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stages of development, expressed outwardly, or "given off" toward others. Freud's postulation of a "secondary narcissism" came as a result of his observation of the peculiar nature of the schizophrenic's relation to themselves and the world. He observed that the two fundamental qualities of such patients were megalomania and withdrawal of interest from the real world of people and things: "the libido that has been withdrawn from the external world has been directed to the ego and thus gives rise to an attitude which may be called narcissism." It is a secondary narcissism because it is not a new creation but a magnification of an already existing condition (primary narcissism).
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disorder narcissistic personality disorder are defined today. His patient was a successful scientist with an attitude of superiority, an obsession with fostering self-respect, and a lack of normal feelings of guilt. The patient was aloof and independent from others, had an inability to empathize with others, and was selfish sexually. Waelder's patient was also overly logical and analytical and valued abstract intellectual thought over the practical application of scientific knowledge.
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reflecting a focus on others, positive emotions, and social interactions. References to narcissism and self-esteem in
American popular print media have experienced vast inflation since the late 1980s. Between 1987 and 2007 direct mentions of self-esteem in leading US newspapers and magazines increased by 4,540 per cent while narcissism, which had been almost non-existent in the press during the 1970s, was referred to over 5,000 times between 2002 and 2007.
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narcissists who are often inter-personally dominant, extraverted, and socially skilled, were also likely to rise to leadership but were more likely to emerge as leaders in situations where they were not known, such as in outside hires (versus internal promotions). Paradoxically, narcissism can present as characteristics that facilitate an individual's rise to leadership, and ultimately lead that person to underachieve or even to fail.
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494:. Celebrity narcissism develops after childhood, and is triggered and supported by the celebrity-obsessed society. Fans, assistants and tabloid media all play into the idea that the person really is vastly more important than other people, triggering a narcissistic problem that might have been only a tendency, or latent, and helping it to become a full-blown personality disorder. "
267:. The pathological condition of narcissism is a magnified, extreme manifestation of healthy narcissism. It manifests itself in the inability to love others, lack of empathy, emptiness, boredom, and an unremitting need to search for power, while making the person unavailable to others. The clinical theorists
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self-esteem is threatened. Individuals high in narcissism have fragile self-esteem and are easily threatened. One study found that employees who are high in narcissism are more likely to perceive the behaviors of others in the workplace as abusive and threatening than individuals who are low in narcissism.
503:, differing only in its late onset and its environmental support by large numbers of fans. "The lack of social norms, controls, and of people centering them makes these people believe they're invulnerable," so that the person may suffer from unstable relationships, substance abuse or erratic behaviors.
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has become more narcissistic is an analysis of US popular song lyrics between 1987 and 2007. This found a growth in the use of first-person singular pronouns, reflecting a greater focus on the self, and also of references to antisocial behavior; during the same period, there was a diminution of words
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Narcissistic parents often see their children as extensions of themselves and encourage the children to act in ways that support the parents' emotional and self-esteem needs. Due to their vulnerability, children may be significantly affected by this behavior. To meet the parents' needs, the child may
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One study looked at differences in advertising between an individualistic culture, United States, and a collectivist culture, South Korea and found that in the US there was a greater tendency to stress the distinctiveness and uniqueness of the person; whereas advertising in South Korean stressed the
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toward themselves rather than objects and others. He postulated a universal "primary narcissism", that was a phase of sexual development in early infancy – a necessary intermediate stage between auto-eroticism and object-love, love for others. Portions of this 'self-love' or ego-libido are, at later
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There is a compulsion of some professionals to constantly assert their competence, even when they are wrong. Professional narcissism can lead otherwise capable, and even exceptional, professionals to fall into narcissistic traps. "Most professionals work on cultivating a self that exudes authority,
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Two primary expressions of narcissism have been identified: grandiose ("thick-skinned") and vulnerable ("thin-skinned"). Recent accounts posit that the core of narcissism is self-centred antagonism (or "entitled self-importance"), namely selfishness, entitlement, lack of empathy, and devaluation of
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Some psychologists suggest that a moderate level of narcissism is supportive of good psychological health. Self-esteem works as a mediator between narcissism and psychological health. Therefore, because of their elevated self-esteem, deriving from self-perceptions of competence and likability, high
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Similar patterns of change in cultural production are observable in other
Western states. For example, a linguistic analysis of the largest circulation Norwegian newspaper found that the use of self-focused and individualistic terms increased in frequency by 69 per cent between 1984 and 2005 while
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Narcissism can also create problems in the general workforce. For example, individuals high in narcissism inventories are more likely to engage in counterproductive behavior that harms organizations or other people in the workplace. Aggressive (and counterproductive) behaviors tend to surface when
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Narcissistic grandiosity is thought to arise from a combination of the antagonistic core with temperamental boldness—defined by positive emotionality, social dominance, reward-seeking and risk-taking. Grandiosity is defined—in addition to antagonism—by a confident, exhibitionistic and manipulative
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While narcissism, in and of itself, can be considered a normal personality trait, high levels of narcissistic behavior can be harmful to both self and others. Destructive narcissism is the constant exhibition of a few of the intense characteristics usually associated with pathological narcissistic
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Origins of narcissism in children can often come from the social learning theory. The social learning theory proposes that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others' behavior. This suggests that children are anticipated to grow up to be narcissistic when their parents overvalue
