2024:
as an informed search. In target approximation, on the other hand, the location of the destination is known to the navigator but a further distinction is made based on whether the navigator knows how to arrive or not to the destination. Path following means that the environment, the path, and the destination are all known which means that the navigator simply follows the path they already know and arrive at the destination without much thought. For example, when you are in your city and walking on the same path as you normally take from your house to your job or university. However, path finding means that the navigator knows where the destination is but does not know the route they have to take to arrive at the destination: you know where a specific store is but you do not know how to arrive there or what path to take. If the navigator does not know the environment, it is called path search which means that only the destination is known while neither the path nor the environment is: you are in a new city and need to arrive at the train station but do not know how to get there. Path planning, on the other hand, means that the navigator knows both where the destination is and is familiar with the environment so they only need to plan the route or path that they should take to arrive at their target. For example, if you are in your city and need to get to a specific store that you know the destination of but do not know the specific path you need to take to get there.
1892:
1088:
triangular structure with a pivot at the top and a graduated segment of a circle, referred to as the "arc", at the bottom. The second component is the index arm, which is attached to the pivot at the top of the frame. At the bottom is an endless vernier which clamps into teeth on the bottom of the "arc". The optical system consists of two mirrors and, generally, a low power telescope. One mirror, referred to as the "index mirror" is fixed to the top of the index arm, over the pivot. As the index arm is moved, this mirror rotates, and the graduated scale on the arc indicates the measured angle ("altitude").
4152:
1354:
38:
1175:
1740:
876:
709:
417:
1564:
4996:
4164:
824:
737:
361:
1070:
756:
5006:
976:
778:
4176:
858:
1362:
and angular bearings to charted objects and use these to establish arcs of position and lines of position on a chart. A fix consisting of only radar information is called a radar fix. Types of radar fixes include "range and bearing to a single object," "two or more bearings," "tangent bearings," and "two or more ranges." Radar can also be used with
916:
2036:
952:
position themselves, typically with the aid of electronic position fixing. While the military navigator will have a bearing book and someone to record entries for each fix, the civilian navigator will simply pilot the bearings on the chart as they are taken and not record them at all. If the ship is equipped with an
1668:
2023:
Directed wayfinding, instead, can be further subdivided into search vs. target approximation. Search means that a person does not know where the destination is located and must find it either in an unfamiliar environment, which is labeled as an uninformed search, or in a familiar environment, labeled
1958:
Navigation can be distinguished into two sptial components: locomotion and wayfinding. Locomotion is the process of movement from one place to another, both in humans and in animals. Locomotion helps you understand an environment by moving through a space in order to create a mental representation of
1049:
The chronometer is designed to operate for a minimum of one year on a single set of batteries. Observations may be timed and ship's clocks set with a comparing watch, which is set to chronometer time and taken to the bridge wing for recording sight times. In practice, a wrist watch coordinated to the
951:
A military navigation team will nearly always consist of several people. A military navigator might have bearing takers stationed at the gyro repeaters on the bridge wings for taking simultaneous bearings, while the civilian navigator on a merchant ship or leisure craft must often take and plot their
1730:
information on the route. In the next stage, the written plan is created. The third stage is the execution of the finalised voyage plan, taking into account any special circumstances which may arise such as changes in the weather, which may require the plan to be reviewed or altered. The final stage
1384:
Other techniques that are less used in general navigation have been developed for special situations. One, known as the "contour method," involves marking a transparent plastic template on the radar screen and moving it to the chart to fix a position. Another special technique, known as the
Franklin
1125:
The first inertial system is considered to be the V-2 guidance system deployed by the
Germans in 1942. However, inertial sensors are traced to the early 19th century. The advantages INSs led their use in aircraft, missiles, surface ships and submarines. For example, the U.S. Navy developed the Ships
1121:
Advantages over other navigation systems are that, once aligned, an INS does not require outside information. An INS is not affected by adverse weather conditions and it cannot be detected or jammed. Its disadvantage is that since the current position is calculated solely from previous positions and
603:
In navigation, a rhumb line (or loxodrome) is a line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, i.e. a path derived from a defined initial bearing. That is, upon taking an initial bearing, one proceeds along the same bearing, without changing the direction as measured relative to true or
1747:
Electronic integrated bridge concepts are driving future navigation system planning. Integrated systems take inputs from various ship sensors, electronically display positioning information, and provide control signals required to maintain a vessel on a preset course. The navigator becomes a system
1011:
is used to measure the body's angular height above the horizon. That height can then be used to compute distance from the subpoint to create a circular line of position. A navigator shoots a number of stars in succession to give a series of overlapping lines of position. Where they intersect is the
923:
Piloting (also called pilotage) involves navigating an aircraft by visual reference to landmarks, or a water vessel in restricted waters and fixing its position as precisely as possible at frequent intervals. More so than in other phases of navigation, proper preparation and attention to detail are
1361:
Radar is an effective aid to navigation because it provides ranges and bearings to objects within range of the radar scanner. When a vessel (ship or boat) is within radar range of land or fixed objects (such as special radar aids to navigation and navigation marks) the navigator can take distances
1087:
The second critical component of celestial navigation is to measure the angle formed at the observer's eye between the celestial body and the sensible horizon. The sextant, an optical instrument, is used to perform this function. The sextant consists of two primary assemblies. The frame is a rigid
1026:
In order to accurately measure longitude, the precise time of a sextant sighting (down to the second, if possible) must be recorded. Each second of error is equivalent to 15 seconds of longitude error, which at the equator is a position error of .25 of a nautical mile, about the accuracy limit of
1091:
The second mirror, referred to as the "horizon glass", is fixed to the front of the frame. One half of the horizon glass is silvered and the other half is clear. Light from the celestial body strikes the index mirror and is reflected to the silvered portion of the horizon glass, then back to the
588:
were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until the 19th century. For about a hundred years, from about 1767 until about 1850, mariners lacking a chronometer used the method of lunar distances to determine
Greenwich time to find their longitude. A mariner with a chronometer
1030:
The spring-driven marine chronometer is a precision timepiece used aboard ship to provide accurate time for celestial observations. A chronometer differs from a spring-driven watch principally in that it contains a variable lever device to maintain even pressure on the mainspring, and a special
1963:
is defined as an active process of following or deciding upon a path between one place to another through mental representations. It involves processes such as representation, planning and decision which help to avoid obstacles, to stay on course or to regulate pace when approaching particular
1095:
Adjustment of the sextant consists of checking and aligning all the optical elements to eliminate "index correction". Index correction should be checked, using the horizon or more preferably a star, each time the sextant is used. The practice of taking celestial observations from the deck of a
1034:
A spring-driven chronometer is set approximately to
Greenwich mean time (GMT) and is not reset until the instrument is overhauled and cleaned, usually at three-year intervals. The difference between GMT and chronometer time is carefully determined and applied as a correction to all chronometer
1289:
in cooperation with six partner nations. OMEGA was developed by the United States Navy for military aviation users. It was approved for development in 1968 and promised a true worldwide oceanic coverage capability with only eight transmitters and the ability to achieve a four-mile (6 km)
1117:
type of navigation system that computes its position based on motion sensors. Before actually navigating, the initial latitude and longitude and the INS's physical orientation relative to the Earth (e.g., north and level) are established. After alignment, an INS receives impulses from motion
1041:
have replaced spring-driven chronometers aboard many ships because of their greater accuracy. They are maintained on GMT directly from radio time signals. This eliminates chronometer error and watch error corrections. Should the second hand be in error by a readable amount, it can be reset
1274:, its primary use was for ship navigation in coastal waters. Fishing vessels were major post-war users, but it was also used on aircraft, including a very early (1949) application of moving-map displays. The system was deployed in the North Sea and was used by helicopters operating to
1151:, an Inertial navigation system, and via celestial inputs entered by astronauts which were recorded by sextant and telescope. Space rated navigational computers, like those found on Apollo and later missions, are designed to be hardened against possible data corruption from radiation.
999:. Such systems are in use as well for terrestrial navigating as for interstellar navigating. By knowing which point on the rotating Earth a celestial object is above and measuring its height above the observer's horizon, the navigator can determine his distance from that subpoint. A
623:
A line of position can refer to two different things, either a line on a chart or a line between the observer and an object in real life. A bearing is a measure of the direction to an object. If the navigator measures the direction in real life, the angle can then be drawn on a
1536:
navigators for civilians who own them. Overuse of these devices, whether in the vehicle or on foot, can lead to a relative inability to learn about navigated environments, resulting in sub-optimal navigation abilities when and if these devices become unavailable. Typically a
1385:
Continuous Radar Plot
Technique, involves drawing the path a radar object should follow on the radar display if the ship stays on its planned course. During the transit, the navigator can check that the ship is on track by checking that the pip lies on the drawn line.
