Newgrange - Knowledge

1398: 831:, and that the building of Newgrange "cannot be regarded as other than the expression of some kind of powerful force or motivation, brought to the extremes of aggrandizement in these three monuments, the cathedrals of the megalithic religion." O'Kelly believed that Newgrange, alongside the hundreds of other passage tombs built in Ireland during the Neolithic, showed evidence for a religion that venerated the dead as one of its core principles. He believed that this "cult of the dead" was just one particular form of European Neolithic religion, and that other megalithic monuments displayed evidence for different religious beliefs that were solar-oriented, rather than ancestor-oriented. 536: 1413: 1440: 1428: 60: 1337: 67: 1167:, also came to the site. He talked to Charles Campbell, who informed him that he had found the remains of two human corpses in the tomb, one (which was male) in one of the cisterns and another farther along the passageway, something that Lhwyd had not noted. Subsequently, Newgrange was visited by a number of antiquarians, who often performed their own measurements of the site and made their own observations, which often were published in various antiquarian journals; these included such figures as 1159:, who was staying in the area, was alerted and took an interest in the monument. He wrote an account of the mound and its tomb, describing what he saw as its "barbarous sculpture" and noting that animal bones, beads, and pieces of glass had been found inside of it (modern archaeologists have speculated that these latter two were in fact the polished pottery beads that subsequently have been found at the site and that were a common feature of Neolithic tombs). Soon another antiquarian visitor, 548: 3673: 1040:, who is also known as Maccán Óg ("the young son"). Eventually, Aengus learns that the Dagda is his true father and asks him for a portion of land. In some versions of the tale, the Dagda helps Aengus take ownership of the Brú from Elcmar. Aengus asks to have the Brú for "a day and night", but then claims it forever, because all time is made up of "day and night". Other versions have Aengus taking over the Brú from the Dagda himself by using the same trick. The Brú is then named 560: 1219: 990: 572: 815: 914:(or henge) was built to the southeast of the main mound and a smaller timber circle to the west. The eastern timber circle consisted of five concentric rows of pits. The outer row contained wooden posts. The next row of pits had clay linings and was used to burn animal remains. The three inner rows of pits were dug to accept the animal remains. Within the circle were post and stake holes associated with Beaker pottery and 619: 605: 477:, twenty-two of which are on the western side and twenty-one on the eastern side. They average 1½ metres in height; several are decorated with carvings (as well as graffiti from the period after the rediscovery). The orthostats decrease in height the further into the passageway as a result of the passage being slightly graded from being constructed on the rise of a hill. The ceiling shows no evidence of smoke. 1139: 1279: 947: 892: 764:

previous centuries by visiting antiquarians and tourists, although most of these were removed and went missing or held in private collections. Nonetheless, sometimes these were recorded and it is believed that the grave goods that came from Newgrange were typical of Neolithic Irish passage grave assemblages. The remains of animals also have been found in the structure, primarily those of

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early twentieth century Annie (d. 1964) and Bob Hickey looked after Newgrange as caretakers, custodians and tour guides following his appointment c. 1890. They spoke of noticing a shaft of sunlight hitting a particular stone inside during the winter equinox in December. In the 1950s, electric lighting was installed in the passageway to allow visitors to see more clearly.

1069:) means sun-standstill. The conception of Aengus may represent the "rebirth" of the sun at the winter solstice, him taking over the Brú from an older god representing the growing sun taking over from the waning sun. This could mean that knowledge of the event survived for thousands of years before being recorded as a myth in the Middle Ages. 736:. The stones may have been transported to Newgrange by sea and up the River Boyne by fastening them to the underside of boats at low tide. None of the structural slabs were quarried, for they show signs of having been weathered naturally, so they must have been collected and then transported, largely uphill, to the Newgrange site. The 1275:

Fogarty of University College Cork, an expert on the movement of piled-up loose materials. Fogarty and O'Kelly's team tested their theory by building and collapsing a façade made of the same kind of quartz and cobble stones. O'Kelly wrote that the resulting stratigraphy was almost identical to that found in the excavations.

493:, centuries after the original monument had been abandoned as a ritual centre. This view is disputed and relates to a carbon date from a standing stone setting that intersects with a later timber post circle, the theory being, that the stone in question could have been moved and later, re-set in its original position. 1366:

To experience the phenomenon on the morning of the Winter Solstice from inside Newgrange, visitors to Bru Na Bóinne Visitor Centre must enter an annual lottery at the centre. Of the tens of thousands who enter, sixty are chosen each year. Winners are permitted to bring a single guest. The winners are

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purpose, because some of the carvings had been in places that would not have been visible, such as at the bottom of the orthostatic slabs below ground level. Extensive research on how the art relates to alignments and astronomy in the Boyne Valley complex was carried out by American-Irish researcher,

