2653:, as the official sports governing body. All other German sport associations gradually lost their freedom and were coopted into it. Besides sports, another more important part of the "co-ordination" effort was the purging of the civil service, both at the Federal and state level. Top Federal civil servants—the State Secretaries—were largely replaced if they were not sympathetic to the Nazi program, as were the equivalent bureaucrats in the states, but Nazification took place at every level. Civil servants rushed to join the Nazi Party, fearing they would lose their jobs if they did not. At the local level, mayors and councils were terrorized by Nazi stormtroopers of the
2798:
attempt to seek an accommodation with the regime. On 28 April, the ADGB agreed to move toward unification with the conservative
Christian and the bourgeois liberal trade union groups, to form a single national labor organization in the new Nazi state. Leipart also supported the announcement by Goebbels that May Day would be celebrated as a public holiday for the first time, a long-sought goal of the labor movement. However, any efforts at reconciliation on the part of the unions were to prove futile, as the Nazis had already begun to plot a complete takeover of the trade union movement, as demonstrated by Goebbels' diary entry of 17 April:
2600:
2109:
49:
2830:
2926:("Strength Through Joy") was set up under the auspices of the German Labor Front. Hobbies were regimented, and all private clubs, whether they be for chess, football, or woodworking, were brought under the control of Strength Through Joy, which also provided vacation trips, skiing, swimming, concerts, and ocean cruises. Some 43 million Germans enjoyed trips via the Strength Through Joy initiative. This effort inspired the idea of Germans acquiring automobiles and the construction of the
2639:
politically oriented clubs or societies were merged into a single Nazi body. Existing leaders of voluntary associations were either unceremoniously ousted, or knuckled under of their own accord. Many organizations expelled leftish or liberal members and declared their allegiance to the new state and its institutions. The whole process ... went on all over
Germany. ... By the end, virtually the only non-Nazi associations left were the army and the Churches with their lay organizations.
2078:
1771:, the required supermajority was obtained. With only the SPD in opposition, the Enabling Act passed 444–94. For all intents and purposes, the entire Weimar Constitution was rendered void. It formed the cornerstone on which Hitler circumvented the constitutional framework of the Weimar Republic and was able to impose his will on the nation by decree. For all intents and purposes, it converted his government into a legal dictatorship.
2786:
violence and intimidation against all their opponents, including the SPD-affiliated trade unions. In an effort to safeguard his organization and its members, Leipart declared the ADBG politically "neutral" within weeks of the Nazis coming to power. Meanwhile, Party leaders convinced conservative elements among the police, the judiciary, prison administrators and civil servants that suppression of the labor movement was justified.
6081:
1443:
2124:(states). However, the Nazis acted swiftly to eliminate any potential centers of opposition arising in the remaining states. Immediately following the Reichstag election of 5 March 1933, the central government began in earnest its campaign to take over the state governments that it did not yet control, and within a very short period they achieved dominance over the administration in every state.
3018:. In this work, Klemperer contends that the Nazis made the German language itself a servant to their ideology through its repetitive use, eventually permeating the very "flesh and blood" of its people. For instance, if it was sunny and pleasant, it was described as "Hitler weather", or if you failed to comply with Nazi ideals of racial and social conformity, you were "switched off."
1455:
1857:" (7 April 1933), which mandated the "co-ordination" of the civil service – which in Germany included not only bureaucrats, but also schoolteachers and professors, judges, prosecutors, and other professionals – at the federal, state and municipal level, and authorized the removal of Jews and Communists from these positions, with limited exceptions for those who had fought in the
1733:
2997:, which constituted the removal or "switching off" of anyone who stained or soiled the German nation. This seemingly clinical terminology captured both the mechanical and biological meaning for members of German society; as one German citizen visiting London explained, "It means the same stream will flow through the ethnic body politic ."
1961:, further interlocking the leadership of the Party and State. Government agencies, including public safety and law enforcement authorities such as the police, public prosecutors and the courts, were obligated to provide the Party and the SA with administrative and legal information and investigatory assistance. Party courts (
1880:). They were charged with ensuring industrial peace and regulating employment contracts, including the setting of wages and the resolution of employer–employee disputes. This effectively supplanted collective bargaining and strikes, as the trustees were authorized to impose legally-binding settlements.
3027:
propaganda switched to strategies that focused more on togetherness and the "we-consciousness" of the collective Volk, but the mandates of Nazi "coordination" remained: pay homage to the Führer, expel all foreigners, sacrifice for the German people, and welcome future challenges. While greater German
2797:
stormtroopers ransacking trade union offices, assaulting staff, destroying furniture and equipment, stealing funds and burning documents. By 25 March, union offices in some 45 towns throughout the Reich had been attacked. At this point, the trade unions began to distance themselves from the SPD in an
2785:
by SPD politicians and trade unionists, but the national leadership was wary of such an action in the face of the worst unemployment crisis the nation had experienced. Though there were some sporadic isolated incidents, no general policy of resistance was undertaken. The Nazis embarked on a policy of
1886:
The
Communist Party had effectively been outlawed in all but name by the Reichstag Fire Decree, and was completely banned from 6 March. Following additional months of violence and intimidation against the Social Democratic Party, the government seized all its assets, and banned it outright on 22 June
1762:
or the Reich
President. Under certain circumstances, these laws could "deviate from the Constitution." As a constitutional amendment, it required a two-thirds majority for passage. Even with the proscription of the Communists, the Nazis and their ally the DNVP were still short of this number. Through
2633:
This was also the purpose of "co-ordination": to ensure that every aspect of the lives of German citizens was permeated with the ideas and prejudices of the Nazis. From March to July 1933 and continuing afterward, the Nazi Party systematically eliminated or co-opted non-Nazi organizations that could
2802:
On 1 May we shall arrange May Day as a grandiose demonstration of the German people's will. On 2 May the trade union offices will be occupied. Coordination in this area too. There might possibly be a row for a few days, but then they will belong to us. We must make no allowances anymore. … Once the
2133:
by the Reich was a plain breach of the
Constitution. Force and pressure by the Nazi organizations themselves – political blackmail – had been solely responsible for creating the 'unrest' that had prompted the alleged restorations of 'order'. The terms of the emergency decree of 28 February provided
2807:
Accordingly, 1 May 1933 was declared the Day of
National Labor, a day of parades, speeches and propaganda displays to celebrate the unity of the German labor movement with the nation, featuring SA military bands, swastika flags and fireworks. It culminated with a huge rally and speech by Hitler at
1625:
social, political, and cultural organizations to be controlled and run according to Nazi ideology and policy. All opposition to be eliminated." This accords with the general description provided by historian Jane Caplan, who characterized the term as "the coordination of German institutions into a
2812:
that was attended by over one million people. Many workers, particularly those in state employment, were compelled to participate by threats of dismissal for not attending. The next day, as
Goebbels had indicated, the German labor movement was crushed under a wave of unprecedented violence at the
2620:
in March 1933 and the subsequent steps taken by the
Propaganda Ministry to assume complete control of the press and all means of social communication. This included oversight of newspapers, magazines, films, books, public meetings and ceremonies, foreign press relations, theater, art and music,
2128:
The pattern was in each case similar: pressure on the non-Nazi state governments to place a
National Socialist in charge of the police; threatening demonstrations from SA and SS troops in the big cities; the symbolic raising of the swastika banner on town halls; the capitulation with hardly any
2057:," and was drawn up to become effective on the death of the Reich President, which occurred the next day. Again, this flagrantly violated Article 2 of the Enabling Act, which forbade any actions interfering with the office of the Reich President. With this law, Hitler became not only Germany's
2150:
process did not start until after the Nazi seizure of power at the Reich level at the end of
January 1933, the table also presents earlier Nazi Party successes in infiltrating and taking charge of several German state administrations during 1930–1932. In most of these instances, they took the
2638:
Every national voluntary association, and every local club, was brought under Nazi control, from industrial and agricultural pressure groups to sports associations, football clubs, male voice choirs, women's organizations—in short, the whole fabric of associational life was Nazified. Rival,
1611:. It has been variously translated as "coordination", "Nazification of state and society", "synchronization", and "bringing into line". English texts often use the untranslated German word to convey its unique historical meaning. In their seminal work on National Socialist vernacular,
2032:, the second chamber of the national parliament that represented the states. This was a clear violation of the Enabling Act. While Article 2 of the Enabling Act allowed the government to pass laws that deviated from the Constitution, it explicitly protected the existence of the
2881:
was absorbed at the end of June. Throughout this process, there were no strikes, no demonstrations and no protests. Even the Nazis were surprised. The most highly organized and powerful trade union movement in Europe offered no resistance and disappeared virtually overnight.