1381:. The line on the radar screen is set to a specific distance and angle, then the ship's position relative to the parallel line is observed. This can provide an immediate reference to the navigator as to whether the ship is on or off its intended course for navigation.
1122:
motion sensors, its errors are cumulative, increasing at a rate roughly proportional to the time since the initial position was input. Inertial navigation systems must therefore be frequently corrected with a location 'fix' from some other type of navigation system.
1878:
with charitable status, aimed at furthering the development of navigation on land and sea, in the air and in space. It was founded in 1947 as a forum for mariners, pilots, engineers and academics to compare their experiences and exchange information. In the US, the
684:
Methods of navigation have changed through history. Each new method has enhanced the mariner's ability to complete his voyage. One of the most important judgments the navigator must make is the best method to use. Some types of navigation are depicted in the table.
1118:
detectors that measure (a) the acceleration along three axes (accelerometers), and (b) rate of rotation about three orthogonal axes (gyroscopes). These enable an INS to continually and accurately calculate its current latitude and longitude (and often velocity).
1045:
The basic element for time generation is a quartz crystal oscillator. The quartz crystal is temperature compensated and is hermetically sealed in an evacuated envelope. A calibrated adjustment capability is provided to adjust for the aging of the crystal.
1979:, there are four levels of space with the third being the environmental space. The environmental space represents a very large space, like a city, and can only be fully explored through movement since all objects and space are not directly visible. Also
960:
is aboard, as is often the case in the most restricted of waters, his judgement can generally be relied upon, further easing the workload. But should the ECDIS fail, the navigator will have to rely on his skill in the manual and time-tested procedures.
1675:
Passage planning or voyage planning is a procedure to develop a complete description of vessel's voyage from start to finish. The plan includes leaving the dock and harbor area, the en route portion of a voyage, approaching the destination, and
2012:, etc., in their navigation process which generally involves low spatial reasoning and is less cognitively demanding. Unaided wayfinding involves no such devices for the person who is navigating. Unaided wayfinding can be subdivided into a
1237:
series of letters, which the RDF can tune in to see if the beacon is "on the air". Most modern detectors can also tune in any commercial radio stations, which is particularly useful due to their high power and location near major cities.
1987:
of the human body and its extensions: above/below, front/back and left/right. Tversky ultimately proposed a fourfold classification of navigable space: space of the body, space around the body, space of navigation and space of graphics.
956:, it is reasonable for the navigator to simply monitor the progress of the ship along the chosen track, visually ensuring that the ship is proceeding as desired, checking the compass, sounder and other indicators only occasionally. If a
1721:
The appraisal stage deals with the collection of information relevant to the proposed voyage as well as ascertaining risks and assessing the key features of the voyage. This will involve considering the type of navigation required e.g.
1695:
is a factor in 80 percent of navigational accidents and that in many cases the human making the error had access to information that could have prevented the accident. The practice of voyage planning has evolved from penciling lines on
1053:
A stop watch, either spring wound or digital, may also be used for celestial observations. In this case, the watch is started at a known GMT by chronometer, and the elapsed time of each sight added to this to obtain GMT of the sight.
718:
or DR, in which one advances a prior position using the ship's course and speed. The new position is called a DR position. It is generally accepted that only course and speed determine the DR position. Correcting the DR position for
123:. Early Pacific Polynesians used the motion of stars, weather, the position of certain wildlife species, or the size of waves to find the path from one island to another. Maritime navigation using scientific instruments such as the
1309:
radio transmitters that use the time interval between radio signals received from three or more stations to determine the position of a ship or aircraft. The current version of LORAN in common use is LORAN-C, which operates in the
631:
In addition to bearings, navigators also often measure distances to objects. On the chart, a distance produces a circle or arc of position. Circles, arcs, and hyperbolae of positions are often referred to as lines of position.
1847:
In land navigation, courses and training is often provided to young persons as part of general or extra-curricular education. Land navigation is also an essential part of army training. Additionally, organisations such as the
1609:
The day's work in navigation is a minimal set of tasks consistent with prudent navigation. The definition will vary on military and civilian vessels, and from ship to ship, but the traditional method takes a form resembling:
1377:. This technique involves creating a line on the screen that is parallel to the ship's course, but offset to the left or right by some distance. This parallel line allows the navigator to maintain a given distance away from
1092:
observer's eye through the telescope. The observer manipulates the index arm so the reflected image of the body in the horizon glass is just resting on the visual horizon, seen through the clear side of the horizon glass.
4705:
1334:
being the primary replacement. However, there are attempts to enhance and re-popularize LORAN. LORAN signals are less susceptible to interference and can penetrate better into foliage and buildings than GPS signals.
2124:
The
Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.363-Tactics And Techniques, Personal Skills And Techniques. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9
1930:
Navigation is an essential everyday activity that involves a series of abilities that help humans and animals to locate, track, and follow paths in order to arrive at different destinations. Navigation, in
1142:
Not to be confused with satellite navigation, which depends upon satellites to function, space navigation refers to the navigation of spacecraft themselves. This has historically been achieved (during the
2016:
of tasks depending on whether it is undirected or directed, which basically makes the distinction of whether there is a precise destination or not: undirected wayfinding means that a person is simply
1298:
the use of Omega declined during the 1990s, to a point where the cost of operating Omega could no longer be justified. Omega was terminated on
September 30, 1997, and all stations ceased operation.
1200:
source. Due to radio's ability to travel very long distances "over the horizon", it makes a particularly good navigation system for ships and aircraft that might be flying at a distance from land.
514:
and using sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction. The height of
Polaris in degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer, within a degree or so.
764:
is the discipline of following a route through terrain on foot or by vehicle, using maps with reference to terrain, a compass, and other basic navigational tools and/or using landmarks and signs.
2424:...what I have stated, will serve to show the absolute necessity of having firstrate chronometers, or the lunar observations carefully attended to; and never omitted to be taken when practicable.
1207:
and listening for the direction in which the signal from a known station comes through most strongly. This sort of system was widely used in the 1930s and 1940s. RDF antennas are easy to spot on
1860:
organisations are a type of sports that require navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain whilst moving at speed.
4907:
1158:, which compares the X-ray bursts from a collection of known pulsars in order to determine the position of a spacecraft. This method has been tested by multiple space agencies, such as
1012:
celestial fix. The Moon and Sun may also be used. The Sun can also be used by itself to shoot a succession of lines of position (best done around local noon) to determine a position.
5203:
2296:
2265:
2685:
1290:
accuracy when fixing a position. Initially, the system was to be used for navigating nuclear bombers across the North Pole to Russia. Later, it was found useful for submarines.
1134:
systems (GPS) became available. INSs are still in common use on submarines (since GPS reception or other fix sources are not possible while submerged) and long-range missiles.
5356:
5382:
5331:
5300:
616:
relies primarily on positions determined electronically by receivers collecting information from satellites. Most other modern techniques rely on finding intersecting
564:. For most of history, mariners struggled to determine longitude. Longitude can be calculated if the precise time of a sighting is known. Lacking that, one can use a
866:
uses radar to determine the distance from or bearing of objects whose position is known. This process is separate from radar's use as a collision avoidance system.
4959:
1057:
All chronometers and watches should be checked regularly with a radio time signal. Times and frequencies of radio time signals are listed in publications such as
406:
with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a
1718:), and a number of professional books or publications. There are some fifty elements of a comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel.
901:
By mental navigation checks, a pilot or a navigator estimates tracks, distances, and altitudes which will then help the pilot avoid gross navigation errors.
5316:
5251:
4933:
4844:
3868:
3840:
1479:
Since the first experimental satellite was launched in 1978, GPS has become an indispensable aid to navigation around the world, and an important tool for
289:
led by Elcano sailed across the Indian Ocean and north along the coast of Africa, to finally arrive in Spain in 1522, three years after its departure. The
1399:
Global
Navigation Satellite System or GNSS is the term for satellite navigation systems that provide positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allow small
5196:
2203:
1919:
1521:
750 million per year, including the replacement of aging satellites, and research and development. Despite this fact, GPS is free for civilian use as a
1130:
program to ensure a reliable and accurate navigation system to initial its missile guidance systems. Inertial navigation systems were in wide use until
250:
3668:
5341:
4879:
4867:
4837:
3940:
1731:
of passage planning consists of monitoring the vessel's progress in relation to the plan and responding to deviations and unforeseen circumstances.