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Archaeologia Vol 2, 1773. A Description of the Sepulchral Monument of New Grange, near Drogheda, in the County of Meath, in Ireland. By Thomas Pownall, Esq. in a letter to the Rev. Gregory Sharpe, D.D. Master of the Middle Temple. Read at the Society of Antiquaries, 21/28 June 1770. Archaeologia Vol

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Other archaeologists have supported O'Kelly's conclusions and the reconstructed façade, such as Robert Hensey and Elizabeth Shee Twohig in their paper "Facing the cairn at Newgrange" (2017), where they set forth the archaeological evidence. They also contend that if the builders quarried and brought

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There have been various debates as to its original purpose. Many archaeologists believed that the monument had religious significance of some sort or another, either as a place of worship for a "cult of the dead" or for an astronomically based faith. O'Kelly believed that the monument had to be seen

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The inward-curving dark stone walls on each side of the entrance are not original, nor are they meant to suggest Newgrange's original appearance. They were designed solely to facilitate visitor access. One visitor guide book to the site, however, mistakenly had a drawing showing the modern entrance

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suggested that the monument could have been built within a space of five years, basing his estimation upon the likely number of local inhabitants during the Neolithic and the amount of time they could have devoted to building it rather than farming. This estimate, however, was criticised by Michael

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covering part of the circumference. It consists of about 200,000 tonnes of material. The mound is 85 metres (279 ft) wide at its widest point and 12 metres (39 ft) high, and covers 4,500 square metres (1.1 acres) of ground. Within the mound is a chambered passage, which may be accessed by

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from which visitors are taken to the site in groups. Current-day visitors to Newgrange are treated to a guided tour and a re-enactment of the Winter Solstice experience through the use of high-powered electric lights situated within the tomb. The finale of a Newgrange tour results in every visitor

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performed excavations at the site, discovering more about its function and how it had been built; however, even at the time, it was still mistakenly believed by archaeologists to be built during the Bronze Age rather than during the earlier Neolithic period. For 60 years in the late nineteenth and

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As part of the restoration, this white quartz façade was rebuilt, and a concrete support wall built behind it in case of a future cairn collapse. This work is controversial among the archaeological community. P. R. Giot described the façade as looking like a "cream cheese cake with dried currants

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or revetment on the front of the monument. The archaeologists also found what they believed to be the bottom course of a revetment, still in place above three kerbstones at the back of the mound. The height of the original façade was calculated as being up to 3 meters tall by civil engineer John

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were deposited alongside the bodies inside the passage. Excavations that took place in the late 1960s and early 1970s revealed seven "marbles", four pendants, two beads, a used flint flake, a bone chisel, and fragments of bone pins and points. Many more artifacts had been found in the passage in

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conducted a very detailed survey of New Grange in 1769, which numbers all the stones and also records some of the carvings on the stone and asserted that the mound originally had been taller and a lot of the stone on top of it had been removed, a theory that has been disproven by archaeological

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Studies in other fields of expertise offer alternative interpretations of the possible functions, however, which principally centre on the astronomy, engineering, geometry, and mythology associated with the Boyne monuments. It is speculated that the sun formed an important part of the religious

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Neolithic rock art carved onto its stone surfaces. These carvings fit into ten categories, five of which are curvilinear (circles, spirals, arcs, serpentiniforms, and dot-in-circles) and the other five of which are rectilinear (chevrons, lozenges, radials, parallel lines, and offsets). They are

1235:, the board began a project of conservation of the monument, which had been damaged through general deterioration over the previous three millennia as well as the increasing vandalism caused by visitors, some of whom had inscribed their names on the stones. In subsequent decades, a number of 906:, it appears that Newgrange was no longer being used by the local population, who did not leave any artifacts in the structure or bury their dead there. O'Kelly stated, "by 2000 Newgrange was in decay and squatters were living around its collapsing edge". These people were adherents of the 1150:

settler Charles Campbell, ordered some of his farm labourers to dig up a part of Newgrange, which then had the appearance of a large mound of earth, so that he could collect stone from within it. The labourers soon discovered the entrance to the tomb within the mound, and a Welsh

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compels the men of Ireland to build a tower to heaven within a day. His sister casts a spell, making the sun stand still so that one day lasts indefinitely. However, Bresal commits incest with his sister, which breaks the spell. The sun sets and the builders leave, hence the name

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was constructed around the southern and western sides of the mound that covered a structure consisting of two parallel lines of post and ditches that had been partly burnt. A free-standing circle of large stones was raised around the Newgrange mound. Near the entrance, seventeen

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led the most extensive of these from 1962 to 1975 and also reconstructed the front of the monument, a reconstruction that is controversial. This included an inward-curving dark stone wall to ease visitor access. Newgrange is a popular tourist site and, according to archaeologist

793:, who married among themselves to keep the royal bloodline "pure". This, together with the prestige of the burial, could mean that a similar elite group were responsible for building Newgrange, and that it was a royal tomb. The man was distantly related to people buried in the 805:

said that social difference in the Neolithic was often short-lived, speculating that an elite may have arisen temporarily in response to crisis. He suggested that Newgrange may have been a communal monument at certain times and co-opted as a personal tomb for brief periods.

