247:(metabotropic receptors) – This is the largest family of receptors and includes the receptors for several hormones and slow transmitters e.g. dopamine, metabotropic glutamate. They are composed of seven transmembrane alpha helices. The loops connecting the alpha helices form extracellular and intracellular domains. The binding-site for larger peptide ligands is usually located in the extracellular domain whereas the binding site for smaller non-peptide ligands is often located between the seven alpha helices and one extracellular loop. The aforementioned receptors are coupled to different intracellular effector systems via
251:. G proteins are heterotrimers made up of 3 subunits: α (alpha), β (beta), and γ (gamma). In the inactive state, the three subunits associate together and the α-subunit binds GDP. G protein activation causes a conformational change, which leads to the exchange of GDP for GTP. GTP-binding to the α-subunit causes dissociation of the β- and γ-subunits. Furthermore, the three subunits, α, β, and γ have additional four main classes based on their primary sequence. These include G
38:
213:
313:(activation function 1) region. The core region has two zinc fingers that are responsible for recognizing the DNA sequences specific to this receptor. The N terminus interacts with other cellular transcription factors in a ligand-independent manner; and, depending on these interactions, it can modify the binding/activity of the receptor. Steroid and thyroid-hormone receptors are examples of such receptors.
489:
530:
bind to receptors but do not activate them. This results in a receptor blockade, inhibiting the binding of agonists and inverse agonists. Receptor antagonists can be competitive (or reversible), and compete with the agonist for the receptor, or they can be irreversible antagonists that form
706:
In some receptor systems (e.g. acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction in smooth muscle), agonists are able to elicit maximal response at very low levels of receptor occupancy (<1%). Thus, that system has spare receptors or a receptor reserve. This arrangement produces an economy of
177:. Receptors of a particular type are linked to specific cellular biochemical pathways that correspond to the signal. While numerous receptors are found in most cells, each receptor will only bind with ligands of a particular structure. This has been analogously compared to
1113:(RTKs), serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein and guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor. Of the RTKs, 20 classes have been identified, with 58 different RTKs as members. Some examples are shown below:
675:, Rate Theory proposes that the activation of receptors is directly proportional to the total number of encounters of a drug with its receptors per unit time. Pharmacological activity is directly proportional to the rates of dissociation and association,
236:; activation of these receptors results in changes in ion movement across a membrane. They have a heteromeric structure in that each subunit consists of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane domain which includes four transmembrane
3615:
595:
and though they produced significant weight loss, both were withdrawn owing to a high incidence of depression and anxiety, which are believed to relate to the inhibition of the constitutive activity of the cannabinoid receptor.
2139:
Boulay G, Chrétien L, Richard DE, Guillemette G (November 1994). "Short-term desensitization of the angiotensin II receptor of bovinde adrenal glomerulosa cells corresponds to a shift from a high to low affinity state".
3002:
106:. There are three main ways the action of the receptor can be classified: relay of signal, amplification, or integration. Relaying sends the signal onward, amplification increases the effect of a single
3608:
579:
A receptor which is capable of producing a biological response in the absence of a bound ligand is said to display "constitutive activity". The constitutive activity of a receptor may be blocked by an
278:") – They are composed of an extracellular domain containing the ligand binding site and an intracellular domain, often with enzymatic-function, linked by a single transmembrane alpha helix. The
161:
or parts of the outside of a virus or microbe. An endogenously produced substance that binds to a particular receptor is referred to as its endogenous ligand. E.g. the endogenous ligand for the
4537:
9027:
3601:
787:
Some example ionotropic (LGIC) and metabotropic (specifically, GPCRs) receptors are shown in the table below. The chief neurotransmitters are glutamate and GABA; other neurotransmitters are
643:
of pharmacology stated that a drug's effect is directly proportional to the number of receptors that are occupied. Furthermore, a drug effect ceases as a drug-receptor complex dissociates.
2995:
5036:
555:: They do not bind to the agonist-binding site of the receptor but instead on specific allosteric binding sites, through which they modify the effect of the agonist. For example,
447:
1677:
Nicotine ... is a natural alkaloid of the tobacco plant. Lobeline is a natural alkaloid of Indian tobacco. Both drugs are agonists nicotinic cholinergic receptors ...
2988:
337:
7243:
769:
for at least a dozen endogenous ligands, and many more receptors possible through different subunit compositions. Some common examples of ligands and receptors include:
5921:
4943:
4938:
4933:
2706:
522:
do not activate receptors with maximal efficacy, even with maximal binding, causing partial responses compared to those of full agonists (efficacy between 0 and 100%).
4582:
4567:
4253:
181:. When a ligand binds to a corresponding receptor, it activates or inhibits the receptor's associated biochemical pathway, which may also be highly specialised.
3383:
2314:
5076:
8871:
8855:
3674:
4928:
571:
Note that the idea of receptor agonism and antagonism only refers to the interaction between receptors and ligands and not to their biological effects.
4713:
4706:
4701:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4597:
8593:
3436:
2900:
765:
The ligands for receptors are as diverse as their receptors. GPCRs (7TMs) are a particularly vast family, with at least 810 members. There are also
5392:
3524:
480:
Affinity is a measure of the tendency of a ligand to bind to its receptor. Efficacy is the measure of the bound ligand to activate its receptor.
9549:
4451:
2240:
1922:
1605:
739:
Change in the receptor conformation such that binding of the agonist does not activate the receptor. This is seen with ion channel receptors.
82:
signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a receptor and produce
1338:, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone.
2964:
2699:
9514:
8356:
4248:
3820:
2561:
1230:
9087:
539:
is an example of an irreversible antagonist. The effects of irreversible antagonism can only be reversed by synthesis of new receptors.
9359:
8625:
7524:
5611:
2529:
1213:
Receptors may be classed based on their mechanism or on their position in the cell. 4 examples of intracellular LGIC are shown below:
1189:
9059:
5069:
5064:
4992:
4982:
3859:
3849:
3684:
3128:
2307:
2207:
2123:
1851:
1670:
1516:
955:
9102:
9097:
9316:
4987:
4901:
3273:
1144:
942:
345:
162:
1938:
Milligan G (December 2003). "Constitutive activity and inverse agonists of G protein-coupled receptors: a current perspective".
7923:
5199:
5189:
3790:
3669:
2808:
2692:
2030:
Ariens EJ (September 1954). "Affinity and intrinsic activity in the theory of competitive inhibition. I. Problems and theory".
5554:
5194:
4889:
2931:
1826:
1262:
1243:
1235:
368:
in the following equation, for a ligand L and receptor, R. The brackets around chemical species denote their concentrations.