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Narcissistic vulnerability is thought to arise from a combination of the antagonistic core with temperamental reactivity—defined by negative emotionality, social avoidance, passivity and marked proneness to rage. Vulnerability is defined—in addition to antagonism—by a shy, vindictive and needy
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conceptualized narcissism as a personality trait. His definition described individuals who are condescending, feel superior to others, are preoccupied with admiration, and exhibit a lack of empathy. Waelder's work and his case study have been influential in the way narcissism and the clinical
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Studies examining the role of personality in the rise to leadership have shown that individuals who rise to leadership positions can be described as inter-personally dominant, extraverted, and socially skilled. When examining the correlation of narcissism in the rise to leadership positions,
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of this trait in the identical twins was significantly influenced by genetics as compared to an environmental causation. It has also been shown that there is a continuum or spectrum of narcissistic traits ranging from normal to a pathological personality. Furthermore, evidence suggests that
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used the term "narcissism", independently of each other, to describe a person who treats their own body in the same way in which the body of a sexual partner is ordinarily treated. Narcissism, in this context, was seen as a perversion that consumed a person's entire sexual life. In 1911
249:", which is characterized by feelings of entitlement and superiority, arrogant or haughty behaviors, and a generalized lack of empathy and concern for others. On a spectrum, destructive narcissism is more extreme than healthy narcissism but not as extreme as the pathological condition.
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of their own group. While the classic definition of narcissism focuses on the individual, collective narcissism asserts that one can have a similar excessively high opinion of a group, and that a group can function as a narcissistic entity. Collective narcissism is related to
566:, people pursue and compete for attention on an unprecedented scale. The profusion of popular literature about "listening" and "managing those who talk constantly about themselves" suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life. The growth of media phenomena such as "
112:, who was cursed to only echo the sounds that others made, the gods punish Narcissus by making him fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. When Narcissus discovers that the object of his love cannot love him back, he slowly pines away and dies.
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Narcissism has been linked to a range of potential leadership problems ranging from poor motivational skills to risky decision making, and in extreme cases, white-collar crime. High-profile corporate leaders that place an extreme emphasis on
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all saw pathological narcissism as a possible outcome in response to unempathetic and inconsistent early childhood interactions. They suggested that narcissists try to compensate in adult relationships. German psychoanalyst
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Judge TA, LePine JA, Rich BL (July 2006). "Loving yourself abundantly: relationship of the narcissistic personality to self- and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance".
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While this behavioral pattern is believed to be more common in men than in women, it occurs in both males and females who compensate for feelings of sexual inadequacy by becoming overly proud or obsessed with their
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says that what happens to celebrities is that they get so used to people looking at them that they stop looking back at other people." In its most extreme presentation and symptoms, it is indistinguishable from
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It was not until the late 1800s that narcissism began to be defined in psychological terms. Since that time, the term has had a significant divergence in meaning in psychology. It has been used to describe:
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others. Grandiosity and vulnerability are seen as different expressions of this antagonistic core, arising from individual differences in the strength of the approach and avoidance motivational systems.
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550:; however, ethnocentrism primarily focuses on self-centeredness at an ethnic or cultural level, while collective narcissism is extended to any type of ingroup beyond just cultures and ethnicities.
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studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits, as measured by standardized tests, are often inherited. Narcissism was found to have a high heritability score (0.64) indicating that the
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DeWall CN, Pond Jr RS, Campbell WK, Twenge JM (August 2011). "Tuning in to psychological change: Linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics".
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There has been an increased interest in narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in the last 10 years. There are areas of substantial debate that surround the subject including:
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Luo, Y. L., & Cai, H. (2018). The etiology of narcissism: A review of behavioral genetic studies. Handbook of Trait
Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies, 149-156.
176:, overconfident, auto-erotic, inaccessible, self-admiring, and exhibitionistic, with fantasies of omnipotence and omniscience. He observed that these people had a high need for uniqueness.
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In extreme situations, this parenting style can result in estranged relationships with the children, coupled with feelings of resentment, and in some cases, self-destructive tendencies.
108:, written in 8 CE. Book III of the poem tells the mythical story of a handsome young man, Narcissus, who spurns the advances of many potential lovers. When Narcissus rejects the nymph
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Berger, Joël; Osterloh, Margit; Rost, Katja; Ehrmann, Thomas (1 October 2020). "How to prevent leadership hubris? Comparing competitive selections, lotteries, and their combination".
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Needy, obsessive relational dynamics; long-term relationship transactions defined by an excessive need for admiration, approval and support, and vengefulness when needs are unmet
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Exploitative, self-serving relational dynamics; short-term relationship transactions defined by manipulation and privileging of personal gain over other benefits of socialisation
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recommended the removal of
Narcissistic Personality from the manual. A contentious three-year debate unfolded in the clinical community with one of the sharpest critics being
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in 1979. Since then, social media, bloggers, and self-help authors have indiscriminately applied "narcissism" as a label for the self-serving and for all domestic abusers.
