American colonies," and "the least theistic secular developing democracies such as Japan, France, and Scandinavia have been most successful in these regards." They argue for a positive
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Genetics play a role in influencing prosocial behaviors and moral decision-making. Genetics contribute to the development and expression of certain traits and behaviors, including those related to morality. However, it is important to note that while genetics play a role in shaping certain aspects of
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Critically, the specific cognitive processes that are involved depend on the prototypical situation that a person encounters. For instance, while situations that require an active decision on a moral dilemma may require active reasoning, an immediate reaction to a shocking moral violation may involve
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Still, others theorize that morality is not always absolute, contending that moral issues often differ along cultural lines. A 2014 PEW research study among several nations illuminates significant cultural differences among issues commonly related to morality, including divorce, extramarital affairs,
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believe this in-group/out-group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival. This belief has been confirmed by simple computational models of evolution. In simulations this discrimination can result in both unexpected cooperation towards the in-group and irrational hostility towards
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stated that, "In general, higher rates of belief in and worship of a creator correlate with higher rates of homicide, juvenile and early adult mortality, STD infection rates, teen pregnancy, and abortion in the prosperous democracies," and "In all secular developing democracies a centuries long-term
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Regarding the issues of morality in video games, some scholars believe that because players appear in video games as actors, they maintain a distance between their sense of self and the role of the game in terms of imagination. Therefore, the decision-making and moral behavior of players in the game
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Cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists investigate the inputs to these cognitive processes and their interactions, as well as how these contribute to moral behavior by running controlled experiments. In these experiments putatively moral versus nonmoral stimuli are compared to each other, while
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Marc Bekoff and
Jessica Pierce (2009) have argued that morality is a suite of behavioral capacities likely shared by all mammals living in complex social groups (e.g., wolves, coyotes, elephants, dolphins, rats, chimpanzees). They define morality as "a suite of interrelated other-regarding behaviors
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or community. Various defined actions come to be called moral or immoral. Individuals who choose moral action are popularly held to possess "moral fiber", whereas those who indulge in immoral behavior may be labeled as socially degenerate. The continued existence of a group may depend on widespread
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The brain areas that are consistently involved when humans reason about moral issues have been investigated by multiple quantitative large-scale meta-analyses of the brain activity changes reported in the moral neuroscience literature. The neural network underlying moral decisions overlaps with the
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as guilt-shame avoidance. Theories of moral development therefore tend to regard it as positive moral development: the higher stages are morally higher, though this, naturally, involves a circular argument. The higher stages are better because they are higher, but the better higher because they are
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Advocates of a theory known as moral relativism subscribe to the notion that moral virtues are right or wrong only within the context of a certain standpoint (e.g., cultural community). In other words, what is morally acceptable in one culture may be taboo in another. They further contend that no
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Practical reason is necessary for the moral agency but it is not a sufficient condition for moral agency. Real life issues that need solutions do need both rationality and emotion to be sufficiently moral. One uses rationality as a pathway to the ultimate decision, but the environment and emotions
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awareness of going through any steps. Conversely, moral reasoning does involve conscious mental activity to reach a moral judgment. Moral reasoning is controlled and less affective than moral intuition. When making moral judgments, humans perform moral reasoning to support their initial intuitive
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Moral cognition refers to cognitive processes implicated in moral judgment and decision making, and moral action. It consists of several domain-general cognitive processes, ranging from perception of a morally salient stimulus to reasoning when faced with a moral dilemma. While it is important to
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Anthropologists from Oxford's
Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology (part of the School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography) analysed ethnographic accounts of ethics from 60 societies, comprising over 600,000 words from over 600 sources and discovered what they believe to be
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is unclear. A 2001 review of studies on this topic found "The existing evidence surrounding the effect of religion on crime is varied, contested, and inconclusive, and currently, no persuasive answer exists as to the empirical relationship between religion and crime." Phil
Zuckerman's 2008 book,
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God apparently has "no problems with a slave-owning society", considers birth control a crime punishable by death, and "is keen on child abuse". Others interpret these passages differently, arguing for example that Jewish laws show the evolution of moral standards in society: that Jews actually
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In-group preference is also helpful at the individual level for the passing on of one's genes. For example, a mother who favors her own children more highly than the children of other people will give greater resources to her children than she will to strangers', thus heightening her children's
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in order to improve their evolutionary fitness. Human morality, although sophisticated and complex relative to the moralities of other animals, is essentially a natural phenomenon that evolved to restrict excessive individualism that could undermine a group's cohesion and thereby reducing the
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A new study analyses the common perception of a decline in morality in societies worldwide and throughout history. Adam M. Mastroianni and Daniel T. Gilbert present a series of studies indicating that the perception of moral decline is an illusion and easily produced, with implications for
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in nature is seen by evolutionary biologists as one way to begin to understand human morality. Its function is typically to ensure a reliable supply of essential resources, especially for animals living in a habitat where food quantity or quality fluctuates unpredictably. For example, some
445:
made a distinction between tribal and territorial morality. She characterizes the latter as predominantly negative and proscriptive: it defines a person's territory, including his or her property and dependents, which is not to be damaged or interfered with. Apart from these proscriptions,
848:, and consequentialism): the character of a person (Agent-component, A); their actions (Deed-component, D); and the consequences brought about in the situation (Consequences-component, C). This, implies that various inputs of the situation a person encounters affect moral cognition.
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journal in which non-religious people had higher scores showing that they were more motivated by their own compassion to perform pro-social behaviors. Religious people were found to be less motivated by compassion to be charitable than by an inner sense of moral obligation.
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evolution was due to the increasing need to avoid disputes and injuries in moving to open savanna and developing stone weapons. Other theories are that increasing complexity was simply a correlate of increasing group size and brain size, and in particular the development of
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in this initial detection of moral content. The salience network responds to behaviorally salient events and may be critical to modulate downstream default and frontal control network interactions in the service of complex moral reasoning and decision-making processes.
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across cultures, even if we do not appeal to a supernatural or universalist understanding of principles – values including integrity, trustworthiness, benevolence, and fairness. These values can be resources for finding common ground between believers and nonbelievers.
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also suggests an inverse relationship between religion and crime, with some studies establishing this connection. A meta-analysis of 60 studies on religion and crime concluded, "religious behaviors and beliefs exert a moderate deterrent effect on individuals' criminal
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mention that there is not a single cognitive faculty dedicated exclusively to moral cognition, characterizing the contributions of domain-general processes to moral behavior is a critical scientific endeavor to understand how morality works and how it can be improved.
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Religions provide different ways of dealing with moral dilemmas. For example, Hinduism lacks any absolute prohibition on killing, recognizing that it "may be inevitable and indeed necessary" in certain circumstances. Monotheistic traditions view certain acts—such as
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thinks that the ability to recognize and vicariously experience what another individual is undergoing was a key step forward in the evolution of social behavior, and ultimately, morality. The inability to feel empathy is one of the defining characteristics of
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moral virtue can objectively be proven right or wrong
Critics of moral relativism point to historical atrocities such as infanticide, slavery, or genocide as counter arguments, noting the difficulty in accepting these actions simply through cultural lenses.
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can be read as giving us a carte blanche for harsh attitudes to children, the mentally handicapped, animals, the environment, the divorced, unbelievers, people with various sexual habits, and elderly women", and notes morally-suspect themes in the Bible's
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can be seen as addressing the same question at the social level, though the political sphere raises additional problems and challenges. It is therefore unsurprising that evidence has been found of a relationship between attitudes in morality and politics.
995:, found that moral foundations have significant genetic bases. Another study, conducted by Smith and Hatemi, similarly found significant evidence in support of moral heritability by looking at and comparing the answers of moral dilemmas between twins.
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that cultivate and regulate complex interactions within social groups." This suite of behaviors includes empathy, reciprocity, altruism, cooperation, and a sense of fairness. In related work, it has been convincingly demonstrated that chimpanzees show
784:, see moral commitment as arising from the development of a self-identity that is defined by moral purposes: this moral self-identity leads to a sense of responsibility to pursue such purposes. Of historical interest in psychology are the theories of
517:
Peterson and
Seligman approach the anthropological view looking across cultures, geo-cultural areas and across millennia. They conclude that certain virtues have prevailed in all cultures they examined. The major virtues they identified include
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Zuckerman identifies that
Scandinavians have "relatively high rates of petty crime and burglary", but "their overall rates of violent crime—such as murder, aggravated assault, and rape—are among the lowest on earth" (Zuckerman 2008, pp.
1124:, religion and morality "are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with each other. Conceptually and in principle, morality and a religious value system are two distinct kinds of value systems or action guides."
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between the degree of public religiosity in a society and certain measures of dysfunction, an analysis published later in the same journal argues that a number of methodological problems undermine any findings or conclusions in the
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from a society that provides these codes of conduct in which it applies and is accepted by an individual. It does not connote objective claims of right or wrong, but only refers to that which is considered right or wrong.
384:, on the other hand, holds that moral statements either fail or do not even attempt to report objective moral facts. Instead, they hold that moral sentences are either categorically false claims of objective moral facts (
1314:, "which are probably the least religious countries in the world, and possibly in the history of the world", enjoy "among the lowest violent crime rates in the world the lowest levels of corruption in the world".
