291:
1032:
becoming common and is referred to as surgical navigation, computer-assisted surgery, navigated surgery, stereotactic navigation. Similar to a car or mobile Global
Positioning System (GPS), image-guided surgery systems, like Curve Image Guided Surgery and StealthStation, use cameras or electromagnetic fields to capture and relay the patient's anatomy and the surgeon's precise movements in relation to the patient, to computer monitors in the operating room. These sophisticated computerized systems are used before and during surgery to help orient the surgeon with three-dimensional images of the patient's anatomy including the tumor. Real-time functional brain mapping has been employed to identify specific functional regions using
481:
522:, curettes, dissectors, distractors, elevators, forceps, hooks, impactors, probes, suction tubes, power tools, and robots. Most of these modern tools have been in medical practice for a relatively long time. The main difference of these tools in neurosurgery, were the precision in which they were crafted. These tools are crafted with edges that are within a millimeter of desired accuracy. Other tools, such as hand held power saws and robots have only recently been commonly used inside of a neurological operating room. As an example, the University of Utah developed a device for computer-aided design / computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) which uses an image-guided system to define a cutting tool path for a robotic
203:, in order to become neurosurgeon one must have MBBS degree. After obtaining MBBS degree, there are two pathways to become a neurosurgeon in India. One pathway is to do general general surgery residency of 3 years, followed by neurosurgical residency of 3 years, other pathway is to direct neurosurgical residency of years post MBBS. Most of the medical colleges and teaching hospitals in the country provide post general surgery 3 years neurosurgery course. Some of the institutes and hospitals in the country provide 6 years of post MBBS neurosurgical residency. The recognized degree in India for neurosurgery is
208:
country on whether 3 years are enough for neurosurgery, with many neurosurgeons advocating minimum of 6 years of neurosurgery training. Neurosurgery is one of the most competitive specialty in the country, but also has high drop out rates due to stressful exhaustive training easily demanding more than 70 hours of work in a week at high volume center. Also, that said competitive seats at times remain vacant as there are not many takes due to it being highly demanding job, similar or more pay for less hours of work in other specialty, high risk of being sued, high mortality and poor prognosis of patients.
535:
493:
505:
758:
5598:
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1143:. Generally once a disc is removed it is replaced by an implant which will create a bony fusion between vertebral bodies above and below. Instead, a mobile disc could be implanted into the disc space to maintain mobility. This is commonly used in cervical disc surgery. At times instead of disc removal a Laser discectomy could be used to decompress a nerve root. This method is mainly used for lumbar discs.
4490:
4500:
34:
4480:
5610:
4470:
1738:
5156:
1031:
is instituted with high level of accuracy as in the case of
Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Using the combination method of open and stereotactic surgery, intraventricular hemorrhages can potentially be evacuated successfully. Conventional surgery using image guidance technologies is also
433:
of 1949. Some patients improved in some ways after the operation, but complications and impairments – sometimes severe – were frequent. The procedure was controversial from its initial use, in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. It is mostly rejected as a
228:
must then complete foundation training lasting two years; this is a paid training program in a hospital or clinical setting covering a range of medical specialties including surgery. Junior doctors then apply to enter the neurosurgical pathway. Unlike most other surgical specialties, it currently has
1622:
and the only specialty that involves invasive intervention in the activity of the living brain. The brain ensures the structural and functional integrity of the body and the implementation of all the main life processes of the body. Therefore, neurosurgery faces a wide range of bioethical issues and
1126:
covers the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. Some indications for spine surgery include spinal cord compression resulting from trauma, arthritis of the spinal discs, or spondylosis. In cervical cord compression, patients may have difficulty with gait, balance issues, and/or numbness and tingling
835:
which focuses on neurosurgery. Anesthesia is not used during the middle of an "awake" brain surgery. Awake brain surgery is where the patient is conscious for the middle of the procedure and sedated for the beginning and end. This procedure is used when the tumor does not have clear boundaries and
207:
certification as
Doctorate of Neurosurgery (DrNB Neurosurgery) or MCh degree awarded by medical colleges, which both are deemed equivalent. After award of degree, a neurosurgeon may practice independently as consultant in the country or may pursue further fellowship. There is ongoing debate in the
190:
In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school.
615:
Specialized branches have developed to cater to special and difficult conditions. These specialized branches co-exist with general neurosurgery in more sophisticated hospitals. To practice advanced specialization within neurosurgery, additional higher fellowship training of one to two years is
1158:
Surgery of the peripheral nervous system is also possible, and includes the very common procedures of carpal tunnel decompression and peripheral nerve transposition. Numerous other types of nerve entrapment conditions and other problems with the peripheral nervous system are treated as well.
1320:
Pain following brain surgery can be significant and may lengthen recovery, increase the amount of time a person stays in the hospital following surgery, and increase the risk of complications following surgery. Severe acute pain following brain surgery may also increase the risk of a person
880:, now India, used "samohine" to sedate a patient while removing a small tumor, and awoke the patient by pouring onion and vinegar in the patient's mouth. The combination of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, was a form of neuroanesthesia adopted in the 18th century and introduced by
648:– the removal of part or all of one of the lobes, or one of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain; those two procedures, when possible, are also very, very rarely used in oncological neurosurgery or to treat very severe neurological trauma, such as stab or gunshot wounds to the brain)
639:
to stop or lessen seizure spread and activity, and the surgical removal of functional, physiological and/or anatomical pieces or divisions of the brain, called epileptic foci, that are operable and that are causing seizures, and also the more radical and rare partial or total
273:, radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery, peripheral nerve and complex spinal surgery. Fellowships typically span one to two years. In the U.S., neurosurgery is a very small, highly competitive specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians.
460:
A survey done in 2010 on 100 most cited works in neurosurgery shows that the works mainly cover clinical trials evaluating surgical and medical therapies, descriptions of novel techniques in neurosurgery, and descriptions of systems classifying and grading diseases.
651:
Oncological neurosurgery also called neurosurgical oncology; includes pediatric oncological neurosurgery; treatment of benign and malignant central and peripheral nervous system cancers and pre-cancerous lesions in adults and children (including, among others,
448:
discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animal's brain. In 1950 Jose
Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in an animal's brain (bull), using it to make it run and change direction. In 1972 the
480:
1912:
1567: – pioneer of cerebello-pontine angle tumor surgery. World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies coined a medal of honor bearing Samii's name which would be given to outstanding neurosurgeons every two years.
4536:
997:
the neurosurgeon opens the skull, creating a large opening to access the brain. Techniques involving smaller openings with the aid of microscopes and endoscopes are now being used as well. Methods that utilize small
3668:
2961:
Filosto, Massimiliano; Tomelleri, Giuliano; Tonin, Paola; Scarpelli, Mauro; Vattemi, Gaetano; Rizzuto, Nicolò; Padovani, Alessandro; Simonati, Alessandro (2007). "Neuropathology of mitochondrial diseases".
385:(1849–1925) performed the first primary brain tumor removal, which differs from Macewen's operation in that Bennett operated on the exposed brain, whereas Macewen operated outside of the "brain proper" via
1154:
Surgery for chronic pain is a sub-branch of functional neurosurgery. Some of the techniques include implantation of deep brain stimulators, spinal cord stimulators, peripheral stimulators and pain pumps.
287:
Neurosurgery, or the premeditated incision into the head for pain relief, has been around for thousands of years, but notable advancements in neurosurgery have only come within the last hundred years.