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Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF (July 1998). "Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?".
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Crowe, M. L., Weiss, B., Lynam, D. R., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2022). Narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Moving toward a trifurcated model.
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Wislar JS, Richman JA, Fendrich M, Flaherty JA (2002). "Sexual harassment, generalized workplace abuse and drinking outcomes: The role of personality vulnerability".
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Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and personality psychology compass, 7(3), 199-216.
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pattern of sexual behavior that involves an inflated sense of sexual ability or sexual entitlement, sometimes in the form of extramarital affairs. This can be
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importance of social conformity and harmony. These cultural differences were greater than the effects of individual differences within national cultures.
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is a self–centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others.
704:
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Levy KN, Reynoso JS, Wasserman RH, Clarkin JF (2007). "Chapter 9, Narcissistic
Personality Disorder". In O'Donohue WT, Fowler KA, Lilienfeld SO (eds.).
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Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
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Wilson S, Durbin CE (October 2012). "Dyadic parent-child interaction during early childhood: contributions of parental and child personality traits".
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Subordinates may find everyday offers of support swiftly turn them into enabling sources, unless they are very careful to maintain proper boundaries.
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in humans, there are also more extreme forms, observable particularly in people who are excessively self-absorbed, or who have a mental illness like
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sacrifice their own wants and feelings. A child subjected to this type of parenting may struggle in adulthood with their intimate relationships.
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This extent of the controversy was on public display in 2010–2013 when the committee on personality disorders for the 5th
Edition (2013) of the
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may yield positive short-term benefits for their organizations, but ultimately it drags down individual employees as well as entire companies.
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Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Jackson DN, Vernon PA (December 1993). "Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder".
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The term has been misused and overused so flagrantly that it's now all but meaningless when it comes to labeling truly destructive tendencies.
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Reaching a consensus on the classifications and definitions of sub-types such as "grandiose" and "vulnerable dimensions" or variants of these,
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Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and
Individual differences, 40(2), 331-339.
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The current promiscuous use of the term narcissist forevery minor instance of self-absorption, however, trivializes that very real pain.
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Ogrodniczuk J (2013). "Historical overview of pathological narcissism. In: Understanding and
Treating Pathological Narcissism".
490:) is a form of narcissism that develops in late adolescence or adulthood, brought on by wealth, fame and the other trappings of
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The
Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments
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The
Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments
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control, knowledge, competence and respectability. It's the narcissist in us all—we dread appearing stupid or incompetent."
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High self-esteem and a clear sense of uniqueness and superiority, with fantasies of success and power, and lofty ambitions
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284:(1885–1952) also saw the narcissistic personality as a temperament trait molded by a certain kind of early environment.
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Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality.
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Penney LM, Spector PE (2002). "Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems?".
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Some in fact exploited it as a handy term of abuse for modern culture or as a loose synonym for bloated self-esteemed.
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Understanding what are the central versus peripheral, primary versus secondary features/characteristics of narcissism,
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has a score of 0.35. While the genetic impact on narcissism levels is significant, it is not the only factor at play.
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The Analysis of the Self. A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders
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Ryan KM, Weikel K, Sprechini G (2008). "Gender differences in narcissism and courtship violence in dating couples".
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Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE (May 2015). "Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges".
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205:(1939) postulated that narcissism was on a spectrum that ranged from healthy self-esteem to a pathological state.
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401:" is believed by some experts to be sexual narcissism or sexual compulsivity, rather than an addictive behavior.
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Social potency, marked by exhibitionistic, authoritative, charismatic and self-promoting interpersonal behaviours
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considered extreme narcissism as a character trait. He described people with the God complex as being aloof,
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Vazire, Simine; Funder, David C. (May 2006). "Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists".
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Some commentators contend that the American populace has become increasingly narcissistic since the end of
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Dashineau, Samantha C.; Edershile, Elizabeth A.; Simms, Leonard J.; Wright, Aidan G. C. (September 2019).
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Social withdrawal, resulting from shame, distrust of others' intentions, and concerns over being accepted
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attempted to rectify what they viewed as the shattering and narcissistic cultures of recent centuries.
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Low and contingent self-esteem, unstable and unclear sense of self, and resentment of others' success
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78:(NPD), where the narcissistic tendency has become pathological, leading to functional impairment and
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Hurlbert DF, Apt C, Gasar S, Wilson NE, Murphy Y (1994). "Sexual narcissism: a validation study".
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Bizumic B, Duckitt J (June 2008). "My group is not worthy of me": Narcissism and ethnocentrism".
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647:, the person who led the DSM personality disorders committee for the 4th edition of the manual.
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individual elements of narcissism have their own heritability score. For example, intrapersonal
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Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, Orobio de Castro B, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ (March 2015).
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Executives are often provided with potential narcissistic triggers. Inanimate triggers include
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published the first clinical paper about narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration.