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and devotion; Hence it is justly regarded as unsafe to draw any inference in favor of a man's morals, from the fervor or strictness of his religious exercises, even though he himself believe them sincere."
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The maxim 'Treat others how you wish to be treated'. Various expressions of this fundamental moral rule are to be found in tenets of most religions and creeds through the ages, testifying to its universal
728:, morality is sometimes considered to change through personal development. Several psychologists have produced theories on the development of morals, usually going through stages of different morals.
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conformity to codes of morality; an inability to adjust moral codes in response to new challenges is sometimes credited with the demise of a community (a positive example would be the function of
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from starvation. Since these animals live in close-knit groups over many years, an individual can count on other group members to return the favor on nights when it goes hungry (Wilkinson, 1984)
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showed the evolution of moral standards towards protecting the vulnerable, imposing a death penalty on those pursuing slavery and treating slaves as persons and not as property. Humanists like
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1514:
1204:, "practically, right and wrong are decided according to the categories of social rank, kinship, and stages of life. For modern Westerners, who have been raised on ideals of universality and
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It has been recently found that moral judgment consists in concurrent evaluations of three different components that align with precepts from three dominant moral theories (virtue ethics,
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are forms of this in-group/out-group boundary. Jonathan Haidt has noted that experimental observation indicating an in-group criterion provides one moral foundation substantially used by
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Chard-Wierschem, D. (1998). In pursuit of the "true" relationship: A longitudinal study of the effects of religiosity on delinquency and substance abuse. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation.
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controlling for other variables such as content or working memory load. Often, the differential neural response to specifically moral statements or scenes, are examined using functional
480:" (the individual and those they believe to be of the same group) or an "out-group" (people not entitled to be treated according to the same rules). Some biologists, anthropologists and
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tasks, suggesting a shared neural network for both tasks. The results of this meta-analysis, however, also demonstrated that the processing of moral input is affected by task demands.
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are universalist forms of ethical subjectivism which claim that morality is derived from the edicts of a god or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being, respectively.
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Eres, Robert; Louis, Winnifred R.; Molenberghs, Pascal (27 July 2017). "Common and distinct neural networks involved in fMRI studies investigating morality: an ALE meta-analysis".
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256:... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual." Likewise, certain types of ethical theories, especially
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Johnson, B. R.; Larson, D. B.; DeLi, S.; Jang, S. J. (2000). "Escaping from the crime of inner cities:Church attendance and religious salience among disadvantaged youth".
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for each other in a wide variety of contexts. They also possess the ability to engage in deception, and a level of social politics prototypical of our own tendencies for
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As an alternative to viewing morality as an individual trait, some sociologists as well as social- and discursive psychologists have taken upon themselves to study the
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On this view, moral codes are ultimately founded on emotional instincts and intuitions that were selected for in the past because they aided survival and reproduction (
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is the class of theories which hold that there are true moral statements that report objective moral facts. For example, while they might concede that forces of social
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An essential, shared component of moral judgment involves the capacity to detect morally salient content within a given social context. Recent research implicated the
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seven universal moral rules: help your family, help your group, return favours, be brave, defer to superiors, divide resources fairly, and respect others' property.
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exerted toward this kind of self-interest, such that eventually, all parents wind up favoring their own children (the in-group) over other children (the out-group).
5149:. New York: The MacMillan Company; Reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., and also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc, January 1990.
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22:18 that has "helped to burn alive tens or hundreds of thousands of women in Europe and
America": "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live," and notes that the
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movements, there has been some tendency to feel that a nation will not survive or prosper without acknowledging one common morality, regardless of its content.
1255:, and apologists for Islam defend or explain away its harsh penal code or its attitude to women and infidels". In regard to Christianity, he states that the "
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Political morality is also relevant to the behavior internationally of national governments, and to the support they receive from their host population. The
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writes that "Although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing, there is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of
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threatened those who pursued forced slavery with the death penalty, held that slaves were persons instead of property, and protected them in several ways.
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Religion and morality are not synonymous. Morality does not depend upon religion although for some this is "an almost automatic assumption". According to
2976:"Bzdok, D. et al. Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy. Brain Struct Funct, 2011"
4671:
Cochran, J. K.; Akers, R. L. (1989). "Beyond
Hellfire:An explanation of the variable effects of religiosity on adolescent marijuana and alcohol use".
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Similarly, individuals with a lesion of the VMPC judge an action purely on its outcome and are unable to take into account the intent of that action.
704:
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fail to feed on prey some nights while others manage to consume a surplus. Bats that did eat will then regurgitate part of their blood meal to save a
4610:
Albrecht, S. I.; Chadwick, B. A.; Alcorn, D. S. (1977). "Religiosity and deviance:Application of an attitude-behavior contingent consistency model".
2741:
Monin, Benoît; Pizarro, David A.; Beer, Jennifer S. (2007). "Deciding versus reacting: Conceptions of moral judgment and the reason-affect debate".
462:. Green relates the development of territorial morality to the rise of the concept of private property, and the ascendancy of contract over status.
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Evans, T. D.; Cullen, F. T.; Burton, V. S. Jr.; Dunaway, R. G.; Payne, G. L.; Kethineni, S. R. (1996). "Religion, social bonds, and delinquency".
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4898:"Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies: A First Look"
4871:"Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies: A First Look"
4844:"Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies: A First Look"
4721:
Grasmick, H. G.; Bursik, R. J.; Cochran, J. K. (1991). "Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's": Religiosity and taxpayer's inclinations to cheat".
4336:"Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies: A First Look"
908:, and psychopathy, Jean Decety argued that empathy and morality are neither systematically opposed to one another, nor inevitably complementary.
392:); or else do not attempt to describe the world at all but rather something else, like an expression of an emotion or the issuance of a command (
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distinguishes between two types of moral cognition: moral intuition and moral reasoning. Moral intuition involves the fast, automatic, and
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2781:"Contextual and Perceptual Brain Processes Underlying Moral Cognition: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Moral Reasoning and Moral Emotions"
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is variously defined as an unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any particular set of moral standards and/or principles.
6313:
5267:
3498:"Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments"
3023:
Boccia, M.; Dacquino, C.; Piccardi, L.; Cordellieri, P.; Guariglia, C.; Ferlazzo, F.; Ferracuti, S.; Giannini, A. M. (25 January 2016).
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Bzdok, Danilo; Schilbach, Leonhard; Vogeley, Kai; Schneider, Karla; Laird, Angela R; Langner, Robert; Eickhoff, Simon B (2012-01-24).
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2200:
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1600:
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Boehm, Christopher (1982). "The evolutionary development of morality as an effect of dominance behaviour and conflict interference".
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Several studies have been conducted on the empirics of morality in various countries, and the overall relationship between faith and
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Baier, C. J.; Wright, B. R. (2001). "If you love me, keep my commandments":A meta-analysis of the effect of religion on crime".
1689:. He posits that it "express the essence of a universal morality." The rationale for this distinction occupies much of his book
999:
moral behavior, morality itself is a multifaceted concept that encompasses cultural, societal, and personal influences as well.
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991:
928:(VMPC), a region involved in valuation, while intuitive reactions to situations containing implicit moral issues activates the
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617:. Biologists contend that all social animals, from ants to elephants, have modified their behaviors, by restraining immediate
606:, believe that morality is a product of evolutionary forces acting at an individual level and also at the group level through
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is a universalist form of non-cognitivism which claims that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives, and
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5100:
4924:
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Kerley, Kent R.; Matthews; Blanchard, Troy C. (2005). "Religiosity, Religious
Participation, and Negative Prison Behaviors".
3608:"Testing heritability of moral foundations: Common pathway models support strong heritability for the five moral foundations"
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chances of survival and her own gene's chances of being perpetuated. Due to this, within a population, there is substantial
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Some studies appear to show positive links in the relationship between religiosity and moral behavior Modern research in
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Within the wide range of moral traditions, religious value-systems co-exist with contemporary secular frameworks such as
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On this understanding, moralities are sets of self-perpetuating and biologically driven behaviors which encourage human
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Johnson, R. E.; Marcos, A. C.; Bahr, S. J. (1987). "The role of peers in the complex etiology of adolescent drug use".
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Some observers hold that individuals apply distinct sets of moral rules to people depending on their membership of an "
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Laura R. Saslow, Robb Willer, Matthew Feinberg, Paul K. Piff, Katharine Clark, Dacher Keltner and Sarina R. Saturn
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likewise holds that "the Bible contains both good and evil teachings", and it is "morally inconsistent". Christian
404:, while considered anti-realist in the robust sense used here, are considered realist in the sense synonymous with
274:: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law."
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still). The study notes that fewer atheists and agnostics enter into marriage relative to faith-based individuals.