855:, directly above the main entrance. Although solar alignments are not uncommon among passage graves, Newgrange is one of few to contain the additional roofbox feature. (Cairn G at Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery is another, and it has been suggested that one can be found at 850:

on the front wall of the chamber. This illumination lasts for approximately 17 minutes. Michael J. O'Kelly was the first person in modern times to observe this event on 21 December 1967. The sunlight enters the passage through a specially contrived opening, known as a

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DNA analysis found that bones deposited in the most elaborate chamber belonged to a man whose parents were first-degree relatives, possibly brother and sister. In history, such inbreeding was usually only found in royal dynasties headed by "god-kings", such as the

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In 1882, under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, Newgrange and the nearby monuments of Knowth and Dowth were placed under the control of the state with the Board of Public Works being the responsible administrative authority. In 1890, under the leadership of

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vault roof. Each of the smaller chambers has a large flat "basin stone" where the bones of the dead may have been deposited during prehistoric times. Whether it was a burial site remains unclear. The walls of this passage are made up of large stone slabs called

859:.) The alignment is such that although the roofbox is above the passage entrance, the light hits the floor of the inner chamber. Today the first light enters about four minutes after sunrise and strikes the middle of the chamber, but calculations based on the 468:

an entrance on the southeastern side of the monument. The passage stretches for 19 metres (60 ft), or about a third of the way into the centre of the structure. At the end of the passage are three small chambers off a larger central chamber with a high

510:-like features found on the entrance stone. It is approximately three metres long and 1.2 metres high (10 ft long and 4 ft high), and about five tonnes in weight. It has been described as "one of the most famous stones in the entire repertory of 1296:

the quartz such a distance, they likely would have used it to "maximum effect" as a striking façade, rather than laying it on the ground where it could barely be seen. Along with archaeologist Carleton Jones, Hensey and Twohig note that passage tombs in

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of the Earth show that 5,000 years ago, first light would have entered exactly at sunrise and shone on the chamber's back wall. The solar alignment at Newgrange is very precise compared to similar phenomena at other passage graves such as Dowth or

1036:. The Dagda impregnates her after sending Elcmar away on a one-day errand. To hide the pregnancy from Elcmar, the Dagda casts a spell on him, making "the sun stand still" so he will not notice the passing of time. Meanwhile, Boann gives birth to 1319:

In 2016, archaeologist Michael Gibbons controversially claimed that the roofbox, which captures the winter solstice sunlight, was "fabricated" by O'Kelly's team. This claim was refuted by several prominent Irish archaeologists, including Prof

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Newgrange is described in some myths as "white-topped", "brilliant to approach", and "chequered with many lights". Archaeologist Claire O'Kelly wrote that these could be "references to the glistening white quartz of the Newgrange mound".

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of the Boyne. There is a large pond in this area that is believed to be the site quarried for the pebbles by the builders of Newgrange. Most of the 547 slabs that make up the inner passage, chambers, and the outer kerbstones are

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research. The majority of these antiquarians also refused to believe that it was ancient peoples native to Ireland who built the monument, with many believing that it had been built in the early medieval period by invading

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and frogs. Most of these animals would have entered and died in the chamber many centuries or even millennia after it was constructed: for instance, rabbits were only introduced to Ireland in the thirteenth century.

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described the reconstruction as "a bit brutal, a bit overdone, kind of like Stalin does the Stone Age". Some critics claim that the Neolithic builders did not have the technology to build a revetment at this angle.

1397: 1266:. The quartz layer was thickest nearest the kerbstones, and none was found underneath any of the kerbstones that had fallen or tilted outward from the mound. This indicated that the quartz had fallen or 759:. From examining the unburnt bone, it was shown to come from at least two separate individuals, but much of their skeletons were missing, and what was left had been scattered about the passage. Various 839:, as the room gets flooded with sunlight, which might have signaled that the days would start to get longer again. This view is strengthened by the discovery of alignments in Knowth, Dowth, and the 1412: 514:." Archaeologists believe that most of the carvings were produced prior to the stones being erected, although the entrance stone was carved in situ before the kerbstones were placed alongside it. 2041:

Cassidy, Lara M.; Maoldúin, Ros Ó; Kador, Thomas; Lynch, Ann; Jones, Carleton; Woodman, Peter C.; Murphy, Eileen; Ramsey, Greer; Dowd, Marion; Noonan, Alice; Campbell, Ciarán (18 June 2020).