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1356:"So, you think your spouse is a narcissist? You might not want to be so quick with the label"
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523:. Narcissism has variously been correlated with both traits, though psychologists such as
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Brunell AB, Gentry WA, Campbell WK, Hoffman BJ, Kuhnert KW, Demarree KG (December 2008).
1169:"MASTERY, AGGRESSION AND NARCISSISM : A contribution to psychoanalytic drive theory"
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has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece, the concept was understood as
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1826:"A behavioral genetic study of intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of narcissism"
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the word is extremely overused, and I don't think people truly understand what it means
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Where Egos Dare: The Untold Truth About Narcissistic Leaders – And How to Survive Them
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Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grown-up's Guide to Getting over Narcissistic Parents
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expression. While many psychologists believe that a moderate degree of narcissism is
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2009:
1663:"Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model"
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Collective narcissism is a type of narcissism where an individual has an inflated
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Trapped in the Mirror – Adult Children of Narcissists in their Struggle for Self
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
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764:"The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality"
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Apt C, Hurlbert DF (1995). "Sexual Narcissism: Addiction or Anachronism?".
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Sedikides C, Rudich EA, Gregg AP, Kumashiro M, Rusbult C (September 2004).
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Clearly defining the difference between normal and pathological narcissism,
98:, a character in Greek mythology best known from the telling in Roman poet
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Body Process: A Gestalt Approach to Working with the Body in Psychotherapy
1974:
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Psychoanalytic Centrism: Collected Papers of a Neoclassical Psychoanalyst
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2693:"The culture(s) of narcissism: simultaneity and the psychedelic sixties"
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Matthew Spinka, Howard Kaminsky, and the Future of the Medieval Hussites
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Agreeing on its representation in textbooks and classification manuals.
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Why Is It Always About You? : The Seven Deadly Sins of Narcissism
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de Zavala AG, Cichocka A, Eidelson R, Jayawickreme N (December 2009).
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1448:"Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: self-esteem matters"
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1918:
Hurlbert DF, Apt C (1991). "Sexual narcissism and the abusive male".
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449:, or prestigious offices with window views; animate triggers include
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182:(1914) published his theory of narcissism in a lengthy essay titled "
120:
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The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life 2nd Edition
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and Kevin Williams see enough evidence that it is a distinct trait.
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Deciding what field or discipline narcissism should be studied by,
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186:". For Freud, narcissism refers to the individual's direction of
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1712:"Karen Horney: Life, Theories, and Contributions to Psychology"
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for low self-esteem or an inability to sustain true intimacy.
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Extremely high levels of narcissistic behavior are considered
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2891:"Chapter 10: Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder"
2857:"Chapter 10: Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder"
985:
Millon T, Grossman S, Millon C, Meagher S, Ramnath R (2004).
1418:"Why We Need to Stop Throwing the "Narcissist" Label Around"
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Narcissism exists on a continuum that ranges from normal to
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Narcissism in the Workplace: Research, opinion and practice
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The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement
1230:"Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud"
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Miller JD, Lynam DR, Hyatt CS, Campbell WK (May 2017).
2324:"Leader emergence: the case of the narcissistic leader"
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Agreeing on how it should be assessed and measured, and
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Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
1610:"Pathological narcissism and psychosocial functioning"
2088:"Co-Narcissism: How We Adapt to Narcissistic Parents"
641:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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personality disorder such as a "pervasive pattern of
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A characteristic in several of the object relations .
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Understanding the role of self-esteem in narcissism,
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narcissists are relatively free of worry and gloom.
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2607:"Collective narcissism and its social consequences"
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Anatomy of Loving; Man's Quest to Know what Love is
2986:"A Fate That Narcissists Will Hate: Being Ignored"
2897:. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 202.
2863:. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 203.
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2381:Corporate Narcissism in Accounting Firms Australia
2264:"John Banja: Interview with the clinical ethicist"
1781:Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
2485:International Journal of Selection and Assessment
2241:. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
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586:Individualistic vs collectivist national cultures
574:are generating a "new era of public narcissism".
3027:Mirror, Mirror: The Uses and Abuses of Self-Love
2686:
2684:
2543:
2541:
619:Determining if there is consensual description,
484:Celebrity narcissism (sometimes referred to as
3684:Words and phrases derived from Greek mythology
2600:
2598:
2596:
1774:
1772:
3434:
3172:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2232:
2230:
511:Narcissism is one of the three traits in the
8:
2614:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2432:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2331:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
1510:
1508:
1452:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
591:collectivist terms declined by 32 per cent.
397:The controversial condition referred to as "
3060:. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
1519:. London: The University of Chicago Press.
1392:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 340.
1033:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 340.
3441:
3427:
3419:
3179:
3165:
3157:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2952:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2822:
2443:
2287:
2285:
2210:
2200:
1859:
1849:
1792:
1633:
779:
56:; the man in love with his own reflection
1902:Personality and Social Psychology Review
1542:Personality and Social Psychology Review
1173:Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
980:
978:
976:
768:Personality and Social Psychology Review
757:
755:
42:
1272:. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 235.