9493:
698:
As a drug approaches a receptor, the receptor alters the conformation of its binding site to produce drug—receptor complex.
9344:
8836:
8831:
7982:
4894:
2969:
1357:
1330:
involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the
1247:
649:& Stephenson introduced the terms "affinity" & "efficacy" to describe the action of ligands bound to receptors.
8931:
7267:
5417:
4970:
4960:
2941:
2556:
2300:
1432:
1406:
742:
646:
2980:
9311:
7436:
7431:
6982:
5059:
4977:
4965:
4041:
3425:
2926:
2756:
535:(or extremely high affinity non-covalent bonds) with the receptor and completely block it. The proton pump inhibitor
9503:
9369:
9201:
5172:
4170:
3015:
2936:
2731:
2375:
2358:
2341:
1689:
782:
746:
244:
122:
9583:
9196:
8588:
5469:
5454:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5333:
5308:
5184:
5096:
5086:
4243:
3716:
2761:
2571:
2566:
2380:
1867:
Hamm, Heidi E.; Oldham, William M. (2008). "Heterotrimeric G Protein
Activation by G-Protein-Coupled Receptors".
1622:
1369:
1365:
31:
618:
Mutations in receptors that result in increased constitutive activity underlie some inherited diseases, such as
496:
Not every ligand that binds to a receptor also activates that receptor. The following classes of ligands exist:
8330:
7965:
7481:
7054:
6893:
5828:
5823:
5808:
5283:
5258:
5140:
5091:
4884:
4275:
3741:
2905:
2874:
2663:
2353:
2286:
1110:
778:
318:
271:
225:
158:
118:
452:
One measure of how well a molecule fits a receptor is its binding affinity, which is inversely related to the
1661:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 9: Autonomic
Nervous System". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
9578:
9374:
9349:
9232:
9152:
8695:
6736:
6053:
5167:
5155:
2771:
2491:
2390:
2370:
1411:
1149:
474:
9422:
9321:
9306:
9275:
9176:
8826:
6873:
6868:
5263:
5160:
4955:
4916:
3979:
3628:
2892:
2750:
2503:
2476:
1291:
1285:
1208:
1104:
1041:
275:
130:
114:
83:
374:
352:
of the dynamic behavior of receptors have been used to gain understanding of their mechanisms of action.
9573:
9533:
9427:
9354:
9253:
9191:
9186:
9117:
9052:
8818:
8378:
5177:
5113:
5108:
4921:
3997:
3189:
3011:
2723:
2629:
2591:
2471:
2417:
2395:
2348:
1271:
653:
551:
453:
333:
326:
220:
The structures of receptors are very diverse and include the following major categories, among others:
197:
138:
107:
2684:
2273:
184:
Receptor proteins can be also classified by the property of the ligands. Such classifications include
9442:
9285:
9280:
9162:
9157:
9144:
8399:
8391:
6229:
5711:
5236:
5231:
5226:
4906:
4789:
3624:
3089:
2954:
2824:
2600:
2596:
2548:
361:
228:(ionotropic receptors) – These receptors are typically the targets of fast neurotransmitters such as
3593:
607:
has constitutive activity and conducts some basal current in the absence of an agonist. This allows
9538:
8713:
8417:
8113:
6316:
5521:
5103:
5081:
5054:
5016:
4950:
2882:
2766:
2746:
2658:
2641:
2327:
2261:
1422:
1373:
525:
349:
79:
52:
Ligands connect to specific receptor proteins based on the shape of the active site of the protein.
2282:
9568:
9227:
8251:
2776:
1963:
1892:
1361:
1302:
1028:
1011:
867:
659:
619:
511:
365:
341:
302:
3388:
2232:
547:
reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity (negative efficacy).
477:, muscle-contraction), is only achieved after a significant number of receptors are activated.
9488:
9472:
9268:
9263:
9172:
7833:
7824:
7461:
6409:
5150:
5145:
3469:
3464:
3415:
3396:
2910:
2792:
2508:
2236:
2203:
2157:
2119:
2088:
2039:
2012:
1955:
1918:
1884:
1847:
1822:
1799:
1750:
1666:
1601:
1575:
1557:
1522:
1512:
1478:
1416:
1084:
854:
317:
Membrane receptors may be isolated from cell membranes by complex extraction procedures using
87:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
3514:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3449:
9498:
9467:
9462:
9417:
9045:
6716:
6360:
6342:
4911:
4858:
4632:
3557:
3368:
2715:
2634:
2605:
2534:
2430:
2363:
2224:
2149:
2078:
2070:
2002:
1994:
1947:
1876:
1789:
1781:
1740:
1732:
1634:
1565:
1427:
1327:
1164:
978:
815:
728:
332:
The structures and actions of receptors may be studied by using biophysical methods such as
286:
279:
201:
150:
134:
126:
95:
7804:
7799:
7749:
7739:
7719:
7704:
7684:
7609:
7589:
6731:
6726:
1908:
1906:
1621:
Gotti, Cecilia; Marks, Michael. J.; Millar, Neil S.; Wonnacott, Susan (16 September 2019).
9508:
9412:
9222:
8501:
7724:
7594:
6960:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6846:
6758:
6680:
6468:
6419:
6414:
4461:
3310:
3301:
3164:
3018:
2513:
2277:
2265:
1437:
1385:
1381:
1347:
913:
788:
686:
Partial-agonist: A drug with an intermediate association and an intermediate dissociation.
662:: The ability of drug to initiate a response after the formation of drug-receptor complex.
640:
623:
580:
556:
543:
518:
506:
are able to activate the receptor and result in a strong biological response. The natural
189:
110:, and integration allows the signal to be incorporated into another biochemical pathway.
37:
8598:
6878:
6861:
5004:
4659:
3656:
3074:
2646:
2453:
2323:
2292:
2112:
2107:
2083:
2074:
2058:
2007:
1982:
1794:
1769:
1745:
1720:
1570:
1541:
608:
600:
560:
532:
216:
Transmembrane receptor: E=extracellular space; I=intracellular space; P=plasma membrane
212:
146:
99:
9562:
9476:
9390:
9258:
9092:
9069:
7456:
6796:
5221:
5009:
4337:
3055:
2840:
2448:
2225:
1736:
1596:
Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2014).
1353:
1335:
1239:
1184:
1174:
1057:
1046:
937:
850:
845:
656:: The ability of a drug to combine with a receptor to create a drug-receptor complex.