2158:(DNVP). The "Law Against the Founding of New Parties" (14 July 1933) banned all parties except the Nazi Party. The DNVP members of the remaining coalition cabinets eventually either joined the Party or were replaced by Nazis, resulting in one-party government in all the
3039:
or "synchronization" of German society—along with a series of Nazi legislation—was part and parcel to Jewish economic disenfranchisement, the violence against political opposition, the creation of concentration camps, the Nuremberg Laws, the establishment of a racial
1793:
election (except for Communist seats, which were not filled). Under this provision, the Nazis and their DNVP partners were able to attain working majorities in all the parliaments. It further mandated the simultaneous dissolution of all state parliaments whenever the
3115:
as an equalizing ideological structure within Nazi Germany; she claims the notion represents a "fraudulent edifice", since the extant social power structures and economic stratification more or less remained intact, despite Nazi propaganda suggesting otherwise.
3032:
initiatives of the regime, it was at the expense of individuality and to the social detriment of any nonconformist; and worse—it contributed to and reinforced the social and racial exclusion of anyone deemed an enemy by National Socialist doctrine. The Nazi
1991:
in the 19 sessions held during the entire Nazi regime, as opposed to 986 laws enacted solely by the Reich government under the authority of the Enabling Act. The law, in the form of a constitutional amendment, formally did away with the concept of a
1758:(23 March 1933). This law, formally titled "Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich," gave the government (the Reich Chancellor and his cabinet) the right to enact laws for a period of four years without the involvement of the
3008:—dismissed from his post for being Jewish in 1935 and who only survived his time in Germany due to being married to a prominent German woman—collected a list of terms employed in everyday speech by the Nazis, which he discussed in his book,
1867:
On 2 May 1933, trade union offices were attacked and occupied by SA stormtroopers. The offices were closed, their newspapers shuttered, funds confiscated and leaders arrested. In order to impose coordination on private sector workers, the
1965:) received the status of official legal institutions of the State and any crime committed against the Party now was considered a crime against the State. These courts were now authorized to impose detention or imprisonment as punishment.
5939:
1330:
2822:. Leipart and other union leaders were taken into "protective custody" and sent to concentration camps. Violence was inflicted on many and, in the most brutal incident, four union officials were beaten to death in
1522:
2817:
troops. All SPD-supported trade union offices were occupied, their newspapers and periodicals were discontinued, their banks and credit unions were closed and their assets were confiscated and turned over to the
1915:" (14 July 1933) declared the NSDAP as the country's only legal political party, formalizing what had already been accomplished through the campaign of Nazi terror and the complete capitulation of the opposition.
2944:
where they were given uniforms and tools and put to work; the disappearance of unemployed people from the streets contributed to the perception that the Nazis were improving the economic conditions of Germany.
1604:(circuit) and was derived from an electrical engineering term meaning that all switches are put on the same circuit so that all can be activated by throwing a single master switch. Its first use is credited to
2000:
passed to the Reich government. The states, though not themselves eliminated, were reduced to mere administrative bodies subordinated to the Reich, effectively converting Germany into a highly centralized
1778:
4904:
110:
1805:
2649:
2902:
or DAF), a Nazi Party organization led by Ley, was established on 10 May. Its goal was coordination of the entire labor force under Nazi leadership. On 19 May, the government enacted the
2672:
also included the formation of various organizations with compulsory membership for segments of the population, particularly the youth of Germany. Boys first served as apprentices in the
2891:
2129:
resistance of the elected governments; the imposition of a Reich Commissar under the pretext of restoring order … Despite the semblance of legality, the usurpation of the powers of the
1979:
elections took place on 12 November, no new state parliamentary elections were scheduled. Now, on the one-year anniversary of coming to power, the Reich government passed through the
2910:, who were appointed by Hitler and charged with regulating labor contracts and maintaining labor peace. Since their decisions were legally binding, strikes were effectively outlawed.
1854:
6123:
1891:
and the state parliaments. By early July, all other parties, even the Nazis' erstwhile allies the DNVP, had been intimidated into dissolving themselves rather than face arrests and
2758:(ADGB). This was an umbrella organization that was formed in July 1919 and was originally composed of 52 unions with about 8 million workers. It was generally affiliated with the
2629:
propaganda has a purpose, but the purpose must be concealed with such cleverness and virtuosity that the person on whom this purpose is to be carried out doesn't notice it at all.
2932:. It was the largest of the many organizations established by the Nazis and a propaganda success. Workers were also brought in line with the party through activities such as the
2134:
no justification since there was plainly no need for defence from any 'communist acts of violence endangering the state'. The only such acts were those of the Nazis themselves.
2047:
1740:
spoke the last free words in the Reichstag: "Freedom and life can be taken from us, but not our honor." The subsequent passage of the Act did away with parliamentary democracy.
5141:
2848:
347:
1921:. With the Nazi Party as the only remaining legal party, Hitler now sought to extend the Party's grasp over all the levers of state power and administration through the "
1827:
in each state, with near-complete control over the state governments. They were empowered to preside over meetings of the state government, appoint and dismiss the state
2778:, the resulting sharp rise in unemployment caused a large drop-off in membership but, by 1932, it still represented an estimated 3.5 million workers in some 30 unions.
3021:
When the blatant emphasis on racial hatred of others seemed to reach an impasse in the school system, through radio broadcasts, or on film reels, the overseers of Nazi
5873:
1265:
5854:
1246:
2050:" (1 August 1934). This law was signed by the entire Reich cabinet. It combined the office of Reich President with that of Reich Chancellor under the title of "
950:
4899:
105:
4894:
2819:
100:
5866:
1258:
2661:
into resigning or following orders to replace officials and workers at local public institutions who were Jewish or belonged to other political parties.
1922:
1831:
as well as other high officials and judges, dissolve the state parliament, call new elections and promulgate state laws. The law conferred the office of
1551:
control and coordination over all aspects of German society "from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education". Although the
4795:
5844:
1236:
960:
1925:" (1 December 1933), which was enacted by the Reich government under the provisions of the Enabling Act. The Nazi Party was legally established as a
1728:(DNVP). However, the Nazis won only 43.9 percent of the vote, short of a majority and well below the number needed to amend the federal constitution.
5977:
5929:
5532:
4562:
4333:
2113:
1486:
1320:
739:
2558:
1798:
was dissolved. It also gave the state governments the same powers to enact legislation that the Reich government possessed under the Enabling Act.
5944:
2876:
2065:
of the armed forces. It also removed the last remedy by which Hitler could be legally removed from office, and with it all checks on his power.
1984:
1335:
5022:
4663:
4642:
4619:
4596:
4551:
4528:
4509:
4490:
4389:
4366:
4341:
4290:
4111:
4060:
3990:
3971:
2755:
2023:
225:
1663:
5861:
1912:
1645:
1253:
4919:
125:
4654:
1816:(Reich Governor) in each state. These officers, appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chancellor, were responsible to
1681:(28 February 1933). This decree, formally titled "Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State," suspended most
970:
1789:, which the Nazis already controlled. It also ordered the state parliaments reconstituted based on the state votes cast in the 5 March
5900:
4926:
4268:
4041:
2790:
2339:
2269:
2086:
1817:
1709:
1292:
1122:
132:
6118:
6113:
4743:
4727:
4467:
4448:
4408:
4318:
4242:
4181:
4156:
4018:
2759:
2151:
portfolio of the state interior ministries from which they controlled the police, installing Nazi adherents and purging opponents.
1050:
2155:
1725:
6103:
4832:
1670:
1003:
3010:
1640:
into effect due to multiple legal measures enacted by the Reich government during the 20 months following 30 January 1933, when
6051:
5231:
4991:
4984:
4909:
4033:
2599:
2120:
When Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party had control of only five of the seventeen German
1696:
freedom of speech, press, assembly and privacy of communications. This allowed for the arrest of political adversaries, mostly
1413:
1157:
434:
194:
187:
115:
2108:
4914:
3963:
2871:
2486:
2432:
120:
5399:
5357:
4142:
2903:
2834:
2082:
1869:
1782:
980:
602:
560:
4631:
Hitler's 'Volksgemeinschaft' and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939
2857:
5919:
5172:
4700:
1479:
1310:
1103:
375:
4805:
4611:
5666:
2852:
2154:
Most coalition cabinets that the Nazis formed were with the participation of their conservative nationalist ally, the
1958:
1715:
1067:
991:
871:
5701:
2625:
he secret of propaganda permeate the person it aims to grasp, without his even noticing that he is being permeated.