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showing that membership of religious groups was positively correlated with membership of voluntary organisations
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1819:"having no moral standards, restraints, or principles; unaware of or indifferent to questions of right or wrong"
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Religious value-systems can be used to justify acts that are contrary to general contemporary morality, such as
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5237:"Virtuous behaviors sanction later sins: people are quick to treat themselves after a good deed or healthy act"
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Young, Liane; Dungan, James (January 2012). "Where in the brain is morality? Everywhere and maybe nowhere".
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right or wrong, which may be independent of the values or mores held by any particular peoples or cultures.
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1922:
752:, moral development occurs in the context of caring, mutually responsive relationships which are based on
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Christopher Boehm (1982) has hypothesized that the incremental development of moral complexity throughout
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which addresses questions of morality. The word "ethics" is "commonly used interchangeably with 'morality'
3025:"Neural foundation of human moral reasoning: an ALE meta-analysis about the role of personal perspective"
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7366:
7321:
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5465:
4158:
2002:
1265:
1197:
1099:
1093:
713:
674:
585:
417:
413:
298:, and generally avoiding the separation of 'moral' considerations from other practical considerations."
213:
4813:
Powell, K. (1997). "Correlates of violent and nonviolent behavior among vulnerable inner-city youths".
3800:
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Young, Liane; Bechara, Antoine; Tranel, Daniel; Damasio, Hanna; Hauser, Marc; Damasio, Antonio (2010).
1071:, analyzes the trajectory of moral progress in society via the framework of an expanding moral circle.
4504:
7960:
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2792:
2535:
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1682:
1655:
1498:
1208:, this relativity of values and obligations is the aspect of Hinduism most difficult to understand".
1053:
896:, and this would appear to lend support to Decety's view. Recently, drawing on empirical research in
599:
389:
257:
175:
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4226:
2100:
2081:"When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize"
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Young, Liane; Camprodon, Joan Albert; Hauser, Marc; Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Saxe, Rebecca (2010).
3324:
3237:
3188:
3110:
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2867:
2758:
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2631:
2347:
2239:
2113:
1983:
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1702:
1701:. New York: The MacMillan Company; reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc, January 1990. p.
1592:
The Hellenistic Philosophers: Translations of the Principal Sources with Philosophical Commentary
1432:
1327:
1317:
Dozens of studies have been conducted on this topic since the twentieth century. A 2005 study by
1220:—in more absolute terms. Religion is not always positively associated with morality. Philosopher
1089:
985:
Moral intuitions may have genetic bases. A 2022 study conducted by scholars Michael Zakharin and
634:
506:
405:
370:
320:
145:
32:
7709:
7529:
4373:
2614:
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Wheatley, Thalia (13 February 2013). "Are moral judgments unified?".
3153:
de Wied M, Goudena PP, Matthys W (2005). "Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders".
1192:, the intention of the individual and the circumstances should be accounted for in the form of
263:
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1975:
1956:"Morality within the limits of practical reason: a critique of Kant's concept of moral virtue"
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217:
5126:
4505:"Prosocial Behavior and Religion: New Evidence Based on Projective Measures and Peer Ratings"
1921:
Gert, Bernard; Gert, Joshua (2016). "The Definition of Morality". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1224:
stated that "the greatest crimes have been found, in many instances, to be compatible with a
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4401:"My Brother's Keeper? Compassion Predicts Generosity More Among Less Religious Individuals"
3400:"Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control"
2887:"Deciphering moral intuition: How agents, deeds, and consequences influence moral judgment"
2416:
Gilligan and Kohlberg: "Implications for Moral Theory" Author(s): Lawrence A. Blum Source:
1894:
1200:
points out a further disparity between the values of religious traditions, stating that in
83:
Allegory with a portrait of a Venetian senator (Allegory of the morality of earthly things)
7915:
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1007:
If morality is the answer to the question 'how ought we to live' at the individual level,
834:
781:
753:
744:; to these theorists morality forms in a series of constructive stages or domains. In the
607:
393:
311:
291:
279:
129:
109:
3725:"Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues"
1617:
3764:
Graham, J.; Haidt, J.; Koleva, S.; Motyl, M.; Iyer, R.; Wojcik, S.; Ditto, P.H. (2013).
3515:
2902:
2796:
2558:
2539:
2521:
2322:
O'Connell, Sanjida (July 1995). "Empathy in chimpanzees: Evidence for theory of mind?".
2218:"Is It Good to Cooperate? Testing the Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation in 60 Societies"
924:
The explicit making of moral right and wrong judgments coincides with activation in the
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1696:
1562:
1407:
1357:
1205:
1169:
1145:
1111:
1017:
851:
830:
804:
aspects of morality by examining how persons conduct themselves in social interaction.
773:
765:
761:
749:
745:
686:
658:
637:, where close proximity during early years reduces mutual sexual attraction, underpins
455:
117:
97:
54:
4197:
3654:
2403:
1306:, based on studies conducted during 14 months in Scandinavia in 2005–2006, notes that
954:
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7684:
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7659:
7644:
7594:
7549:
7509:
7444:
7439:
7409:
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7216:
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6882:
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6541:
6153:
6093:
6043:
5882:
5820:
5805:
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5619:
5548:
5500:
5408:
5390:
5291:
4826:
4784:
4692:
4593:
4533:
4489:
4295:
3694:
3639:
3464:
3256:
3241:
3166:
2839:
2762:
2635:
2243:
1987:
1566:
1486:
1412:
1392:
1261:
1251:
states that "apologists for Hinduism defend or explain away its involvement with the
1225:
1107:
878:
789:
785:
777:
737:
630:
565:
447:
354:
283:
267:
190:, which states: "One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself."
47:
5278:
3192:
3114:
2871:
2678:
2351:
1497:
have lower divorce rates than faith groups on average (though some faith groups had
103:
7654:
7649:
7624:
7554:
7489:
7449:
7419:
7414:
7326:
7316:
7206:
6941:
6936:
6924:
6845:
6831:
6755:
6620:
6610:
6579:
6434:
6377:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6173:
6143:
5877:
5750:
5684:
5679:
5614:
5470:
5455:
4909:
4882:
4855:
4347:
4311:
Society Without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us about Contentment
3796:
3750:
3415:
3056:
2472:
Lena Jayyusi "Values and moral judgment: Communicative praxis as moral order." In
2117:
1804:
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1457:
1417:
1377:
1277:
1252:
1161:
1149:
1072:
1025:
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638:
603:
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401:
385:
381:
346:
Philosophical theories on the nature and origins of morality (that is, theories of
240:
228:
167:
78:
4936:
4713:
3328:
3257:"The Neuroevolution of Empathy and Caring for Others: Why It Matters for Morality"
3098:
2709:
2443:
361:
significantly shape individuals' "moral" decisions, they deny that those cultural
5168:
5012:
4385:"Highly Religious People Are Less Motivated by Compassion Than Are Non-Believers"
4361:
3900:
3574:
2911:
2805:
2662:
2627:
2190:
2049:
Proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the cognitive science society, 2009.
1590:
7935:
7730:
7704:
7699:
7499:
7484:
7351:
7331:
7311:
7163:
7138:
7097:
6958:
6867:
6857:
6819:
6777:
6740:
6706:
6133:
5937:
5714:
5375:
5107:
4684:
4287:
4247:
3268:
1955:
1830:
1643:
1545:
1442:
1285:
1185:
1181:
1172:, define right and wrong by the laws and rules as set forth by their respective
1137:
1057:
888:
733:
708:
654:
618:
614:
486:
442:
369:
define morally right behavior. This may be the philosophical view propounded by
347:
187:
159:
3670:
3312:
2548:
1971:
7940:
7900:
7469:
7459:
7336:
7266:
7153:
7122:
7102:
7046:
7041:
6996:
6891:
6600:
6193:
6163:
6158:
6138:
6088:
5999:
5857:
5800:
5760:
5755:
5525:
5448:
5282:
5061:
4776:
4742:
Higgins, P. C.; Albrecht, G. L. (1977). "Hellfire and delinquency revisited".
4040:
3623:
3449:"A functional imaging investigation of moral deliberation and moral intuition"
3263:. Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences. Vol. 21. pp. 127–151.
3224:
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3040:
2991:
2855:
2754:
2109:
1281:
1269:
1221:
1173:
1103:
1049:
1021:
932:
area, a region that plays a key role in understanding intentions and beliefs.
893:
845:
642:
498:
490:
249:
193:
133:
86:
4585:
3741:
3724:
3678:
3631:
3559:"Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs judgment of harmful intent"
3347:"Salience network engagement with the detection of morally laden information"
2863:
2343:
1979:
1848:
7980:
7930:
7694:
7569:
7296:
7067:
6991:
6898:
6872:
6792:
6409:
6321:
6053:
6033:
5932:
5842:
5815:
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5740:
5609:
5418:
3524:
2957:
2599:
2582:
2506:
1651:
1494:
1462:
1352:
1052:
reform in reviving monasticism; a negative example would be the role of the
1032:-cities, where the cultural mix is greater, thus requiring more liberalism.