4830:
2009:
1891:
4977:
4214:
5189:
4700:
4256:
3888:
3818:
3778:
3748:
3727:
3708:
3654:
3635:
3489:
3347:
2755:
2584:
2162:
2100:
2059:
996:
5042:
4927:
4315:
746:
involves navigating in restricted/coastal waters with frequent determination of position relative to geographic and hydrographic features.
119:
is probably the earliest form of open-ocean navigation; it was based on memory and observation recorded on scientific instruments like the
3327:
1431:. Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments.
1870:
Professional organisations also assist to encourage improvements in navigation or bring together navigators in learned environments. The
5326:
4862:
3788:
3078:
2302:
2271:
1709:
1503:
3157:
2693:
2648:
5305:
5009:
2967:
1904:
4872:
4293:
2832:
2410:
2141:
924:
important. Procedures vary from vessel to vessel, and between military, commercial, and private vessels. As pilotage takes place in
458:
1633:
Noontime meridian or ex-meridian observation of the Sun for noon latitude line. Running fix or cross with Venus line for noon fix.
681:
There are some methods seldom used today such as "dipping a light" to calculate the geographic range from observer to lighthouse.
4824:
1853:
4857:
4305:
3092:
2402:
Embassy to the
Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832–3–4
1996:
There are two types of wayfinding in navigation: aided and unaided. Aided wayfinding requires a person to use various types of
389:
with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.
2871:
1096:
rolling ship, often through cloud cover and with a hazy horizon, is by far the most challenging part of celestial navigation.
5321:
5236:
2525:
2178:
164:
5351:
5336:
4941:
1871:
1367:
2520:. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p. 370 "Tactics And Techniques, Personal Skills And Techniques". Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997.
1630:
Computation of the interval to noon, watch time of local apparent noon, and constants for meridian or ex-meridian sights.
5346:
4416:
3933:
120:
5115:
4734:
4640:
4239:
3792:
1715:
569:
31:
3912:
3878:
1883:(ION) is a non-profit professional organisation advancing the art and science of positioning, navigation and timing.
5095:
4951:
4712:
4273:
4207:
1829:
Professional standards for navigation depend on the type of navigation and vary by country. For marine navigation,
1714:
and these guidelines are reflected in the local laws of IMO signatory countries (for example, Title 33 of the U.S.
1454:
1110:
1105:
2992:
5246:
5150:
3627:
2923:
Gardony, Aaron L. (June 2015). "Navigational Aids and Spatial Memory Impairment: The Role of Divided Attention".
2824:
2747:
2392:
2005:
1908:
1707:
Passage planning consists of four stages: appraisal, planning, execution, and monitoring, which are specified in
1684:
is legally responsible for passage planning, however on larger vessels, the task will be delegated to the ship's
1439:
1420:
1331:
1295:
223:
77:
Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position and
5231:
5035:
4902:
4797:
4490:
1506:, GPS is officially named NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System). The
1462:
1148:
724:
654:
4074:
4069:
2888:
Gardony, Aaron L (April 2013). "How Navigational Aids Impair Spatial Memory: Evidence for Divided Attention".
2230:
1270:
when the Allied forces needed a system which could be used to achieve accurate landings. As was the case with
266:
258:
4555:
4792:
4592:
4234:
3926:
3677:
3664:
1983:
systematized the space, but this time taking into consideration the three dimensions that correspond to the
1903:
are available on navigation, which are published by professional sources all over the world. In the UK, the
1880:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1353:
1245:
1155:
1058:
925:
841:
660:
terrestrial range (natural or man made) when two charted points are observed to be in line with each other,
190:
started during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century. The Portuguese began systematically exploring the
4852:
2715:
1645:
Take two or more star observations at evening twilight for a celestial fix (prudent to observe six stars).
1617:
Take two or more star observations at morning twilight for a celestial fix (prudent to observe six stars).
1241:
1191:
837:
833:
787:
211:
156:
124:
37:
3049:
3024:
1378:
4999:
4421:
4297:
4260:
4200:
3700:
1997:
1944:
1915:
provide numerous navigational publications, including the comprehensive Admiralty Manual of Navigation.
1900:
1788:
1326:, and several European countries. Russia uses a nearly exact system in the same frequency range, called
1204:
1163:
810:
451:
163:. The earliest known description of how to make and use a sea astrolabe comes from Spanish cosmographer
116:
98:
4579:
4534:
4514:
1840:. Leisure and amateur mariners may undertake lessons in navigation at local/regional training schools.
302:
59:
from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation,
5212:
4565:
4529:
4495:
4348:
3989:
1819:
1677:
1671:
Poor passage planning and deviation from the plan can lead to groundings, ship damage and cargo loss.
1518:
1394:
1230:
1131:
970:
929:
881:
798:
783:
215:
5413:
5282:
5272:
5028:
4775:
4539:
4389:
4180:
2218:
An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration: 15th Century To Mid-17th century
1739:
1473:
945:
581:
553:
528:
Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of the
433:
429:
199:
136:
71:
2357:
1895:
An illustration showing a compass used for navigation from Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
1174:
27:
Process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another
5372:
5100:
4969:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4635:
4630:
4474:
4452:
4333:
4283:
4006:
3968:
3963:
3590:
3534:
3305:
3277:
3258:
2940:
2905:
1972:
1952:
1940:
1912:
1681:
1469:
1021:
1004:
585:
561:
533:
407:
386:
254:
140:
132:
104:
78:
4560:
3179:
635:
If the navigator draws two lines of position, and they intersect he must be at that position. A
3562:
1653:. It may also take place in adjacent space, where chart tables and publications are available.
5292:
4816:
4587:
4343:
4268:
3884:
3814:
3774:
3744:
3723:
3704:
3650:
3631:
3582:
3526:
3485:
3447:
3439:
3393:
3343:
3297:
3250:
3242:
2963:
2828:
2751:
2580:
2521:
2406:
2396:
2197:
2158:
2137:
2096:
2064:
1976:
1968:
1932:
1765:
1748:
manager, choosing system presets, interpreting system output, and monitoring vessel response.
1650:
1554:
613:
180:
152:
60:
5418:
5125:
5085:
4919:
4750:
4618:
4426:
4369:
4338:
4278:
4168:
4094:
4084:
4016:
4001:
3574:
3518:
3477:
3431:
3335:
3289:
3234:
2932:
2897:
2049:
2041:
1815:
1662:
1344:
1302:
1282:
1259:
1187:
1000:
875:
863:
829:
802:
791:
708:
617:
577:
444:
403:
306:
273:
in 1519, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of
160:
111:
4597:
3506:
4755:
4682:
4089:
4059:
3853:
3830:
2875:
1980:
1875:
1837:
1833:
1799:
1701:
1514:
1496:
1263:
1127:
814:
761:
203:
70:
to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's
1457:
is a next generation GNSS in the final deployment phase, and became operational in 2016.
2716:"NASA's Got a Plan for a 'Galactic Positioning System' to Save Astronauts Lost in Space"
2351:
2324:
1366:
as a means of position fixing with the radar image or distance/bearing overlaid onto an
482:
Roughly, the latitude of a place on Earth is its angular distance north or south of the
5120:
5110:
5105:
5080:
5075:
4464:
4156:
4064:
4036:
4031:
4026:
3858:
3849:
3767:
1984:
1864:
1780:
1723:
1697:
1621:
1450:
1144:
1114:
715:
643:
636:
625:
545:
541:
537:
529:
487:
416:
285:
and the Philippines. By then, only two galleons were left from the original seven. The
239:
144:
1563:
893:
The practice of navigation usually involves a combination of these different methods.
823:
5407:
5377:
5130:
4457:
4374:
4079:
4041:
3863:
3835:
3419:
3262:
1948:
1830:
1488:
1435:
1348:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1286:
1256:
1215:
957:
674:
557:
274:
227:
176:
3594:
3538:
3471:
3309:
3096:
2944:
1035:
readings. Spring-driven chronometers must be wound at about the same time each day.