1062:
Repair of craniofacial disorders and disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation is done by neurosurgeons who also occasionally team up with maxillofacial and plastic surgeons. Cranioplasty for
3058:
2828:
1002:
in conjunction with high-clarity microscopic visualization of neural tissue offer excellent results. However, the open methods are still traditionally used in trauma or emergency situations.
823:
started to look at the damaged tissue for the cause. This was conjoined with the emergence of microscopy and started the current understanding of how the tissue of the human body is studied.
577:
4529:
779:
focused on the disease of the brain, spinal cord, and neural tissue. This includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Tissue analysis comes from either surgical
2634:
1875:
1416:
3524:
1896:
1135:. Power drills and special instruments are often used to correct any compression problems of the spinal canal. Disc herniations of spinal vertebral discs are removed with special
233:
exams with sufficient amounts of experience and practice behind them. Neurosurgery remains consistently amongst the most competitive medical specialties in which to obtain entry.
4522:
1116:
A common procedure performed in neurosurgery is the placement of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP shunt). In pediatric practice this is often implemented in cases of congenital
585:
573:
819:
While pathology has been studied for millennia only within the last few hundred years has medicine focused on a tissue- and organ-based approach to tissue disease. In 1810,
457:
that allowed deaf people to hear was marketed for commercial use. In 1998 researcher Philip
Kennedy implanted the first Brain Computer Interface (BCI) into a human subject.
3638:
2578:
1837:
257:(PGY-1-7). Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of basic science or clinical research. Neurosurgeons may pursue additional training in the form of a
3584:
3136:
Duan, Zhaoliang; Yuan, Zhi-Yong; Liao, Xiangyun; Si, Weixin; Zhao, Jianhui (2011). "3D Tracking and
Positioning of Surgical Instruments in Virtual Surgery Simulation".
2007:
581:
1752:
1412:
787:. Common tissue samples include muscle fibers and nervous tissue. Common applications of neuropathology include studying samples of tissue in patients who have
711:
569:
3554:
1593:, MD was among the first to introduce the surgical microscope into neurosurgical procedures in 1957 and published first textbook on Microneurosurgery in 1969.
290:
5518:
1027:
neurosurgeons can approach a minute target in the brain through a minimal opening. This is used in functional neurosurgery where electrodes are implanted or
1807:
544:
103:
3055:"Awake Brain Surgery (Intraoperative Brain Mapping) | Imaging Services | Johns Hopkins Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring Unit (IONM)"
4952:
3989:
2667:
2073:
Andrushko, Valerie A.; Verano, John W. (September 2008). "Prehistoric trepanation in the Cuzco region of Peru: A view into an ancient Andean practice".
3227:
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221:
95:
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1131:
is the condition of spinal disc degeneration and arthritis that may compress the spinal canal. This condition can often result in bone-spurring and
1051:, chordomas, and the repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Ventricular endoscopy is used in the treatment of intraventricular bleeds, hydrocephalus,
358:, both experts in their field at the time, attempted their own methods, to no avail, in curing Henri. In China, Hua Tuo created the first general
4866:
3929:
718:
600:. The other global organisations being the World Academy of Neurological Surgery (WANS) and the World Federation of Skull Base Societies (WFSBS).
2348:
2251:
4990:
2630:
2606:
1859:
1776:
430:
3621:
3419:
2206:
2189:
2162:
2057:
925:
921:
676:, tumors of the meninges and intracranial spaces, secondary metastases to the brain, spine, and nerves, and peripheral nervous system tumors)
282:
3511:
4229:
2940:
2849:
518:
The main advancements in neurosurgery came about as a result of highly crafted tools. Modern neurosurgical tools, or instruments, include
3163:
Swift, James; Coon, William; Guger, Christoph; Brunner, Peter; Bunch, M; Lynch, T; Frawley, T; Ritaccio, Anthony; Schalk, Gerwin (2018).
2381:
1326:
250:
2536:
Ponce FA, Lozano AM (February 2010). "Highly cited works in neurosurgery. Part I: the 100 top-cited papers in neurosurgical journals".
1329:), which have been shown to reduce pain for up to 24 hours following surgery. Low-quality evidence supports the use of the medications
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4365:
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2152:
4947:
3260:
5498:
1758:
1341:
to reduce post-operative pain. Low-quality evidence also supports scalp blocks and scalp infiltration to reduce postoperative pain.
4483:
2208:
The Tale of the
Dueling Neurosurgeons: The History of the Human Brain as Revealed by True Stories of Trauma, Madness, and Recovery
1008:
is utilized in many aspects of neurological surgery. Microvascular techniques are used in EC-IC bypass surgery and in restoration
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204:
81:
2018:
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804:
565:
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after residency, or, in some cases, as a senior resident in the form of an enfolded fellowship. These fellowships include
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5314:
4700:
4335:
1464:
1148:
1044:
979:
708:
3979:
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1547: – known as one of the founding fathers of modern neurosurgery, world's first professor of neurosurgery.
608:
General neurosurgery involves most neurosurgical conditions including neuro-trauma and other neuro-emergencies such as
5533:
4715:
2435:""Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy""
836:
the surgeon wants to know if they are invading on critical regions of the brain which involve functions like talking,
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1498:
1227:
1214:
987:
971:
179:
3456:"Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery"
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377:(1848–1924) performed the first successful brain tumor removal. On November 25, 1884, after English physician
2655:
1059:. Endonasal endoscopy is at times carried out with neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons working together as a team.
378:
5614:
2853:
1325:
headache. Approaches to treating pain in adults include treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (
5304:
5015:
5010:
4748:
4514:
4160:
4134:
3238:
2823:
M Giantini Larsen BS, Alexandra; Vishwas
Karhade BE, Aditya; J Cote BS, David; R. Smith MD, Timothy (2016).
1580:
1243:
1233:
1106:
800:
653:
609:
335:
246:
714:(NSQIP), the most common surgeries performed by neurosurgeons in between 2006 and 2014 were the following:
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5289:
5199:
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4907:
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3700:
2768:"Neurosurgical Coverage: Essential, Desired, or Irrelevant for Good Patient Care and Trauma Center Status"
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1180:
1132:
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788:
691:
262:
229:
its own independent training pathway which takes around eight years (ST1-8); before being able to sit for
39:
20:
1441:– Former neurosurgeon who killed or maimed nearly every patient he operated on before being incarcerated.
5636:
5602:
5362:
5357:
5164:
5055:
4976:
4852:
4693:
4658:
4403:
4289:
4262:
4235:
4187:
4141:
3836:
1494:
808:
258:
876:, and alcohol were used to put patients to sleep during trepanning. In 972 CE, two brother surgeons in
426:
2524:
840:, vision, and hearing. It will also be conducted for procedures which the surgeon is trying to combat
5583:
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5174:
5145:
5040:
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2352:
2223:
1764:
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1646:
1522:
1490:
1090:
1033:
861:
254:
163:
99:
85:
2602:
1590:
5477:
5377:
5254:
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5209:
4857:
4623:
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3332:
1770:
1586:
1438:
1380:
1376:
1086:
765:
435:
118:
4489:
1120:. The most common indication for this procedure in adults is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
1113:, stenting, clot retrieval, embolization, and diagnostic angiography are endovascular procedures.