229:
185:
166:
1896:
9301:
9122:
9112:
9006:
8318:
8201:
8193:
7564:
7520:
6523:
6371:
3283:
2673:
2438:
2434:
1967:
1377:
720:
592:
294:
193:
67:
63:
3112:
1639:
2231:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1506:
9237:
9217:
8690:
8293:
6773:
6488:
6453:
4842:
4647:
4642:
4085:
3889:
3884:
3780:
3660:
3330:
3278:
3174:
3099:
3066:
3037:
3028:
2668:
2481:
1397:
753:
488:
240:. The ligand-binding cavities are located at the interface between the subunits.
237:
55:
The receptor releases a messenger once the ligand has connected to the receptor.
9037:
1721:"The impact of GPCR structures on pharmacology and structure-based drug design"
1334:
is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of
9481:
9181:
9134:
9002:
8953:
8425:
8029:
7938:
7918:
7891:
7238:
6987:
6836:
6824:
6819:
5818:
5813:
4577:
4572:
4550:
4416:
4234:
3938:
3879:
3874:
3854:
2949:
2860:
2621:
1526:
1194:
990:
960:
716:
588:
584:
536:
507:
322:
306:
298:
17:
1770:"Inactive-state preassembly of G(q)-coupled receptors and G(q) heterotrimers"
1561:
364:
process. Ligands bind to receptors and dissociate from them according to the
9432:
9400:
9167:
9073:
8876:
8866:
8849:
8323:
7342:
5047:
4476:
4134:
3342:
2651:
2385:
1457:
1251:
1154:
1023:
1006:
966:
897:
836:
826:
731:
to alter their sensitivity to different molecules. This is a locally acting
290:
289:– While they are called nuclear receptors, they are actually located in the
248:
2092:
2043:
2016:
1998:
1959:
1888:
1803:
1754:
1579:
2161:
2153:
1951:
9395:
9364:
8343:
8121:
6483:
5042:
4999:
4051:
3392:
3346:
3045:
2856:
2443:
2400:
1785:
1070:
950:
930:
862:
732:
170:
1697:
9127:
8743:
8723:
8718:
8430:
6404:
6188:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4078:
4073:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3474:
3459:
3454:
3444:
2425:
1331:
1169:
973:
724:
502:
154:
142:
133:
are those found inside the cell, and include cytoplasmic receptors and
75:
9107:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8904:
8899:
8618:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
7424:
7419:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7271:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7231:
7145:
7140:
6928:
6923:
6903:
6898:
6888:
6883:
6721:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6583:
6533:
6528:
6291:
6211:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6043:
6038:
5998:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5916:
5904:
5899:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5537:
5532:
5504:
5499:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5447:
5442:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4769:
4696:
4664:
4607:
4602:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4263:
4068:
3958:
3953:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3842:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3265:
3256:
3149:
1461:
514:
for a given receptor is by definition a full agonist (100% efficacy).
178:
174:
1880:
410:
1663:
8968:
8946:
8941:
8909:
8798:
8793:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8672:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8494:
8489:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8404:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8273:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8178:
8131:
8126:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8034:
7809:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7744:
7734:
7729:
7714:
7709:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7619:
7614:
7604:
7599:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7466:
7441:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7303:
7281:
7276:
7248:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7106:
7101:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7019:
6992:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6478:
6473:
6298:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6239:
6234:
6033:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5894:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5621:
5616:
5515:
5494:
5489:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
4545:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4258:
4208:
4188:
4129:
4117:
4112:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3933:
3864:
3837:
3832:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3773:
3768:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3237:
3233:
918:
889:
871:
841:
689:
Antagonist: A drug with a fast association & slow dissociation
487:
211:
36:
9405:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8975:
8963:
8958:
8805:
8788:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8613:
8608:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8457:
8351:
8313:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8261:
8153:
8146:
8141:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7977:
7970:
7960:
7955:
7943:
7933:
7928:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7476:
7451:
7446:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7318:
7313:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7024:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6856:
6841:
6831:
6807:
6802:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6751:
6746:
6690:
6685:
6463:
6448:
6443:
6431:
6426:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6093:
6028:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5704:
5699:
5643:
5638:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5544:
5527:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5303:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4652:
4637:
4614:
4587:
4560:
4555:
4520:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4396:
4354:
4349:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4220:
4215:
4203:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4061:
4056:
4046:
3965:
3948:
3911:
3899:
3894:
3869:
3827:
3756:
3751:
3726:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3378:
3373:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3241:
3213:
3197:
3193:
3107:
3084:
3079:
3051:
2959:
1474:
884:
800:
766:
683:
Agonist: A drug with a fast association and a fast dissociation.
233:
91:
9041:
8766:
8095:
6337:
4837:
3639:
3597:
2984:
2688:
2296:
8637:
8266:
8256:
8136:
7532:
7089:
6438:
5889:
5626:
5120:
4592:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4198:
4193:
3352:
3338:
805:
1477:. This is accomplished with selectivity filters, such as the
626:(due to mutations in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors).
2270:
1913:
Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2012).
1665:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 234.
1600:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY, USA: Science. p. 534.
2258:
2032:
1511:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 930–937.
756:(internalization), e.g. in the case of hormone receptors.
297:
after binding with their ligands. They are composed of a
622:(due to mutations in luteinizing hormone receptors) and
98:, inhibits electrical activity of neurons by binding to
113:
Receptor proteins can be classified by their location.
2200:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach
377:
2223:
Waltenbaugh C, Doan T, Melvold R, Viselli S (2008).
2118:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
2114:
The
Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action
1623:"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (version 2019.4)"
611:
to act as an inverse agonist and reduce the current
464:. A good fit corresponds with high affinity and low
9526:
9455:
9383:
9337:
9330:
9294:
9246:
9210:
9143:
9080:
8885:
8845:
8814:
8779:
8704:
8681:
8663:
8413:
8387:
8339:
8242:
8189:
8109:
8043:
7860:
7820:
7516:
7333:
6973:
6699:
6387:
6368:
6356:
6307:
6220:
6199:
5401:
5321:
5292:
5272:
5247:
5210:
5129:
5025:
4873:
4854:
4780:
4725:
4623:
4533:
4509:
4432:
4365:
4229:
4179:
3988:
3974:
3652:
3523:
3435:
3414:
3361:
3329:
3294:
3264:
3255:
3226:
3206:
3182:
3173:
3157:
3148:
3141:
3121:
3098:
3065:
3036:
3025:
2919:
2891:
2873:
2849:
2833:
2817:
2801:
2785:
2739:
2730:
2614:
2584:
2547:
2522:
2490:
2462:
2416:
2409:
2334:
179:
how locks will only accept specifically shaped keys
2111:
441:
270:Type 3: Kinase-linked and related receptors (see "
137:. A molecule that binds to a receptor is called a
1821:. Dubuque, IA: William C Brown Pub. p. 684.