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It has been suggested that this tale represents the winter solstice illumination of Newgrange, during which the sunbeam (the Dagda) enters the inner chamber (the womb of Boann) when the

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Identification of the source area for megaliths used in the construction of the Neolithic passage graves of the Boyne Valley, Co. Meath. Unpublished report for the Heritage Council.

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The Newgrange monument primarily consists of a large mound, built of alternating layers of earth and stones, with grass growing on top and a reconstructed facade of flattish white

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The Neolithic people who built the monument were native agriculturalists, growing crops and raising animals such as cattle in the area where their settlements were located.

1355:. The interpretive centre is located on the south bank of the river and Newgrange is located on the north side of the river. Access is only from the interpretive centre. 846:

Once a year, at the Winter Solstice, the rising sun shines directly along the long passage, illuminating the inner chamber and revealing the carvings inside, notably the

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marked by wide differences in style, the skill-level needed to produce them, and on how deeply carved they are. One of the most notable types of art at Newgrange are the

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Its initial period of use lasted about 1,000 years. Newgrange then gradually became a ruin, although the area continued to be a site of ritual activity. It featured in

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beliefs of the Neolithic people who built it. One idea was that the room was designed for a ritualistic capturing of sun rays on the shortest day of the year, the

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standing inside the tomb where the tour guide then turns off the lights, and then turns on ones simulating the sunlight that would appear on the winter solstice.

1089:("darkening"). This tale has also been linked with recent DNA analysis, which found that a man buried at Newgrange had parents who were most likely siblings (see 755:

Excavations have revealed deposits of both burnt and unburnt human bone in the passage, indicating human corpses had been placed within it, some of whom had been

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split into groups of ten and taken in on the five days around the solstice in December when sunlight can enter the chamber, weather permitting. Due to the

3811: 3776: 3766: 3726: 3721: 3711: 3662: 1073:, an expert on Irish mythology, says that the tales of Brú na Bóinne are the only Irish legends where a sacred site is linked with the control of time. 687:. Some put its period of construction somewhat later, at 3000 to 2500 BC. Geological analysis indicates that the thousands of pebbles that make up the 3897: 3771: 3652: 2694:

Eriksen, Palle (2008). "The Great Mound of Newgrange, An Irish Multi-Period Mound Spanning from the Megalithic Tomb Period to the Early Bronze Age".

1112:. These farms were referred to as "granges". Newgrange is not mentioned in any of the early charters of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but an 3867: 3410: 2125: 1563: 2380: 386:" above the entrance and floods the inner chamber. Several other passage tombs in Ireland are aligned with solstices and equinoxes, and Cairn G at 3872: 3842: 1898:

Benozzo, F. (2010). "Words as Archaeological Finds: A Further Example of the Ethno-Philological Contribute to the Study of European Megalithism".

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A dense layer of white quartz stones, mingled with grey cobbles, was found lying at the front of the mound. O'Kelly's team carefully recorded the

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The first thorough archaeological investigation and excavation of Newgrange was undertaken from 1962 through to 1975, led by Irish archaeologist

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made mostly of white quartz cobblestones, and it is ringed by engraved kerbstones. Many of the larger stones of Newgrange are covered in

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These antiquarians often concocted their own theories about the origins of Newgrange, many of which have since been proved incorrect.

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narrates a BBC Radio 4 / British Museum programme describes the solstice at Newgrange, making a comparison with the story of

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has a similar "roofbox". Newgrange shares similarities with some other Neolithic monuments in Western Europe; especially

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Consanguineous unions in the archaeology and mythology of the Neolithic passage-tomb at Newgrange, Ireland (Graham 2021)

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was built a few yards behind Newgrange. The folly, with two circular windows, was made of stones taken from Newgrange.

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J. O'Kelly and his archaeological team, who believed that it would have taken a minimum of thirty years to build.

3882: 3478: 3361: 1522: 1325: 1336: 708:, about 20 km to the northeast. The facade and entrance were built with white quartz cobblestones from the 3902: 241: 2275: 1790: 700:. Some or all of them may have been brought from sites approximately 5 km away, from the rocky beach at 3278: 3159: 3089: 2539: 1990:

Sheridan, Alison (17 June 2020). "Incest Uncovered at the Elite Prehistoric Newgrange Monument in Ireland".

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Pitts (2006) Sensational new discoveries at Bryn Celli Ddu. British Archaeology No. 89 (July/August): 6.

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works took place, based on the archaeological findings. His excavation report was published in 1982 by

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were used to set fires. These structures at Newgrange are generally contemporary with a number of

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Cairns leading to the interpretation of these monuments as calendrical or astronomical devices.