736:
5070:
4892:
4447:
4379:
4223:
2909:
2868:
1857:
1795:
1275:
1267:
1211:
1038:
937:
933:
207:
82:
2936:
1951:. Humans navigate by transitioning between different spaces and coordinating both
502:
is 90° S. Mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the
51:
is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the
3738:
3339:
2901:
2400:
2182:
297:, but was unsuccessful. The eastward route across the Pacific, also known as the
5020:
4130:
3994:
3984:
2017:
1727:
1692:
1529:
1480:
1416:
1400:
723:, current effects, and steering error result in an estimated position or EP. An
262:
151:
dating from 1295. The perfecting of this navigation instrument is attributed to
148:
5181:
3293:
1935:, allows for acquiring information about the environment by using the body and
1639:
At least one afternoon Sun line, in case the stars are not visible at twilight.
755:
301:(return trip) was only discovered forty years later, when Spanish cosmographer
5170:
5057:
4780:
4645:
4384:
4125:
3578:
3201:
2031:
1960:
1803:
1492:
1234:
1226:
983:
Celestial navigation systems are based on observation of the positions of the
765:
670:
598:
499:
495:
109:
In the European medieval period, navigation was considered part of the set of
86:
42:
3872:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704.
3844:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–298.
3797:(7th ed.). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from
3586:
3530:
3522:
3443:
3246:
2671:"An historical perspective on inertial navigation systems", Daniel Tazartes,
2518:
The Handbook of the SAS and Elite Forces. How the Professionals Fight and Win
1772:", short for satellite navigation), as well as any means available on water.
642:
If only one line of position is available, this may be evaluated against the
293:
sailed east from the Philippines, trying to find a maritime path back to the
4785:
4353:
4310:
4115:
4011:
1922:
is a free available encyclopedia of navigation issued by the US Government.
1784:
1685:
1484:
1428:
1404:
1373:
Parallel indexing is a technique defined by William Burger in the 1957 book
1291:
1253:
1069:
786:
involves reducing celestial measurements to lines of position using tables,
523:
503:
377:
128:
67:
3798:
3451:
3301:
3254:
2368:
Chronometers were not regularly supplied to the Royal Navy until about 1825
1196:
A radio direction finder or RDF is a device for finding the direction to a
975:
777:
3481:
3222:
3075:
Standards of Training and Certification of Watchkeeping' (STCW) Convention
1472:, transmitting signals allowing GPS receivers to determine the receiver's
1007:
are used to compute the subpoint on Earth a celestial body is over, and a
857:
5310:
5277:
5140:
5135:
4887:
4760:
4650:
3904:
2013:
1936:
1849:
1761:
1412:
1408:
910:
743:
649:
Lines (or circles) of position can be derived from a variety of sources:
477:
394:
310:
305:
sailed from the Philippines, north to parallel 39°, and hit the eastward
294:
191:
3368:
1214:
aircraft, as loops under the rear section of the fuselage, whereas most
1154:
Another possibility that has been explored for deep space navigation is
884:
uses a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to determine position.
17:
5387:
5241:
5160:
5090:
4897:
4770:
4672:
4667:
4500:
4469:
4442:
4135:
4120:
3949:
1538:
1446:
1271:
1249:
1208:
1082:
1077:
is used to measure the elevation of celestial bodies above the horizon.
1074:
1008:
845:
628:
and the navigator will be somewhere on that bearing line on the chart.
589:
could check its reading using a lunar determination of Greenwich time.
565:
511:
507:
491:
483:
424:
360:
278:
249:
The first circumnavigation of the earth was completed in 1522 with the
187:
56:
3136:
1844:
officers receive navigation training as part of their naval training.
1221:
In navigational applications, RDF signals are provided in the form of
915:
66:
It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by
5267:
5226:
5165:
4765:
4677:
4662:
4657:
3561:
Wiener, Jan M.; Büchner, Simon J.; Hölscher, Christoph (2009-05-20).
3435:
3326:
Montello, Daniel R. (2005-07-18), Shah, Priti; Miyake, Akira (eds.),
1769:
1443:
1327:
992:
720:
549:
277:. Some ships were lost, but the remaining fleet continued across the
219:
195:
127:
first occurred in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Although
52:
3238:
2673:
2014 International Symposium on Inertial Sensors and Systems (ISISS)
2649:"How Did Aviators "Shoot" the Sun and Stars? | Time and Navigation"
979:
A celestial fix will be at the intersection of two or more circles.
851:
Availability has declined due to the development of accurate GNSS.
5392:
2054:
1890:
1738:
1667:
1666:
1550:
1458:
1424:
1363:
1352:
1323:
1315:
1218:
aircraft enclosed the antenna in a small teardrop-shaped fairing.
1197:
1173:
1068:
974:
953:
941:
914:
369:
322:
270:
243:
231:
36:
3829:
5155:
5145:
4099:
3563:"Taxonomy of Human Wayfinding Tasks: A Knowledge-Based Approach"
1841:
1743:
Integrated Bridge System, integrated on an Offshore Service Ship
1159:
988:
282:
235:
5185:
5024:
4196:
4192:
3922:
3794:
Publication 1310: Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual
1756:
Navigation for cars and other land-based travel typically uses
928:, it typically involves following courses to ensure sufficient
4613:
3857:
2001:
1776:
1757:
1558:
1533:
1357:
Radar ranges and bearings can be used to determine a position.
984:
365:
115:, none of which were used for long voyages across open ocean.
1636:
Noontime determination the day's run and day's set and drift.
1252:
are three similar hyperbolic navigation systems. Decca was a
3473:
Space and Spatial Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
3334:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–294,
794:. It is primarily used at sea but can also be used on land.
415:
3507:"Structures Of Mental Spaces: How People Think About Space"
1836:
are trained and internationally certified according to the
1031:
balance designed to compensate for temperature variations.
580:, can be used to calculate the time at zero longitude (see
253:, a Spanish voyage of discovery led by Portuguese explorer
3918:
2962:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Berlin. pp. 238–254.
1642:
Determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun.
1627:
Determine compass error by azimuth observation of the Sun.
3813:(4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press.
3394:"Cognitive Maps, Spatial Abilities, and Human Wayfinding"
2570:
2568:
2020:
an environment for pleasure without any set destination.
1541:
is also provided to determine direction when not moving.
494:
to 90° at the North and South poles. The latitude of the
309:
which took its galleon across the Pacific. He arrived in
3737:
Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof; K. Legat; M. Wieser (2003).
3117:"The Royal Institute of Navigation - Aims and Objects".
2405:(Digital ed.). Harper & brothers. p. 373.
1491:
used in many applications including scientific study of
940:. It may also involve navigating a ship within a river,
3649:(15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
1649:
Navigation on ships is usually always conducted on the
1575:
1281:
The OMEGA Navigation System was the first truly global
238:. Soon, the Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the
234:
by sailing around Africa, opening up direct trade with
3883:, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group,
3773:(64th ed.). New York: Hearst Communications Inc.
3095:. The Canadian Orienteering Federation. Archived from
1726:, the region the ship will be passing through and the
1517:. The cost of maintaining the system is approximately
1318:. Many nations are users of the system, including the
1050:
nearest second with the chronometer will be adequate.
1712:
Resolution A.893(21), Guidelines For Voyage Planning,
1624:
for longitude, or at any time for a line of position.
3054:
IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999
3029:
IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999
2997:
IMO RESOLUTION A.893(21) adopted on 25 November 1999
2290:
2288:
2220:, MA Thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2005
340:"to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," from
5365:
5291:
5260:
5219:
5056:
4968:
4950:
4918:
4815:
4808:
4743:
4693:
4606:
4578:
4548:
4522:
4513:
4483:
4435:
4409:
4402:
4362:
4326:
4292:
4255:
4248:
4108:
4050:
3977:
3956:
3050:"ANNEX 25 – MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning"
3025:"ANNEX 24 – MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning"
2093:
Navigation: Principles of Positioning and Guidances
1967:Navigation and wayfinding can be approached in the
175:) published in 1551, based on the principle of the
3766:
3740:Navigation: principles of positioning and guidance
2869:GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office
143:, the oldest record of a sea astrolabe is that of
5383:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
3695:Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995).
1620:Morning Sun observation. Can be taken on or near
932:, ensuring a sufficient depth of water below the
832:uses radio waves to determine position by either
186:Open-seas navigation using the astrolabe and the
3718:Gilardoni, Eduardo O.; Presedo, Juan P. (2017).
2821:Parallel Index Techniques in Restricted Waters -
2575:Gilardoni, Eduardo O.; Presedo, Juan P. (2017).
2298:New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation
2267:New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation
226:. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition commanded by
222:by crossing the Atlantic, which resulted in the
3913:How to navigate with less than a compass or GPS
3332:The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
2326:An Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy
63:, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.
3809:Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980).
3612:
2859:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:182.