117:, also known as transmembrane receptors, include
2259:IUPHAR GPCR Database and Ion Channels Compendium
2202:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 90.
2063:British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy
1917:(7th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
2108:"3.2.C Theories for Drug—Receptor Interactions"
1983:"The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea"
1768:Qin K, Dong C, Wu G, Lambert NA (August 2011).
1508:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
1473:Different LGICs conduct currents of different
9053:
9028:transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
8099:β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
3609:
2996:
2700:
2308:
567:and potentiate the effect of endogenous GABA.
27:Protein molecule receiving signals for a cell
8:
1842:Garrett, Reginald; Grisham, Charles (2012).
773:Ion channels and G protein coupled receptors
9334:
9060:
9046:
9038:
8776:
8763:
8106:
8092:
6384:
6365:
6353:
6334:
4870:
4851:
4834:
3985:
3649:
3636:
3616:
3602:
3594:
3261:
3179:
3154:
3145:
3033:
3003:
2989:
2981:
2736:
2707:
2693:
2685:
2496:
2413:
2315:
2301:
2293:
2285:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2193:
2191:
2082:
2006:
1793:
1744:
1638:
1591:
1589:
1569:
1540:Mihic, S. John; Harris, R. Adron (1997).
1505:Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2016).
749:is seen with G protein-coupled receptors.
707:neurotransmitter production and release.
430:
416:
411:
405:
404:
396:
382:
378:
376:
2901:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
1479:selectivity filter of the K+ ion channel
1215:
1115:
793:
591:are inverse agonists at the cannabinoid
1690:"Curare Drug Information, Professional"
1492:
1449:
791:. This list is by no means exhaustive.
9550:Index of evolutionary biology articles
1500:
1498:
1496:
492:Efficacy spectrum of receptor ligands.
473:. The final biological response (e.g.
1875:(1). Nature Publishing Group: 60–71.
1869:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
1719:Congreve M, Marshall F (March 2010).
1627:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE
723:) the number of receptors to a given
630:Theories of drug-receptor interaction
74:are chemical structures, composed of
7:
2965:Lipoprotein receptor-related protein
1231:cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels
442:{\displaystyle {+{\ce {<=>}}}}
4782:(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
2562:Transcription preinitiation complex
2059:"A modification of receptor theory"
559:(BZDs) bind to the BZD site on the
9360:Evolutionary developmental biology
2530:Signal transducing adaptor protein
2075:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1956.tb00006.x
1846:. Cengage Learning. p. 1130.
679:the number of receptors occupied:
169:, but it can also be activated by
25:
3129:Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
1550:Alcohol Health and Research World
806:G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
49:Ligands, located outside the cell
9317:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1737:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00476.x
1109:Enzyme linked receptors include
346:dual polarisation interferometry
163:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
8769:(0) Other transcription factors
8053:transcriptional enhancer factor
3670:Activating transcription factor
2809:Metabotropic glutamate receptor
2271:Human plasma membrane receptome
2057:Stephenson RP (December 1956).
1987:British Journal of Pharmacology
1725:British Journal of Pharmacology
9088:Genotype–phenotype distinction
3341:(with two glycoprotein chains
2932:Tumor necrosis factor receptor
2198:Boulpaep EL, Boron WF (2005).
1915:Rang & Dale's Pharmacology
1419:for ligand receptor inhibition
435:
427:
401:
393:
387:
379:
301:ligand-binding region, a core
157:, pharmaceutical drug, toxin,
1:
9345:Regulation of gene expression
7983:Interferon regulatory factors
6222:(2.5) Alternating composition
5418:General transcription factors
3437:Killer-cell IG-like receptors
2970:Progestin and adipoQ receptor
1358:pattern recognition receptors
88:electrical activity of a cell
9515:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
9295:Evolution of genetic systems
9103:Gene–environment correlation
9098:Gene–environment interaction
7268:Octamer transcription factor
3976:(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix
1456:In the case of the receptor
1433:List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
1407:Ion channel linked receptors
671:In contrast to the accepted
145:(short protein), or another
9494:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
4042:Myogenic regulatory factors
3525:Leukocyte IG-like receptors
2945:-Acetylglucosamine receptor
2927:Asialoglycoprotein receptor
2757:Protease-activated receptor
801:Ion channel receptor (LGIC)
484:Agonists versus antagonists
245:G protein-coupled receptors
123:G protein-coupled receptors
9600:
9370:Hedgehog signaling pathway
9247:Developmental architecture
3016:immunoglobulin superfamily
2937:Immunoglobulin superfamily
2732:G protein-coupled receptor
1370:killer inhibitor receptors
1352:The main receptors in the
1345:
1317:Role in health and disease
1206:
1102:
783:G protein-coupled receptor
776:
29:
9547:
9197:Transgressive segregation
9023:
8775:
8762:
8105:
8091:
7862:(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
6352:
6333:
4850:
4833:
3648:
3635:
2762:Neurotransmitter receptor
2499:
1981:Rang, HP (January 2006).
1640:10.2218/gtopdb/F76/2019.4
1120:RTK Class/Receptor Family
1111:Receptor tyrosine kinases
804:
799:
796:
583:. The anti-obesity drugs
510:ligand with the greatest
309:domain that contains the
226:Ligand-gated ion channels
119:ligand-gated ion channels
32:Receptor (disambiguation)
8683:(4.10) Cold-shock domain
2906:Receptor tyrosine kinase
2875:Ligand-gated ion channel
2642:Neuroendocrine signaling
2287:Medical Subject Headings
1817:Zubay, Geoffrey (1998).
779:Ligand-gated ion channel
475:second messenger cascade
272:Receptor tyrosine kinase
9375:Notch signaling pathway
9350:Gene regulatory network
9233:Dual inheritance theory
3629:intracellular receptors
3012:Transmembrane receptors
2772:Biogenic amine receptor
1774:Nature Chemical Biology
1412:Neuropsychopharmacology
1203:Intracellular Receptors
1099:Enzyme linked receptors
131:Intracellular receptors
84:physiological responses
41:An example of membrane
9423:cis-regulatory element
9331:Control of development
9211:Non-genetic influences
9177:evolutionary landscape
2893:Enzyme-linked receptor
2751:Prostaglandin receptor
2724:cell surface receptors
2504:cAMP-dependent pathway
2283:Cell+surface+receptors
1999:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457
1940:Molecular Pharmacology
1598:Essential Cell Biology
1209:Intracellular receptor
1105:Enzyme-linked receptor
493:
443:
356:Binding and activation
276:Enzyme-linked receptor
217:
141:and can be a protein,
115:Cell surface receptors
86:such as change in the
59:
9534:Nature versus nurture
9438:Cell surface receptor
9355:Evo-devo gene toolkit
9254:Developmental biology
9192:Polygenic inheritance
9118:Quantitative genetics
8392:TATA-binding proteins
3625:Transcription factors
2630:Synaptic transmission
2626:Neurocrine signaling
2549:Transcription factors
2396:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
2154:10.1210/en.135.5.2130
2106:Silverman RB (2004).