1270:Personality Disorders: Toward the DSM-V
1263:
1261:
762:Krizan Z, Herlache AD (February 2018).
688:
554:Normalization of narcissistic behaviors
304:has a score of 0.23, and interpersonal
231:Normal and healthy levels of narcissism
123:. Some religious movements such as the
2266:(Interview). Interviewed by Rangus E.
740:from the original on 25 September 2021
736:. American Psychological Association.
3137:Twenge JM, Campbell WK (April 2009).
2954:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
2699:. London: Karnac Books. p. 127.
2270:from the original on 18 November 2023
2239:Medical errors and medical narcissism
2081:
2079:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1366:from the original on 15 November 2019
1332:from the original on 21 December 2021
1110:. Lightning Source Inc. p. 472.
724:
722:
7:
2941:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2893:. In Campbell WK, Miller JD (eds.).
2859:. In Campbell WK, Miller JD (eds.).
2755:. Lincoln: iUniverse. pp. 1–2.
1955:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
1920:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
1824:Luo YL, Cai H, Song H (2014-04-02).
1585:The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern
988:Personality Disorders in Modern Life
577:Also supporting the contention that
29:Excessive preoccupation with oneself
3496:Amor d'un'ombra e gelosia d'un'aura
2697:Narcissism – A Critical Reader
2177:"Origins of narcissism in children"
813:"Narcissistic Personality Disorder"
3363:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
2695:. In Curk P, Gaitanidis A (eds.).
1743:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1246:from the original on 6 August 2020
1079:"Essays In Applied Psychoanalysis"
1056:American Psychological Association
844:The American Journal of Psychiatry
457:from colleagues and subordinates.
445:like company cars, company-issued
25:
3299:Narcissistic personality disorder
2550:All about me: Loving a narcissist
2397:The Journal of Applied Psychology
1107:Essays in Applied Psycho-Analysis
707:from the original on 25 June 2021
501:narcissistic personality disorder
259:Narcissistic personality disorder
253:Pathological levels of narcissism
76:narcissistic personality disorder
34:Narcissistic personality disorder
3405:
3404:
2831:from the original on 2 June 2013
2675:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00638.x
2552:. London: Collins. p. 171.
2129:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00760.x
1354:Pilossoph J (14 November 2019).
888:from the original on 5 June 2023
823:from the original on 13 May 2020
240:Destructive levels of narcissism
164:In an essay in 1913 called "The
2998:from the original on 1 May 2011
1693:from the original on 2021-10-18
1494:from the original on 2023-08-02
1205:. Sigmund Freud. Archived from
1149:from the original on 2021-12-14
1011:from the original on 2023-06-04
962:from the original on 2023-05-09
948:. Lexington Books. p. 47.
487:acquired situational narcissism
32:For the clinical disorder, see
1322:"Narcissist -- give it a rest"
1239:. University of Pennsylvania.
1199:"On Narcissism, 1914 by Freud"
856:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
730:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
701:oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
184:On Narcissism: An Introduction
1:
3669:Barriers to critical thinking
2937:"Controversies in Narcissism"
2805:Marshall DP (November 2004).
697:"Oxford Learner's Dictionary"
212:following the publication of
208:The term entered the broader
138:A normal developmental stage,
3195:Similar personality concepts
1851:10.1371/journal.pone.0093403
1085:. Osmania University Library
921:10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101388
3534:(Boltraffio follower, 1500)
3372:Related psychology concepts
2752:Narcissism in High Fidelity
2296:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2262:Banja J (7 February 2005).
1554:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_4
878:"Narcissus Greek mythology"
703:. Oxford University Press.
562:. According to sociologist
433:Narcissism in the workplace
141:A symptom in psychosis, and
38:Narcissism (disambiguation)
3700:
3571:Metamorphosis of Narcissus
3031:Princeton University Press
2524:10.1177/002204260203200404
2454:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
2409:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.762
2383:. Australia: Pengus Books.
1679:10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
1464:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400
1390:Freud: A Life for Our Time
1145:. University of Michigan.
1031:Freud: A Life for Our Time
534:
430:
408:
256:
31:
3523:Narcissus at the Fountain
3402:
3321:Manipulation (psychology)
2807:"Fame's Perpetual Motion"
2776:Derber C (15 June 2000).
2002:10.1007/s11199-008-9403-9
1967:10.1080/00926239408403414
1932:10.1080/00926239108404352
1320:Daum M (6 January 2011).
1104:Jones E (15 March 2007).
378:has been described as an
312:Expressions of narcissism
215:The Culture of Narcissism
115:The concept of excessive
3102:. New York: Free Press.
2343:10.1177/0146167208324101
2062:10.1177/1066480795032003
1587:. Greenwood Publishing.
909:The Leadership Quarterly
781:10.1177/1088868316685018
3292:Pathological narcissism
3079:. New York: W. Morrow.
2782:Oxford University Press
2497:10.1111/1468-2389.00199
2202:10.1073/pnas.1420870112
2027:. Living Center Press.
1755:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1826
1167:Aleksandrowicz, Dov R.