2847:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:164.
2809:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:169.
2795:National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2001:163.
1953:egocentric and allocentric frames of reference
653:celestial observation (a short segment of the
265:in 1521. The fleet of seven ships sailed from
5197:
5036:
4208:
3934:
3676:. Department of the Air Force. Archived from
3278:"What determines our navigational abilities?"
3276:Wolbers, Thomas; Hegarty, Mary (March 2010).
2353:Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work
1680:. According to international law, a vessel's
1126:Inertial Navigation System (SINS) during the
669:on certain coastlines, a depth sounding from
646:position to establish an estimated position.
452:
121:Marshall Islands Stick Charts of Ocean Swells
8:
2356:. New York: Spon & Chamberlain. p.
2737:
2735:
1775:Computerized navigation commonly relies on
869:Primarily when within radar range of land.
5204:
5190:
5182:
5043:
5029:
5021:
4812:
4519:
4406:
4252:
4215:
4201:
4193:
3941:
3927:
3919:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2855:
2853:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2231:"Etymonline - Online Etymology Dictionary"
2134:The Ty Pros Companion to Ships and the Sea
1614:Maintain a continuous dead reckoning plot.
1468:More than two dozen GPS satellites are in
1449:are fully globally operational GNSSs. The
1314:portion of the EM spectrum from 90 to 110
459:
445:
355:
3624:Navigation Advanced for Mates and Masters
3369:"APA Dictionary of Psychology/Locomotion"
2744:Navigation Advanced for Mates and Masters
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
1461:has indicated it may expand its regional
639:is the intersection of two or more LOPs.
281:making a number of discoveries including
74:compared to known locations or patterns.
2536:Federal Aviation Regulations Part 1 §1.1
2504:
2502:
2397:"Chapter XXIV―departure from Mozambique"
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1783:of roads and navigable routes, and uses
919:Manual navigation through Dutch airspace
702:Traditional navigation methods include:
687:
552:, for example, has a longitude of about
218:'s expedition to sail west to reach the
3392:GOLLEDGE, Reginald G. (December 2000).
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2076:
1920:Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
1403:receivers to determine their location (
657:, but generally represented as a line),
490:(marked with °) ranging from 0° at the
393:
376:
3617:(2002) by the United States government
2329:(Ninth ed.). Taylor. p. 295f
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2202:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2195:
2091:Rell Pros-Wellenhof, Bernhard (2007).
1330:. LORAN use is in steep decline, with
4701:International Orienteering Federation
3880:Mobile Intelligent Autonomous Systems
3877:Raol, Jitendra; Gopal, Ajith (2013),
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3321:
3319:
2301:. London. p. 221. Archived from
2270:. London. p. 222. Archived from
2060:Collision avoidance in transportation
1867:training as part of learning to fly.
1825:Standards, training and organisations
1794:Pedestrian navigation is involved in
1285:system for aircraft, operated by the
1203:RDFs works by rotating a directional
576:, or "lunar" for short) that, with a
81:. In this sense, navigation includes
7:
4316:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
4175:
3765:Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003).
3158:"The Admiralty Manual of Navigation"
2153:Comandante Estácio dos Reis (2002).
1947:of our environment, also known as a
1856:teach navigation to their students.
1779:for current location information, a
663:compass bearing to a charted object,
536:. Longitude is usually expressed in
321:The term stems from the 1530s, from
198:from 1418, under the sponsorship of
5005:
3789:National Imagery and Mapping Agency
3722:. Livingston, Scotland: Witherbys.
3645:Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003).
3567:Spatial Cognition & Computation
3079:International Maritime Organization
2925:Spatial Cognition & Computation
2890:Spatial Cognition & Computation
2579:. Livingston, Scotland: Witherbys.
1710:International Maritime Organization
1504:United States Department of Defense
1229:. The signal is typically a simple
817:using electronic means, including:
727:develops an extremely accurate EP.
486:. Latitude is usually expressed in
257:and completed by Spanish navigator
3811:Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook
3202:"The American Practical Navigator"
1905:United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
1604:
1039:Quartz crystal marine chronometers
498:is 90° N, and the latitude of the
25:
3615:The American Practical Navigator,
3505:Tversky, Barbara (January 2003).
2993:"Regulation 34 – Safe Navigation"
2350:Britten, Frederick James (1894).
1266:) that was first deployed during
5004:
4995:
4994:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4150:
3420:"Cognitive maps in rats and men"
2381:Wrinkles in Practical Navigation
2034:
1562:
1499:of telecommunications networks.
874:
856:
822:
776:
754:
735:
707:
666:radar range to a charted object,
359:
261:after the former's death in the
4306:Amateur radio direction finding
3828:Martin, William Robert (1911).
3769:Chapman Piloting and Seamanship
1926:Navigation in spatial cognition
1349:Doppler radar § navigation
936:as well as a consideration for
836:or hyperbolic systems, such as
834:radio direction finding systems
3697:Admiralty Manual of Seamanship
1863:In aviation, pilots undertake
1487:. GPS also provides a precise
797:Used primarily as a backup to
1:
5051:Seamanship (seafaring) topics
3137:"The Institute of Navigation"
2982:Turpin and McEwen, 1980:6–18.
2937:10.1080/13875868.2015.1059432
2878:. Accessed December 15, 2006.
1872:Royal Institute of Navigation
1434:As of October 2011, only the
1375:The Radar Observer's Handbook
1027:manual celestial navigation.
544:at the Greenwich meridian to
540:(marked with °) ranging from
5213:Satellite navigation systems
4880:North American Championships
3720:Navigation in Shallow Waters
3647:Dutton's Nautical Navigation
3470:Denis, Michel (2017-11-13).
3401:Geographical Review of Japan
3340:10.1017/cbo9780511610448.008
3282:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3223:"Focus on spatial cognition"
2902:10.1080/13875868.2013.792821
2577:Navigation in Shallow Waters
2065:Spatial cognition#Navigation
1791:to identify optimal routes.
1605:One day's work in navigation
1415:) within a few meters using
948:in close proximity to land.
5116:Ship-to-ship cargo transfer
4240:List of orienteering events
4095:Precession of the equinoxes
3665:Department of the Air Force
3626:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
3233:(11): 1431. November 2017.
3182:. Witherby Publishing Group
2823:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
2746:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
2714:Rafi Letzter (2018-04-16).
2338:Nautical Almanac 1849-1851.
1716:Code of Federal Regulations
749:When within sight of land.
436:, and has a latitude of 0°.
210:by this route. In 1492 the
32:Navigation (disambiguation)
5435:
4952:Mountain bike orienteering
4598:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
4274:Mountain bike orienteering
3915:(archived 8 December 2012)
3909:by Ernest Gallaudet Draper
3418:Tolman, Edward C. (1948).
3294:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.001
2960:Spatial Information Theory
2095:. Springer. pp. 5–6.
1813:
1800:land navigation (military)
1660:
1548:
1455:Galileo positioning system
1392:
1342:
1294:Due to the success of the
1185:
1111:Inertial navigation system
1106:Inertial navigation system
1103:
1080:
1019:
968:
908:
872:
854:
820:
808:
774:
752:
733:
705:
700:
596:
521:
475:
428:divides the planet into a
385:Lines of longitude appear
251:Magellan-Elcano expedition
102:
96:
41:A navigation system on an
29:
5151:Man overboard rescue turn
4990:
4230:
4144:
3628:Witherby Publishing Group
3579:10.1080/13875860902906496
3476:(1 ed.). Routledge.
3180:"Navigation Publications"
2825:Witherby Publishing Group
2748:Witherby Publishing Group
1909:Witherby Publishing Group
1781:navigational map database
1735:Integrated bridge systems
1600:Ships and similar vessels
1440:Global Positioning System
1368:Electronic nautical chart
1296:Global Positioning System
1225:, the radio version of a
809:
701:
402:Lines of latitude appear
224:Discovery of the Americas
179:used in constructing the
4903:Kainuu Orienteering Week
3854:Beazley, Charles Raymond
3523:10.1177/0013916502238865
3511:Environment and Behavior
3160:. The Nautical Institute
2958:Winter, Stephen (2007).
2653:timeandnavigation.si.edu
1463:Beidou navigation system
897:Mental navigation checks
887:Used in all situations.
768:is the more basic form.