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The entrance to Newgrange in the early 1900s, after much of the debris had been cleared and a

1168: 1014: 733: 709: 680: 375: 320: 2684:"A History of Ancient Britain" Series 1 episode 3, "Age of Cosmology", BBC documentary, 2011. 1385: 981:

suggests that the west European neolithic population was largely replaced by later arrivals.

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Various archaeologists have speculated as to the meanings of the designs, with some, such as

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The original complex of Newgrange was built between c. 3200 and 3100 BC. According to

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The entrance passage and entrance stone (the grey paving path is built for visitor access).

3515: 3494: 3058: 2843: 2823: 2113: 1924: 1612: 1371:, however, the 2020 and 2021 events were exclusively live-streamed with no public access. 1109: 998: 978: 836: 692: 486: 410: 379: 355: 312: 3525: 3520: 958:. Among various objects later deposited around the mound are two pendants made from gold 2208: 2126:"DNA from ancient Irish tomb reveals incest and an elite class that ruled early farmers" 2058: 2003: 1547: 1142:

The entrance to Newgrange in the late 1800s, when the mound had become largely overgrown

989: 814: 3567: 3563: 3552: 3185: 3011: 2083: 2042: 1527:"Newgrange revisited: New insights from excavations at the back of the mound in 1984–8" 1218: 1191: 1152: 967: 907: 869: 856: 684: 511: 403: 363: 284: 1270:

down from above the kerbstones. O'Kelly concluded that the quartz had made up a white

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and pits defining a circle 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. A concentric mound of

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culture, and designs on the stones are misdescribed as "Celtic". However, recent

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E. Grogan, "Prehistoric and Early Historic Cultural Change at Brugh na Bóinne",

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Sometime after 1142 the structure became part of outlying farmland owned by the

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period, the Newgrange area continued to be a focus of some ceremonial activity.

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Newgrange consists of a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway and

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flakes. The western timber circle consisted of two concentric rows of parallel

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Hensey, Robert. Re-discovering the winter solstice alignment at Newgrange, in

2066: 1526: 1418: 1147: 1119: 1032:, the goddess of the River Boyne. She lives at Brú na Bóinne with her husband 860: 840: 798: 672: 507: 490: 434: 316: 3044: 3031: 2961: 2878:"Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre (Newgrange and Knowth) | Heritage Ireland" 2074: 3220: 3103: 3015: 3008: 2354:

Anthony Murphy and Richard Moore. "Chapter 8, Newgrange: Womb of the Moon",

1403: 1301: 1267: 1025: 946: 880: 865: 756: 729: 697: 578: 474: 422: 347: 152: 2903:"Winter Solstice | Brú na Bóinne | World Heritage | World Heritage Ireland" 2882:

Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre (Newgrange and Knowth) | Heritage Ireland

2193:"The winter solstice phenomenon at Newgrange, Ireland: accident or design?" 2192: 2092: 2019: 1271: 973:

The culture that built Newgrange is sometimes confused with the much later

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in Brittany, which has a similar preserved facing and large carved stones,

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Cross section showing sunlight reaching the chamber on the winter solstice

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Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition

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The site evidently continued to have some ritual significance into the

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Giot, P.-R. (1983). "Review: Newgrange: archaeology, art and legend".

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Island of the Setting Sun: In Search of Ireland's Ancient Astronomers

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Eriksen, Palle (September 2006). "The Rolling Stones of Newgrange".

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Sunlight entering the chamber around the time of the winter solstice

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Gold jewellery from Roman period found at the mound (British Museum)

3002: 1691:"Rediscovering the winter solstice alignment at Newgrange, Ireland" 1689:

Hensey, Robert (2017). Papadopoulos, Costas; Moyes, Holley (eds.).

3453: 3338: 1335: 1277: 1217: 1207: 1137: 1029: 988: 974: 945: 932: 915: 890: 828: 813: 688: 340: 336: 2819:"Newgrange sun trap may be only 50 years old, says archaeologist" 2588:"Clodagh Finn: The woman who took care of Newgrange for 60 years" 1013:). Like other passage tombs, it is described as a portal to the 923: 3595: 3406: 3062: 1923:, Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, archived from 1358:

Access to Newgrange is by guided tour only. Tours begin at the

671:, it is approximately 500 years older than the current form of 1608:"Newgrange got new lease of light and life in 1960s 'rebuild'" 769: 3003:

Calendrical Interpretation of Spirals in Irish Megalithic Art

2860:"Re-discovering the 'lost' records of the Newgrange roof-box" 2303:

The Voyage to the Otherworld Island in Early Irish Literature

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Conservation, archaeological investigation and reconstruction

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Local folklore about Newgrange survived into the modern era.

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basins found inside the chambers also came from the Mournes.