1952:10.1124/mol.64.6.1271
575:Constitutive activity
552:Allosteric modulators
491:
454:dissociation constant
444:
360:Ligand binding is an
334:X-ray crystallography
327:affinity purification
215:
194:gravitropic receptors
40:
9443:Transcription factor
9158:Genetic assimilation
9145:Genetic architecture
2955:Transferrin receptor
1786:10.1038/nchembio.642
1374:complement receptors
1342:In the immune system
1322:In genetic disorders
761:Examples and ligands
715:Cells can increase (
375:
350:Computer simulations
125:, and enzyme-linked
30:For other uses, see
9539:Morphogenetic field
9456:Influential figures
8887:(0.6) Miscellaneous
8418:High-mobility group
8114:Rel homology region
5104:Testicular receptor
4845:DNA-binding domains
3362:Accessory molecules
3227:Accessory molecules
2883:Purinergic receptor
2767:Purinergic receptor
2747:Eicosanoid receptor
2659:Mechanotransduction
2647:Exocrine signalling
2454:Signaling molecules
2328:Signal transduction
1819:Biochemistry 4th Ed
1700:on 16 November 2018
1423:Signal transduction
1362:toll-like receptors
1336:endocrine disorders
868:Glutamate receptors
711:Receptor regulation
639:Early forms of the
423:
293:and migrate to the
204:and gasoreceptors.
78:, that receive and
9228:Genomic imprinting
8252:p53 p63 p73 family
7825:Heat shock factors
3426:cytokine receptors
3026:Antibody receptor:
2825:Pheromone receptor
2777:Olfactory receptor
2669:Ion channel gating
2401:Integrin receptors
2335:Signaling pathways
2276:2019-09-15 at the
2264:2019-03-23 at the
1993:(Suppl 1): S9-16.
1542:"GABA and the GABA
1303:Ryanodine receptor
797:Endogenous Ligand
747:effector molecules
620:precocious puberty
494:
439:
366:law of mass action
342:circular dichroism
303:DNA-binding domain
218:
60:
9556:
9555:
9489:Eric F. Wieschaus
9451:
9450:
9269:Pattern formation
9173:Fitness landscape
9035:
9034:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9014:
8758:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8082:
7329:
7328:
6969:
6968:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
5317:
5316:
5173:Mineralocorticoid
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4529:
4528:
3642:(1) Basic domains
3591:
3590:
3416:Cytokine receptor
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3221:
3137:
3136:
2978:
2977:
2911:Guanylate cyclase
2869:
2868:
2793:Secretin receptor
2716:Membrane proteins
2682:
2681:
2664:Phototransduction
2622:Intracrine action
2580:
2579:
2543:
2542:
2431:Neurotransmitters
2242:978-0-7817-9543-2
1924:978-0-7020-3471-8
1607:978-0-8153-4454-4
1460:, the input is a
1417:Schild regression
1372:(KARs and KIRs),
1328:genetic disorders
1314:
1313:
1200:
1199:
1130:Endogenous Ligand
1096:
1095:
1085:Dopamine receptor
855:Kainate receptors
831:Exogenous Ligand
820:Exogenous Ligand
673:Occupation Theory
433:
424:
399:
385:
287:Nuclear receptors
135:nuclear receptors
127:hormone receptors
16:(Redirected from
9591:
9584:Membrane biology
9499:William McGinnis
9468:Richard Lewontin
9463:C. H. Waddington
9335:
9312:Neutral networks
9062:
9055:
9048:
9039:
8859:-related factors
8777:
8764:
8665:(4.9) Grainyhead
8107:
8093:
8045:(3.6) TEA domain
7335:(3.2) Paired box
6976:
6710:
6704:
6398:
6392:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6366:
6354:
6343:Helix-turn-helix
6335:
5297:
5277:
5252:
5215:
5185:Estrogen related
5134:
5030:
4878:
4871:
4859:Nuclear receptor
4852:
4835:
4514:
4435:
4368:
4237:
4182:
3991:
3986:
3650:
3637:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3295:Antigen receptor
3262:
3180:
3158:Antigen receptor
3155:
3146:
3142:Antigen receptor
3100:Alpha (α)/mu (μ)
3034:
3019:immune receptors
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2737:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2635:Chemical synapse
2535:Scaffold protein
2497:
2492:Second messenger
2418:Receptor ligands
2414:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2247:
2246:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2195:
2166:
2165:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1696:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1679:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1502:
1481:
1471:
1465:
1464:, not a chemical
1454:
1428:Stem cell marker
1386:T cell receptors
1382:B cell receptors
1366:killer activated
1294:(closes channel)
1216:
1165:Insulin Receptor
1135:Exogenous Ligand
1116:
1075:No ion channels
979:Glycine receptor
794:
745:of the receptor
729:neurotransmitter
544:Inverse agonists
519:Partial agonists
448:
446:
445:
440:
438:
434:
431:
426:
425:
422:
421:
420:
406:
400:
397:
386:
383:
280:insulin receptor
232:(nicotinic) and
202:magnetoreceptors
190:mechanoreceptors
151:neurotransmitter
96:neurotransmitter
94:, an inhibitory
21:
9599:
9598:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9552:
9543:
9522:
9509:Sean B. Carroll
9447:
9379:
9326:
9290:
9242:
9223:Maternal effect
9206:
9139:
9076:
9066:
9036:
9031:
9011:
8881:
8841:
8810:
8771:
8750:
8700:
8677:
8659:
8409:
8383:
8335:
8238:
8185:
8101:
8079:
8039:
7856:
7816:
7512:
7325:
6974:
6965:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6377:
6376:
6369:
6348:
6321:
6303:
6216:
6204:
6195:
5410:
5406:
5397:
5326:
5323:(2.2) Other Cys
5313:
5293:
5288:
5273:
5268:
5248:
5243:
5211:
5206:
5141:Steroid hormone
5130:
5125:
5026:
5021:
4885:Thyroid hormone
4874:
4865:
4846:
4821:
4776:
4721:
4619:
4525:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4433:
4428:
4366:
4361:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4180:
4175:
3989:
3970:
3644:
3631:
3622:
3592:
3587:
3519:
3431:
3402:
3357:
3325:
3290:
3247:
3218:
3202:
3169:
3133:
3117:
3094:
3061:
3027:
3021:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2920:Other/ungrouped
2915:
2887:
2865:
2845:
2829:
2813:
2797:
2781:
2726:
2713:
2683:
2678:
2610:
2576:
2539:
2518:
2514:Lipid signaling
2486:
2458:
2405:
2330:
2321:
2278:Wayback Machine
2266:Wayback Machine
2255:
2250:
2243:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2169:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1881:10.1038/nrm2299
1866:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1438:Receptor theory
1401:
1394:
1350:
1348:Immune receptor
1344:
1324:
1319:
1275:
1266:
1211:
1205:
1107:
1101:
1062:Gs, Gi/o or Gq
1033:Gs, Gi/o or Gq
1015:
987:
922:
914:Benzodiazepines
910:
901:
895:
893:
849:
789:neuromodulatory
785:
777:Main articles:
775:
763:
719:) or decrease (
713:
704:
702:Spare Receptors
696:
669:
641:receptor theory
637:
632:
624:hyperthyroidism
604:
581:inverse agonist
577:
564:
557:benzodiazepines
486:
472:
463:
412:
373:
372:
358:
266:
262:
258:
254:
210:
173:and blocked by
103:
90:. For example,
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9597:
9595:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9579:Cell signaling
9576:
9571:
9561:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9548:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9541:
9536:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9519:
9518:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9473:François Jacob
9470:
9465:
9459:
9457:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9398:
9393:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9266:
9256:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9202:Sequence space
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9149:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9042:
9033:
9032:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8934:
8929:
8928:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8891:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8823:
8821:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8802:
8801:
8796:
8785:
8783:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8710:
8708:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8687:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8428:
8422:
8420:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8348:
8346:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8248:
8246:
8244:(4.3) p53-like
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8198:
8196:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8118:
8116:
8103:
8102:
8096:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8049:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7980:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7921:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7894:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7866:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7829:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7529:
7527:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7469:
7464:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7339:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7306:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7246:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6462:extended Hox:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6401:
6399:
6382:
6363:
6350:
6349:
6338:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5168:Glucocorticoid
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5137:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5007:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4881:
4879:
4868:
4863:
4848:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3666:
3664:
3657:leucine zipper
3646:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3186:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2743:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2615:Other concepts
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:Growth factors
2446:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2324:Cell signaling
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2268:
2254:
2253:External links
2251:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2215:
2208:
2167:
2131:
2124:
2098:
2049:
2022:
1973:
1930:
1923:
1902:
1859:
1852:
1834:
1827:
1809:
1760:
1711:
1681:
1671:
1653:
1613:
1606:
1585:
1556:(2): 127–131.
1543:
1532:
1517:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1466:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1284:Intracellular
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1103:Main article:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:5-HT1-2 or 4-7
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
988:
985:
982:
976:
970:
969:
964:
958:
953:
948:
945:
940:
934:
933:
928:
925:
920:
916:
911:
908:
905:
899:
891:
887:
881:
880:
877:
874:
865:
860:
857:
839:
833:
832:
829:
824:
821:
818:
813:
809:
808:
803:
798:
774:
771:
762:
759:
758:
757:
750:
740:
712:
709:
703:
700:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
684:
668:
665:
664:
663:
657:
636:
633:
631:
628:
615:basal levels.
609:beta carboline
602:
576:
573:
569:
568:
562:
548:
540:
533:covalent bonds
523:
515:
485:
482:
468:
459:
450:
449:
437:
429:
419:
415:
409:
403:
395:
392:
389:
381:
357:
354:
315:
314:
283:
282:is an example.
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
241:
209:
206:
198:photoreceptors
186:chemoreceptors
147:small molecule
101:
57:
56:
53:
50:
46:
26:
24:
18:Neuroreceptors
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9596:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9551:
9546:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9477:Jacques Monod
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9391:Homeotic gene
9389:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9259:Morphogenesis
9257:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9093:Reaction norm
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9058:
9056:
9051:
9049:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9030:
9029:
9022:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8819:Pocket domain
8817:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8781:(0.2) HMGI(Y)
8778:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8761:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8680:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8627:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8338:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8241:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8090:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7819:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6198:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5712:Sp/KLF family
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5320:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3391:(also called
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3056:C-type lectin
3053:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2841:cAMP receptor
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Intracellular
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Neurohormones
2436:
2435:Neuropeptides
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Fas apoptosis
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2209:1-4160-2328-3
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:(5): 2130–6.
2147:
2143:
2142:Endocrinology
2135:
2132:
2127:
2125:0-12-643732-7
2121:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:(4): 379–93.
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:(6): 1271–6.
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1853:9781473733602
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:(10): 740–7.
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:(5): 986–96.
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:9780071481274
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:9781455770052
1514:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:immune system
1349:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:Chaetochromin
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:P2Y receptors
1056:
1053:
1051:Ca, Na, Mg
1050:
1048:
1047:P2X receptors
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
938:Acetylcholine
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
924:
917:
915:
912:
906:
903:
894:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
873:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
822:
819:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
802:
795:
792:
790:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
760:
755:
754:sequestration
751:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
701:
699:
693:
688:
685:
682:
681:
680:
678:
674:
666:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
650:
648:
644:
642:
634:
629:
627:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
566:
558:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
534:
529:
528:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
498:
497:
490:
483:
481:
478:
476:
471:
467:
462:
458:
455:
417:
413:
407:
390:
371:
370:
369:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
312:
308:
305:(DBD) and an
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
250:
246:
242:
239:
238:alpha helices
235:
231:
230:acetylcholine
227:
223:
222:
221:
214:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:acetylcholine
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
54:
51:
48:
47:
44:
39:
33:
19:
9574:Cell biology
9513:
9437:
9406:eyeless gene
9302:Evolvability
9276:Segmentation
9153:Canalisation
9123:Heterochrony
9113:Heritability
9081:Key concepts
9025:
8980:
8936:
8894:
8886:
8858:
8852:
8846:
8815:
8780:
8768:
8705:
8682:
8664:
8632:
8603:
8484:
8414:
8388:
8340:
8243:
8190:
8110:
8098:
8052:
8044:
7950:
7896:
7869:
7861:
7832:
7821:
7565:FOX proteins
7525:winged helix
7517:
7488:
7471:
7414:
7334:
7308:
7186:
7152:
7135:
7113:
7096:
7029:
6997:
6851:
6814:
6795:
6741:
6707:
6701:
6395:
6389:
6378:
6372:Antennapedia
6370:
6357:
6345:
6339:
6308:
6266:
6244:
6221:
6200:
5958:
5911:
5857:
5803:
5716:
5694:
5672:
5650:
5633:
5591:
5520:
5402:
5370:
5322:
5294:
5274:
5249:
5212:
5178:Progesterone
5131:
5027:
4875:
4861:
4855:
4839:
4781:
4734:
4726:
4624:
4534:
4483:
4441:
4401:
4374:
4344:
4317:
4151:
4141:
4124:
4107:
4019:
3975:
3943:
3906:
3763:
3653:
3641:
3423:
3331:Co-receptors
3284:MHC class II
2942:
2719:
2674:Gap junction
2509:Ca signaling
2472:Cell surface
2463:
2226:
2218:
2199:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2113:
2101:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2038:(1): 32–49.