5553:
5447:
5387:
5110:
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4639:
4393:
4350:
4340:
4129:
4082:
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3772:
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2302:
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1685:
1599:– Established the Vatican's Commission on Biomedical Ethics in 1981 after his appointment to the
1386:
1205:
1056:
695:
632:
597:
347:
77:
2932:
2108:
Al-Rodhan, N. R.; Fox, J. L. (1986-07-01). "Al-Zahrawi and
Arabian neurosurgery, 936-1013 AD".
1515: – first woman to occupy a chair of neurosurgery at an American medical school (
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5234:
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4345:
4315:
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2185:
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2133:
2125:
2090:
2053:
1989:
1904:
1867:
1722:
1664:
1635:
1624:
1576:
1537: – known as one of the founding fathers of modern neurosurgery, and pioneer of
1408:
1298:
1249:
1048:
970:
Various
Imaging methods are used in modern neurosurgery diagnosis and treatment. They include
916:
841:
418:
390:
114:
2766:
Esposito, Thomas J.; Reed, R. Lawrence; Gamelli, Richard L.; Luchette, Fred A. (2005-01-01).
2373:
588:), 6 Affiliate Societies, and 119 National Neurosurgical Societies, representing some 50,000
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5324:
5239:
5120:
5070:
4891:
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4165:
4150:
4027:
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3467:
3382:
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3184:
3176:
3165:"Passive functional mapping of receptive language areas using electrocorticographic signals"
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2117:
2082:
1981:
1949:
1710:
1606:
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1366:
1304:
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4124:
3821:
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3747:
3264:
1781:
1743:
1706:
1684:
Debatable bioethical issues of improving human brain activity with the help of artificial
1596:
1558:
1554:
1534:
1404:
1330:
1280:
1210:
990:. Some neurosurgery procedures involve the use of intra-operative MRI and functional MRI.
757:
669:
645:
636:
414:
394:
374:
155:
2631:"Technology increases precision, safety during neurosurgery | Penn State University"
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3189:
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3006:
2800:
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2767:
2502:
2485:
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2434:
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1528:
1512:
1444:
1426:
832:
820:
772:
761:
665:
593:
382:
217:
167:
1016:
spine surgery utilizes microscopes or endoscopes. Procedures such as microdiscectomy,
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5457:
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5309:
5269:
5115:
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2341:
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of the vertebrae of the spine in order to make room for the compressed nerve tissue.
1117:
745:
673:
589:
523:
445:
410:
339:
327:
242:
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4837:
4791:
4755:
4585:
4473:
4413:
4398:
4224:
3949:
3799:
3730:
3471:
2154:
BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Volume III: Therapeutic Micro/Nanotechnology
2034:
Neurosurgery is a small specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians.
1506:
1477:– leading English neurosurgeon and pioneer of neurosurgical advancements in Ukraine
1450:
1432:
1260:) – this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive
1052:
1028:
951:
881:
557:
486:
A doctor performing Stereotactic Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, a non-invasive procedure
331:
266:
166:
concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the
2876:"Post mortem sampling of the brain and other tissues in neurodegenerative disease"
2239:
1897:"Telangana: No takers for 40 super speciality seats despite zero percentile rider"
326:
performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries,
3180:
2603:"Neurosurgical Instruments,Neurosurgery Instrument, Neurosurgeon, Surgical Tools"
938:
909:
905:
568:, is composed of 130 member societies: consisting of 5 Continental Associations (
5417:
5264:
4881:
4787:
4743:
4628:
4618:
4595:
4567:
4272:
4217:
4114:
3969:
3944:
3762:
3125:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–428.
1660:
1564:
1486:
1454:
1369:– developed "awake" craniotomy for complex aneurysms and vascular malformations.
1287:
1223:
1199:
1128:
1110:
1082:
1017:
853:
739:
728:
661:
553:
386:
359:
315:
224:) takes four to six years depending on the student's route. The newly qualified
175:
171:
33:
4360:
3655:
3639:"The role of bioethics in the neurosurgical treatment of psychiatric disorders"
3454:
Galvin, Imelda M.; Levy, Ron; Day, Andrew G.; Gilron, Ian (November 21, 2019).
2597:
2595:
1985:
5578:
5279:
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4245:
4212:
3984:
3934:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3892:
3882:
3098:
3081:
3022:
2975:
2575:"Neurosurgery surgical power tool - All medical device manufacturers - Videos"
2549:
2403:
2289:
2272:
1733:
1468:
1435: – known as one of the founding fathers of modern Neurosurgery.
1396:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1261:
1237:
1171:
999:
811:, and any disorder that has neural deterioration in the brain or spinal cord.
734:
724:
561:
454:
323:
319:
311:
230:
16:
Medical specialty of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system.
3664:
3479:
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2899:
2791:
2451:
2129:
1908:
1871:
1561:
in neurosurgery, and for founding the first neurosurgery intensive care unit.
616:
expected from the neurosurgeon. Some of these divisions of neurosurgery are:
338:
on depressed skull fractures. Simple forms of neurosurgery were performed on
5523:
5214:
4886:
4819:
4814:
4433:
4175:
4170:
4034:
4012:
3887:
3851:
3301:"Laminectomy - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
3149:
2875:
2718:
2693:
1954:
1937:
837:
776:
641:
373:: In 1879, after locating it via neurological signs alone, Scottish surgeon
295:
225:
3497:
3396:
3261:"Neuroradiology Patients & Families: Washington University Radiologist"
3198:
3107:
3040:
2983:
2907:
2809:
2557:
2511:
2470:
2094:
1972:
Kirkpatrick, Douglas B. (1984). "The first primary brain-tumor operation".
1043:
is commonly utilized by neurosurgeons when appropriate. Techniques such as
2320:
2298:
2137:
1993:
1670:
Controversial bioethical and legal issues of surgery for the treatment of
1066:
is performed by pediatric neurosurgeons with or without plastic surgeons.
5432:
4769:
4688:
4674:
4605:
3939:
3716:
2690:"About the Foundation | World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies"
1619:
1538:
1350:
1102:
865:
857:
796:
621:
422:
401:
343:
270:
135:
3637:
Jiménez-Ponce, F.; García-Muñoz, L.; Carrillo-Ruiz, J. D. (2015-01-01).
1630:
Neurosurgery has the following applied scientific and ethical problems:
1109:, strokes, and spinal malformations, and vasospasms. Techniques such as
220:, students must gain entry into medical school. The MBBS qualification (
4418:
3878:
3846:
3739:
3577:"First-ever human head transplant is now possible, says neuroscientist"
3123:
Neuroradiology Companion: Methods, Guidelines, and Imaging Fundamentals
2486:""The Missing Manuscript of Dr. Jose Delgado's Radio Controlled Bulls""
2273:"Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848-1901): Rickman John Godlee (1849-1925)"
2086:
1767: – Medical neurological procedure to check for intracranial bruits
1175:
1136:
946:
784:
657:
58:
960:
3080:
Chivukula, Srinivas; Grandhi, Ramesh; Friedlander, Robert M. (2014).
2049:
A History of the Brain: From Stone Age surgery to modern neuroscience
1689:
1429: – known as one of the fathers of modern Neurosurgery.
1354:
1276:
1257:
1167:
Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include, but are not limited to:
1012:. The clipping of an aneurysm is performed under microscopic vision.
780:
519:
139:
2772:
Transactions of the ... Meeting of the American Surgical Association
2740:
362:
called mafeisan, which he used on surgical procedures on the brain.