1139:"History of Narcissism"
994:. Wile y. p. 343.
351:self-regulatory style:
331:self-regulatory style:
148:In 1889, psychiatrists
3141:. Simon and Schuster.
3121:. London: Kogan Page.
2512:Journal of Drug Issues
2117:Journal of Personality
2023:Schoenewolf G (2013).
1884:Journal of Personality
1388:Gay P (May 17, 2006).
1143:deepblue.lib.umich.edu
1029:Gay P (May 17, 2006).
57:
36:. For other uses, see
3542:(Caravaggio, 1597–99)
3526:(Boltraffio, 1500–10)
3258:Collective narcissism
3237:Narcissus (mythology)
3039:10.1515/9781400849956
1667:Psychological Inquiry
537:Collective narcissism
531:Collective narcissism
86:Historical background
46:
3316:Malignant narcissism
2691:Lorentzen J (2007).
2663:Political Psychology
2104:on 18 November 2017.
1299:. Ballantine Books.
1293:Bergmann MS (1987).
942:Fudge, T.A. (2021).
411:Narcissistic parents
210:social consciousness
135:A sexual perversion,
68:abnormal personality
3242:Superiority complex
3117:McFarlin D (2002).
2548:Crompton S (2007).
2193:2015PNAS..112.3659B
1842:2014PLoSO...993403L
1422:psychologytoday.com
1362:. Chicago Tribune.
317:Primary expressions
3659:1889 introductions
3566:(Waterhouse, 1903)
3563:Echo and Narcissus
3550:(Poussin, 1627–28)
3547:Echo and Narcissus
3450:Echo and Narcissus
3217:Healthy narcissism
2991:The New York Times
2889:Twenge JM (2011).
2855:Twenge JM (2011).
2292:DuBrin AJ (2012).
2150:Kepner JI (1997).
2086:Rapport A (2005).
2050:The Family Journal
1626:10.1037/per0000347
1424:. Psychology Today
1360:chicagotribune.com
734:dictionary.apa.org
515:model, along with
72:normal and healthy
58:
3641:
3640:
3416:
3415:
3148:978-1-4165-7599-3
3128:978-0-7494-3773-2
3109:978-1-4391-0653-2
3086:978-0-688-14071-7
3075:Golomb E (1995).
3067:978-1-57224-561-7
3056:Brown NW (2008).
3048:978-1-4008-4995-6
3029:. Princeton, NJ:
2904:978-1-118-02926-8
2870:978-1-118-02926-8
2791:978-0-19-513549-7
2762:978-0-595-31804-9
2749:Nelson K (2004).
2735:978-0-446-32104-4
2706:978-1-85575-453-9
2559:978-0-00-724795-0
2337:(12): 1663–1676.
2303:978-1-78100-136-3
2248:978-0-7637-8361-7
2237:Banja JD (2004).
2187:(12): 3659–3662.
2161:978-1-315-79898-1
2034:978-1-4811-5541-0
1996:(11–12): 802–13.
1749:(12): 1826–1831.
1594:978-0-275-96017-9
1583:Brown NW (1998).
1526:978-0-226-45014-8
1399:978-0-393-32861-5
1326:Los Angeles Times
1306:978-0-449-90553-1
1279:978-1-4129-0422-3
1117:978-1-4067-0338-2
1064:10.1037/14041-001
1040:978-0-393-32861-5
1001:978-0-471-23734-1
955:978-1-7936-5081-8
645:John G. Gunderson
376:Sexual narcissism
366:Other expressions
220:Christopher Lasch
16:(Redirected from
3691:
3674:Social influence
3664:1890s neologisms
3504:Écho et Narcisse
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3408:
3407:
3268:In the workplace
3227:Machiavellianism
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3132:
3113:
3090:
3071:
3052:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2956:
2932:
2909:
2908:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2824:10.5204/mcj.2401
2802:
2796:
2795:
2780:(2nd ed.).
2773:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2728:. Warner Books.
2727:
2720:Lasch C (1979).
2717:
2711:
2710:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2636:. Archived from
2626:10.1037/a0016904
2620:(6): 1074–1096.
2611:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2361:. Archived from
2328:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2123:(5): 1313–1338.
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2097:. Archived from
2092:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1803:10.1037/a0023195
1796:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1515:Kohut H (1971).
1512:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1209:on 9 August 2022
1203:SigmundFreud.net
1195:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
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1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1010:
993:
982:
971:
970:
968:
967:
939:
933:
932:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
874:
868:
867:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
808:
802:
801:
783:
759:
750:
749:
747:
745:
726:
717:
716:
714:
712:
693:
622:Agreeing on the
579:American culture
521:Machiavellianism
399:sexual addiction
384:overcompensation
188:libidinal energy
94:is derived from
21:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3621:
3604:
3577:
3558:(Lemoyne, 1728)
3510:
3483:
3462:
3447:
3417:
3412:
3398:
3367:
3287:
3246:
3232:Messiah complex
3190:
3185:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3129:
3116:
3110:
3093:
3087:
3074:
3068:
3055:
3049:
3021:
3017:
3015:Further reading
3012:
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2491:(1–2): 126–34.