2035:
2031:
2025:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1914:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1844:Biochemistry
1843:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1693:
1684:
1676:
1662:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1630:
1626:
1616:
1597:
1553:
1549:
1535:
1507:
1469:
1452:
1378:Fc receptors
1351:
1325:
1225:Ion current
1212:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1108:
786:
764:
721:downregulate
714:
705:
697:
676:
672:
670:
645:
638:
617:
612:
598:
593:CB1 receptor
578:
570:
550:
542:
526:
517:
500:
495:
479:
469:
465:
460:
456:
451:
359:
331:
316:
310:
219:
183:
149:, such as a
112:
71:
68:pharmacology
64:biochemistry
61:
42:
9504:Mike Levine
9413:Distal-less
9238:Polyphenism
9218:Epigenetics
9070:development
8706:(4.11) Runt
6361:Homeodomain
5959:zinc finger
5295:subfamily 0
5275:subfamily 6
5250:subfamily 5
5213:subfamily 4
5132:subfamily 3
5028:subfamily 2
4876:subfamily 1
4843:Zinc finger
4086:Neurogenins
3654:(1.1) Basic
3279:MHC class I
3175:Co-receptor
3038:Epsilon (ε)
3029:Fc receptor
2950:Neuropilins
2585:By distance
2523:Assistants:
2482:Co-receptor
1646:17 November
1089:Gs or Gi/o
984:Cl > HCO
907:Cl > HCO
896:(including
876:Gq or Gi/o
859:Na, K, Ca
816:Ion current
735:mechanism.
694:Induced-fit
527:Antagonists
362:equilibrium
159:calcium ion
9563:Categories
9482:Lac operon
9307:Robustness
9286:Modularity
9281:Metamerism
9187:Plasticity
9182:Pleiotropy
9135:Heterotopy
7239:POU domain
6379:ANTP class
6309:(2.6) WRKY
5592:GLI family
4727:(1.5) RF-X
4625:(1.4) NF-1
3183:stimulate:
2861:smoothened
2652:Pheromones
2592:Juxtacrine
2227:Immunology
1828:0697219003
1704:8 December
1527:1027900365
1488:References
1195:Lenvatinib
991:Strychnine
947:Na, K, Ca
823:Receptors
812:Receptors
743:Uncoupling
717:upregulate
635:Occupation
589:taranabant
585:rimonabant
537:omeprazole
508:endogenous
323:detergents
307:N-terminal
299:C-terminal
249:G proteins
9569:Receptors
9433:Morphogen
9418:Engrailed
9401:Pax genes
9322:Tinkering
9168:Epistasis
9163:Dominance
9074:phenotype
9026:see also
8867:Apetala 2
7521:Fork head
6201:(2.4) Cys
5403:(2.3) Cys
4135:Scleraxis
3122:Secretory
3067:Gamma (γ)
2720:receptors
2606:Endocrine
2601:Paracrine
2597:Autocrine
2464:Receptors
2444:Cytokines
1694:Drugs.com
1562:0090-838X
1546:Receptor"
1458:rhodopsin
1288:receptors
1252:olfaction
1155:Gefitinib
1024:Cereulide
1007:Serotonin
967:Muscarine
837:Glutamate
827:G protein
752:Receptor
325:, and/or
291:cytoplasm
208:Structure
104:receptors
80:transduce
72:receptors
43:receptors
9396:Hox gene
9384:Elements
9365:Homeobox
8344:MADS box
6484:Homeobox
6396:Hox-like
6390:protoHOX
5151:Estrogen
5146:Androgen
5000:Rev-ErbA
4538:bHLH-ZIP
4513:bHLH-COE
4052:Myogenin
3470:KIR2DL5B
3465:KIR2DL5A
3207:inhibit:
3090:Neonatal
2857:Frizzled
2426:Hormones
2376:JAK-STAT
2364:MAPK/ERK
2359:TGF beta
2274:Archived
2262:Archived
2093:13383117
2044:13229418
2017:16402126
1960:14645655
1897:24267759
1889:18043707
1804:21873996
1755:19912230
1580:15704348
1402:Database
1392:See also
1364:(TLRs),
1360:(PRRs),
1267:receptor
1219:Receptor
1071:Dopamine
1016:receptor
951:Nicotine
931:Baclofen
923:receptor
863:Ketamine
733:feedback
660:Efficacy
654:Affinity
605:receptor
565:receptor
512:efficacy
503:agonists
408:⇌
319:solvents
285:Type 4:
243:Type 2:
224:Type 1:
171:nicotine
9527:Debates
9338:Systems
9264:Eyespot
9128:Neoteny
8744:RUNX1T1
8724:CBFA2T3
8719:CBFA2T2
8599:TCF/LEF
6708:NK-like
6702:metaHOX
6405:ParaHox
6346:domains
5037:COUP-TF
4511:Group F
4434:Group E
4367:Group D
4231:Group C
4181:Group B
4125:Paraxis
3990:Group A
3515:KIR3DS1
3510:KIR3DL3
3505:KIR3DL2
3500:KIR3DL1
3495:KIR2DS5
3490:KIR2DS4
3485:KIR2DS3
3480:KIR2DS2
3475:KIR2DS1
3460:KIR2DL4
3455:KIR2DL3
3450:KIR2DL2
3445:KIR2DL1
3389:ζ-chain
3266:Ligands
3257:T cells
3150:B cells
3085:FcγRIII
2850:Class F
2834:Class E
2818:Class D
2802:Class C
2786:Class B
2740:Class A
2557:General
2381:Akt/PKB
2162:7956936
2084:1510558
2008:1760743
1968:2454589