906:
5880:
5766:
5389:
5136:
4979:
3065:
measures were used to give the Nazi regime the appearance of legality. Thousands of decrees, including many of the
2539:
2010:
1900:
1697:
1272:
592:
342:
182:
2870:(chief of staff) of the Nazi Party organization. The last remaining union umbrella agency, the Christian-oriented
6108:
5810:
5369:
1754:
convened – not including the Communist delegates whose participation in politics had been banned – it passed the
1605:
1200:
1096:
1086:
572:
4122:
2829:
2634:
potentially influence people. Those critical of Hitler and the Nazis were suppressed, intimidated, or murdered.
1929:
with jurisdiction over its members. The Party and the SA became official organs of the German Reich. The Deputy
6023:
5967:
5751:
5737:
5269:
5106:
5032:
5008:
4974:
4358:
4167:
2809:
2803:
trade unions are in our hands the other parties and organizations will not be able to hold out for much longer.
1892:
1515:
1385:
472:
312:
235:
211:
177:
5671:
1904:
876:
6018:
5972:
5924:
5726:
4792:
2747:
2716:
2528:
2323:
2239:
2209:
1472:
1380:
1315:
931:
859:
48:
5790:
5611:
5474:
5302:
4889:
2723:
2512:
2505:
1908:
1768:
1180:
816:
677:
505:
95:
6066:
5823:
5464:
5409:
4680:
4381:
2935:
2455:
2425:
2355:
2094:
1926:
1678:
1428:
1214:
1152:
1112:
667:
612:
4419:
2616:
of German society was the introduction of the "Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda" under
6056:
5949:
5839:
5621:
5457:
5452:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5027:
4825:
3073:
renewed the Enabling Act twice, though this was a foregone conclusion with all other parties banned.
2941:
2762:(SPD) and was on the left of the political spectrum. In March 1920, it was instrumental in calling a
2524:
2474:
2467:
2303:
1755:
1721:
1564:
1418:
1340:
1231:
1039:
826:
660:
655:
390:
385:
380:
230:
2692:
proper at age fourteen. Boys remained there until age eighteen, at which time they entered into the
5996:
5829:
5243:
5224:
5212:
5047:
4260:
4103:
4074:
2968:
2448:
2391:
2090:
2028:
1674:
1666:
1552:
1358:
1221:
1147:
446:
427:
415:
250:
2738:, a year of labor on a farm. By 1940, membership in the Hitler Youth numbered some eight million.
6046:
5756:
5691:
5489:
5374:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5297:
5151:
5121:
4877:
4774:
4766:
4543:
4252:
4148:
2921:
2886:
2683:
2312:
2062:
1896:
1828:
1804:
In order to further extend their power over the German states, the Reich government enacted the "
1786:
1720:
took place on 5 March 1933. The Nazis had hoped to win an outright majority and push aside their
1408:
896:
692:
577:
555:
550:
545:
500:
357:
327:
83:
6006:
6001:
5834:
5601:
5581:
5510:
5337:
5217:
5116:
5037:
4998:
4739:
4723:
4659:
4638:
4615:
4592:
4547:
4524:
4505:
4486:
4463:
4444:
4404:
4385:
4362:
4337:
4314:
4286:
4264:
4238:
4177:
4152:
4107:
4082:
4056:
4037:
4014:
3986:
3967:
2907:
2839:
2493:
2373:
2296:
2278:
2022:
Within two weeks of the abolition of the state parliaments, the Reich government enacted the "
2006:
1873:
1811:
1368:
1363:
1226:
1117:
806:
786:
715:
540:
420:
322:
240:
201:
3983:
The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich
2862:, placed themselves under the Action Committee for the Protection of German Labor, headed by
6030:
5849:
5815:
5795:
5716:
5711:
5641:
5586:
5484:
5469:
5362:
5255:
5197:
5090:
4758:
4192:
4138:
4000:
3087:
3005:
2775:
2551:
2262:
2097:
2077:
1993:
1608:
1392:
1241:
1205:
1185:
1015:
921:
916:
846:
791:
687:
672:
565:
458:
400:
293:
6084:
6039:
5800:
5771:
5686:
5681:
5661:
5631:
5596:
5494:
5379:
5080:
4818:
4799:
4440:
4070:
2991:
has no equivalent in any other language. The Nazis also used other similar terms, such as
2895:
2771:
2751:
2617:
2603:
2586:
2369:
2365:
2315:
2101:
1858:
1767:
with a cordon of SA members, and through promises of religious freedom protections to the
1686:
1560:
1446:
1401:
1190:
1091:
891:
886:
866:
836:
801:
697:
582:
283:
2781:
When the Nazis came to power at the end of January 1933, there was some sentiment for a
6013:
5885:
5761:
5706:
5696:
5652:
5561:
5551:
5541:
5519:
5332:
5309:
5202:
5100:
5085:
5042:
4940:
4634:
4479:
3082:
3069:
laws, were based explicitly on the Reichstag Fire Decree, and hence on Article 48. The
2972:
2940:, a national vocational competition. Many unemployed people were also drafted into the
2794:
2782:
2763:
2654:
2574:
2348:
1944:
1703:
1659:
1568:
1559:, near total Nazification had been secured by the 1935 resolutions approved during the
1459:
1375:
1277:
1162:
1131:
911:
901:
766:
756:
746:
724:
535:
512:
405:
305:
288:
245:
146:
4212:
1708:(SA) (Nazi paramilitary branch) before the upcoming election. In this atmosphere, the
6097:
5934:
5636:
5616:
5571:
5556:
5445:
5436:
5325:
5274:
5264:
5075:
5054:
4950:
4778:
4588:
4173:
4010:
4004:
2954:
2814:
2695:
2444:
2332:
2248:
2232:
2218:
2058:
2002:
1948:
1820:
1691:
1325:
1079:
841:
821:
776:
761:
648:
639:
528:
477:
467:
278:
257:
156:
2847:
Two days later, other non-SPD-aligned union amalgamations, such as the conservative
5895:
5721:
5676:
5626:
5606:
5591:
5546:
5479:
5404:
5248:
5131:
5070:
5015:
5003:
4965:
4884:
4694:
4352:
2689:
2567:
2404:
2046:
With Reich President von Hindenburg fatally ill, the Reich government enacted the "
1682:
1641:
1576:
1556:
1548:
1536:
1287:
1140:
926:
881:
831:
811:
796:
751:
682:
607:
451:
337:
273:
218:
206:
90:
4709:
of the German Statistical Yearbook: A Case in Professional Political Neutrality".
4030:
Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic
2707:
4538:
Stachura, Peter D. (1998). "Hitler Youth". In Dieter Buse; Juergen Doerr (eds.).
4401:
The Nazi Party Courts: Hitler's Management of Conflict in His Movement, 1921–1945
4304:
4228:
2093:), their constitutional rights and sovereignty were eroded and ultimately ended.
2005:. By destroying the autonomy of the historic German states, Hitler achieved what
6061:
5576:
5424:
5394:
5238:
5111:
4567:
4310:
4300:
4278:
2964:
2767:
2421:
1997:
1934:
1423:
781:
627:
597:
441:
317:
1613:
Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon of the Language of the Third Reich
5566:
5414:
5318:
5281:
5207:
5095:
4933:
3058:
deemed somehow less valuable by the National Socialist government of Germany.
3049:
2863:
1953:
1540:
1027:
771:
617:
521:
484:
410:
298:
139:
2750:
had a long history, dating to the mid-nineteenth-century. At the time of the
5746:
5429:
5063:
4859:
4234:
3055:
2976:
2701:
1939:
1824:
1737:
1500:
1074:
632:
266:
65:
2188:
2051:
4540:
Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture, 1871–1990
4257:
The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany
2770:
that attempted to overthrow the republic. It was led from January 1921 by
2386:
Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Minister-President Hermann Göring
5419:
5384:
5192:
5126:
4608:
Der neue Mensch: Körperkultur im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik
3664:
2928:
2823:
622:
587:
395:
332:
17:
4868:
4770:
4481:
Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939
3001:
2675:
2411:
1838:
1544:
74:
4749:
Wells, Roger H. (April 1936). "The Liquidation of the German Länder".
4689:): The Consolidation of National Socialist Rule in 1933 and 1934", in
2985:
translates literally as "phasing". Used in its socio-political sense,
1876:, each of which was assigned to one of thirteen large economic areas (
1732:
5290:
5163:
5146:
4841:
3460:
493:
352:
40:
4762:
2712:(Young Maidens) at age ten and at age fourteen were enrolled in the
1987:" (30 January 1934). This was one of only seven laws passed by the
1563:, when the symbols of the Nazi Party and the state were fused (see
5890:
3688:
2828:
2107:
2076:
1731:
1669:, acting at Hitler's request and based on the emergency powers in
1282:
3159:
3157:
2680:(cubs), beginning at the age of six, and at age ten, entered the
1775:
Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich.