5155:
2569:
2567:
2525:
http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/03/hist.htm
2008:"Ensuring an Adequate Neurosurgical Workforce for the 21st Century"
381:(1848–1901) used Macewen's technique to locate it, English surgeon
1219:
1101:
utilize endovascular image guided procedures for the treatment of
1074:
873:
756:
533:
289:
200:
1830:"Brain Surgeon: Job Description, Salary, Duties and Requirements"
1663:
and the huge number of possible technologies and tools for their
307:
4972:
4968:
4518:
3689:
1357:
following surgery, based on very low-quality medical evidence.
3685:
1609: – known as the father of microneurosurgery.
1264:
techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery) such as
1603:
and was famous for his head transplants on living monkeys.
864:, a physician, pharmacologist, and botanist, detailed how
1688:, for instance neurocomponents (artificial impulse quasi-
1525: – a pioneer of stereotactic Neurosurgery.
1453: – Swedish neurosurgeon who developed the
3324:
2825:
Most Common Neurosurgical Procedures & Complications
1677:
Bioethical discussions regarding the instrumentation of
1463: – pediatric neurosurgeon at Melbourne's
1417:
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1301:, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal cord
1020:, and artificial disc replacement rely on microsurgery.
856:(460–370 BCE) made accounts of using different wines to
627:
Stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, and
245:, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of
2850:"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology"
2211:. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 25–40.
2184:(in Spanish). Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 142.
1399: – retired pediatric neurosurgeon from
1174:
and other central nervous system infections including
3603:
3601:
2157:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 97.
612:. Most level 1 hospitals have this kind of practice.
3543:"Dr. Robert J. White, famous neurosurgeron [
1483: – invented the Mayfield skull clamp.
1389: – known as one of the developers of
5486:
5348:
5288:
5163:
5024:
4933:
4900:
4828:
4786:
4768:
4724:
4672:
4637:
4603:
4594:
4566:
4376:
4314:
4075:
4003:
3958:
3867:
3738:
3723:
945:
931:
915:
899:
894:
127:
69:
64:
52:
47:
1553: – known for his pioneering use of
1447: – known as the first neurosurgeon.
972:computer assisted imaging computed tomography (CT)
538:World Academy of Neurological Surgery's conference
417:that involves severing connections in the brain's
3214:Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery
3005:van den Tweel, Jan G.; Taylor, Clive R. (2010).
2827:(Report). Cushing Neurosurgery Outcomes Center.
2151:Desai, Tejal; Bhatia, Sangeeta N. (2007-05-26).
1531: – invented the Ommaya reservoir.
3541:Segall, Grant; Dealer, The Plain (2010-09-16).
3216:(3rd ed.), Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
3212:Albright, L.; Pollack, I.; Adelson, D. (2015),
2490:Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education
2374:"Lobotomy: Definition, Procedure & History"
1681:, through the use of experimental technologies;
592:worldwide. It has a consultative status in the
314:since before European colonization. During the
2224:"HUA Tuo: The First Neurosurgeon in the World"
1755: – Scientific and educational association
1489:– First neurosurgeon in the world to perform
596:. The official Journal of the Organization is
330:, subdural effusions and headache. During the
310:appear to have practiced a procedure known as
4984:
4530:
3701:
3643:Revista Médica del Hospital General de México
2015:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
1967:
1965:
1753:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
1652:Limited access to expensive medical services;
712:National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
8:
5519:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1804:"Neurological Surgery Specialty Description"
1413:2016 Republican Party presidential candidate
624:and performing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
265:, trauma/neurocritical care, functional and
26:
3460:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1931:
1929:
1467:. Primarily known for separating conjoined
620:Vascular neurosurgery includes clipping of
545:World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
104:Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons
4991:
4977:
4969:
4953:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
4600:
4537:
4523:
4515:
3990:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3735:
3708:
3694:
3686:
3082:"A brief history of early neuroanesthesia"
1283:patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain
1202:(brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)
393:became the first to successfully remove a
4331:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3654:
3487:
3386:
3188:
3097:
3030:
2799:
2501:
2460:
2450:
2288:
2075:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1953:
1659:" due to the complexity of neurosurgical
1081:treatment. Radiosurgical methods such as
694:(for cancer, seizures, bleeding, stroke,
222:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
96:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3616:] (in Ukrainian). Akademperiodyka.
1795:
1236:, interdepartmental, and intracellular
719:Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
476:
3325:"How Neurosurgeons Treat Chronic Pain"
2228:Translational Neuroscience and Clinics
1777:List of neurologists and neurosurgeons
1623:a significant selection of the latest
891:
631:(the latter includes partial or total
431:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
389:. On March 16, 1907, Austrian surgeon
25:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
2670:from the original on 14 November 2018
1840:from the original on 29 December 2019
1573:– Uganda's first female neurosurgeon.
860:patients while trepanning. In 60 CE,
698:or congenital neurological disorders)
434:treatment now and non-compliant with
283:History of neurology and neurosurgery
7:
5609:
4469:
4230:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2414:from the original on 3 December 2021
1810:from the original on 12 October 2020
1721:of experimental research results in
1618:Neurosurgery is a part of practical
1073:along with radiation oncologists in
4479:
2484:C.Marzullo, Timothy (Spring 2017).
2277:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
1407:, and pioneer in the separation of
956:
775:is a specialty within the study of
421:. The originator of the procedure,
4366:Medical Scientist Training Program
3530:from the original on 18 July 2023.
3410:Greenberg., Mark S. (2010-01-01).
3232:Division of Biology and Medicine,
3061:from the original on 28 April 2021
2784:10.1097/01.sla.0000179624.50455.db
1860:"Since 2018, PGI sees 14 drop-out"
1773: – Global health subspecialty
1709:of research protocols for testing
1655:The industry-specific problem of "
1232:Intracerebral hemorrhage, such as
442:History of electrodes in the brain
14:
5499:Development of the nervous system
2747:from the original on 9 April 2016
2046:Wickens, Andrew P. (2014-12-08).
1761: – Professional organization
1759:Congress of Neurological Surgeons
1497:, first in South Asia to perform
334:, doctors and surgeons performed
38:Stereotactic guided insertion of
5608:
5597:
5596:
5154:
4810:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
4664:Intracranial pressure monitoring
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4459:
4458:
2892:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01794.x
2439:Surgical Neurology International
2433:Miguel A, Faria (5 April 2013).
1938:"History of brain tumor surgery"
1806:. American Medical Association.
1736:
1139:. This procedure is known as a
768:, higher magnification, HE stain
707:According to an analysis by the
503:
491:
479:
471:Modern neurosurgical instruments
32:
4499:
3671:from the original on 2024-06-02
3587:from the original on 2013-07-01
3575:Mims, Christopher (July 2013).
3557:from the original on 2021-02-28
3547:] and ethicist, dies at 84"
3335:from the original on 2021-04-22
2943:from the original on 2021-04-13
2914:from the original on 2022-06-23
2831:from the original on 2022-07-03
2741:"World Neurosurgery, Home page"
2637:from the original on 2013-09-04
2609:from the original on 2007-05-13
2581:from the original on 2022-01-24
2404:""A brief history of lobotomy""
2402:Nouri, Aria (20 October 2011).
2384:from the original on 2023-09-24
2327:from the original on 2021-11-13
2254:from the original on 2024-01-04
1915:from the original on 2023-07-04
1878:from the original on 2023-07-04
413:, a neurosurgical treatment of
4356:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3790:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3472:10.1002/14651858.CD011931.pub2
3353:Cutts, Steven (January 2007).