1795:3177959
1746:2839258
1571:6826832
1332:hormone
1257:Na, K
1170:Insulin
1020:Na, K
981:(GlyR)
974:Glycine
725:hormone
501:(Full)
295:nucleus
274:" and "
155:hormone
143:peptide
76:protein
9428:Ligand
9108:Operon
7457:Bicoid
6722:BARHL2
6717:BARHL1
6299:JMJD1B
6212:HIVEP1
4697:I-SMAD
4665:R-SMAD
4583:MLXIPL
4338:Period
4264:ARNTL2
4069:NeuroD
3583:LILRB5
3578:LILRB4
3573:LILRB3
3568:LILRB2
3563:LILRB1
3558:LILRA6
3553:LILRA5
3548:LILRA4
3543:LILRA3
3538:LILRA2
3533:LILRA1
3113:Fcα/μR
3080:FcγRII
3052:FcεRII
2410:Agents
2289:(MeSH)
2239:
2206:
2160:
2122:
2091:
2081:
2042:
2015:
2005:
1966:
1958:
1921:
1895:
1887:
1850:
1825:
1802:
1792:
1753:
1743:
1669:
1604:
1578:
1568:
1560:
1525:
1515:
1462:photon
1240:vision
1222:Ligand
1125:Member
1054:BzATP
963:or Gi
872:mGluRs
853:, and
842:iGluRs
647:Ariëns
344:, and
175:curare
139:ligand
108:ligand
9007:Sigma
8872:EREBP
8856:EREBP
8847:(0.5)
8816:(0.3)
8739:RUNX3
8734:RUNX2
8729:RUNX1
8673:TFCP2
8594:SSRP1
8415:(4.7)
8405:TBPL1
8389:(4.6)
8341:(4.4)
8191:(4.2)
8132:NFKB2
8127:NFKB1
8122:NF-κB
8111:(4.1)
8035:MYBL2
7822:(3.4)
7518:(3.3)
7467:BICD2
7442:SHOX2
7410:PROP1
7394:PRRX
7304:SATB2
7249:BRN-3
7244:PIT-1
7136:PKNOX
7051:TALE
7047:NOBOX
7020:HESX1
6993:CUTL1
6975:other
6869:NANOG
6732:BARX2
6727:BARX1
6479:MEOX2
6474:MEOX1
6358:(3.1)
6267:JARID
6240:GRLF1
6235:DIDO1
5895:Zbtb7
5885:TSHZ3
5853:PRDM9
5651:HIVEP
5516:ATBF1
5470:TFIIH
5455:TFIIF
5438:TFIIE
5433:TFIID
5428:TFIIB
5423:TFIIA
5393:TRPS1
5259:LRH-1
5237:NURR1
5227:NGFIB
5055:Ear-2
4856:(2.1)
4598:SREBP
4535:(1.3)
4297:NPAS
4286:EPAS1
4271:CLOCK
4259:ARNTL
4233:bHLH-
4209:n-Myc
4204:l-Myc
4199:c-Myc
4189:FIGLA
4171:Twist
4130:TCF15
4037:MESP2
4015:ATOH1
4008:ASCL2
4003:ASCL1
3934:NFIL3
3865:GABPA
3860:DDIT3
3791:C/EBP
3786:BLZF1
3747:c-Jun
3737:FOSL2
3732:FOSL1
3722:c-Fos
3108:FcαRI
3075:FcγRI
3046:FcεRI
2572:TFIIH
2567:TFIID
2391:Hippo
2371:Notch
1964:S2CID
1893:S2CID
1633:(4).
1444:Notes
1326:Many
1185:VEGFR
956:mAChR
943:nAChR
927:Gi/o
767:LGICs
613:below
263:and G
9068:The
8976:MNDA
8895:ARID
8850:AP-2
8837:RBL2
8832:RBL1
8806:HBP1
8789:HMGA
8696:YBX1
8691:CSDA
8626:LEF1
8458:HMGN
8431:HMGB
8352:Mef2
8331:MYRF
8319:TBR2
8314:TBR1
8262:TP63
8202:STAT
8194:STAT
8154:NFAT
8147:RELB
8142:RELA
8097:(4)
7978:FLI1
7944:SPIB
7645:D4L6
7640:D4L5
7635:D4L4
7630:D4L3
7625:D4L1
7489:PITX
7452:VSX2
7447:VSX1
7437:SHOX
7415:PHOX
7097:MEIS
7025:HOPX
6961:VAX2
6956:VAX1
6951:TLX3
6946:TLX2
6941:TLX1
6936:NATO
6919:HMX3
6914:HMX2
6909:HMX1
6847:LBX2
6842:LBX1
6832:HHEX
6691:MNX1
6686:GBX2
6681:GBX1
6469:Evx2
6464:Evx1
6432:PDX1
6427:Xlox
6317:WRKY
6230:AIRE
6189:804A
5912:ZBTB
5858:SALL
5848:OSR1
5843:MYT1
5838:MTF1
5673:IKZF
5612:REST
5587:GFI1
5582:ERV3
5550:E4F1
5545:CTCF
5334:GATA
5304:DAX1
5284:GCNF
5232:NOR1
5060:HNF4
4929:PPAR
4862:(Cys
4790:AP-2
4660:SMAD
4615:USF1
4588:MXI1
4568:MITF
4561:MXD3
4556:MXD1
4546:AP-4
4521:EBF1
4397:Pho4
4375:BHLH
4254:ARNT
4249:AHRR
4221:TCF4
4216:MXD4
4147:LYL1
4108:OLIG
4062:MYF6
4057:MYF5
4047:MyoD
4020:HAND
3998:AS-C
3980:bHLH
3966:XBP1
3870:GCN4
3850:CREM
3828:CREB
3781:BATF
3764:BACH
3757:JunD
3752:JUNB
3742:JDP2
3727:FOSB
3717:AP-1
3675:AATF
3661:bZIP
3627:and
3424:see
3397:TCRζ
3395:and
3393:CD3ζ
3384:CD3ε
3379:CD3δ
3374:CD3γ
3347:CD8β
3345:and
3343:CD8α
3321:TRG@
3316:TRD@
3311:TRB@
3306:TRA@
3242:CD79
3238:Ig-β
3234:Ig-α
3214:CD22
3198:CD81
3194:CD19
3190:CD21
2960:EDAR
2342:GPCR
2237:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2158:PMID
2120:ISBN
2089:PMID
2040:PMID
2013:PMID
1956:PMID
1919:ISBN
1885:PMID
1848:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1800:PMID
1751:PMID
1706:2020
1667:ISBN
1648:2020
1631:2019
1602:ISBN
1576:PMID
1558:ISSN
1523:OCLC
1513:ISBN
1475:ions
1384:and
1368:and
1356:are
1310:Ca
1279:Ca
1248:cGTP
1246:and
1244:cAMP
1236:cGMP
1190:VEGF
1145:EGFR
1012:5-HT
919:GABA
902:-rho
898:GABA
890:GABA
885:GABA
851:AMPA
846:NMDA
781:and
667:Rate
601:GABA
599:The
587:and
561:GABA
234:GABA
100:GABA
92:GABA
66:and
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