1555:
remained nominally in effect until Germany's surrender following
3210:
3208:
2447:; on 1 April, an all Nazi cabinet formed under State Councillor
1779:
Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
1736:
During the debate on the Enabling Act, Social Democrat chairman
1622:
4814:
4691:
Republic To Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution Ten Essays
2918:
An all-embracing recreational organization for workers, called
4422:[General German Trade Union Confederation] (in German)
2906:
that decreed an end to collective bargaining. It established
2419:
Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Senate President and
1971:
All the state parliaments had been dissolved (along with the
1777:
Enacted by the Reich government using the Enabling Act, the "
1996:. The state parliaments were abolished altogether and state
1802:
Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich.
3252:
3250:
2658:
2566:
Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Minister-President
2231:
Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Minister-President
2138:
The following table presents an overview of the process of
1806:
Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
1781:" (31 March 1933) dissolved the sitting parliaments of all
2726:
members generally went to the eastern territory for their
2582:
All Nazi cabinet formed under Senate President and acting
1567:) and German Jews were deprived of their citizenship (see
4810:
4652:
Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .
4330:
Language of the Third Reich – LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii
2399:
Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under Chairman of the
2251:
appointed Minister of the Interior and Public Education
2221:
appointed Minister of the Interior and Public Education
1845:
Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service.
4563:"'Only a Phase': How Diplomats Misjudged Hitler's Rise"
2688:(Young German Boys) and served there until joining the
2331:
First all Nazi cabinet formed under Minister-President
1887:
1933, canceling all SPD electoral mandates in both the
1855:
Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service
4757:(2). American Political Science Association: 350–361.
3237:
3235:
2171:
Entered into a coalition government led by a non-Nazi
2116:
effectively replaced the federal government structure.
1689:
enshrined in the constitution, including the right of
2044:
Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich.
2650:
Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen
2142:
as it was applied to the Nazification of the German
2048:
Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich
1592:
is a compound word that comes from the German words
5985:
5959:
5911:
5779:
5736:
5651:
5531:
5162:
4964:
4848:
3484:
3028:social and economic unity was produced through the
2849:
German National Association of Commercial Employees
2621:radio, and television. To this end, Goebbels said:
2013:
and the Weimar Republic had never dared to attempt.
1615:, historians Robert Michael and Karin Doerr define
4478:
2643:For example, in 1934, the government founded the
2347:All Nazi cabinet formed under Minister-President
2261:All Nazi cabinet formed under Minister-President
4735:Rechtsgeschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert
4055:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3163:
2793:, violent episodes increased in intensity, with
2295:All Nazi cabinet formed under Minister of State
4683:(1972). "Stages of Totalitarian 'Integration' (
4211:GHDI – German History in Documents and Images.
4193:"Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party and State"
4191:GHDI – German History in Documents and Images.
3616:
5856:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
4376:Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001).
2311:First Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under
1248:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
6124:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period
4826:
3940:
3904:
3665:LeMO, Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund
2026:" (14 February 1934) formally abolishing the
1700:, and for terrorizing of other voters by the
1480:
951:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
8:
6037:
6028:
5875:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
5517:
5508:
5499:
5443:
5434:
5316:
5307:
5288:
5279:
5253:
5222:
5061:
5052:
5013:
4989:
4948:
4938:
4924:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4733:
4717:
4704:
4684:
3226:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3022:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2958:
2933:
2919:
2820:National Socialist Factory Cell Organization
2733:
2727:
2714:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2611:
2174:Formed a coalition government led by a Nazi
1848:
1832:
1809:
1808:" (7 April 1933). This measure deployed one
1763:intimidation of deputies by surrounding the
1749:
1713:
1701:
1635:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1504:
1399:
1390:
1267:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
1138:
1129:
1101:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
722:
713:
702:
646:
637:
519:
510:
491:
482:
456:
425:
264:
255:
216:
192:
154:
144:
130:
81:
72:
63:
4802:: Die Errichtung des Einparteienstaats 1933
4697:, New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 109–28
2967:, where it refers to converting power from
2766:that led to the collapse of the right-wing
2363:Nazis enter coalition cabinet formed under
2217:First Nazi enters a coalition cabinet with
2146:governments. While, strictly speaking, the
4833:
4819:
4811:
4100:The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
4075:"Racial Policy and the Totalitarian State"
3916:
3892:
3808:
3508:
3214:
2182:
2164:
1923:Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State
1919:Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State
1895:imprisonment. Thus the DNVP (27 June) the
1872:(19 May 1933) established the position of
1487:
1473:
31:
5845:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
4585:The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich
4420:"Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund"
4079:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition
3856:
3461:GHDI, Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party
2722:(League of German Maidens). At eighteen,
1237:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
961:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
4460:The History of the Nazi Party: 1919–1933
3820:
3796:
3784:
3760:
3652:
3520:
3424:
3199:
3148:
2742:Coordination of the trade union movement
2598:
2482:Nazi-led coalition cabinet formed under
2098:was already under federal administration
1575:also applied to territories occupied by
4719:Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte 3 (seit 1650)
4485:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
4053:Nazi Germany: A Very Short Introduction
3748:
3580:
3568:
3544:
3352:
3187:
3129:
3104:
2872:Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933)
2610:One of the most critical steps towards
2085:were not formally abolished (excluding
1969:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich.
39:
4435:Michael, Robert; Doerr, Karin (2002).
4197:German History in Documents and Images
3772:
3689:GHDI, Prohibition of Free Trade-Unions
3496:
3472:
3436:
3388:
3316:
3241:
3136:
2645:Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen
1985:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
1911:(5 July) all formally disbanded. The "
1861:or had lost a father or son in combat.
1621:as: "Consolidation. All of the German
1547:—successively established a system of
4751:The American Political Science Review
4561:Strupp, Christoph (30 January 2013).
3928:
3880:
3868:
3844:
3832:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3676:
3628:
3604:
3592:
3556:
3532:
3412:
3400:
3376:
3364:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3175:
2756:General German Trade Union Federation
2024:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
1884:Law Against the Formation of Parties.
1514:
7:
5862:National Socialist Movement of Chile
4583:Taylor, James; Shaw, Warren (1997).
4521:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
4502:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
3960:A Concise History of the Third Reich
3640:
3448:
3340:
3328:
3111:Caplan remains critical of the term
2104:, providing a model for the process.
1975:) on 14 October 1933, and while new
1913:Law Against the Formation of Parties
1254:National Socialist Movement of Chile
4793:Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online
4655:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
2595:Propaganda and societal integration
2277:Nazis enter coalition cabinet with
2247:Nazis enter coalition cabinet with
1957:members of the Reich government as
971:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
5901:World Union of National Socialists
5023:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
4927:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
4462:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
4213:"Prohibition of Free Trade-Unions"
4123:"Parlament (Nationalisozialismus)"
2791:Reichstag election of 5 March 1933
2376:becomes Minister of the Interior
1823:and were intended to act as local
1293:World Union of National Socialists
226:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
133:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
25:
5940:Last surviving war crime suspects
4418:Lebendiges Museum Online (LeMO).
1331:Last surviving war crime suspects
1051:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
6080:
6079:
5930:Nazi Party leaders and officials
4504:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
4357:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press (
3004:professor of romance languages,
2853:Hirsch-Dunckersche Gewerkvereine
2789:Following the Nazi gains in the
1841:on the Reich Chancellor himself.
1453:
1442:
1441:
1321:Nazi Party leaders and officials
1004:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
47:
6052:Political views of Adolf Hitler
4606:Wedemeyer-Kolwe, James (2004).
4034:Michigan State University Press
3016:The Language of the Third Reich
2754:, its largest grouping was the
1414:Political views of Adolf Hitler
1158:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
5945:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
4403:. University Press of Kansas.
4085:. Event occurs at 12:20-12:41
4006:The Third Reich: A New History
3964:University of California Press
3962:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
3056:mass destruction of human life
2547:All Nazi cabinet formed under
2501:All Nazi cabinet formed under
2487:Manfred Freiherr von Killinger
2463:All Nazi cabinet formed under
2177:Formed an all-Nazi government
2156:German National People's Party
1865:Law on the Trustees of Labour.
1726:German National People's Party
1336:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
1:
5886:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
4144:The Coming of the Third Reich
2904:Law on the Trustees of Labour
2835:Law on the Trustees of Labour
2186:Nazi Seizure of Power in the
1870:Law on the Trustees of Labour
1278:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
981:The Passing of the Great Race
5920:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
5173:Aestheticization of politics
4121:Deutscher Bundestag (2023).