3287:The cerebrospinal fluid shunts
3007:"A brief history of pathology"
2349:"Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery"
2178:Gillard, Arthur (2012-10-19).
1601:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1589: – along with
1393:surgery for movement disorder.
1379:neurosurgeon who invented the
1293:Vascular malformations (i.e.,
1069:Neurosurgeons are involved in
1047:are used in pituitary tumors,
831:Neuroanesthesia is a field of
635:– severing part or all of the
82:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1:
5340:Social cognitive neuroscience
4948:Mini–mental state examination
3520:Neurological Society of India
2715:"Journal: World Neurosurgery"
2240:10.18679/CN11-6030_R.2015.008
1634:Ethical and legal aspects of
1411:(joined at the head); former
805:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
566:non governmental organization
5315:Molecular cellular cognition
4701:Multiple subpial transection
4336:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4103:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3614:Modern problems of bioethics
3359:Postgraduate Medical Journal
3290:New York: Nova Medical. 2016
3181:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.09.007
2122:10.1016/0090-3019(86)90070-4
1501:, first in India to perform
1045:endoscopic endonasal surgery
980:positron emission tomography
709:American College of Surgeons
703:Commonly performed surgeries
5534:Neurodevelopmental disorder
5509:Neural network (biological)
5504:Neural network (artificial)
4716:Anterior temporal lobectomy
3121:Castillo, Mauricio (2005).
1641:Αxiological deficit due to
1471:twins, Trishna and Krishna.
1295:arteriovenous malformations
465:Modern surgical instruments
5658:
5061:Computational neuroscience
3656:10.1016/j.hgmx.2015.04.001
3610:Suchasni problemy bioetyky
2656:"Robotics in Neurosurgery"
2222:Zhang, Yuqi (2015-03-18).
1986:10.3171/jns.1984.61.5.0809
1321:developing a chronic post-
1286:Some forms of intractable
976:magnetic resonance imaging
280:
42:electrodes in neurosurgery
18:
5592:
5529:Neurodegenerative disease
5373:Evolutionary neuroscience
5152:
5006:
4935:Clinical prediction rules
4581:Decompressive craniectomy
4557:
4454:
3355:"Cubital tunnel syndrome"
3099:10.3171/2014.2.FOCUS13578
3023:10.1007/s00428-010-0934-4
2976:10.1007/s10540-007-9034-3
2550:10.3171/2009.12.JNS091599
2290:10.3322/canjclin.24.3.169
1614:Bioethics in neurosurgery
1571:Juliet Sekabunga Nalwanga
1499:stereotactic radiosurgery
1465:Royal Children's Hospital
1124:Neurosurgery of the spine
1098:Endovascular neurosurgery
1071:stereotactic radiosurgery
995:conventional neurosurgery
988:stereotactic radiosurgery
957:
180:peripheral nervous system
100:Residency in Neurosurgery
86:Residency in Neurosurgery
31:
5494:Brain–computer interface
5443:Neuromorphic engineering
5368:Educational neuroscience
5275:Nutritional neuroscience
5180:Clinical neurophysiology
5076:Integrative neuroscience
4290:Transplantation medicine
4181:Clinical neurophysiology
4098:Obstetric anesthesiology
4018:Interventional radiology
3778:Digestive system surgery
3412:Handbook of neurosurgery
3371:10.1136/pgmj.2006.047456
3169:Clinical Neurophysiology
2452:10.4103/2152-7806.110146
1784: – Orthopedic screw
1717:in order to improve the
1643:professional deformation
1481:Frank Henderson Mayfield
1186:Cervical spinal stenosis
379:Alexander Hughes Bennett
371:History of tumor removal
269:surgery, surgical neuro-
5305:Behavioral neuroscience
4749:Amygdalohippocampectomy
4161:Intensive care medicine
4135:Mass gathering medicine
3980:Maternal–fetal medicine
3150:10.4304/jmm.6.6.502-509
2874:Love, S. (April 2004).
2538:Journal of Neurosurgery
1974:Journal of Neurosurgery
1955:10.3171/foc.2005.18.4.1
1936:Preul, Mark C. (2005).
1581:transsphenoidal surgery
1244:drug-resistant epilepsy
1234:subarachnoid hemorrhage
654:glioblastoma multiforme
610:intracranial hemorrhage
552:), founded in 1955, in
247:undergraduate education
5300:Affective neuroscience
5081:Molecular neuroscience
5036:Behavioral epigenetics
4908:Electroencephalography
4877:Magnetoencephalography
4551:central nervous system
3753:Cardiothoracic surgery
3414:. Greenberg Graphics.
3305:www.urmc.rochester.edu
2937:neuropathology-web.org
2717:. WFNS. Archived from
2181:Traumatic Brain Injury
1713:means of nerve tissue
1679:reconstructive surgery
1517:University of Michigan
1401:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1391:deep brain stimulation
1270:deep brain stimulation
1190:Lumbar spinal stenosis
1181:Spinal disc herniation
1147:is the removal of the
1127:in the hands or feet.
1010:carotid endarterectomy
984:magnetoencephalography
769:
692:Pediatric neurosurgery
539:
530:Organised neurosurgery
298:
263:pediatric neurosurgery
21:Neurosurgery (journal)
5363:Cultural neuroscience
5358:Consumer neuroscience
5200:Neurogastroenterology
5056:Cellular neuroscience
4853:Pneumoencephalography
4694:Bilateral cingulotomy
4659:Suboccipital puncture
4404:Personalized medicine
4263:Reproductive medicine
4188:Occupational medicine
4142:Evolutionary medicine
3512:"Past Presidents.pmd"
3138:Journal of Multimedia
1361:Notable neurosurgeons
760:
660:, brain stem cancer,
537:
350:fatally wounded him.
322:from 936 to 1013 AD,
294:Trepanned skull from
293:
253:, and seven years of
186:Education and context
19:For the journal, see
5642:Surgical specialties
5335:Sensory neuroscience
5175:Behavioral neurology
5146:Systems neuroscience
4862:Transcranial Doppler
4848:Cerebral angiography
4800:Spinal decompression
4424:Traditional medicine
4384:Alternative medicine
4251:Addiction psychiatry
4065:Transfusion medicine
4060:Medical microbiology
3975:Gynecologic oncology
3827:Reproductive surgery
3608:Moroz, V.A. (2009).
2283:(3): 169–170. 1974.
2052:. Psychology Press.
1765:Cranial auscultation
1672:psychiatric diseases
1647:professional burnout
1523:Hirotaro Narabayashi
1491:image-guided surgery
1421:Trump Administration
1275:Intractable pain of
1091:Novalis Radiosurgery
1034:electrocorticography
888:Neurosurgery methods
809:mitochondria disease
801:Huntington's disease
152:neurological surgery
5478:Social neuroscience
5378:Global neurosurgery
5255:Neurorehabilitation
5225:Neuro-ophthalmology
5210:Neurointensive care
5041:Behavioral genetics
4858:Echoencephalography
4624:Thalamic stimulator
4446:History of medicine
4429:Veterinary medicine
4236:Preventive medicine
4088:Adolescent medicine
3930:Infectious diseases
3086:Neurosurgical Focus
2660:Neurosurgical Focus
1942:Neurosurgical Focus
1771:Global neurosurgery
1587:Robert Wheeler Rand
1439:Christopher Duntsch
1377:Stanford University
1297:, venous angiomas,
1254:Parkinson's disease
1039:Minimally invasive
793:Alzheimer's disease
789:Parkinson's disease
766:Angiocentric glioma
696:cognitive disorders
682:Spinal neurosurgery
119:Magister Chirurgiae
28:
5554:Neuroimmune system
5448:Neurophenomenology
5388:Neural engineering
5111:Neuroendocrinology
5091:Neural engineering
4943:Glasgow Coma Scale
4711:Corpus callosotomy
4640:Ventricular system
4394:Molecular oncology
4351:Doctor of Medicine
4341:Master of Medicine
4258:Radiation oncology
4130:Emergency medicine
4083:Addiction medicine
4050:Clinical chemistry
4045:Clinical pathology
3837:Transplant surgery
3795:Orthopedic surgery
3773:Colorectal surgery
3285:Kombogiorgas, D.,
2964:Bioscience Reports
2205:Kean, Sam (2014).