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The Monastic City of Clonmacnoise and its Cultural Landscape

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Temples of Stone: Exploring the Megalithic Tombs of Ireland

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The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

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Newgrange is located 8.4 kilometres (5.2 mi) west of

1080:), one of the other Boyne Valley tombs. It tells how king 939:, at Newgrange Site A, Newgrange Site O, Dowth Henge, and 485:

Situated around the perimeter of the mound is a circle of

437:

excavations began in the twentieth century. Archaeologist

358:, were found in this chamber. The monument has a striking 2977:

Windows Media recording of the 2007 Winter Solstice event

2276:"History of Newgrange Stone Age Passage Tomb in Ireland" 1655: 2794:"Newgrange Excavation Report Critique by Alan Marshall" 2236: 2234: 2142: 2140: 1886:

Body and Image: Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology

1866: 1864: 1316:

as if it were part of Newgrange's original appearance.

433:

first began its study in the seventeenth century, and

624:

Newgrange as it most likely looked after it was built

350:

chamber. Burnt and unburnt human bones, and possible

299:, eight kilometres (five miles) west of the town of 3800: 3755: 3680: 3631: 3503: 3487: 3444: 3370: 3326: 3303: 3296: 3266: 3250: 3243: 3168: 3152: 3134: 3127: 3097: 260: 249: 234: 226: 218: 210: 201: 197: 189: 181: 171: 163: 158: 148: 135: 130: 122: 114: 106: 96: 82: 2982:Short Video by National Geographic about Newgrange 2470:Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society 2043:"A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society" 1445:Looking up to the corbelled ceiling of end-chamber 1433:A chiselled granite basin in the east side-chamber 541:Plan and section of the passage and chamber, 1903. 2962:Irish passage tombs and other Neolithic monuments 1755:Ó Ríordáin, Seán P.; Glyn, Edmund Daniel (1964). 2756: 2754: 2752: 2114:"DNA study reveals Ireland's age of 'god-kings'" 1917:Phillips, W.E.A.; M. Corcoran; E. Eogan (2001), 74:Map of Ireland showing the location of Newgrange 3858:World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland 1564:"The Winter Solstice Illumination of Newgrange" 463:stones studded at intervals with large rounded 712:, about 50 km to the south; dark rounded 295:in Ireland, located on a rise overlooking the 3607: 3521:The Céide Fields and North West Mayo Boglands 3418: 3074: 2399:MacRitchie, David (1893). "Notes on the word 2157:"Brú na Bóinne (Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth)" 1626:Renfrew, Colin, in O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982. 1134:Antiquarianism in the 17th and 18th centuries 1090: 8: 2760:Hensey, Robert, and Elizabeth Shee Twohig. " 1880: 1878: 1876: 1834:Grant, Jim; Sam Gorin; Neil Fleming (2008). 1249:conservation, restoration and reconstruction 597:Models of Newgrange during its early history 28: 2334:The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology 2305:. Brill Academic Publishers, 1983. pp.81–82 1695:The Oxford Handbook of Light in Archaeology 1406:-lined passage leading towards tomb chamber 16:Neolithic monument in County Meath, Ireland 3614: 3600: 3592: 3425: 3411: 3403: 3300: 3247: 3131: 3081: 3067: 3059: 2998:Newgrange winter solstice simulation in 3D 1558: 1556: 417:, in which it is said to be a dwelling of 41: 27: 2957:Information on Newgrange by Meath Tourism 2839:"Newgrange – the archaeological evidence" 2428:. John English & Company. p. 61. 2369:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 2336:. Oxford University Press, 2017. pp.11–13 2328: 2326: 2324: 2082: 2762:Facing the Cairn at Newgrange, Co. Meath 331:that also includes the passage tombs of 323:. Newgrange is the main monument in the 1476: 1381: 531: 501:Newgrange contains various examples of 1813:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 1628:Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend 1510:Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend 1257:Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend 720:, about 50 km to the north; dark 3863:Cemeteries in the Republic of Ireland 1840:. Taylor & Francis. p. 159. 1730:Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances 1642:First Light: The origins of Newgrange 1076:There is a similar tale about Dowth ( 565:Megalithic art on the back kerbstone. 343:, burial mounds and standing stones. 