655:circle of equal altitude
165:Martín Cortés de Albacar
155:navigators during early
4908:Jan Kjellström Festival
4793:Scoutcraft orienteering
4556:OpenOrienteering Mapper
4235:History of orienteering
3869:Encyclopædia Britannica
3850:Bunbury, Edward Herbert
3841:Encyclopædia Britannica
2686:"GSP Executive Summary"
2136:, Peter Kemp ed., 1976
1881:Institute of Navigation
1512:United States Air Force
1508:satellite constellation
1476:, speed and direction.
1301:LORAN is a terrestrial
1059:Radio Navigational Aids
344:"ship" and the root of
4863:European Championships
4593:Suunnistussimulaattori
3906:Lectures in Navigation
3622:Anwar, Nadeem (2015).
2819:Victor, Alain (2020).
2742:Anwar, Nadeem (2015).
2323:Taylor, Janet (1851).
1945:mental representations
1939:of the environment as
1896:
1764:, and in recent times
1744:
1672:
1465:into a global system.
1358:
1262:system (also known as
1192:Radio direction finder
1178:
1078:
980:
920:
788:spherical trigonometry
742:In marine navigation,
714:In marine navigation,
420:
157:Portuguese discoveries
45:
4694:Organisations / lists
4075:Earth's gravity field
4070:Earth's energy budget
3701:The Stationery Office
3482:10.4324/9781315103808
3119:Journal of Navigation
1901:nautical publications
1894:
1810:Underwater navigation
1789:shortest path problem
1742:
1670:
1393:Further information:
1356:
1343:Further information:
1177:
1170:Electronic navigation
1149:navigational computer
1104:Further information:
1081:Further information:
1072:
978:
918:
909:Further information:
813:covers any method of
811:Electronic navigation
608:Methods of navigation
597:Further information:
574:the lunar observation
522:Further information:
476:Further information:
419:
267:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
259:Juan Sebastián Elcano
173:The Art of Navigation
131:were invented in the
117:Polynesian navigation
112:seven mechanical arts
99:History of navigation
97:Further information:
40:
4496:Satellite navigation
4349:Mounted orienteering
3990:Computer cartography
3613:Nathaniel Bowditch,
3424:Psychological Review
3093:"About Orienteering"
2750:. pp. 133–139.
2295:Norie, J.W. (1828).
2264:Norie, J.W. (1828).
2155:Astrolábios Náuticos
1977:space classification
1941:frames of references
1820:Submarine navigation
1595:Navigation processes
1419:transmitted along a
1395:Satellite navigation
1389:Satellite navigation
1132:satellite navigation
971:Celestial navigation
965:Celestial navigation
930:under keel clearance
882:Satellite navigation
784:Celestial navigation
313:on October 8, 1565.
242:in 1512, landing in
216:Christopher Columbus
30:For other uses, see
4978:World Championships
4960:World Championships
4928:World Championships
4825:World Championships
4776:Location-based game
4390:Transmitter hunting
4109:Related disciplines
3227:Nature Neuroscience
2779:Bowditch, 2002:816.
2675:, Laguna Beach, CA
2638:Bowditch, 2002:269.
2562:Bowditch, 2002:105.
2216:Swanick, Lois Ann.
2115:Bowditch, 2003:799.
2010:directional signage
1969:environmental space
1766:computer navigation
1545:Acoustic navigation
1100:Inertial navigation
805:in the open ocean.
771:Used at all times.
730:Used at all times.
586:marine chronometers
582:Greenwich Mean Time
560:has a longitude of
434:Southern Hemisphere
430:Northern Hemisphere
137:classical antiquity
125:mariner's astrolabe
5373:GNSS reflectometry
5101:Naval architecture
4970:Trail orienteering
4718:List of orienteers
4631:cardinal direction
4334:Canoe orienteering
4284:Trail orienteering
4157:Geodesy portal
4007:Geodetic astronomy
3831:"Navigation"
3373:dictionary.apa.org
3125:(66): b1–b2. 2016.
2874:2006-09-28 at the
2770:Maloney, 2003:744.
2476:Maloney, 2003:622.
2467:Maloney, 2003:618.
2444:Maloney, 2003:615.
2235:www.etymonline.com
1913:Nautical Institute
1897:
1745:
1691:Studies show that
1673:
1574:. You can help by
1510:is managed by the
1470:medium Earth orbit
1359:
1179:
1079:
1065:The marine sextant
1022:Marine chronometer
1016:Marine chronometer
1005:marine chronometer
997:navigational stars
981:
921:
803:electronic systems
725:inertial navigator
534:Greenwich meridian
421:
408:circle of latitude
303:Andrés de Urdaneta
255:Ferdinand Magellan
141:Islamic Golden Age
133:Hellenistic period
105:History of geodesy
46:
5401:
5400:
5293:GNSS augmentation
5179:
5178:
5018:
5017:
4986:
4985:
4936:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4817:Foot orienteering
4744:Non-sport related
4588:Catching Features
4574:
4573:
4509:
4508:
4398:
4397:
4344:Mountain marathon
4269:Foot orienteering
4249:Sport disciplines
4190:
4189:
3890:978-1-4398-6300-8
3820:978-0-87033-056-8
3780:978-1-58816-089-8
3750:978-3-211-00828-7
3729:978-1-85609-667-6
3710:978-0-11-772696-3
3656:978-1-55750-248-3
3637:978-1-85609-627-0
3491:978-1-315-10380-8
3349:978-0-511-61044-8
2757:978-1-85609-627-0
2586:978-1-85609-667-6
2508:Bowditch, 2002:1.
2458:Maloney, 2003:614
2254:Bowditch, 2003:4.
2164:978-972-797-037-7
2102:978-3-211-00828-7
1933:spatial cognition
1592:
1591:
1555:Acoustic location
1502:Developed by the
1156:Pulsar navigation
891:
890:
618:lines of position
614:modern navigation
469:
468:
181:Egyptian pyramids
61:marine navigation
16:(Redirected from
5426:
5337:QZSS / Michibiki
5206:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5126:Passage planning
5086:Maritime studies
5045:
5038:
5031:
5022:
5008:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4932:
4920:Ski orienteering
4843:
4836:
4829:
4813:
4751:Adventure travel
4619:orienteering map
4520:
4407:
4370:Adventure racing
4339:Car orienteering
4279:Ski orienteering
4253:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4085:Gravity of Earth
4017:Gravity of Earth
3943:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3893:
3873:
3861:
3845:
3833:
3824:
3805:
3803:
3784:
3772:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3733:
3714:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3660:
3641:
3599:
3598:
3558:
3543:
3542:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3436:10.1037/h0061626
3415:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2885:
2879:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2692:. Archived from
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2563:
2560:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2050:Robot navigation
2044:
2042:Geography portal
2039:
2038:
2037:
1816:Diver navigation
1700:to a process of
1663:Passage planning
1657:Passage planning
1587:
1584:
1566:
1559:
1532:act as personal
1345:Radar navigation
1339:Radar navigation
1283:radio navigation
1260:radio navigation
1188:Radio navigation
1182:Radio navigation
1138:Space navigation
1001:nautical almanac
878:
864:Radar navigation
860:
830:Radio navigation
826:
780:
758:
739:
711:
688:
604:magnetic north.
578:nautical almanac
461:
454:
447:
363:
356:
307:Kuroshio Current
246:one year later.
212:Spanish monarchs
161:Age of Discovery
21:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5361:
5287:
5256:
5215:
5210:
5180:
5175:
5052:
5049:
5019:
5014:
4982:
4964:
4946:
4914:
4804:
4756:Bicycle touring
4739:
4689:
4683:mountain biking
4602:
4570:
4544:
4505:
4479:
4431:
4394:
4358:
4322:
4288:
4244:
4226:
4221:
4191:
4186:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4104:
4090:Plate tectonics
4065:Coriolis effect
4060:Chandler wobble
4052:
4046:
3973:
3952:
3947:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3876:
3859:"Pytheas"
3848:
3827:
3821:
3808:
3801:
3787:
3781:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3717:
3711:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3663:
3657:
3644:
3638:
3621:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3560:
3559:
3546:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3239:10.1038/nn.4666
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2876:Wayback Machine
2867:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2794:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2720:livescience.com
2713:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2594:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2393:Roberts, Edmund
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:Lecky, Squire,
2378:
2374:
2362:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2179:"Archived copy"
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2073:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:
1994:
1981:Barbara Tversky
1971:. According to
1928:
1889:
1876:learned society
1838:STCW Convention
1827:
1822:
1814:Main articles:
1812:
1787:related to the
1754:
1752:Land navigation
1737:
1702:risk management
1698:nautical charts
1665:
1659:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1572:needs expansion
1557:
1549:Main articles:
1547:
1515:50th Space Wing
1497:synchronization
1397:
1391:
1351:
1341:
1264:multilateration
1233:broadcast of a
1194:
1186:Main articles:
1184:
1172:
1140:
1128:Polaris missile
1108:
1102:
1085:
1067:
1024:
1018:
973:
967:
913:
907:
899:
815:position fixing
762:Land navigation
610:
601:
595:
548:east and west.