2110:Surgical Neurology
2087:10.1002/ajpa.20836
1901:The Times of India
1864:The Times of India
1387:Alim-Louis Benabid
1375: –
1349:may also decrease
1316:Postoperative pain
1299:cavernous angiomas
1250:movement disorders
1211:Traumatic injuries
1206:Spinal cord trauma
1093:are used as well.
1057:neurocysticercosis
1049:craniopharyngiomas
1041:endoscopic surgery
1014:Minimally-invasive
770:
679:Skull base surgery
633:corpus callosotomy
598:World Neurosurgery
540:
427:António Egas Moniz
348:Gabriel Montgomery
299:
78:Doctor of Medicine
71:Education required
5624:
5623:
5473:Paleoneurobiology
5408:Neuroepistemology
5383:Neuroanthropology
5349:Interdisciplinary
5235:Neuropharmacology
5195:Neuroepidemiology
4966:
4965:
4764:
4763:
4512:
4511:
4346:Master of Surgery
4310:
4309:
4295:Tropical medicine
4241:Prison healthcare
4156:Hospital medicine
4120:Disaster medicine
4110:Aviation medicine
3925:Hospital medicine
3832:Surgical oncology
3817:Pediatric surgery
3811:
3758:Endocrine surgery
3623:978-966-615-333-6
3421:978-1-60406-326-4
3175:(12): 2517–2524.
3057:. 26 April 2022.
2666:(5). 1 May 2017.
2191:978-0-7377-7312-5
2164:978-0-387-25844-7
2059:978-1-317-74482-5
1723:clinical practice
1705:Ethical issue of
1636:clinical research
1577:Hermann Schloffer
1409:craniopagus twins
1228:peripheral nerves
1215:peripheral nerves
968:
967:
947:OPS-301 code
510:Aluminum headrest
453:, a neurological
419:prefrontal cortex
391:Hermann Schloffer
342:in 1559, after a
164:medical specialty
145:
144:
115:Master of Surgery
98:(M.B.B.S.) with
5649:
5612:
5611:
5600:
5599:
5514:Detection theory
5398:Neurocriminology
5325:Neurolinguistics
5240:Neuroprosthetics
5158:
5121:Neuroinformatics
5071:Imaging genetics
4993:
4986:
4979:
4970:
4892:Microneurography
4778:Meningeal biopsy
4677:
4642:
4612:
4601:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4502:
4501:
4492:
4482:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4166:Medical genetics
4151:General practice
4028:Nuclear medicine
3903:Gastroenterology
3859:Vascular surgery
3809:
3736:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3658:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3451:
3434:
3433:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3263:. Archived from
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3237:. Archived from
3234:Brown University
3224:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2852:. Archived from
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2692:. Archived from
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2351:. Archived from
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2017:. Archived from
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1711:neuroengineering
1551:Joseph Ransohoff
1503:awake craniotomy
1461:Wirginia Maixner
1367:Saleem Abdulrauf
1305:Moyamoya disease
1266:ablative surgery
1107:carotid stenosis
1064:craniosynostosis
961:edit on Wikidata
941:
892:
686:Peripheral nerve
629:epilepsy surgery
507:
498:Puma Robotic Arm
495:
483:
451:cochlear implant
436:patients' rights
415:mental disorders
409:, was a form of
405:: also known as
356:Andreas Vesalius
249:, four years of
54:Activity sectors
36:
29:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5588:
5574:Neurotechnology
5569:Neuroplasticity
5564:Neuromodulation
5559:Neuromanagement
5482:
5453:Neurophilosophy
5350:
5344:
5330:Neuropsychology
5291:
5284:
5245:Neuropsychiatry
5205:Neuroimmunology
5190:Neurocardiology
5166:
5159:
5150:
5141:Neurophysiology
5131:Neuromorphology
5086:Neural decoding
5027:
5020:
5002:
4997:
4967:
4962:
4929:
4925:Polysomnography
4913:Lumbar puncture
4896:
4824:
4782:
4760:
4732:Pituitary gland
4720:
4706:Hemispherectomy
4673:
4668:
4654:Ventriculostomy
4638:
4633:
4610:globus pallidus
4604:
4590:
4562:
4553:
4543:
4513:
4508:
4450:
4439:Chief physician
4372:
4317:
4306:
4300:Travel medicine
4285:Sports medicine
4268:Sexual medicine
4208:Palliative care
4203:Pain management
4147:Family medicine
4125:Diving medicine
4071:
3999:
3961:
3954:
3870:
3863:
3822:Plastic surgery
3768:General surgery
3748:Cardiac surgery
3729:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3684:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3453:
3452:
3437:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3241:on June 5, 2013
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3011:Virchows Archiv
3004:
3003:
2999:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2025:
2024:on 11 July 2021
2021:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:Polyaxial screw
1744:Medicine portal
1742:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1707:standardization
1616:
1597:Robert J. White
1559:catheterization
1555:medical imaging
1535:Wilder Penfield
1405:hemispherectomy
1363:
1331:dexmedetomidine
1318:
1313:
1165:
1133:disc herniation
964:
937:
890:
850:
829:
827:Neuroanesthesia
817:
783:or post mortem
755:
744:Posterolateral
705:
670:medulloblastoma
646:hemispherectomy
637:corpus callosum
606:
532:
516:
515:
514:
511:
508:
499:
496:
487:
484:
473:
472:
467:
375:William Macewen
368:
304:
285:
279:
239:
214:
197:
188:
156:common parlance
132:
130:
72:
55:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5655:
5653:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5606:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5584:Self-awareness
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5539:Neurodiversity
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:Neuromarketing
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Neuroesthetics
5410:
5405:
5403:Neuroeconomics
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Neuroradiology
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Neuropathology
5227:
5222:
5220:Neuro-oncology
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Neurochemistry
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:Hypophysectomy
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Cerebral shunt
4645:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4549:involving the
4544:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4377:Related topics
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4326:Medical school
4322:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Sleep medicine
4277:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4093:Anesthesiology
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4023:Neuroradiology
4020:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:Obstetrics and
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3842:Trauma surgery
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3805:Otolaryngology
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3731:subspecialties
3721:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3629:
3622:
3597:
3567:
3533:
3503:
3435:
3420:
3402:
3365:(975): 28–31.
3345:
3316:
3292:
3277:
3252:
3228:"Neurosurgery"
3219:
3204:
3155:
3144:(6): 502–509.
3128:
3113:
3072:
3046:
2997:
2970:(1–3): 23–30.
2953:
2924:
2886:(4): 309–317.