2482:
2481:
2477:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:Hill V (2005).
2378:
2377:
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2017:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1952:
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1947:
1917:
1916:
1912:
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1881:
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1823:
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1818:
1794:10.1.1.684.1672
1778:
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1710:
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1008:
1002:
991:
984:
983:
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941:
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876:
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841:
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836:
826:
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809:
805:
761:
760:
753:
743:
741:
728:
727:
720:
710:
708:
695:
694:
690:
685:
653:
601:
588:
570:" programs and
556:
539:
533:
509:
482:
435:
429:
413:
407:
394:or femininity.
373:
368:
348:
328:
319:
314:
290:
277:Theodore Millon
261:
255:
242:
233:
228:
226:Characteristics
88:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
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3627:
3623:
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3606:
3605:
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3594:
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3559:
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3527:
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3491:
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3295:
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3254:
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3248:
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3214:
3209:
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3169:
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3154:
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3147:
3134:
3127:
3114:
3108:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3053:
3047:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2976:
2910:
2903:
2876:
2869:
2842:
2797:
2790:
2768:
2761:
2741:
2734:
2712:
2705:
2680:
2669:(3): 437–453.
2653:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2537:
2518:(4): 1071–88.
2502:
2475:
2445:10.1.1.337.396
2438:(1): 219–229.
2422:
2403:(4): 762–776.
2386:
2371:
2368:on 2020-06-05.
2309:
2302:
2281:
2254:
2247:
2226:
2167:
2160:
2154:. p. 73.
2142:
2107:
2075:
2040:
2033:
2015:
1980:
1945:
1926:(4): 279–292.
1910:
1888:
1875:
1816:
1787:(3): 200–207.
1768:
1733:
1724:
1703:
1649:
1620:(5): 473–478.
1600:
1593:
1575:
1548:(2): 154–165.
1532:
1525:
1504:
1458:(3): 400–416.
1438:
1408:
1398:
1380:
1346:
1312:
1305:
1285:
1278:
1257:
1220:
1190:
1159:
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1021:
1000:
972:
954:
934:
899:
882:britannica.com
869:
850:(5): 415–422.
834:
803:
751:
718:
687:
686:
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584:
564:Charles Derber
555:
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535:Main article:
532:
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525:Delroy Paulhus
508:
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496:Robert Millman
481:
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443:status symbols
431:Main article:
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174:self-important
154:Havelock Ellis
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14:
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3459:Metamorphoses
3455:
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3425:
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3354:
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3347:
3346:mortification
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:Narcissistic
3326:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Me generation
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
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3228:
3225:
3223:
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3208:
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3144:
3140:
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3124:
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3115:
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3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:Hotchkiss S,
3092:
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3082:
3078:
3073:
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3063:
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2657:
2654:
2643:on 2022-10-31
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2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2095:The Therapist
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:(2): 103–07.
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:(4): e93403.
1835:
1831:
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1800:
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1734:
1728:
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1713:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:(4): 177–96.
1672:
1668:
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1641:
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1623:
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1237:sas.upenn.edu
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926:
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918:
915:(5): 101388.
914:
910:
903:
900:
887:
884:. Britanica.
883:
879:
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835:
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631:
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606:
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599:Controversies
598:
596:
592:
585:
583:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
549:
548:ethnocentrism
544:
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522:
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192:
189:
185:
181:
180:Sigmund Freud
177:
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155:
151:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
106:
105:Metamorphoses
101:
97:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
55:
52:(1597–99) by
51:
50:
45:
39:
35:
27:
19:
3632:
3596:
3588:
3574:(Dali, 1937)
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3502:
3494:
3457:
3379:Compensation
3187:
3138:
3118:
3099:
3096:Masterson JF
3076:
3057:
3026:
3000:. Retrieved
2989:
2979:
2944:
2940:
2894:
2860:
2833:. Retrieved
2814:
2810:
2800:
2777:
2771:
2751:
2744:
2723:
2715:
2696:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2638:the original
2617:
2613:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2549:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2363:the original
2334:
2330:
2293:
2272:. Retrieved
2257:
2238:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2151:
2145:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2099:the original
2094:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2024:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1961:(1): 24–34.
1958:
1954:
1948:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1883:
1878:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1716:. Retrieved
1714:. 2022-11-03
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1670:
1666:
1652:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1584:
1578:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1516:
1496:. Retrieved
1455:
1451:
1441:
1433:
1426:. Retrieved
1421:
1411:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1368:. Retrieved
1359:
1349:
1341:
1334:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1269:
1248:. Retrieved
1236:
1228:Strachey J.
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1202:
1193:
1179:(2): 13–21.