4028:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004).
3164:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997
2017:Law on the Abolition of the
1983:, by a unanimous vote, the "
1785:except the recently elected
1311:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
376:Aestheticization of politics
5867:National Socialist Movement
5835:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
4658:. New York: Da Capo Press.
3931:, pp. 9, 109, 125–128.
3011:LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii
2748:German trade union movement
2704:. Girls became part of the
2531:named Senate President and
2070:Coordination of the German
1959:ministers without portfolio
1634:The Nazis were able to put
1626:cohesive, Nazified whole."
1259:National Socialist Movement
1227:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
992:Preussentum und Sozialismus
6140:
5881:Nordic Resistance Movement
4980:National Socialist Program
4612:Königshausen & Neumann
4477:Schoenbaum, David (1997).
4399:McKale, Donald M. (1974).
4380:. New Haven & London:
4378:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
4328:Klemperer, Victor (2000).
4227:Hildebrand, Klaus (1984).
4166:Evans, Richard J. (2005).
3014:, published in English as
1853:was the enactment of the "
1273:Nordic Resistance Movement
183:National Socialist Program
6077:
5850:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
4732:Kroeschell, Karl (1992).
4716:Kroeschell, Karl (1989).
4713:. Vol. IX. pp. 8–11.
4711:The American Statistician
4633:. Oxford & New York:
4542:. Vol. 2. New York:
4332:. New York & London:
4306:Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris
4233:. London & New York:
4098:Childers, Thomas (2017).
3985:. New York: Longman Inc.
3941:Laqueur & Baumel 2001
3905:Laqueur & Baumel 2001
2776:economic downturn of 1929
2185:
1242:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
1097:German Evangelical Church
6119:Politics of Nazi Germany
6114:German words and phrases
5752:Nazi concentration camps
5270:Economic interventionism
5232:Jewish conspiracy theory
5033:Night of the Long Knives
5009:Religion in Nazi Germany
4519:Shirer, William (1990).
4500:Shirer, William (1960).
4458:Orlow, Dietrich (1969).
4437:Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German
4359:Harvard University Press
4285:. W.W. Norton & Co.
4169:The Third Reich in Power
3981:Broszat, Martin (1981).
3485:Deutscher Bundestag 2023
3227:Michael & Doerr 2002
2963:stems from the arena of
2810:Berlin Tempelhof Airport
2700:(Labor Service) and the
1847:Another measure of Nazi
473:Economic interventionism
435:Jewish conspiracy theory
236:Night of the Long Knives
212:Religion in Nazi Germany
6104:Society of Nazi Germany
5896:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
4629:Wildt, Michael (2012).
4523:. New York: MJF Books.
4351:Koonz, Claudia (2003).
3958:Benz, Wolfgang (2007).
2979:" in English; the word
2957:explains that the word
2760:Social Democratic Party
2529:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
1901:Bavarian People's Party
1748:When the newly elected
1288:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
27:Process of Nazification
6038:
6029:
5518:
5509:
5500:
5475:Social interventionism
5444:
5435:
5317:
5308:
5303:Greater Germanic Reich
5289:
5280:
5254:
5223:
5062:
5053:
5014:
4990:
4985:Hitler's rise to power
4949:
4939:
4925:
4890:League of German Girls
4876:
4867:
4858:
4734:
4718:
4705:
4703:(December 1955). "The
4685:
4681:Bracher, Karl Dietrich
3917:Taylor & Shaw 1997
3893:Taylor & Shaw 1997
3048:
3042:
3035:
3023:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2959:
2934:
2920:
2899:
2844:
2805:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2674:
2667:
2641:
2631:
2612:
2607:
2506:Robert Heinrich Wagner
2136:
2117:
2105:
1849:
1833:
1810:
1750:
1741:
1714:
1702:
1636:
1617:
1606:Reich Justice Minister
1600:
1594:
1588:
1516:[ˈɡlaɪçʃaltʊŋ]
1505:
1400:
1391:
1139:
1130:
1102:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
723:
714:
703:
678:Social interventionism
647:
638:
520:
511:
506:Greater Germanic Reich
492:
483:
457:
426:
265:
256:
217:
193:
188:Hitler's rise to power
155:
145:
131:
96:League of German Girls
82:
73:
64:
5767:Human experimentation
5465:Reactionary modernism
5410:Anti-Slavic sentiment
5137:Human experimentation
4869:Geheime Staatspolizei
4806:1933: Gleichschaltung
4382:Yale University Press
4051:Caplan, Jane (2019).
3000:Former University of
2936:Reichsberufswettkampf
2900:Deutsche Arbeitsfront
2832:
2800:
2636:
2623:
2602:
2426:Carl Vincent Krogmann
2126:
2111:
2080:
1905:German People's Party
1769:Catholic Centre Party
1735:
1679:Reichstag Fire Decree
1646:Chancellor of Germany
1531:" was the process of
1512:German pronunciation:
1153:Positive Christianity
1113:German Faith Movement
668:Reactionary modernism
613:Anti-Slavic sentiment
343:Human experimentation
75:Geheime Staatspolizei
5840:German American Bund
5183:Anti-intellectualism
5028:Enabling Act of 1933
4261:Taylor & Francis
4104:Simon & Schuster
3715:, pp. 341, 355.
3617:Wedemeyer-Kolwe 2004
3367:, pp. 382, 437.
3217:, pp. 101, 164.
2942:Reich Labour Service
2914:Strength Through Joy
2833:Promulgation of the
2717:Bund Deutscher Mädel
2468:Franz Ritter von Epp
2340:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2270:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2102:Hitler came to power
2087:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2055:and Reich Chancellor
1664:President of Germany
1565:Flag of Nazi Germany
1232:German American Bund
1040:Hitlers Zweites Buch
386:Anti-intellectualism
231:Enabling Act of 1933
5960:Role and impact in
5830:American Nazi Party
5244:Cult of personality
5213:Class collaboration
5122:Extermination camps
5107:Concentration camps
5048:Anti-Comintern Pact
4354:The Nazi Conscience
4283:Hitler: A Biography
4253:Hirschfeld, Gerhard
3943:, pp. 241–251.
3883:, pp. 161–162.
3799:, pp. 310–311.
3739:, pp. 356–358.
3631:, pp. 381–383.
3619:, pp. 389–390.
3559:, pp. 372–373.
3547:, pp. 278–279.
3499:, pp. 200–201.
3475:, pp. 118–119.
3427:, pp. 261–265.
3415:, pp. 355–359.
3391:, pp. 202–203.
3379:, pp. 357–358.
3355:, pp. 106–107.
3319:, pp. 199–200.
3307:, pp. 351–354.
3283:, pp. 339–340.
3271:, pp. 332–333.
3259:, pp. 381–390.
2975:, which is called "
2969:alternating current
2449:Hans-Joachim Riecke
2403:(State Presidency)
2285:(State Councillor)
1787:Prussian parliament
1675:Weimar Constitution
1667:Paul von Hindenburg
1553:Weimar Constitution
1222:American Nazi Party
447:Cult of personality
416:Class collaboration
328:Extermination camps
313:Concentration camps
251:Anti-Comintern Pact
35:Part of a series on
6047:German Romanticism
5935:Nazi Party members
5757:Extermination camp
5152:Racial segregation
4878:Deutsches Jungvolk
4798:2014-05-25 at the
4544:Garland Publishing
3571:, pp. 96–104.
3054:, and the violent
2922:Kraft durch Freude
2908:Trustees of Labour
2887:German Labor Front
2885:In its place, the
2845:
2684:Deutsches Jungvolk
2608:
2313:Minister-President
2118:
2106:
2063:commander-in-chief
1927:public corporation
1897:German State Party
1893:concentration camp
1878:Wirtschaftsgebiete
1829:minister-president
1742:
1722:coalition partners
1658:The day after the
1460:Germany portal
1409:German Romanticism
1326:Nazi Party members
1175:Outside of Germany
358:Racial segregation
84:Deutsches Jungvolk
6091:
6090:
5632:Strasser (Gregor)
5511:Volksgemeinschaft
5458:Völkisch movement
5453:Völkisch equality
5038:Nuremberg rallies
4999:German rearmament
4665:978-0-306-80793-0
4644:978-0-85745-322-8
4621:978-3-82602-772-7
4598:978-0-14051-389-9
4589:Penguin Reference
4553:978-0-81530-503-3
4530:978-1-56731-163-1
4511:978-0-831-77404-2
4492:978-0-39331-554-7
4391:978-0-30008-432-0
4368:978-0-674-01172-4
4343:978-0-82649-130-5
4292:978-0-393-33761-7
4139:Evans, Richard J.