2880:Histopathology
2866:
2841:
2815:
2758:
2732:
2721:on 6 June 2014
2706:
2681:
2647:
2619:
2591:
2563:
2528:
2517:
2496:(2): R29–R35.
2476:
2425:
2394:
2365:
2337:
2312:
2264:
2214:
2197:
2190:
2170:
2163:
2143:
2100:
2065:
2058:
2038:
1999:
1961:
1925:
1903:. 2022-08-01.
1888:
1866:. 2021-04-09.
1851:
1821:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1719:implementation
1703:
1693:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1650:
1639:
1627:technologies.
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1591:Theodore Kurze
1584:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1548:
1545:Ludvig Puusepp
1542:
1532:
1529:Ayub K. Ommaya
1526:
1520:
1513:Karin Muraszko
1510:
1509:spine surgery.
1484:
1478:
1472:
1458:
1448:
1445:Victor Horsley
1442:
1436:
1430:
1427:Harvey Cushing
1424:
1394:
1384:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1291:
1284:
1273:
1248:Some forms of
1246:
1242:Some forms of
1240:
1230:
1222:of the spine,
1217:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1164:
1161:
966:
965:
958:
955:
954:
949:
943:
942:
935:
929:
928:
919:
913:
912:
903:
897:
896:
889:
886:
852:The physician
849:
846:
833:anesthesiology
828:
825:
821:Thomas Hodgkin
816:
813:
773:Neuropathology
762:Histopathology
754:
753:Neuropathology
751:
750:
749:
742:
737:
732:
722:
704:
701:
700:
699:
689:
683:
680:
677:
666:pontine glioma
649:
625:
605:
604:Main divisions
602:
594:United Nations
531:
528:
513:
512:
509:
502:
500:
497:
490:
488:
485:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
468:
466:
463:
383:Rickman Godlee
367:
364:
346:accident with
303:
300:
281:Main article:
278:
275:
251:medical school
238:
235:
218:United Kingdom
213:
212:United Kingdom
210:
205:National Board
196:
193:
187:
184:
170:including the
168:nervous system
143:
142:
133:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
108:
107:
89:
88:
73:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5654:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5617:
5616:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Neurotheology
5466:
5464:
5463:Neurorobotics
5461:
5459:
5458:Neuropolitics
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Neuroethology
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Motor control
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Chronobiology
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Neurovirology
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Neurogenetics
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Brain-reading
5049:
5047:
5046:Brain mapping
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4684:Psychosurgery
4682:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4505:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Public health
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Allied health
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Oral medicine
4196:
4194:
4193:Ophthalmology
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Cytopathology
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3995:Urogynecology
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Endocrinology
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3267:on 2010-06-02
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2856:on 2021-01-25
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2696:on 2020-08-04
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:(2): 223–32.
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2355:on 2017-01-06
2354:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:(5): 809–13.
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:transhumanism
1697:
1696:Cyborgization
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:medical error
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1607:Gazi Yaşargil
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:Neurosurgery.
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:, and former
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:, pioneer in
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:John R. Adler
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Hydrocephalus
1193:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:hydrocephalus
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
962:
953:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
918:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
898:
893:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
847:
845:
843:
839:
834:
826:
824:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
763:
759:
752:
747:
746:lumbar fusion
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
713:
710:
702:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:spinal cancer
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
618:
617:
613:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:neurosurgeons
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
536:
529:
527:
525:
524:cranial drill
521:
506:
501:
494:
489:
482:
477:
464:
462:
458:
456:
452:
447:
446:Richard Caton
443:
439:
437:
432:
429:, shared the
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:psychosurgery
408:
404:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
352:Ambroise Paré
349:
345:
341:
340:King Henri II
337:
333:
329:
328:hydrocephalus
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:United States
237:United States
236:
234:
232:
227:
223:
219:
211:
209:
206:
202:
194:
192:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:brain surgery
157:
153:
149:
141:
137:
134:
126:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
105:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
68:
63:
60:
57:
51:
46:
41:
35:
30:
22:
5637:Neurosurgery
5613:
5601:
5549:Neuroimaging
5544:Neurogenesis
5428:Neurohistory
5393:Neurobiotics
5292:neuroscience
5260:Neurosurgery
5259:
5185:Epileptology
5167:neuroscience
5136:Neurophysics
5126:Neurometrics
5101:Neurobiology
5096:Neuroanatomy
5066:Connectomics
5000:Neuroscience
4958:CHADS2 score
4918:CSF tap test
4838:Neuroimaging
4792:spinal canal
4756:Brain biopsy
4586:Cranioplasty
4560:Neurosurgery
4559:
4414:Rural health
4399:Nanomedicine
3950:Rheumatology
3881: /
3800:Hand surgery
3785:Neurosurgery
3784:
3673:. Retrieved
3649:(1): 47–54.
3646:
3642:
3632:
3613:
3609:
3589:. Retrieved
3580:
3570:
3559:. Retrieved
3550:
3544:
3536:
3518:
3506:
3463:
3459:
3411:
3405:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3337:. Retrieved
3329:www.aans.org
3328:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3265:the original
3255:
3245:February 11,
3243:. Retrieved
3239:the original
3231:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3049:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2945:. Retrieved
2936:
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2883:
2879:
2869:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2818:
2778:(3): 67–76.
2775:
2771:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2743:. Elsevier.
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2663:
2659:
2650:
2639:. Retrieved
2611:. Retrieved
2583:. Retrieved
2541:
2537:
2531:
2520:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2416:. Retrieved
2407:
2397:
2386:. Retrieved
2378:Live Science
2377:
2368:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:the original
2329:. Retrieved
2315:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2231:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2173:
2153:
2146:
2116:(1): 92–95.
2113:
2109:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2026:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2014:
2002:
1977:
1973:
1945:
1941:
1917:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1798:
1715:regeneration
1629:
1617:
1507:laparoscopic
1451:Lars Leksell
1433:Walter Dandy
1319:
1262:stereotactic
1166:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1096:
1095:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1053:colloid cyst
1040:
1038:
1029:gene therapy
1024:
1022:
1006:Microsurgery
1005:
1004:
1000:craniotomies
994:
992:
969:
895:Neurosurgery
882:Humphry Davy
851:
830:
818:
771:
764:specimen of
706:
614:
607:
558:professional
549:
543:
541:
517:
459:
441:
440:
425:neurologist
406:
400:
399:
370:
369:
336:neurosurgery
332:Roman Empire
305:
286:
267:stereotactic
240:
215:
198:
189:
159:
151:
148:Neurosurgery
147:
146:
109:
90:
84:(D.O.) with
27:Neurosurgery
5418:Neuroethics
5265:Neurotology
4882:Myelography
4788:Spinal cord
4744:Hippocampus
4629:Pallidotomy
4619:Thalamotomy
4484:Wikiproject
4273:Venereology
4218:Neonatology
4115:Dermatology
3970:Gynaecology
3962:gynaecology
3945:Pulmonology
3763:Eye surgery
3725:Specialties
3065:12 February
3017:(1): 3–10.
2674:14 November
2081:(1): 4–13.