858:
processes that result in an evaluative feeling of good-bad or like-dislike,
793:
681:
327:
232:
201:
113:
17:
5273:
4248:
Religion, Public Reason, and Humanism: Paul Kurtz on Fallibilism and Ethics
3686:
3592:
3543:
3482:
3433:
3380:
3320:
3233:
3184:
3106:
3048:
3009:
2930:
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2727:
2670:
2567:
2039:
641:
because it decreases the likelihood of genetically risky behaviour such as
4755:
3362:
1745:
7905:
7381:
7107:
7077:
7036:
7031:
6772:
6615:
6439:
6404:
6038:
6023:
5947:
5942:
5907:
5810:
5745:
5719:
4979:
4441:"Survey Inspires Debate Over Why Faith Isn't a Bigger Factor in Marriage"
2176:
1490:
1397:
1240:
1236:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1141:
1008:
581:
538:
477:
163:
137:
71:
67:
5170:
Did the Pedestrian Die?: Insights from the World's Greatest Culture Guru
4639:
Burkett, S.; White, M. (1974). "Hellfire and delinquency:Another look".
4362:"Religious Cosmologies and Homicide Rates among Nations: A Closer Look'"
2944:
Haidt, Jonathan (18 May 2007). "The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology".
2367:
Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals
2216:
Curry, Oliver Scott; Mullins, Daniel Austin; Whitehouse, Harvey (2019).
756:, particularly in parenting but also in social relationships generally.
7143:
7006:
6787:
6745:
6728:
6063:
5952:
5917:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5775:
5765:
4660:
4631:
2456:
Jörg Bergmann "Veiled morality: Notes on discretion in psychiatry." In
2335:
1595:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 366–67.
1307:
1273:
1244:
1217:
1165:
1157:
1044:
1036:
769:
666:
196:
is the active opposition to morality (i.e. opposition to that which is
174:, which studies more concrete systems of moral decision-making such as
141:
3175:
1927:(Spring 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1148:, and others. There are many types of religious value-systems. Modern
792:, who believe that moral development is the product of aspects of the
7925:
7016:
6986:
6838:
6750:
6681:
6048:
5989:
5922:
5847:
5724:
5334:
4360:
Gary F. Jensen (2006) Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University
2258:"Seven moral rules found all around the world | University of Oxford"
2060:
Robustness of ethnocentrism to changes in inter-personal interactions
1347:
1311:
1040:
768:
emphasize social and emotional development based on biology, such as
670:
295:
245:
183:
63:
6631:
4652:
4623:
3767:
Moral Foundations Theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism
2235:
2192:
Did the Pedestrian Die: Insights from the World's Greatest Culture!
2009:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
633:
is selected for because it improves the survival of offspring; the
128:. Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a
7026:
7021:
7001:
6809:
6028:
6018:
4572:
Chu, Doris C. (2007). "Religiosity and Desistance From Drug Use".
3969:(Second ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 61, 88–89.
3155:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
1298:
1256:
1228:
1153:
712:
388:); claims about subjective attitudes rather than objective facts (
338:
is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense.
323:
is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense.
315:
262:
236:
77:
4443:. www.adherents.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2002
7011:
6557:
6552:
6510:
6068:
5984:
5830:
5825:
5785:
3208:"Victim empathy, social self-esteem, and psychopathy in rapists"
1029:
594:
The development of modern morality is a process closely tied to
532:
485:
the out-group. Gary R. Johnson and V.S. Falger have argued that
197:
149:
6635:
6514:
5307:
3398:; Kenna, H.; Reiss, A. L.; Greicius, M. D. (28 February 2007).
1020:
and colleagues, has been used to study the differences between
5994:
5192:
God, man, and religion: readings in the philosophy of religion
949:
3345:
Sevinc, Gunes; Gurvit, Hakan; Spreng, R. Nathan (July 2017).
4169:
The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever
4051:
The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever
2885:
Dubljević, Veljko; Sattler, Sebastian; Racine, Eric (2018).
2430:
Bergmann Jörg (1998). "Introduction:Morality in discourse".
6290:
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
5067:
The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values
5014:
Braintrust : What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality
4923:
Gerson Moreno-Riaño; Mark Caleb Smith; Thomas Mach (2006).
2583:"The Disunity of Morality and Why it Matters to Philosophy"
1056:
in the subjugation of China to European interests). Within
5247:"Do our moral judgements need to be guided by principles?"
3447:
Harenski, CL; Antonenko, O; Shane, MS; Kiehl, KA. (2010).
1730:. Vol. 3. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 102–03.
294:
approach to practical reasoning, based on the notion of a
5303:
5133:
A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries
4020:(Second ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 5.
3394:
Seeley, W. W.; Menon, V.; Schatzberg, A. F.; Keller, J.;
2694:"The neuroscience of morality and social decision-making"
2478:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–51.
2462:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–62.
2495:
Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice
2027:
Letters from Exile: Observations on a Culture in Decline
1685:
argued that the Golden Rule is much more than simply an
709:
Jean Piaget § Education and development of morality
526:. Each of these include several divisions. For instance
373:, but not all moral realists accept that position (e.g.
3130:"If It Feels Good to Be Good, It Might Be Only Natural"
1180:
within each respective faith. Other religions spanning
966:
4503:
Saroglou, Vassilis; Pichon; Dernelle, Rebecca (2005).
2040:
Why is ethnocentrism more common than humanitarianism?
1196:, to determine if an action is termed right or wrong.
330:
sense, "morality" refers to whatever (if anything) is
8004:
7781:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
4223:"Does the Old Testament Endorse Slavery? An Overview"
4217:
4215:
260:, sometimes distinguish between ethics and morality.
148:. Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "
4957:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 10, 12.
3943:. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. p. 401.
3939:
Childress, James F.; Macquarrie, John, eds. (1986).
2779:
Sevinc, Gunes; Spreng, R. Nathan (4 February 2014).
2581:
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Wheatley, Thalia (2012).
1043:
and is often codified to regulate behavior within a
564:, tested members of different cultures with various
7893:
7722:
7390:
7182:
7131:
7060:
6974:
6967:
6907:
6669:
6566:
6397:
6242:
6008:
5733:
5662:
5524:
5399:
5341:
4138:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12.
3992:
The Bhagavad Gita: Krishna's Counsel in Time of War
3294:"The complex relation between morality and empathy"
2840:"Free will and moral responsibility in video games"
2460:
Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings
5212:"Religious Morality: a Reply to Flew and Campbell"
5189:
4313:. New York: New York University Press. p. 2.
3606:Zakharin, Michael; Bates, Timothy C (2022-05-26).
2692:Yoder, Keith J.; Decety, Jean (12 December 2017).
2144:Peterson, Christopher, and Martin E. P. Seligman.
1561:Blackburn provides examples such as the phrase in
248:(also known as moral philosophy) is the branch of
31:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3918:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. .
3723:Haidt, Jonathan; Joseph, Craig (September 2004).
3212:Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
2520:Mastroianni, Adam M.; Gilbert, Daniel T. (2023).
1272:address Blackburn's viewpoints and construe that
286:, based on notions such as duty, obligation, and
5093:Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century
5043:, "The roots of morality: why are we good?", in
4161:, "If God is Dead, Is Everything Permitted?" In
3653:Smith, Kevin; Hatemi, Peter K. (December 2020).
5112:"Morality is a Culturally Conditioned Response"
4110:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 12.
4082:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 13.
2312:(Chicago, The University of Chicago Press 2009)
2038:T.R. Shultz, M. Hartshorn, and A. Kaznatcheev.
1940:, "To what extent is moral judgment natural?",
306:In its descriptive sense, "morality" refers to
4414:"New Marriage and Divorce Statistics Released"
4016:Morgan, Peggy; Lawton, Clive A., eds. (2007).
3965:Morgan, Peggy; Lawton, Clive A., eds. (2007).
3941:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics
3914:Rachels, James; Rachels, Stuart, eds. (2011).
2064:Complex Adaptive Systems – AAAI Fall Symposium
1188:tend to be less absolute. For example, within
1122:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics
162:, which studies abstract issues such as moral
6647:
6526:
5319:
3340:
3338:
2774:
2772:
112:, proper behavior') is the categorization of
8:
6889:
6843:
6829:
6266:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
4925:"Religiosity, Secularism, and Social Health"
4673:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
4641:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
4612:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
4512:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
4478:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
4276:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
4172:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. p. 336.
1783:. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–59.
1333:Social Psychological and Personality Science
4346:. Baltimore, MD: 4–5, 8, 10. Archived from
4054:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. p. 30.
3351:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
2432:Research on Language and Social Interaction
1960:International Journal of Ethics and Systems
841:are not representing player's Moral dogma.
740:have cognitive-developmental approaches to
144:, or it can derive from a standard that is
6971:
6654:
6640:
6632:
6533:
6519:
6511:
5326:
5312:
5304:
4225:. Enrichmentjournal.ag.org. Archived from
4191:
4189:
4018:Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions
3967:Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions
400:Some forms of non-cognitivism and ethical
290:of conduct, reserving ethics for the more
4523:
3740:
3582:
3533:
3523:
3472:
3423:
3370:
3223:
3174:
2999:
2920:
2910:
2814:
2804:
2717:
2598:
2557:
2547:
2489:Cromdal Jakob; Michael Tholander (2014).