4113:978-1-45165-113-3
4083:The Great Courses
4062:978-0-19870-695-3
4001:Burleigh, Michael
3992:978-0-582-48997-4
3973:978-0-52025-383-4
3847:, pp. 72–73.
3643:, pp. 73–77.
3583:, pp. 58–66.
3331:, pp. 28–30.
3046:, the seeking of
3043:Volksgemeinschaft
2840:Reichsgesetzblatt
2592:
2591:
2525:Friedrich Völtzer
2297:Fritz Stichtenoth
2279:Fritz Stichtenoth
2181:
2180:
1907:(4 July) and the
1874:Trustee of Labour
1834:Reichsstatthalter
1818:Interior Minister
1812:Reichsstatthalter
1571:). The tenets of
1497:
1496:
1118:Germanic paganism
1104:Deutsche Christen
837:Strasser (Gregor)
716:Volksgemeinschaft
661:Völkisch movement
656:Völkisch equality
241:Nuremberg rallies
202:German rearmament
16:(Redirected from
6131:
6109:Nazi terminology
6083:
6082:
6043:
6034:
6031:Drang nach Osten
5876:
5857:
5727:von Sebottendorf
5523:
5514:
5503:
5485:State capitalism
5470:Social Darwinism
5449:
5440:
5322:
5313:
5294:
5285:
5259:
5228:
5225:Dolchstoßlegende
5198:Authoritarianism
5091:Nuremberg trials
5067:
5058:
5019:
4995:
4954:
4944:
4930:
4881:
4872:
4863:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4782:
4737:
4721:
4708:
4688:
4669:
4648:
4625:
4602:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4557:
4534:
4515:
4496:
4484:
4473:
4454:
4439:. Westport, CT:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4414:
4395:
4372:
4347:
4324:
4296:
4274:
4248:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4187:
4162:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4117:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4071:Childers, Thomas
4066:
4047:
4032:. East Lansing:
4024:
3996:
3977:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3117:
3109:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3026:
3006:Viktor Klemperer
2996:
2990:
2984:
2962:
2939:
2925:
2894:
2880:
2861:
2851:and the liberal
2813:hands of SA and
2774:. Following the
2737:
2731:
2720:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2679:
2670:
2615:
2552:Ferdinand Werner
2433:Schaumburg-Lippe
2396:7 February 1933
2360:30 January 1933
2263:Dietrich Klagges
2214:23 January 1930
2183:
2165:
1994:federal republic
1852:
1836:
1815:
1753:
1719:
1710:general election
1707:
1639:
1620:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1405:
1396:
1393:Drang nach Osten
1268:
1249:
1144:
1135:
1107:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1016:Das Dritte Reich
1010:
1007:
998:
995:
986:
976:
966:
956:
932:von Sebottendorf
728:
719:
708:
688:State capitalism
673:Social Darwinism
652:
643:
525:
516:
497:
488:
462:
431:
428:Dolchstoßlegende
401:Authoritarianism
294:Nuremberg trials
270:
261:
222:
198:
160:
150:
136:
87:
78:
69:
51:
32:
21:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6057:Racial theories
6040:Generalplan Ost
5987:
5981:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5925:Nazi ideologues
5907:
5906:
5905:
5874:
5869:(United States)
5868:
5855:
5781:
5775:
5772:Romani genocide
5739:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5637:Strasser (Otto)
5527:
5526:
5525:
5501:Gleichschaltung
5495:Totalitarianism
5380:One-party state
5188:Anti-liberalism
5158:
5157:
5156:
5081:Tripartite Pact
4992:Machtergreifung
4960:
4959:
4958:
4844:
4839:
4800:Wayback Machine
4789:
4763:10.2307/1947263
4748:
4706:Gleichschaltung
4701:Hughes, Everett
4686:Gleichschaltung
4677:
4675:Further reading
4672:
4666:
4651:
4645:
4628:
4622:
4605:
4599:
4582:
4573:
4571:
4560:
4554:
4537:
4531:
4518:
4512:
4499:
4493:
4476:
4470:
4457:
4451:
4441:Greenwood Press
4434:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4398:
4392:
4375:
4369:
4350:
4344:
4327:
4321:
4299:
4293:
4277:
4271:
4251:
4245:
4230:The Third Reich
4226:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4165:
4159:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4069:
4063:
4050:
4044:
4027:
4021:
3999:
3993:
3980:
3974:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3809:Schoenbaum 1997
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3509:Hildebrand 1984
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3215:Hirschfeld 2014
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3113:Gleichschaltung
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3079:
3067:Gleichschaltung
3063:Gleichschaltung
3036:Gleichschaltung
3030:Gleichschaltung
3024:Gleichschaltung
2988:Gleichschaltung
2982:Gleichschaltung
2960:Gleichschaltung
2951:
2916:
2890:
2874:
2855:
2772:Theodor Leipart
2752:Weimar Republic
2744:
2668:Gleichschaltung
2618:Joseph Goebbels
2613:Gleichschaltung
2604:Joseph Goebbels
2597:
2587:Richard Markert
2549:Staatspräsident
2522:Reichskommissar
2520:Appointment of
2503:Reichskommissar
2484:Reichskommissar
2465:Reichskommissar
2442:Reichskommissar
2440:Appointment of
2401:Landespräsidien
2370:Franz von Papen
2366:Reichskommissar
2316:Alfred Freyberg
2244:1 October 1930
2228:26 August 1932
2148:Gleichschaltung
2140:Gleichschaltung
2114:Nazi Party Gaue
2075:
2061:, but also the
1899:(28 June), the
1859:First World War
1850:Gleichschaltung
1687:civil liberties
1637:Gleichschaltung
1632:
1618:Gleichschaltung
1589:Gleichschaltung
1585:
1573:Gleichschaltung
1561:Nuremberg Rally
1539:—leader of the
1521:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1506:Gleichschaltung
1493:
1454:
1452:
1434:
1433:
1419:Racial theories
1402:Generalplan Ost
1354:
1346:
1345:
1316:Nazi ideologues
1306:
1298:
1297:
1266:
1261:(United States)
1260:
1247:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1092:Esoteric Nazism
1070:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
974:
964:
954:
945:
937:
936:
862:
852:
851:
842:Strasser (Otto)
742:
732:
731:
705:Gleichschaltung
698:Totalitarianism
583:One-party state
391:Anti-liberalism
371:
363:
362:
284:Tripartite Pact
195:Machtergreifung
173:
165:
164:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6137:
6135:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6096:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6035:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6014:Beefsteak Nazi
6011:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5962:German society
5957:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5859:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5762:Final Solution
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5740:and war crimes
5734:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5702:von Liebenfels
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5612:von Ribbentrop
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5515:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5441:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5333:Indoctrination
5330:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5314:
5310:Heim ins Reich
5305:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5203:Blood and soil
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5178:Anti-communism
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5117:Doctors' Trial
5114:
5109:
5101:Final solution
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:Denazification
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5059:
5050:
5045:
5043:Nuremberg Laws
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Early timeline
4972:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4946:
4941:Sturmabteilung
4936:
4931:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4788:
4787:External links
4785:
4784:
4783:
4746:
4730:
4714:
4698:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4635:Berghahn Books
4626:
4620:
4603:
4597:
4580:
4558:
4552:
4535:
4529:
4516:
4510:
4497:
4491:
4474:
4468:
4455:
4449:
4432:
4415:
4409:
4396:
4390:
4373:
4367:
4348:
4342:
4325:
4319:
4297:
4291:
4275:
4270:978-1317625728
4269:
4249:
4243:
4224:
4208:
4188:
4182:
4163:
4157:
4135:
4118:
4112:
4095:
4067:
4061:
4048:
4043:978-0870137105
4042:
4025:
4019:
3997:
3991:
3978:
3972:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3919:, p. 110.
3909:
3907:, p. 241.
3897:
3895:, p. 109.
3885:
3873:
3861:
3857:Klemperer 2000
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3787:, p. 310.
3777:
3775:, p. 203.
3765:
3763:, p. 261.
3753:
3751:, p. 140.
3741:
3729:
3727:, p. 357.
3717:
3705:
3703:, p. 337.
3693:
3681:
3679:, p. 319.
3669:
3657:
3655:, p. 479.
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3595:, p. 127.
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3535:, p. 277.
3525:
3523:, p. 289.
3513:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3439:, p. 201.
3429:
3417:
3405:
3403:, p. 336.
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3295:, p. 340.
3285:
3273:
3261:
3246:
3231:
3229:, p. 192.
3219:
3204:
3202:, p. 272.
3192:
3190:, p. 479.
3180:
3178:, p. 381.
3168:
3166:, p. 940.