1844:29 December
1661:pathologies
1565:Majid Samii
1487:B. K. Misra
1475:Henry Marsh
1469:Bangladeshi
1455:Gamma Knife
1288:psychiatric
1238:hemorrhages
1224:spinal cord
1200:Head trauma
1145:Laminectomy
1129:Spondylosis
1111:angioplasty
1083:Gamma knife
1018:laminectomy
986:(MEG), and
952:5-01...5-05
862:Dioscorides
854:Hippocrates
740:Laminectomy
729:brain tumor
662:astrocytoma
554:Switzerland
444:: In 1878,
387:trepanation
360:anaesthesia
316:Middle Ages
312:trepanation
176:spinal cord
154:, known in
65:Description
5631:Categories
5579:Neurotoxin
5280:Psychiatry
4901:Diagnostic
4805:Discectomy
4576:Craniotomy
4547:procedures
4545:Tests and
4246:Psychiatry
4232:(PM&R)
4225:Phlebology
4213:Pediatrics
4040:Anatomical
4005:Diagnostic
3985:Obstetrics
3935:Nephrology
3920:Hematology
3915:Geriatrics
3908:Hepatology
3893:Cardiology
3883:Immunology
3675:2024-06-02
3591:2021-05-24
3561:2021-05-24
3339:2021-05-06
3310:2021-05-06
3271:2010-06-20
2947:2016-02-12
2933:"Dementia"
2918:2024-02-10
2860:2016-02-12
2835:2022-05-17
2700:2020-07-10
2641:2016-02-11
2613:2016-02-11
2585:2016-02-11
2418:3 December
2388:2018-06-28
2359:2016-02-11
2331:2016-02-11
2258:2021-03-31
1919:2023-07-04
1882:2023-07-04
1790:References
1419:under the
1397:Ben Carson
1381:Cyberknife
1347:pregabalin
1343:Gabapentin
1339:gabapentin
1335:pregabalin
1323:craniotomy
1252:(advanced
1172:Meningitis
1163:Conditions
1141:discectomy
1087:Cyberknife
1025:stereotaxy
901:ICD-10-PCS
844:seizures.
735:Discectomy
725:Craniotomy
656:and other
644:, or even
562:scientific
455:prosthetic
423:Portuguese
324:Al-Zahrawi
320:Al-Andalus
259:fellowship
231:consultant
131:employment
106:(F.R.C.S.)
80:(M.D.) or
48:Occupation
5524:Neurochip
5290:Cognitive
5215:Neurology
4887:Wada test
4872:Brain PET
4867:Brain MRI
4820:Rhizotomy
4815:Cordotomy
4434:Physician
4318:education
4176:Neurology
4171:Narcology
4035:Pathology
4013:Radiology
3888:Angiology
3852:Andrology
3665:0185-1063
3551:cleveland
3480:1469-493X
3430:892183792
3379:0032-5473
3092:(4): E2.
2900:0309-0167
2792:0066-0833
2321:"Surgery"
2248:207942533
2234:: 71–72.
2130:0090-3019
1909:0971-8257
1872:0971-8257
1814:4 October
1665:treatment
1625:treatment
1579:invented
1495:aneurysms
1290:disorders
1176:abscesses
1103:aneurysms
842:epileptic
838:cognition
785:autopsies
777:pathology
642:lobectomy
622:aneurysms
407:leucotomy
395:pituitary
296:Edinburgh
255:residency
226:physician
162:, is the
136:Hospitals
129:Fields of
117:(M.S.) /
5603:Category
5487:Concepts
5433:Neurolaw
5165:Clinical
4770:Meninges
4689:Lobotomy
4675:Cerebrum
4606:Thalamus
4464:Category
3940:Oncology
3871:medicine
3869:Internal
3717:Medicine
3669:Archived
3585:Archived
3555:Archived
3525:Archived
3498:31747720
3397:17267675
3333:Archived
3199:30342252
3108:24684332
3059:Archived
3041:20499087
2992:36830289
2984:17541738
2941:Archived
2912:Archived
2908:15049895
2829:Archived
2810:16135922
2745:Archived
2668:Archived
2635:Archived
2607:Archived
2579:Archived
2558:20078192
2512:28690447
2471:23646259
2412:Archived
2408:aaas.org
2382:Archived
2325:Archived
2307:45097428
2252:Archived
2095:18386793
1948:(4): 1.
1913:Archived
1876:Archived
1838:Archived
1808:Archived
1730:See also
1702:meaning;
1686:implants
1620:medicine
1583:in 1907.
1539:epilepsy
1351:vomiting
1311:Recovery
1137:rongeurs
1105:, AVMs,
917:ICD-9-CM
878:Paramara
866:mandrake
797:dementia
781:biopsies
402:Lobotomy
344:jousting
271:oncology
5615:Commons
5028:science
5016:History
5011:Outline
4843:Head CT
4830:Imaging
4504:Outline
4474:Commons
4419:Therapy
4316:Medical
3879:Allergy
3847:Urology
3740:Surgery
3489:6867906
3388:2599973
3190:6414063
3032:2895866
2801:1357744
2503:5480854
2462:3640229
2299:4210862
2138:3520907
1994:6387062
1834:Science
1690:neurons
1272:surgery
1036:(ECoG)
982:(PET),
978:(MRI),
939:D019635
870:henbane
848:History
815:History
688:surgery
658:gliomas
556:, as a
520:chisels
397:tumor.
302:Ancient
277:History
241:In the
216:In the
140:clinics
121:(M.Ch.)
59:Surgery
5351:fields
4494:Portal
4361:MD–PhD
3663:
3620:
3581:Quartz
3496:
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3428:
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2028:28 May
1992:
1907:
1870:
1355:nausea
1327:NSAIDs
1281:trauma
1277:cancer
1258:chorea
1220:Tumors
1149:lamina
1023:Using
858:sedate
721:(ACDF)
366:Modern
5026:Basic
4725:Other
4596:Brain
4568:Skull
4076:Other
3612:[
3528:(PDF)
3515:(PDF)
2988:S2CID
2303:S2CID
2244:S2CID
2022:(PDF)
2011:(PDF)
1075:tumor
959:[
874:opium
748:(PLF)
731:(CBT)
586:FLANC
578:CAANS
574:AASNS
308:Incas
201:India
195:India
172:brain
4790:and
4608:and
3661:ISSN
3618:ISBN
3494:PMID
3476:ISSN
3464:2019
3426:OCLC
3416:ISBN
3393:PMID
3375:ISSN
3247:2016
3195:PMID
3104:PMID
3067:2016
3037:PMID
2980:PMID
2904:PMID
2896:ISSN
2806:PMID
2788:ISSN
2753:2014
2727:2014
2676:2018
2554:PMID
2508:PMID
2467:PMID
2420:2021
2295:PMID
2186:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2134:PMID
2126:ISSN
2091:PMID
2054:ISBN
2030:2021
1990:PMID
1905:ISSN
1868:ISSN
1846:2019
1816:2020
1645:and
1557:and
1505:and
1493:for
1353:and
1268:and
1226:and
1188:and
1089:and
1077:and
1055:and
933:MeSH
727:for
584:and
582:EANS
570:AANS
550:WFNS
542:The
354:and
306:The
178:and
3810:ENT
3728:and
3651:doi
3545:sic
3484:PMC
3468:doi
3383:PMC
3367:doi
3185:PMC
3177:doi
3146:doi
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3027:PMC
3019:doi
3015:457
2972:doi
2888:doi
2796:PMC
2780:doi
2776:123
2546:doi
2542:112
2498:PMC
2457:PMC
2447:doi
2285:doi
2236:doi
2118:doi
2083:doi
2079:137
1982:doi
1950:doi
1698:in
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1213:of
1079:AVM
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158:as
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