259: 248: 233: 225: 217: 209: 200: 7: 3848:Archaeological sites in County Meath 2251:"British Museum – Collection search" 1757:New Grange and the Bend of the Boyne 1703:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198788218.013.5 1247:. Following the O'Kelly excavation, 3878:Tourist attractions in County Meath 2928:"Winter Solstice at Newgrange 2020" 2292:; Oxford UP (2018) pp. 98, 114–117. 1512:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 13. 1206:At some time in the early 1800s, a 1047:The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne 679:in Egypt, as well as predating the 3888:National monuments in County Meath 3018:, Japanese sun goddess. (May 2022) 2993:Brú na Bóinne in myth and folklore 2586:Finn, Clodagh (23 December 2023). 1630:. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 7. 1282:Closeup of the façade or revetment 14: 2466:"An Important Mellifont Document" 2318:. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p.39 895:Timber circle, Early Bronze Age, 768:, rabbits, and dogs, but also of 66: 3898:Tombs in the Republic of Ireland 3671: 2767:The Journal of Irish Archaeology 2708:10.1111/j.1600-0390.2008.00118.x 2358:. Liffey Press, 2008. pp.160–172 1531:The Journal of Irish Archaeology 1438: 1426: 1411: 1396: 1384: 962:coins of 320–337 AD (now in the 645: 631: 617: 603: 570: 558: 546: 534: 366:. The mound is also ringed by a 65: 58: 3868:Megalithic monuments in Ireland 3535:Early Medieval Monastic Sites ( 1888:. Left Coast Press, 2008. p.160 1734:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing 1340:Mock-up of the chamber, in the 303:. It is an exceptionally grand 291:) is a prehistoric monument in 3873:Prehistoric burials in Ireland 3843:4th-millennium BC architecture 2290:Who we are and how we got here 1146:In 1699, the local landowner, 801:tombs. However, archaeologist 1: 3624:National monuments of Ireland 3562:The Royal Sites of Ireland: ( 1110:Cistercian Abbey of Mellifont 1017:and a dwelling of the divine 139: 1360:Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre 1342:Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre 1001:, Newgrange is often called 638:Newgrange after it was built 610:Newgrange under construction 126:up to 12 metres (39 ft) 3516:The Historic City of Dublin 3005:on Arxiv.org 19 March 2019. 2770:, vol. 26, 2017, pp. 57–76. 2191:Ray, T. P. (January 1989). 1759:. F.A. Praeger. p. 26. 1300:have similar near-vertical 652:Newgrange in the Bronze Age 3919: 2012:10.1038/d41586-020-01655-4 1900:The European Archaeologist 1837:The archaeology coursebook 1644:. Oxbow Books. p. 13. 1537:: 13–82 – via JSTOR. 1508:O'Kelly, Michael J. 1982. 964:National Museum of Ireland 823:in relation to the nearby 398:in Orkney, with its large 204:UNESCO World Heritage Site 21:Newgrange (disambiguation) 18: 3853:Neolithic sites of Europe 3669: 3479:Townleyhall passage grave 3362:Townleyhall passage grave 2967:101 Facts About Newgrange 2735:10.1017/s0003598x00094151 2116:. BBC News, 17 June 2020. 2067:10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 1091:#Construction and burials 1028:, the chief god, desires 274: 270: 53: 49: 40: 33: 3045:53.6947251°N 6.4755655°W 2424:O'Kelly, Claire (1967). 1588:O'Kelly and O'Kelly, 102 1550:. The Megalithic Portal. 772:, sheep, goats, cattle, 3279:Colmeallie stone circle 3160:West Kennet Long Barrow 3090:Neolithic British Isles 2907:worldheritageireland.ie 2783:. Collins, 2007. p.196. 2567:O'Kelly (1982) pp.38–39 2371:. ABC-CLIO, 2006. p.619 1745:O'Kelly (1982:146–147). 1485:"Sí an Bhrú /Newgrange" 1460:Neolithic British Isles 1061:stands still. The word 887:Bronze Age and Iron Age 315:, making it older than 110:76 metres (249 ft) 3050:53.6947251; -6.4755655 1980:O'Kelly (1982:215–216) 1953:O'Kelly (1982:105–106) 1944:O'Kelly (1982:117–118) 1815:91C, 1991, pp. 126–132 1344: 1283: 1227: 1165:Trinity College Dublin 1143: 994: 951: 899: 819: 288: 193:yes (guided tour only) 185:Office of Public Works 118:1.1 acre (0.5 hectare) 3284:Strichen Stone Circle 2988:MegalithicIreland.com 1884:Tilley, Christopher. 1339: 1281: 1233:Thomas Newenham Deane 1221: 1141: 992: 949: 894: 817: 677:Great Pyramid of Giza 164:Excavation dates 3434:World Heritage Sites 2647:O'Kelly (1982) p.110 2528:O'Kelly (1982:33–34) 2345:O'Kelly (1982:43–46) 1287:distributed about". 1130:lands of the abbey. 1054:'s body to the Brú. 902:By the onset of the 19:For other uses, see 3576:Rathcroghan Complex 3526:Western Stone Forts 3119:Prehistoric Ireland 3114:Prehistoric Britain 3041: / 2847:. 24 December 2016. 2827:. 21 December 2016. 2656:O'Kelly (1982) p.73 2638:O'Kelly (1982) p.92 2629:O'Kelly (1982) p.72 2611:O'Kelly (1982) p.41 2576:O'Kelly (1982) p.42 2240:O'Kelly (1982:145). 2209:1989Natur.337..343R 2059:2020Natur.582..384C 2004:2020Natur.582..347S 1927:on 12 December 2011 1780:O'Kelly (1982:148). 1771:O'Kelly (1982:149). 1616:. 20 December 2008. 