526:
520:
480:
474:
465:
372:
354:
319:
204:Bartolomeu Dias
169:Arte de Navegar
135:and existed in
129:land astrolabes
107:
101:
95:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5432:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5366:Related topics
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5268:BDS / BeiDou-1
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5121:Propeller walk
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Ship stability
5103:
5098:
5096:Nautical terms
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5076:Ice navigation
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4735:List of events
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:Eye protectors
4462:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4037:Geopositioning
4034:
4032:Remote Sensing
4029:
4027:Photogrammetry
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3900:
3899:External links
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3874:
3864:Chisholm, Hugh
3846:
3836:Chisholm, Hugh
3825:
3819:
3806:
3804:on 2007-03-07.
3785:
3779:
3762:
3749:
3734:
3728:
3715:
3709:
3692:
3670:Air Navigation
3667:(March 2001).
3661:
3655:
3642:
3636:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3573:(2): 152–165.
3544:
3497:
3490:
3457:
3430:(4): 189–208.
3410:
3384:
3360:
3348:
3315:
3288:(3): 138–146.
3268:
3214:
3193:
3171:
3149:
3128:
3109:
3084:
3066:
3041:
3009:
2984:
2975:
2969:978-3540747888
2968:
2950:
2931:(4): 246–284.
2915:
2896:(4): 319–350.
2880:
2861:
2849:
2840:
2833:
2811:
2797:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2756:
2731:
2706:
2677:
2664:
2640:
2592:
2585:
2564:
2538:
2529:
2510:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2446:
2428:
2411:
2384:
2372:
2342:
2315:
2284:
2256:
2240:
2222:
2209:
2170:
2163:
2145:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2101:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2026:
1993:
1990:
1927:
1924:
1888:
1885:
1865:air navigation
1826:
1823:
1811:
1808:
1753:
1750:
1736:
1733:
1724:Ice navigation
1661:Main article:
1658:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:prime vertical
1618:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1567:
1546:
1543:
1489:time reference
1485:land surveying
1451:European Union
1442:(GPS) and the
1390:
1387:
1340:
1337:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1145:Apollo program
1139:
1136:
1115:dead reckoning
1101:
1098:
1066:
1063:
1042:electrically.
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
969:Main article:
966:
963:
926:shallow waters
906:
903:
898:
895:
889:
888:
885:
879:
871:
870:
867:
861:
853:
852:
849:
827:
819:
818:
807:
806:
795:
781:
773:
772:
769:
759:
751:
750:
747:
740:
732:
731:
728:
716:dead reckoning
712:
704:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
679:
678:
667:
664:
661:
658:
644:dead reckoning
626:nautical chart
609:
606:
594:
591:
570:lunar distance
530:prime meridian
519:
516:
473:
470:
467:
466:
464:
463:
456:
449:
441:
438:
437:
412:
411:
399:
398:
391:
390:
382:
381:
374:
373:
364:
353:
352:Basic concepts
350:
318:
315:
94:
91:
55:of a craft or
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5431:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Kalman filter
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5252:IRNSS / NAVIC
5250:
5248:
5247:GPS / NavStar
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Hydrodynamics
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5011:
5003:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:List of clubs
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4540:SportSoftware
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Control point
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Alleycat race
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4042:Virtual globe
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Earth's orbit
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3683:on 2007-03-25
3679:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3099:on 2008-10-02
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2834:9781856099165
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2696:on 2017-03-16
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2414:
2412:9780608404066
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2316:
2305:on 2007-09-27
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2274:on 2007-09-27
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2185:on 2012-11-22
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:0-586-08308-1
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:cognitive map
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:DoE programme
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:deck officers
1832:
1831:Merchant Navy
1824:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1570:This section
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:United States
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:line of sight
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:United States
1317:
1313:
1312:low frequency
1308:
1307:low frequency
1305:system using
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1287:United States
1284:
1279:
1277:
1276:oil platforms
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:low frequency
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:radio beacons
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
977:
972:
964:
962:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
912:
904:
902:
896:
894:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
868:
865:
862:
859:
855:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
825:
821:
816:
812:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
782:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
713:
710:
706:
696:
693:
690:
689:
686:
682:
676:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
640:
638:
633:
629:
627:
621:
619:
615:
607:
605:
600:
592:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:(also called
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:New York City
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
471:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
442:
440:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
418:
414:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
357:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:South America
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
240:Spice Islands
237:
233:
229:
228:Vasco da Gama
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:archipendulum
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
106:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5131:Maritime law
5071:Watchkeeping
5065:
4884:Open events
4809:Competitions
4641:route choice
4625:
4607:Fundamentals
4380:Fell running
4327:Other sports
4224:Orienteering
4179:
4167:
4148:
4021:
3905:
3879:
3867:
3839:
3810:
3799:the original
3793:
3768:
3754:. Retrieved
3743:. Springer.
3739:
3719:
3696:
3685:. Retrieved
3678:the original
3669:
3646:
3623:
3614:
3570:
3566:
3517:(1): 66–80.
3514:
3510:
3500:
3472:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3404:
3400:
3387:
3376:. Retrieved
3372:
3363:
3353:, retrieved
3331:
3328:"Navigation"
3285:
3281:
3271:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3131:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3087:
3074:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3053:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2978:
2959:
2953:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2864:
2843:
2820:
2814:
2775:
2766:
2743:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2689:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2576:
2532:
2517:
2513:
2472:
2463:
2423:
2416:. Retrieved
2401:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2361:. Retrieved
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:. Retrieved
2325:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2297:
2276:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2266:
2259:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2154:
2148:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2092:
2022:
1995:
1973:Dan Montello
1966:
1957:
1929:
1917:
1898:
1887:Publications
1869:
1862:
1858:Orienteering
1846:
1828:
1796:orienteering
1793:
1774:
1755:
1746:
1728:hydrographic
1720:
1708:
1706:
1690:
1674:
1648:
1608:
1580:
1576:adding to it
1571:
1527:
1501:
1478:
1467:
1433:
1417:time signals
1398:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1360:
1300:
1280:
1268:World War II
1240:
1222:
1220:
1212:World War II
1202:
1195:
1153:
1141:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
982:
950:
922:
900:
892:
697:Application
691:Illustration
683:
680:
671:echo sounder
648:
641:
634:
630:
622:
611:
602:
584:). Reliable
573:
527:
481:
423:
348:"to drive".
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:navigationem
325:
320:
298:
290:
286:
269:in Southern
248:
208:Indian Ocean
206:reached the
200:Prince Henry
185:
172:
168:
110:
108:
89:navigation.
83:orienteering
76:
65:
48:
47:
5220:Operational
5136:Dry-docking
5010:WikiProject
4858:World Games
4580:Video games
4549:Open-source
4523:Proprietary
4491:Backpacking
4131:Mathematics
3995:Web mapping
3985:Cartography
3207:February 6,
3186:February 6,
3164:February 6,
3142:February 6,
3059:January 28,
2690:gsp.esa.int
1918:In the US,
1874:(RIN) is a
1693:human error
1530:smartphones
1523:public good
1493:earthquakes
1113:(INS) is a
1073:The marine
694:Description
263:Philippines
149:Ramon Llull
147:astronomer
5414:Navigation
5408:Categories
5261:Historical
5171:Sea anchor
5066:Navigation
5058:Seamanship
4873:University
4845:University
4798:wilderness
4781:geocaching
4728:innovators
4723:by country
4646:wayfinding
4626:Navigation
4561:Purple Pen
4484:Exceptions
4453:protractor
4385:Relay race
4126:Geophysics
4022:Navigation
3969:Geodesists
3756:7 February
3687:2007-04-17
3606:References
3378:2022-05-06
3355:2022-05-06
3103:2008-08-11
2725:2022-12-07
2700:2022-12-07
2658:2023-06-12
2526:1854876759
2363:2007-08-08
2333:2007-08-02
2309:2007-08-02
2278:2007-08-02
2189:2013-04-02
2000:, such as
1992:Wayfinding
1961:Wayfinding
1943:to create
1804:wayfinding
1785:algorithms
1583:March 2020
1481:map-making
1429:satellites
1401:electronic
1303:navigation
1254:hyperbolic
1235:morse code
1227:lighthouse
801:and other
766:Wayfinding
599:Rhumb line
568:to take a
500:South Pole
496:North Pole
404:horizontal
299:tornaviaje
202:. In 1488
153:Portuguese
103:See also:
87:pedestrian
68:navigators
49:Navigation
43:oil tanker
5313:(retired)
5166:Anchoring
4942:World Cup
4853:World Cup
4786:poker run
4636:resection
4403:Equipment
4354:Rogaining
4311:Fox Oring
4116:Astronomy
4080:Geodynamo
4053:phenomena
4051:Physical
4012:Geomatics
3978:Subfields
3587:1387-5868
3531:0013-9165
3444:1939-1471
3407:: 93–104.