3153:
3151:, p. 248.
3141:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:Denazification
3078:
3075:
2973:direct current
2950:
2947:
2915:
2912:
2843:of 20 May 1933
2783:general strike
2764:general strike
2743:
2740:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2580:
2579:18 March 1933
2577:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2563:15 March 1933
2561:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2544:13 March 1933
2542:
2536:
2535:
2518:
2517:11 March 1933
2515:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2498:10 March 1933
2496:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2479:10 March 1933
2477:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2460:10 March 1933
2458:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:11 April 1933
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:Hermann Göring
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:Walter Granzow
2345:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2091:Lübeck in 1937
2074:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2041:
2014:
1966:
1963:Parteigerichte
1933:of the Party (
1916:
1903:(4 July), the
1881:
1862:
1842:
1799:
1772:
1730:
1729:
1704:Sturmabteilung
1660:Reichstag fire
1631:
1628:
1584:
1581:
1569:Nuremberg Laws
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Beefsteak Nazi
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1355:
1353:Related topics
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
977:
967:
957:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:von Liebenfels
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:von Ribbentrop
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
720:
711:
710:
709:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
536:Indoctrination
533:
532:
531:
526:
517:
513:Heim ins Reich
508:
498:
489:
480:
475:
470:
465:
464:
463:
449:
444:
439:
438:
437:
432:
418:
413:
408:
406:Blood and soil
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Anti-communism
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
323:Doctors' Trial
320:
315:
306:Final solution
302:
301:
296:
291:
289:Denazification
286:
281:
276:
271:
262:
253:
248:
246:Nuremberg Laws
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
214:
209:
204:
199:
190:
185:
180:
178:Early timeline
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
152:
147:Sturmabteilung
142:
137:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
79:
70:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6136:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6086:
6076:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:The Wehrmacht
5966:
5964:
5958:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Seyss-Inquart
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:Untermenschen
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:Rassenschande
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5326:Pan-Germanism
5324:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5265:Direct action
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:Führerprinzip
5252:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Anti-pacifism
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:The Holocaust
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:Kristallnacht
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4951:Schutzstaffel
4947:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4744:3-8252-1681-0
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4728:3-531-22139-6
4725:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4471:
4469:0-8229-3183-4
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4450:0-313-32106-X
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4410:0-7006-0122-8
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4320:0-393-04671-0
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4244:0-0494-3033-5
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4214:
4209:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4183:0-14-303790-0
4179:
4175:
4174:Penguin Books
4171:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4158:0-14-303469-3
4154:
4150:
4149:Penguin Books
4146:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4084:
4081:. Episode 7.
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4020:0-8090-9325-1
4016:
4012:
4011:Hill and Wang
4008:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3871:, p. 73.
3870:
3865:
3862:
3859:, p. 14.
3858:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3835:, p. 72.
3834:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:Childers 2001
3817:
3814:
3811:, p. 95.
3810:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3797:Childers 2017
3793:
3790:
3786:
3785:Childers 2017
3781:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3761:Childers 2017
3757:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:Stachura 1998
3649:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3607:, p. 14.
3606:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3521:Childers 2017
3517:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3451:, p. 34.
3450:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:Childers 2017
3421:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3343:, p. 30.
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:, p. 60.
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:Burleigh 2000
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:Childers 2017
3145:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3088:Führerprinzip
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2977:rectification
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:Claudia Koonz
2948:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2729:Pflichtdienst
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:Arbeitsdienst
2691:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2584:Bürgermeister
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:Bürgermeister
2530:
2527:; on 31 May,
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:Kurt Matthaei
2443:
2439:
2437:8 March 1933
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:Bürgermeister
2418:
2416:8 March 1933
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2344:13 July 1932
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2328:16 June 1932
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:8 April 1932
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:Anton Franzen
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:Fritz Sauckel
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:Wilhelm Frick
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:German states
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2059:head of state
2056:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:unitary state
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:), were made
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:Wilhelm Frick
1819:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:German states
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:Enabling Act.
1744:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:habeas corpus
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:, issued the
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:Franz Gürtner
1607:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1582:
1580:
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1570:
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1199:
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1128:
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1120:
1119:
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1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:Thule Society
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1042:
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1024:
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923:
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918:
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908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
861:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Seyss-Inquart
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
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748:
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727:
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721:
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712:
707:
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701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
651:
650:
649:Untermenschen
645:
642:
641:
640:Rassenschande
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
530:
529:Pan-Germanism
527:
524:
523:
518:
515:
514:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
486:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Direct action
466:
461:
460:
459:Führerprinzip
455:
454:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Anti-pacifism
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:The Holocaust
277:
275:
272:
269:
268:
263:
260:
259:
258:Kristallnacht
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
197:
196:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
159:
158:
157:Schutzstaffel
153:
149:
148:
143:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
77:
76:
71:
68:
67:
62:
61:
58:Organizations
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6002:Architecture
5950:SS personnel
5891:SUMKA (Iran)
5822:
5480:Social order
5405:Antisemitism
5358:Palingenetic
5249:Dictatorship
5218:Conspiracism
5142:Labour camps
5112:Deportations
5099:
5071:World War II
5016:Kirchenkampf
5004:Nazi Germany
4885:Hitler Youth
4849:Organisation
4754:
4750:
4710:
4695:Hajo Holborn
4693:, edited by
4690:
4653:
4630:
4610:. Würzburg:
4607:
4587:. New York:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4566:
4539:
4520:
4501:
4480:
4459:
4436:
4426:February 25,
4424:. Retrieved
4400:
4377:
4353:
4329:
4309:. New York:
4305:
4301:Kershaw, Ian
4282:
4279:Kershaw, Ian
4256:
4229:
4216:. Retrieved
4200:. Retrieved
4196:
4168:
4143:
4127:. Retrieved
4102:. New York:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4078:
4052:
4029:
4009:. New York:
4005:
3982:
3959:
3951:Bibliography
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3749:Broszat 1981
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3581:Bytwerk 2004
3576:
3569:Broszat 1981
3564:
3552:
3545:Kershaw 2008
3540:
3528:
3516:
3511:, p. 7.
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3353:Broszat 1981
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3222:
3195:
3188:Kershaw 1999
3183:
3171:
3144:
3132:
3112:
3107:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3029:
3020:
3015:
3009:
2999:
2994:Ausschaltung
2952:
2949:Implications
2927:
2917:
2884:
2867:
2846:
2838:
2806:
2801:
2788:
2780:
2745:
2713:
2702:armed forces
2690:Hitler Youth
2665:
2663:
2648:
2647:, later the
2644:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2609:
2583:
2568:Wilhelm Murr
2548:
2532:
2521:
2502:
2483:
2464:
2441:
2420:
2405:Ernst Krappe
2400:
2364:
2308:21 May 1932
2292:29 May 1933
2282:
2199:
2187:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2089:in 1934 and
2071:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2016:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1952:
1938:
1930:
1918:
1909:Centre Party
1888:
1883:
1877:
1864:
1844:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1756:Enabling Act
1745:
1690:
1683:civil rights
1656:Fire Decree.
1653:
1652:
1642:Adolf Hitler
1633:
1612:
1586:
1572:
1557:World War II
1549:totalitarian
1537:Adolf Hitler
1533:Nazification
1532:
1529:coordination
1528:
1503:
1498:
1451:
1364:Architecture
1341:SS personnel
1283:SUMKA (Iran)
1213:
1212:
1141:Kirchenkampf
1049:
979:
969:
959:
949:
704:
683:Social order
608:Antisemitism
561:Palingenetic
452:Dictatorship
421:Conspiracism
348:Labour camps
318:Deportations
304:
303:
274:World War II
219:Kirchenkampf
207:Nazi Germany
91:Hitler Youth
29:
6062:Strasserism
5692:de Gobineau
5667:Chamberlain
5533:Politicians
5520:Volkskörper
5425:Master race
5395:Prussianism
5343:Nationalism
5298:Imperialism
5239:Corporatism
4722:, 2nd ed.,
4568:Der Spiegel
4311:W.W. Norton
4218:25 February
4125:(in German)
3773:Shirer 1960
3497:Shirer 1990
3473:McKale 1974
3437:Shirer 1990
3389:Shirer 1960
3317:Shirer 1990
3242:Caplan 2019
3137:Strupp 2013
2965:electricity
2875: [
2856: [
2768:Kapp Putsch
2559:Württemberg
2258:9 May 1933
1998:sovereignty
1935:Rudolf Hess
1630:Legal basis
1598:(same) and
1583:Terminology
1424:Strasserism
1132:Gottgläubig
897:de Gobineau
872:Chamberlain
740:Politicians
725:Volkskörper
628:Master race
598:Prussianism
546:Nationalism
501:Imperialism
442:Corporatism
6098:Categories
5738:Atrocities
5653:Ideologues
5490:Syncretism
5415:Aryan race
5390:Propaganda
5338:Militarism
5319:Lebensraum
5282:Geopolitik
5208:Chauvinism
5096:Neo-Nazism
4934:Nazi Party
3929:Wildt 2012
3881:Koonz 2003
3869:Koonz 2003
3845:Koonz 2003
3833:Koonz 2003
3737:Evans 2003
3725:Evans 2003
3713:Evans 2003
3701:Evans 2003
3677:Evans 2003
3629:Evans 2003
3605:Evans 2005
3593:Evans 2005
3557:Evans 2003
3533:Orlow 1969
3413:Evans 2003
3401:Evans 2003
3377:Evans 2003
3365:Evans 2003
3305:Evans 2003
3293:Evans 2003
3281:Evans 2003
3269:Evans 2003
3257:Evans 2003
3176:Evans 2003
3094:References
3050:Lebensraum
2953:Historian
2864:Robert Ley
2333:Carl Röver
2281:appointed
2081:While the
2019:Reichsrat.