2458:Drew, Paul; Heritage, John, eds. (1992).
2420:, Vol. 98, No. 3 (Apr., 1988), pp. 472–91
2392:Journal of Social and Biological Sciences
2099:
1164:, and to a certain degree others such as
582:Altruism § Evolutionary explanations
6596:See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil
5250:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
4269:
4267:
4043:, "The Natural History of Religion". In
2969:
2967:
2310:Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals
2148:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
2074:
2072:
524:; justice; temperance; and transcendence
350:) are broadly divided into two classes:
8011:
6298:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
5198:containing articles by Paterson Brown:
4935:. Cedarville University. Archived from
4854:. Baltimore, MD: 4–5, 8. Archived from
3710:Morality, Leadership, and Public Policy
2476:Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences
2079:Haidt, Jonathan; Graham, Jesse (2007).
2007:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1924:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1916:
1914:
1581:
1489:done by the Barna Group suggested that
27:Differentiation between right and wrong
4454:
3826:
3816:
2177:https://www.iep.utm.edu/moral-re/#SH2g
2029:. Oxford: Oxford Forum. Chapters I–XX.
1836:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
1761:
1751:
705:Kohlberg's stages of moral development
5084:Lunn, Arnold, and Garth Lean (1964).
4198:"Is Christianity a Threat to Ethics?"
3994:. New York: Random House. p. 3.
152:", "appropriateness" or "rightness".
7:
3261:New Frontiers in Social Neuroscience
1954:Ezedike, Edward Uzoma (2020-01-02).
1895:10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001
1035:Group morality develops from shared
6314:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5268:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5135:. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.
4881:. Baltimore, MD: 11. Archived from
3845:"Morality: 2012: Online Only Video"
2491:"Morality in professional practice"
1882:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
1622:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1589:Long, A. A.; Sedley, D. N. (1987).
4806:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00800.x
4735:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00356.x
3779:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4
3292:Decety, J.; Cowell, J. M. (2014).
3206:Fernandez YM, Marshall WL (2003).
124:, and those that are improper, or
25:
4955:Ethics: A Very Short Introduction
4136:Ethics: A Very Short Introduction
4108:Ethics: A Very Short Introduction
4080:Ethics: A Very Short Introduction
3871:"Introducing Sentience Institute"
3773:. Vol. 47. pp. 55–130.
3655:"Are Moral Intuitions Heritable?"
3255:Decety, Jean (November 1, 2014).
2844:Ethics and Information Technology
1829:Deigh, John (2015). "ethics". In
1330:sentiments were published in the
937:transcranial magnetic stimulation
429:Morality with practical reasoning
8014:
7851:The Closing of the American Mind
7771:Civilization and Its Discontents
7751:A Vindication of Natural Society
6495:
6494:
4827:10.1097/00003727-199707000-00006
4534:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00289.x
4490:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00296.x
4309:Zuckerman, Phil (October 2008).
3916:The Elements of Moral Philosophy
3465:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.062
3167:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00389.x
2308:Bekoff, Marc and Jessica Pierce
1728:Bioethics: A Nursing Perspective
953:
4929:Journal of Religion and Society
4908:. Baltimore, MD. Archived from
4902:Journal of Religion and Society
4875:Journal of Religion and Society
4848:Journal of Religion and Society
4366:Journal of Religion and Society
4340:Journal of Religion and Society
3990:Miller, Barbara Stoler (2004).
3612:European Journal of Personality
2522:"The illusion of moral decline"
2146:Character Strengths and Virtues
2058:Kaznatcheev, A. (2010, March).
1323:Journal of Religion and Society
992:European Journal of Personality
120:into those that are proper, or
6282:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
5652:Value monism – Value pluralism
4014:Werner Menski, "Hinduism". In
3707:See Weber, Eric Thomas. 2011.
3416:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
1726:Johnstone, Megan-Jane (2008).
1556:
1538:
1525:
1508:
1480:
926:ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1:
7741:Oration on the Dignity of Man
5274:Boston College's Morality Lab
4714:10.1080/01639625.1996.9968014
4574:Criminal Justice and Behavior
4416:. Barna Group. Archived from
4412:Barna Group (31 March 2008).
3963:Peggy Morgan, "Buddhism". In
3099:10.1080/17470919.2017.1357657
2710:10.1080/1068316X.2017.1414817
2444:10.1080/08351813.1998.9683594
2404:10.1016/s0140-1750(82)92069-3
2005:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
2001:Richardson, Henry S. (2018),
1646:, ed. (1979). "golden rule".
1284:believe that we can identify
720:'s model of moral development
520:wisdom / knowledge; courage;
7811:The Society of the Spectacle
6346:On the Genealogy of Morality
6306:Critique of Practical Reason
5125:Slater S.J., Thomas (1925).
3895:Chomsky, Noam (2002-07-02).
3575:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.003
3301:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2980:Brain Structure and Function
2912:10.1371/journal.pone.0204631
2838:Bartel, Christopher (2015).
2806:10.1371/journal.pone.0087427
2743:Review of General Psychology
2663:10.1080/17470919.2011.569146
2628:10.1080/09515089.2012.736075
2474:Button, Graham, ed. (1991).
2369:. Harvard University Press.
2285:The Science of Good and Evil
1618:"The Definition of Morality"
1616:Stanford University (2011).
4815:Family and Community Health
4685:10.1177/0022427889026003002
4288:10.1177/0022427801038001001
3269:10.1007/978-3-319-02904-7_8
2698:Psychology, Crime & Law
935:Stimulation of the VMPC by
308:personal or cultural values
8063:
6274:A Treatise of Human Nature
5263:The Definition of Morality
5188:Yandell, Keith E. (1973).
5088:. London: Blandford Press.
5019:Princeton University Press
5009:Churchland, Patricia Smith
4723:The Sociological Quarterly
4439:Wicker, Christine (2000).
4261:5, Issue 2 (2008): 131–47.
3897:"Terror and Just Response"
3671:10.1007/s12110-020-09380-7
3313:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.008
3029:Brain Imaging and Behavior
2549:10.1038/s41586-023-06137-x
2189:Trompenaars, Fons (2003).
2159:"Global Views on Morality"
1972:10.1108/ijoes-11-2018-0171
1841:Cambridge University Press
1648:A Dictionary of Philosophy
1485:Studies on divorce in the
1097:
1087:
872:
702:
696:
579:
482:evolutionary psychologists
469:
226:
211:
182:. An example of normative
146:understood to be universal
42:The Armando Iannucci Shows
29:
7989:
7881:Intellectuals and Society
7831:The Culture of Narcissism
6548:
6490:
4896:Paul, Gregory S. (2005).
4869:Paul, Gregory S. (2005).
4842:Paul, Gregory S. (2005).
4777:10.1080/07418820000096371
4461:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4334:Paul, Gregory S. (2005).
4246:See Weber, Eric Thomas. "
3624:10.1177/08902070221103957
3041:10.1007/s11682-016-9505-x
2992:10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y
2856:10.1007/s10676-015-9383-8
2755:10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.99
2110:10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z
1944:(GB), 2004, 12(2): 179–83
1695:Stace, Walter T. (1937).
887:Cognitive neuroscientist
302:Descriptive and normative
7871:The Malaise of Modernity
7821:The History of Sexuality
6920:Catholic social teaching
5625:Universal prescriptivism
5128:"Book I: Morality"
5070:. New York: Free Press.
4586:10.1177/0093854806293485
3742:10.1162/0011526042365555
2616:Philosophical Psychology
1849:10.1017/CBO9781139057509
1779:Superson, Anita (2009).
1403:Index of ethics articles
1014:Moral foundations theory
930:temporoparietal junction
902:developmental psychology
748:approach established by
410:universal prescriptivism
342:Realism and anti-realism
62:Not to be confused with
7951:Philosophy of education
5414:Artificial intelligence
4259:Contemporary Pragmatism
3525:10.1073/pnas.0914826107
3404:Journal of Neuroscience
3225:10.1023/A:1020611606754
2958:10.1126/science.1137651
2600:10.5840/monist201295319
2507:10.1558/japl.v9i2.25734
2365:de Waal, Frans (1997).
2280:"Transcendent Morality"
2088:Social Justice Research
1887:Oxford University Press
989:, and published by the
600:evolutionary biologists
596:sociocultural evolution
562:Did the Pedestrian Die?
375:ethical non-naturalists
6890:
6844:
6830:
5252:, 2012, 21(4), 457–65.
3899:. ZNet. Archived from
1383:Emotional intelligence
1176:and as interpreted by
1081:
721:
622:individuals' fitness.
472:In-group and out-group
466:In-group and out-group
452:categorical imperative
438:Tribal and territorial
275:
272:categorical imperative
102:
90:
7956:Philosophy of history
7946:Philosophy of culture
7841:A Conflict of Visions
6338:The Methods of Ethics
5576:Divine command theory
5571:Ideal observer theory
5146:The Concept of Morals
5141:Stace, Walter Terence
4164:Hitchens, Christopher
4046:Hitchens, Christopher
2025:Green, Celia (2004).