1176:
1172:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1142:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1106:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1072:
1055:
1049:
1030:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
987:
964:. Retrieved
944:
937:
912:
908:
902:
892:14 September
890:. Retrieved
881:
872:
847:
843:
837:
825:. Retrieved
816:
806:
771:
767:
744:14 September
742:. Retrieved
733:
711:14 September
709:. Retrieved
700:
691:
657:Compensation
638:
602:
593:
589:
576:
572:social media
560:World War II
557:
540:
510:
486:
483:
474:
470:
467:
459:
440:
436:
421:
418:
414:
396:
388:
374:
349:
329:
320:
293:Heritability
291:
288:Heritability
282:Karen Horney
265:pathological
262:
243:
234:
213:
207:
203:Karen Horney
201:
193:
178:
170:Ernest Jones
163:
147:
129:
114:
103:
91:
89:
82:disability.
80:psychosocial
65:
60:
59:
47:
26:
3601:(2012 film)
3593:(1983 film)
3394:Grandiosity
3389:Entitlement
3263:Don Juanism
3212:God complex
3023:Blackburn S
2947:: 291–315.
2811:M/C Journal
2274:18 November
1659:Rhodewalt F
1370:14 November
1336:21 December
1250:14 December
1213:14 December
1089:14 December
1083:archive.org
774:(1): 3–31.
677:Self-esteem
672:Grandiosity
667:Entitlement
624:etiological
517:psychopathy
392:masculinity
306:entitlement
302:grandiosity
297:concordance
247:grandiosity
166:God complex
117:selfishness
18:Narcissists
3654:Narcissism
3648:Categories
3633:Narcissism
3467:Characters
3356:withdrawal
3311:Dark triad
3273:Leadership
3251:In society
3188:Narcissism
3002:9 November
2835:7 February
2647:2022-11-20
1908:(1), 3-31.
1718:2024-01-22
1697:2019-07-04
1498:2022-11-20
1472:1871/17274
1416:Malkin C.
1153:2021-12-14
1123:2012-01-22
1015:2018-11-07
966:2023-05-09
819:. Web MD.
683:References
568:reality TV
513:dark triad
507:Dark triad
447:smartphone
380:egocentric
346:Vulnerable
150:Paul Näcke
92:narcissism
61:Narcissism
54:Caravaggio
3616:Narcissus
3598:Narcissus
3590:Narcissus
3555:Narcissus
3539:Narcissus
3531:Narcissus
3479:Narcissus
2984:Zanor C.
2971:207585237
2532:145170557
2470:145798157
2440:CiteSeerX
2070:143630223
1990:Sex Roles
1811:1931-390X
1789:CiteSeerX
1657:Morf CC,
1428:April 12,
1185:1509-2046
1137:Evans N.
1077:Jones E.
1058:: 15–26.
929:219435184
817:webmd.com
798:206682971
543:self-love
492:celebrity
480:Celebrity
455:attention
427:Workplace
326:Grandiose
194:In 1925,
159:Otto Rank
96:Narcissus
90:The term
49:Narcissus
3410:Category
3336:neurosis
3202:Egomania
3098:(2003).
3025:(2014).
2996:Archived
2963:28301765
2829:Archived
2634:19968420
2417:16834504
2359:28823065
2351:18794326
2268:Archived
2221:25775577
2137:22433002
2010:19749572
1870:24695616
1830:PLOS ONE
1691:Archived
1661:(2001).
1644:31259606
1562:16768652
1492:Archived
1488:12903591
1480:15382988
1364:Archived
1330:Archived
1241:Archived
1147:Archived
1006:Archived
960:Archived
886:Archived
864:25930131
821:Archived
790:28132598
738:Archived
705:Archived
651:See also
626:factors,
451:flattery
405:Parental
269:Kernberg
125:Hussites
3626:Related
3384:Empathy
3341:elation
3304:history
3283:Parents
3207:Egotism
2462:9686460
2212:4378434
2189:Bibcode
1975:8169963
1940:1815094
1861:3973692
1838:Bibcode
1763:8238637
1687:2004430
1635:6710132
1570:1924100
827:18 June
662:Empathy
463:profits
3679:Egoism
3618:(1891)
3507:(1779)
3499:(1714)
3488:Operas
3351:supply
3331:injury
3222:Hubris
3145:
3125:
3106:
3083:
3064:
3045:
2969:
2961:
2901:
2867:
2788:
2759:
2732:
2703:
2632:
2556:
2530:
2468:
2460:
2442:
2415:
2357:
2349:
2300:
2245:
2219:
2209:
2158:
2135:
2068:
2031:
2008:
1973:
1938:
1868:
1858:
1809:
1791:
1761:
1685:
1642:
1632:
1591:
1568:
1560:
1523:
1486:
1478:
1396:
1303:
1276:
1183:
1114:
1037:
998:
952:
927:
862:
796:
788:
423:them.
371:Sexual
275:, and
121:hubris
3609:Music
3452:from
2967:S2CID
2817:(5).
2641:(PDF)
2610:(PDF)
2528:S2CID
2466:S2CID
2366:(PDF)
2355:S2CID
2327:(PDF)
2102:(PDF)
2091:(PDF)
2066:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1683:S2CID
1566:S2CID
1484:S2CID
1244:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
992:(PDF)
925:S2CID
794:S2CID
273:Kohut
3582:Film
3474:Echo
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