2011:Wilhelm II
1954:ex officio
1949:Ernst Röhm
1937:) and the
1825:proconsuls
1698:Communists
1671:article 48
1541:Nazi Party
1028:Mein Kampf
944:Literature
860:Ideologues
693:Syncretism
618:Aryan race
593:Propaganda
541:Militarism
522:Lebensraum
485:Geopolitik
411:Chauvinism
299:Neo-Nazism
140:Nazi Party
5747:Action T4
5717:Rosenberg
5697:Haushofer
5642:Streicher
5430:Nordicism
5375:New Order
5064:Anschluss
4860:Ahnenerbe
4779:147621323
4334:Continuum
4235:Routledge
3641:Benz 2007
3449:Benz 2007
3341:Benz 2007
3329:Benz 2007
3124:Citations
3071:Reichstag
2892:‹See Tfd›
2868:Stabschef
2708:Jungmädel
2627:Of course
2324:Oldenburg
2283:Staatsrat
2240:Brunswick
2210:Thuringia
2038:Reichsrat
2034:Reichstag
2029:Reichsrat
1989:Reichstag
1981:Reichstag
1977:Reichstag
1973:Reichstag
1940:Stabschef
1889:Reichstag
1796:Reichstag
1791:Reichstag
1765:Reichstag
1760:Reichstag
1751:Reichstag
1738:Otto Wels
1716:Reichstag
1654:Reichstag
1601:schaltung
1577:the Nazis
1535:by which
1501:Nazi term
1163:Symbolism
1148:Occultism
1123:Heathenry
1087:Christmas
1075:Ariosophy
922:Rosenberg
902:Haushofer
847:Streicher
633:Nordicism
578:New Order
267:Anschluss
66:Ahnenerbe
6085:Category
6024:Glossary
5978:Nobility
5791:Americas
5707:von List
5662:Baeumler
5597:Goebbels
5582:Heydrich
5562:Eichmann
5420:Aryanism
5385:Populism
5275:Eugenics
5164:Ideology
5127:Genocide
4796:Archived
4303:(1999).
4281:(2008).
4255:(2014).
4141:(2003).
4129:11 March
4089:28 March
4073:(2001).
4003:(2000).
3077:See also
2929:Autobahn
2824:Duisburg
2735:Landjahr
2007:Bismarck
1447:Category
1386:Glossary
1181:Americas
1068:Religion
912:von List
867:Baeumler
802:Goebbels
787:Heydrich
767:Eichmann
623:Aryanism
588:Populism
478:Eugenics
370:Ideology
333:Genocide
18:Nazified
6019:Economy
5986:Related
5973:Economy
5824:Parties
5807:Europe
5782:Germany
5780:Outside
5722:Schmitt
5607:Lammers
5587:Himmler
5557:Drexler
5547:Daluege
5542:Bormann
5370:New Man
5147:Pogroms
5132:Ghettos
4966:History
4771:1947263
4202:1 April
3002:Dresden
2837:in the
2676:Pimpfen
2606:in 1942
2456:Bavaria
2412:Hamburg
2356:Prussia
2095:Prussia
1943:of the
1839:Prussia
1712:of the
1673:of the
1644:became
1545:Germany
1381:Economy
1215:Parties
1197:Europe
927:Schmitt
812:Lammers
792:Himmler
762:Drexler
752:Daluege
747:Bormann
573:New Man
353:Pogroms
338:Ghettos
172:History
6007:Cinema
5988:topics
5816:Sweden
5811:Greece
5796:Brazil
5712:Müller
5682:Eckart
5602:Göring
5592:Hitler
5552:Dönitz
5400:Racism
5353:Racial
5291:Heimat
4900:NSDStB
4842:Nazism
4777:
4769:
4742:
4726:
4662:
4641:
4618:
4595:
4550:
4527:
4508:
4489:
4466:
4447:
4407:
4388:
4365:
4340:
4317:
4289:
4267:
4241:
4180:
4155:
4110:
4059:
4040:
4017:
3989:
3970:
2896:German
2866:, the
2575:Bremen
2513:Lübeck
2475:Saxony
2304:Anhalt
2204:Event
2200:Länder
2189:Länder
2160:Länder
2144:Länder
2131:Länder
2122:Länder
2072:Länder
2053:Führer
1931:Führer
1724:, the
1623:Volk's
1595:gleich
1527:) or "
1369:Cinema
1206:Sweden
1201:Greece
1186:Brazil
1055:(1930)
1045:(1928)
1033:(1925)
1021:(1923)
1009:(1922)
997:(1919)
985:(1916)
975:(1903)
965:(1899)
955:(1855)
917:Müller
887:Eckart
807:Göring
797:Hitler
757:Dönitz
603:Racism
556:Racial
494:Heimat
106:NSDStB
41:Nazism
6067:Women
5912:Lists
5801:Chile
5687:Feder
5672:Darré
5627:Speer
5572:Frick
5567:Frank
5363:Ultra
5348:Ethno
4895:NSDÄB
4775:S2CID
4767:JSTOR
4574:2 May
3099:Notes
2879:]
2860:]
2732:, or
2540:Hesse
2494:Baden
2392:Lippe
2196:Date
2168:Key:
2100:when
1429:Women
1305:Lists
1191:Chile
892:Feder
877:Darré
832:Speer
777:Frick
772:Frank
566:Ultra
551:Ethno
101:NSDÄB
5677:Devi
5617:Röhm
5577:Hess
4955:(SS)
4945:(SA)
4915:NSKK
4910:NSFK
4905:NSRL
4740:ISBN
4724:ISBN
4660:ISBN
4639:ISBN
4616:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4576:2016
4548:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4506:ISBN
4487:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4428:2024
4405:ISBN
4386:ISBN
4363:ISBN
4338:ISBN
4315:ISBN
4287:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4220:2024
4204:2023
4178:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4131:2023
4108:ISBN
4091:2023
4057:ISBN
4038:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3061:The
2746:The
2664:The
2657:and
2112:The
2036:and
1685:and
1499:The
882:Devi
822:Röhm
782:Hess
161:(SS)
151:(SA)
121:NSKK
116:NSFK
111:NSRL
5997:Art
4920:NSF
4759:doi
4361:).
2971:to
2724:BDM
1837:in
1543:in
1359:Art
126:NSF
6100::
4773:.
4765:.
4755:30
4753:.
4738:,
4637:.
4614:.
4591:.
4565:.
4546:.
4443:.
4384:.
4336:.
4313:.
4263:.
4259:.
4237:.
4195:.
4176:.
4172:.
4151:.
4147:.
4106:.
4077:.
4036:.
4013:.
3966:.
3249:^
3234:^
3207:^
3156:^
2898::
2877:de
2858:de
2826:.
2815:SS
2795:SA
2659:SS
2655:SA
2372:;
2318:.
2162:.
2009:,
1945:SA
1662:,
1648:.
1579:.
4834:e
4827:t
4820:v
4781:.
4761::
4668:.
4647:.
4624:.
4601:.
4578:.
4556:.
4533:.
4514:.
4495:.
4472:.
4453:.
4430:.
4413:.
4394:.
4371:.
4346:.
4323:.
4295:.
4273:.
4247:.
4222:.
4206:.
4186:.
4161:.
4133:.
4116:.
4093:.
4065:.
4046:.
4023:.
3995:.
3976:.
3823:.
3691:.
3667:.
3487:.
3463:.
3139:.
2889:(
2040:.
1947:(
1694:,
1510:(
1488:e
1481:t
1474:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