1698:The Concept of Morals
1691:The Concept of Morals
1624:. Stanford University
1198:Barbara Stoler Miller
1100:Divine command theory
1094:Morality and religion
1077:
716:
675:reputation management
639:taboos against incest
586:Evolution of morality
497:, but far less so by
418:ideal observer theory
414:divine command theory
266:
214:Evolution of morality
81:
7961:Political philosophy
7761:Democracy in America
6455:Political philosophy
5288:"The Moral Instinct"
5279:Morality and Judaism
5202:"Religious Morality"
5173:. Oxford: Capstone.
5049:, Black Swan, 2007 (
3713:(London: Continuum).
3066:on 23 September 2019
2223:Current Anthropology
1938:Chapouthier, Georges
1683:Walter Terence Stace
1654:in association with
758:Social psychologists
390:ethical subjectivism
258:deontological ethics
176:deontological ethics
7801:One-Dimensional Man
6586:Lesser of two evils
6425:Evolutionary ethics
6386:Reasons and Persons
6362:A Theory of Justice
5516:Uncertain sentience
5035:The Montreal Review
4756:10.1093/sf/55.4.952
4420:on 19 December 2014
4200:. Apologetics Press
3875:Sentience Institute
3516:2010PNAS..107.6753Y
3363:10.1093/scan/nsx035
3134:The Washington Post
3128:Vedantam, Shankar.
3087:Social Neuroscience
2903:2018PLoSO..1304631D
2797:2014PLoSO...987427S
2651:Social Neuroscience
2540:2023Natur.618..782M
2264:. 11 February 2019.
1656:The MacMillan Press
1363:Appeal to tradition
1304:Society without God
1152:religions, such as
1065:Sentience Institute
906:social neuroscience
898:evolutionary theory
875:Science of morality
776:theorists, such as
590:Evolutionary ethics
544:social intelligence
371:ethical naturalists
8042:Concepts in ethics
7921:Cultural pessimism
7916:Cultural criticism
6815:National character
6420:Ethics in religion
6415:Descriptive ethics
6250:Nicomachean Ethics
5297:The New York Times
5222:"God and the Good"
4980:"Moral Relativism"
4978:Westacott, Emrys.
4553:2007-10-08 at the
4253:2013-10-14 at the
4159:Elizabeth Anderson
2952:(5827): 998–1002.
2336:10.1007/BF02382862
2045:2012-03-27 at the
1433:Moral intelligence
1293:Empirical analyses
1266:Elizabeth Anderson
1090:Ethics in religion
965:. You can help by
722:
648:The phenomenon of
635:Westermarck effect
513:Comparing cultures
507:selection pressure
406:moral universalism
321:Descriptive ethics
276:
184:ethical philosophy
132:from a particular
91:
53:, and
8002:
8001:
7718:
7717:
6863:Spontaneous order
6853:Social alienation
6702:Cultural heritage
6663:Social philosophy
6629:
6628:
6508:
6507:
6475:Social philosophy
6460:Population ethics
6450:Philosophy of law
6430:History of ethics
5913:Political freedom
5590:Euthyphro dilemma
5381:Suffering-focused
5300:, 13 January 2008
5227:Religious Studies
5180:978-1-84112-436-0
5165:Trompenaars, Fons
5156:978-0-8446-2990-2
5077:978-1-4391-7121-9
5055:978-0-552-77429-1
5028:978-0-691-13703-2
5017:. Princeton, NJ:
4964:978-0-19-280442-6
4765:Justice Quarterly
4570:As is stated in:
4320:978-0-8147-9714-3
4179:978-0-306-81608-6
4145:978-0-19-280442-6
4117:978-0-19-280442-6
4089:978-0-19-280442-6
4061:978-0-306-81608-6
4027:978-0-7486-2330-3
4001:978-0-553-21365-2
3976:978-0-7486-2330-3
3950:978-0-664-20940-7
3925:978-0-078-03824-2
3278:978-3-319-02903-0
2534:(7966): 782–789.
2295:978-0-8050-7520-5
2066:. Butiz wintrades
2003:"Moral Reasoning"
1790:978-0-19-537662-3
1781:The Moral Skeptic
1737:978-0-7295-3873-2
1712:978-0-8446-2990-2
1453:Outline of ethics
1438:Moral outsourcing
1321:published in the
1178:religious leaders
1069:Jacy Reese Anthis
983:
982:
742:moral development
730:Lawrence Kohlberg
629:). Examples: the
627:inclusive fitness
460:graded absolutism
218:History of ethics
200:or right), while
16:(Redirected from
8054:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8010:
7966:Social criticism
7886:
7876:
7866:
7856:
7846:
7836:
7826:
7816:
7806:
7796:
7786:
7776:
7766:
7756:
7746:
7736:
6972:
6954:Frankfurt School
6932:Communitarianism
6895:
6849:
6835:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6633:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6512:
6498:
6497:
6445:Moral psychology
6390:
6382:
6374:
6370:Practical Ethics
6366:
6358:
6354:Principia Ethica
6350:
6342:
6334:
6326:
6318:
6310:
6302:
6294:
6286:
6278:
6270:
6262:
6258:Ethics (Spinoza)
6254:
5893:Moral imperative
5351:Consequentialism
5328:
5321:
5314:
5305:
5197:
5195:
5184:
5160:
5136:
5130:
5121:
5110:(Jan–Feb 2013).
5086:The New Morality
5081:
5046:The God Delusion
5032:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4951:Blackburn, Simon
4947:
4941:
4940:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4809:
4788:
4759:
4738:
4717:
4702:Deviant Behavior
4696:
4664:
4635:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4568:
4562:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4509:
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4397:
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4325:
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4300:
4299:
4271:
4262:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4132:Blackburn, Simon
4128:
4122:
4121:
4104:Blackburn, Simon
4100:
4094:
4093:
4076:Blackburn, Simon
4072:
4066:
4065:
4038:
4032:
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3883:
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3858:
3857:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3799:. Archived from
3772:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3650:
3644:
3643:
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3141:
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3119:
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3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3059:. Archived from
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2897:(10): e0204631.
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2380:
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2306:
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2276:Shermer, Michael
2272:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2165:. 15 April 2014.
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2120:. Archived from
2103:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1885:(2nd ed.).
1873:Blackburn, Simon
1869:
1863:
1862:
1839:(3rd ed.).
1826:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1586:
1560:
1542:
1529:
1512:
1484:
1448:Moral skepticism
1428:Moral conviction
1373:Christian ethics
1134:consequentialism
1116:Secular morality
1067:, co-founded by
987:Timothy C. Bates
978:
975:
957:
950:
918:salience network
726:moral psychology
699:Moral psychology
558:Fons Trompenaars
336:Normative ethics
312:codes of conduct
255:
180:consequentialism
172:normative ethics
156:Moral philosophy
116:, decisions and
85:, attributed to
75:
60:
21:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8047:Social concepts
8027:
8026:
8025:
8015:
8013:
8005:
8003:
7998:
7985:
7911:Critical theory
7889:
7884:
7874:
7864:
7854:
7844:
7834:
7824:
7814:
7804:
7794:
7784:
7774:
7764:
7754:
7744:
7734:
7714:
7392:
7386:
7184:
7178:
7127:
7056:
6963:
6915:Budapest School
6903:
6692:Cosmopolitanism
6665:
6660:
6630:
6625:
6562:
6544:
6539:
6509:
6504:
6486:
6393:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6292:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6260:
6252:
6238:
6011:
6004:
5928:Self-discipline
5888:Moral hierarchy
5836:Problem of evil
5781:Double standard
5771:Culture of life
5729:
5658:
5605:Non-cognitivism
5520:
5395:
5337:
5332:
5259:
5243:Roberto Andorno
5187:
5181:
5163:
5157:
5139:
5124:
5106:
5078:
5060:
5041:Richard Dawkins
5029:
5007:
5004:
5002:Further reading
4999:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4812:
4791:
4762:
4741:
4720:
4699:
4670:
4653:10.2307/1384608
4638:
4624:10.2307/1385697
4609:
4605:
4601:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4555:Wayback Machine
4545:
4541:
4525:10.1.1.503.7559
4507:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4383:
4379:
4359:
4355:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4255:Wayback Machine
4245:
4241:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4196:Colley, Caleb.
4195:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3789:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3706:
3702:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3510:(15): 6753–58.
3495:
3494:
3490:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2438:(3/4): 279–74.
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2163:PewResearch.org
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2101:10.1.1.385.3650
2083:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2057:
2053:
2047:Wayback Machine
2037:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1942:European Review
1936:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1889:. p. 241.
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1843:. p. 328.