3263:205441391
3247:1546-1726
3034:March 26,
3002:March 26,
2418:April 25,
2157:. INAPA.
2018:exploring
1964:objects.
1937:landmarks
1899:Numerous
1762:landmarks
1686:navigator
1405:longitude
799:satellite
675:lead line
593:Loxodrome
554:151° east
524:Longitude
518:Longitude
510:) with a
504:pole star
378:Longitude
336:, pp. of
334:navigatus
330:navigatio
317:Etymology
194:coast of
79:direction
5347:StarFire
5342:SouthPAN
5278:Timation
5141:Ropework
5081:Pilotage
5000:Category
4888:O-Ringen
4761:Climbing
4651:waypoint
4515:Software
4475:Headlamp
4436:Personal
4298:governed
4261:governed
4169:Category
3957:Overview
3856:(1911).
3791:(2001).
3595:16529538
3539:16647328
3452:18870876
3310:15142890
3302:20138795
3255:29073640
2945:42070277
2872:Archived
2395:(1837).
2198:cite web
2028:See also
2014:taxonomy
1911:and the
1474:location
1438:NAVSTAR
1413:altitude
1409:latitude
1147:) via a
911:Pilotage
905:Piloting
792:almanacs
744:pilotage
673:or hand
620:or LOP.
562:74° west
478:Latitude
472:Latitude
395:Latitude
387:vertical
338:navigare
332:), from
311:Acapulco
295:Americas
291:Trinidad
287:Victoria
230:reached
192:Atlantic
139:and the
72:position
53:movement
18:Navigate
5419:Geodesy
5388:Wavelet
5283:Tsiklon
5273:Transit
5242:GLONASS
5237:Galileo
5161:Mooring
5156:Buoyage
5091:Sailing
4898:Tiomila
4838:Masters
4771:Hunting
4706:members
4673:walking
4668:running
4501:Whistle
4470:Gaiters
4443:Compass
4363:Related
4181:Commons
4136:Physics
4121:Geology
3964:History
3950:Geodesy
3866:(ed.).
3838:(ed.).
3081:. 2010.
2910:7905481
1682:captain
1678:mooring
1539:compass
1528:Modern
1447:GLONASS
1444:Russian
1379:hazards
1272:Loran C
1250:LORAN-C
1205:antenna
1083:Sextant
1075:sextant
1009:sextant
993:planets
946:channel
846:LORAN-C
566:sextant
538:degrees
512:sextant
508:Polaris
492:Equator
488:degrees
484:equator
425:equator
279:Pacific
214:funded
188:compass
159:in the
145:Spanish
93:History
57:vehicle
5227:BeiDou
4934:Junior
4893:Jukola
4831:Junior
4766:Hiking
4678:skiing
4663:hiking
4658:Racing
4535:Condes
4422:Course
3887:
3817:
3777:
3747:
3726:
3707:
3653:
3634:
3593:
3585:
3537:
3529:
3488:
3450:
3442:
3346:
3308:
3300:
3261:
3253:
3245:
2966:
2943:
2908:
2831:
2754:
2583:
2524:
2409:
2161:
2140:
2099:
1907:, the
1850:Scouts
1802:, and
1770:satnav
1651:bridge
1495:, and
1411:, and
1328:CHAYKA
1248:, and
1209:German
1003:and a
790:, and
721:leeway
550:Sydney
432:and a
328:(nom.
220:Indies
196:Africa
5393:RINEX
5332:NTRIP
5317:JPALS
5311:GPS·C
5306:GAGAN
5301:EGNOS
5232:DORIS
5146:Knots
4868:Youth
4458:thumb
4410:Event
3862:. In
3834:. In
3802:(PDF)
3681:(PDF)
3674:(PDF)
3591:S2CID
3535:S2CID
3397:(PDF)
3306:S2CID
3259:S2CID
2941:S2CID
2906:S2CID
2071:Notes
2055:TVMDC
1998:media
1842:Naval
1551:Sonar
1459:China
1427:from
1425:radio
1364:ECDIS
1324:Japan
1292:Omega
1246:OMEGA
1242:Decca
1198:radio
958:pilot
954:ECDIS
942:canal
938:squat
842:Omega
838:Decca
612:Most
370:Earth
346:agere
342:navis
323:Latin
271:Spain
244:China
232:India
5357:SDCM
5352:WAAS
5327:MSAS
5322:LAAS
4566:MeOS
4530:OCAD
4448:hand
4294:IARU
4100:Tide
3885:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3775:ISBN
3758:2012
3745:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3705:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3632:ISBN
3583:ISSN
3527:ISSN
3486:ISBN
3448:PMID
3440:ISSN
3344:ISBN
3298:PMID
3251:PMID
3243:ISSN
3209:2020
3188:2020
3166:2020
3144:2020
3061:2011
3036:2007
3004:2007
2964:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2420:2012
2407:ISBN
2204:link
2159:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2002:maps
1985:axes
1959:it.
1852:and
1818:and
1758:maps
1553:and
1519:US$
1483:and
1347:and
1190:and
1162:and
1160:NASA
995:and
989:Moon
934:hull
844:and
546:180°
422:The
283:Guam
236:Asia
85:and
4614:Map
4427:Map
4257:IOF
3575:doi
3519:doi
3478:doi
3432:doi
3336:doi
3290:doi
3235:doi
2933:doi
2898:doi
2358:230
2006:GPS
1975:’s
1777:GPS
1578:.
1534:GPS
1453:'s
1423:by
1332:GPS
1316:kHz
1164:ESA
985:Sun
944:or
637:fix
532:or
397:(φ)
380:(λ)
368:of
366:Map
167:'s
5410::
3852:;
3703:.
3699:.
3630:.
3589:.
3581:.
3569:.
3565:.
3547:^
3533:.
3525:.
3515:35
3513:.
3509:.
3484:.
3460:^
3446:.
3438:.
3428:55
3426:.
3422:.
3405:73
3403:.
3399:.
3371:.
3342:,
3330:,
3318:^
3304:.
3296:.
3286:14
3284:.
3280:.
3257:.
3249:.
3241:.
3231:20
3229:.
3225:.
3123:69
3121:.
3077:.
3052:.
3027:.
3012:^
2995:.
2939:.
2929:15
2927:.
2904:.
2894:13
2892:.
2852:^
2827:.
2800:^
2784:^
2734:^
2718:.
2688:.
2651:.
2595:^
2567:^
2541:^
2481:^
2449:^
2431:^
2422:.
2399:.
2366:.
2336:.
2287:^
2243:^
2233:.
2200:}}
2196:{{
2079:^
2008:,
2004:,
1955:.
1806:.
1798:,
1768:("
1760:,
1704:.
1688:.
1525:.
1407:,
1370:.
1322:,
1278:.
1244:,
1231:AM
1216:US
1166:.
1061:.
991:,
987:,
848:.
840:,
556:.
542:0°
183:.
5205:e
5198:t
5191:v
5044:e
5037:t
5030:v
4296:-
4259:-
4216:e
4209:t
4202:v
3942:e
3935:t
3928:v
3823:.
3783:.
3760:.
3732:.
3713:.
3690:.
3659:.
3640:.
3597:.
3577::
3571:9
3541:.
3521::
3494:.
3480::
3454:.
3434::
3381:.
3338::
3312:.
3292::
3265:.
3237::
3211:.
3190:.
3168:.
3146:.
3106:.
3063:.
3038:.
3006:.
2972:.
2947:.
2935::
2912:.
2900::
2837:.
2760:.
2728:.
2703:.
2661:.
2589:.
2312:.
2281:.
2237:.
2206:)
2192:.
2167:.
2105:.
1585:)
1581:(
677:.
506:(
460:e
453:t
446:v
410:.
171:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.