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1750:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1694:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1658:. p. 134.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1555:
1537:
1524:
1507:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1423:Moral character
1388:Ethical dilemma
1368:Buddhist ethics
1343:
1319:Gregory S. Paul
1295:
1249:Simon Blackburn
1247:. For example,
1130:
1118:
1096:
1088:Main articles:
1086:
1054:Dowager Empress
1005:
979:
973:
970:
963:needs expansion
948:
914:
881:
869:
835:moral reasoning
814:
812:Moral cognition
782:Mordechai Nisan
754:interdependence
711:
701:
695:
608:group selection
604:sociobiologists
602:, particularly
592:
578:
515:
474:
468:
440:
431:
426:
408:. For example,
394:non-cognitivism
344:
304:
280:Simon Blackburn
270:introduced the
253:
243:
225:
220:
210:
130:code of conduct
108: 'manner,
76:
61:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8060:
8058:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8023:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7971:Social science
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7877:
7867:
7861:Gender Trouble
7857:
7847:
7837:
7827:
7817:
7807:
7797:
7791:The Second Sex
7787:
7777:
7767:
7757:
7747:
7737:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6841:
6836:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6783:Invisible hand
6780:
6775:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6591:Necessary evil
6588:
6583:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6470:Secular ethics
6467:
6465:Rehabilitation
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6383:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6330:Utilitarianism
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5690:Existentialist
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5585:Constructivism
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5559:Non-naturalism
5556:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5386:Utilitarianism
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5285:
5276:
5271:
5258:
5257:External links
5255:
5254:
5253:
5240:
5239:March 4, 2012.
5235:Ashley Welch,
5233:
5232:
5231:
5219:
5209:
5196:. McGraw-Hill.
5185:
5179:
5161:
5155:
5137:
5122:
5117:Philosophy Now
5104:
5089:
5082:
5076:
5058:
5038:
5027:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4970:
4963:
4942:
4939:on 2011-10-28.
4915:
4912:on 2011-12-14.
4888:
4885:on 2011-12-14.
4861:
4858:on 2011-12-14.
4834:
4832:
4831:
4810:
4789:
4760:
4739:
4718:
4697:
4679:(3): 198–225.
4668:
4665:
4636:
4599:
4563:
4539:
4495:
4468:
4431:
4404:
4392:
4377:
4353:
4350:on 2011-12-14.
4326:
4319:
4301:
4263:
4239:
4211:
4185:
4178:
4166:, ed. (2007).
4151:
4144:
4123:
4116:
4095:
4088:
4067:
4060:
4048:, ed. (2007).
4033:
4026:
4007:
4000:
3982:
3975:
3956:
3949:
3931:
3924:
3906:
3903:on 2013-01-13.
3887:
3862:
3850:The New Yorker
3836:
3827:|journal=
3788:978-0124072367
3787:
3756:
3715:
3700:
3665:(4): 406–420.
3645:
3618:(4): 485–497.
3598:
3549:
3488:
3459:(3): 2707–16.
3439:
3410:(9): 2349–56.
3386:
3357:(7): 1118–27.
3334:
3307:(7): 337–339.
3284:
3277:
3247:
3198:
3145:
3120:
3077:
3015:
2963:
2936:
2877:
2850:(4): 285–293.
2830:
2768:
2733:
2684:
2641:
2606:
2573:
2512:
2481:
2465:
2449:
2422:
2409:
2382:
2376:978-0674356610
2375:
2357:
2330:(3): 397–410.
2314:
2301:
2294:
2267:
2249:
2236:10.1086/701478
2208:
2202:978-1841124360
2201:
2181:
2168:
2150:
2137:
2068:
2051:
2031:
2018:
1993:
1966:(2): 205–216.
1946:
1930:
1910:
1903:
1864:
1857:
1821:
1809:Dictionary.com
1796:
1789:
1771:
1762:|journal=
1736:
1718:
1711:
1675:
1671:applicability.
1665:978-0333262047
1664:
1635:
1608:
1602:978-0521275569
1601:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1550:
1532:
1519:
1502:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:Islamic ethics
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Applied ethics
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1294:
1291:
1206:egalitarianism
1170:Zoroastrianism
1146:utilitarianism
1129:
1126:
1112:Secular ethics
1085:
1082:
1018:Jonathan Haidt
1016:, authored by
1004:
1001:
981:
980:
960:
958:
947:
944:
913:
910:
868:
865:
852:Jonathan Haidt
813:
810:
786:psychoanalysts
774:Moral identity
766:Jonathan Haidt
762:Martin Hoffman
750:Carol Gilligan
746:Ethics of care
697:Main article:
694:
691:
687:theory of mind
577:
574:
566:moral dilemmas
514:
511:
470:Main article:
467:
464:
439:
436:
430:
427:
425:
422:
398:
397:
378:
343:
340:
303:
300:
224:
221:
209:
206:
56:The Immoralist
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8059:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8022:
8012:
8008:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7976:Social theory
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7630:Radhakrishnan
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7391:20th and 21st
7389:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7183:18th and 19th
7181:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6542:Good and evil
6536:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6501:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6387:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6363:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6347:
6344:
6339:
6336:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6299:
6296:
6291:
6288:
6283:
6280:
6275:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6259:
6256:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Moral courage
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5821:Good and evil
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Family values
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Quasi-realism
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5444:Environmental
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Particularism
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5292:Steven Pinker
5289:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5091:John Newton,
5090:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:(Reviewed in
5030:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4835:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4800:(2): 323–40.
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4771:(2): 377–91.
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4750:(4): 952–58.
4749:
4745:
4744:Social Forces
4740:
4736:
4732:
4729:(2): 251–66.
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:(4): 455–62.
4646:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:(3): 263–74.
4617:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:For example:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4580:(5): 661–79.
4579:
4575:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4559:Robert Putnam
4556:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4518:(3): 323–48.
4517:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4484:(4): 443–57.
4483:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4389:Science Daily
4386:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4229:on 2018-10-05
4228:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3877:. 2 June 2017
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3820:
3806:on 2017-07-31
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:(6): 845–51.
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3396:Glover, G. H.
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:(8): 867–80.
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:(4): 384–98.
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:(1): 278–92.
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:(4): 783–96.
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:(2): e87427.
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:(2): 99–111.
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:(3): 279–95.
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:(4): 451–74.
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2593:(3): 355–77.
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:(2): 155–64.
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2398:(4): 413–22.
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2288:. Macmillan.
2287:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2127:on 2014-08-30
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:9780199541430
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1858:9781139057509
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1567:Old Testament
1564:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:United States
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Jewish ethics
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Good and evil
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:New Testament
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:superstitious
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:Religious law
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:conservatives
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1000:
996:
994:
993:
988:
977:
968:
964:
961:This section
959:
956:
952:
951:
945:
943:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
922:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
885:
880:
879:Neuromorality
876:
871:
866:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
842:
838:
836:
832:
831:moral emotion
826:
825:experiments.
824:
818:
811:
809:
805:
803:
798:
795:
791:
790:Sigmund Freud
787:
783:
779:
778:William Damon
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:Elliot Turiel
735:
731:
727:
719:
715:
710:
706:
700:
692:
690:
688:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
662:
660:
656:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:maternal bond
628:
623:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
587:
583:
575:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
523:
512:
510:
508:
502:
500:
496:
495:conservatives
492:
488:
483:
479:
473:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
437:
435:
428:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Moral realism
353:
352:
351:
349:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Immanuel Kant
281:
273:
269:
268:Immanuel Kant
265:
261:
259:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
105:
99:
95:
88:
84:
80:
73:
69:
65:
58:
57:
52:
50:
45:
43:
37:
35:
19:
7879:
7869:
7859:
7849:
7839:
7829:
7819:
7809:
7799:
7789:
7779:
7769:
7759:
7749:
7739:
7729:
7149:Guicciardini
7132:Early modern
6968:Philosophers
6942:Conservatism
6937:Confucianism
6925:Distributism
6858:Social norms
6846:Sittlichkeit
6832:Ressentiment
6797:
6778:Institutions
6756:Human nature
6621:Radical evil
6611:Value theory
6605:
6580:Summum bonum
6578:
6574:Greater good
6479:
6435:Human rights
6378:After Virtue
6104:Schopenhauer
5897:
5878:Moral agency
5751:Common sense
5647:Universalism
5615:Expressivism
5595:Intuitionism
5566:Subjectivism
5511:Terraforming
5486:Professional
5295:
5266:
5249:
5225:
5215:
5205:
5191:
5169:
5145:
5132:
5115:
5108:Prinz, Jesse
5092:
5085:
5066:
5044:
5013:
4987:. Retrieved
4983:
4973:
4954:
4945:
4937:the original
4932:
4928:
4918:
4910:the original
4905:
4901:
4891:
4883:the original
4878:
4874:
4864:
4856:the original
4851:
4847:
4837:
4821:(2): 38–47.
4818:
4814:
4797:
4793:
4768:
4764:
4747:
4743:
4726:
4722:
4705:
4701:
4676:
4672:
4644:
4640:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4542:
4515:
4511:
4498:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4445:. Retrieved
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4418:the original
4407:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4365:
4356:
4348:the original
4343:
4339:
4329:
4310:
4304:
4279:
4275:
4258:
4242:
4231:. Retrieved
4227:the original
4202:. Retrieved
4168:
4154:
4135:
4126:
4107:
4098:
4079:
4070:
4050:
4036:
4017:
4010:
3991:
3985:
3966:
3959:
3940:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3901:the original
3890:
3879:. Retrieved
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3848:
3839:
3808:. Retrieved
3801:the original
3766:
3759:
3735:(4): 55–66.
3732:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3662:
3659:Human Nature
3658:
3648:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3507:
3501:
3491:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3407:
3403:
3389:
3354:
3350:
3304:
3300:
3287:
3260:
3250:
3218:(1): 11–26.
3215:
3211:
3201:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3123:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3070:23 September
3068:. Retrieved
3061:the original
3032:
3028:
3018:
2983:
2979:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2788:
2784:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2531:
2525:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2452:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2284:
2270:
2262:www.ox.ac.uk
2261:
2252:
2230:(1): 47–69.
2227:
2221:
2211:
2191:
2184:
2175:(Westacott,
2171:
2162:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2122:the original
2091:
2087:
2063:
2054:
2034:
2026:
2021:
2011:, retrieved
2006:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1923:
1880:
1867:
1834:
1831:Audi, Robert
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1780:
1774:
1727:
1721:
1697:
1690:
1687:ethical code
1678:
1669:
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1611:
1591:
1584:
1557:
1552:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1509:
1504:
1481:
1476:
1458:Value theory
1418:Moral agency
1331:
1322:
1316:
1303:
1296:
1286:moral values
1278:Hebrew Bible
1253:caste system
1234:
1210:
1162:Christianity
1150:monotheistic
1131:
1121:
1119:
1078:
1075:states that
1073:Noam Chomsky
1062:
1034:
1006:
997:
990:
984:
971:
967:adding to it
962:
941:
934:
923:
915:
886:
882:
870:
867:Neuroscience
859:
850:
843:
839:
827:
823:neuroimaging
819:
815:
806:
801:
799:
723:
679:
663:
655:vampire bats
647:
624:
612:
593:
570:
561:
560:, author of
556:
552:
548:
543:
537:
531:
527:
519:
516:
503:
475:
441:
432:
424:Anthropology
402:subjectivism
399:
386:error theory
382:anti-realism
345:
331:
325:
305:
292:Aristotelian
278:Philosopher
277:
244:
241:Tao Te Ching
229:Sittlichkeit
192:
168:epistemology
154:
125:
121:
101:
93:
92:
82:
55:
48:
41:
33:
18:Moralization
7936:Historicism
7765:(1835–1840)
7731:De Officiis
7455:de Beauvoir
7425:Baudrillard
7377:Vivekananda
7367:Tocqueville
7282:Kierkegaard
7098:Ibn Khaldun
7068:Alpharabius
6959:Personalism
6868:Stewardship
6825:Reification
6820:Natural law
6741:Familialism
6707:Culturalism
6253:(c. 322 BC)
6119:Kierkegaard
5938:Stewardship
5715:Rousseauian
5632:Rationalism
5544:Cognitivism
5491:Programming
5466:Meat eating
5439:Engineering
5062:Harris, Sam
4984:iep.utm.edu
4794:Criminology
4424:19 November
2657:(1): 1–10.
1805:"Amorality"
1644:Antony Flew
1546:correlation
1515:criminology
1499:lower rates
1443:Moral panic
1274:Jewish laws
1186:nontheistic
1182:pantheistic
1138:freethought
1058:nationalist
912:Brain areas
894:psychopathy
889:Jean Decety
734:Jean Piaget
689:abilities.
659:conspecific
650:reciprocity
619:selfishness
615:cooperation
487:nationalism
443:Celia Green
348:meta-ethics
188:Golden Rule
160:meta-ethics
8031:Categories
8021:Philosophy
7941:Humanities
7901:Agnotology
7560:Kołakowski
7123:Ibn Tufayl
7103:Maimonides
7047:Thucydides
7042:Tertullian
6997:Lactantius
6892:Volksgeist
6873:Traditions
6687:Convention
6601:Immorality
6149:Bonhoeffer
5858:Immorality
5801:Eudaimonia
5761:Conscience
5756:Compassion
5642:Skepticism
5637:Relativism
5554:Naturalism
5534:Absolutism
5506:Technology
5356:Deontology
5283:chabad.org
5101:0967370574
4368:, Vol. 8,
4233:2012-05-06
4041:David Hume
3881:2019-08-05
3856:2012-05-06
3810:2019-07-22
3453:NeuroImage
3176:1874/11212
3139:2010-05-13
2131:2014-09-26
2094:: 98–116.
2013:2022-05-04
1877:"morality"
1814:2010-06-18
1650:. London:
1576:References
1518:behavior".
1328:pro-social
1282:Paul Kurtz
1270:apologists
1222:David Hume
1174:scriptures
1104:Divine law
1098:See also:
1050:Cistercian
873:See also:
846:deontology
724:In modern
703:See also:
693:Psychology
643:inbreeding
580:See also:
491:patriotism
359:conformity
314:or social
288:principles
250:philosophy
227:See also:
212:See also:
194:Immorality
166:and moral
134:philosophy
114:intentions
96:(from
87:Tintoretto
40:Morality (
7981:Sociology
7931:Historism
7640:Santayana
7610:Oakeshott
7580:MacIntyre
7565:Kropotkin
7540:Heidegger
7393:centuries
7307:Nietzsche
7272:Jefferson
7257:Helvétius
7222:Condorcet
7185:centuries
7169:Montaigne
6992:Confucius
6982:Augustine
6899:Worldview
6793:Modernity
6766:Formation
6410:Casuistry
6322:Either/Or
6229:Korsgaard
6224:Azurmendi
6189:MacIntyre
6129:Nietzsche
6059:Augustine
6054:Confucius
6034:Aristotle
6010:Ethicists
5968:Intrinsic
5933:Suffering
5843:Happiness
5816:Free will
5796:Etiquette
5741:Authority
5685:Epicurean
5680:Confucian
5675:Christian
5610:Emotivism
5434:Discourse
5371:Pragmatic
5343:Normative
4785:144816590
4708:: 43–70.
4693:145479350
4594:145491534
4520:CiteSeerX
4374:1522-5658
4296:145779667
3829:ignored (
3819:cite book
3695:231202698
3679:1045-6767
3640:249115484
3632:0890-2070
3242:195293070
2864:1388-1957
2763:144286153
2636:143876741
2344:0032-8332
2244:150324056
2195:. Wiley.
2096:CiteSeerX
1988:214501283
1980:2514-9369
1764:ignored (
1754:cite book
1652:Pan Books
1549:research.
1495:agnostics
1463:Worldview
1353:Integrity
1264:as well.
1237:massacres
1128:Positions
856:affective
794:super-ego
576:Evolution
530:includes
328:normative
233:Confucius
202:amorality
158:includes
110:character
104:moralitas
36:(novella)
8037:Morality
7994:Category
7906:Axiology
7894:See also
7685:Voegelin
7675:Spengler
7650:Shariati
7605:Nussbaum
7590:Maritain
7550:Irigaray
7530:Habermas
7495:Foucault
7480:Durkheim
7382:Voltaire
7347:de Staël
7322:Rousseau
7247:Franklin
7108:Muhammad
7093:Gelasius
7078:Avempace
7061:Medieval
7037:Polybius
7032:Plutarch
6798:Morality
6773:Ideology
6761:Identity
6670:Concepts
6616:Altruism
6606:Morality
6567:Theories
6500:Category
6440:Ideology
6405:Axiology
6234:Nussbaum
6184:Frankena
6179:Anscombe
6169:Williams
6124:Sidgwick
6044:Valluvar
6039:Diogenes
6024:Socrates
5948:Theodicy
5943:Sympathy
5908:Pacifism
5898:Morality
5811:Fidelity
5791:Equality
5746:Autonomy
5734:Concepts
5695:Feminist
5670:Buddhist
5600:Nihilism
5539:Axiology
5496:Research
5429:Computer
5424:Business
5230:, 1967).
5224:, (from
5218:, 1964).
5214:, (from
5208:, 1963).
5204:, (from
5167:(2003).
5143:(1937).
5095:, 2000.
5064:(2010).
5011:(2011).
4953:(2001).
4551:Archived
4548:a survey
4457:cite web
4282:: 3–21.
4251:Archived
4134:(2001).
4106:(2001).
4078:(2001).
3729:Daedalus
3687:33420605
3593:20346759
3544:20351278
3483:19878727
3434:17329432
3381:28338944
3321:24972506
3234:12616926
3193:45683502
3185:16033635
3115:31749926
3107:28724332
3049:26809288
3010:22270812
2931:30273370
2891:PLOS ONE
2872:15800963
2825:24503959
2785:PLOS ONE
2728:30766017
2679:14074566
2671:21590587
2568:37286595
2559:10284688
2352:41356986
2324:Primates
2278:(2004).
2043:Archived
1875:(2008).
1693:(1937).
1628:22 March
1491:atheists
1398:Ideology
1341:See also
1241:misogyny
1214:abortion
1202:Hinduism
1190:Buddhism
1142:humanism
1084:Religion
1037:concepts
1022:liberals
1009:politics
1003:Politics
974:May 2022
946:Genetics
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788:such as
760:such as
718:Kohlberg
539:kindness
528:humanity
522:humanity
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