1465:Prehistoric Ireland 1161:Sir Thomas Molyneux 1122:in 1348 includes a 897:Bell Beaker culture 879:During much of the 872:, off the coast of 776:, and more rarely, 339:, as well as other 329:World Heritage Site 30: 3181:Beckhampton Avenue 3009:Here Comes the Sun 2696:Acta Archaeologica 2620:O'Kelly (1982) p.9 2491:– via JSTOR. 2426:Guide to Newgrange 2314:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. 2301:Löffler, Christa. 2163:on 12 October 2007 2146:O'Kelly (1982:122) 1971:O'Kelly (1982:107) 1962:O'Kelly (1982:105) 1870:O'Kelly (1982:117) 1548:Carrowkeel Cairn G 1345: 1284: 1245:Michael J. O'Kelly 1228: 1171:, Thomas Pownall, 1144: 995: 952: 900: 820: 732:from the shore at 439:Michael J. O'Kelly 382:shines through a " 256:(official listing) 250:Reference no. 190:Public access 176:Michael J. O'Kelly 3830: 3829: 3589: 3588: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3383:Brownshill Dolmen 3316:Brownshill Dolmen 3292: 3291: 3239: 3238: 3211:Stonehenge Cursus 3206:Stonehenge Avenue 2934:. 3 December 2020 2864:Shadows and Stone 2779:Jones, Carleton. 2558:O'Kelly (1982:35) 2549:O'Kelly (1982:33) 2519:O'Kelly (1982:27) 2510:O'Kelly (1982:24) 2476:(1): 1–13. 1957. 2203:(6205): 343–345. 2053:(7812): 384–388. 1998:(7812): 347–349. 1847:978-0-415-46286-0 1824:O'Kelly (1982:48) 1712:978-0-19-878821-8 1679:O'Kelly (1982:21) 1597:Laing 1974, p. 42 1369:COVID-19 pandemic 1253:Thames and Hudson 1169:Sir William Wilde 1042:Brug maic ind Óig 734:Carlingford Lough 724:cobbles from the 716:cobbles from the 710:Wicklow Mountains 681:Mycenaean culture 455:Mound and passage 376:Wicklow Mountains 321:Egyptian pyramids 307:built during the 278: 277: 245: 3910: 3883:Archaeoastronomy 3804: 3759: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3635: 3625: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3593: 3572:Hill of Uisneach 3474:Newgrange cursus 3427: 3420: 3413: 3404: 3349:Newgrange cursus 3301: 3274:Clach an Trushal 3248: 3244:Northern Britain 3191:Durrington Walls 3132: 3128:Southern Britain 3109:Neolithic Europe 3083: 3076: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3034: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2758: 2747: 2746: 2729:(309): 709–710. 2718: 2712: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2501:Stout (2002:128) 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2440:"Cuardach téacs" 2436: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2396: 2390: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2319: 2312: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2278:. 21 March 2010. 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2217:10.1038/337343a0 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2159:. Archived from 2153: 2147: 2144: 2135: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2086: 2038: 2032: 2031: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1871: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1726:Joseph Nechvatal 1723: 1717: 1716: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1631: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1566:. Archived from 1560: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1481: 1442: 1430: 1415: 1400: 1388: 1304:fronts, such as 1019:Tuatha Dé Danann 803:Alasdair Whittle 726:Cooley Mountains 718:Mourne Mountains 649: 635: 621: 607: 574: 562: 550: 538: 526:Martin Brennan. 356:votive offerings 309:Neolithic Period 239: 144: 141: 69: 68: 62: 45: 31: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3903:Winter solstice 3833: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3802: 3796: 3757: 3751: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3590: 3585: 3499: 3495:Skellig Michael 3483: 3440: 3431: 3401: 3392: 3371:Other Monuments 3366: 3322: 3288: 3267:Other Monuments 3262: 3235: 3169:Other Monuments 3164: 3148: 3123: 3093: 3092:(4000–2500 BCE) 3087: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3027: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2858:Williams, Ken. 2857: 2856: 2852: 2844:The Irish Times 2837: 2836: 2832: 2824:The Irish Times 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2759: 2750: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2538:2, pp. 236–276 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2389:, 17 June 2020. 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2134:, 17 June 2020. 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2040: 2039: 2035: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1796: 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In 986: 983: 968:British Museum 908:Beaker culture 888: 885: 870:Orkney Islands 857:Bryn Celli Ddu 811: 808: 766:mountain hares 752: 749: 744:Frank Mitchell 693:river terraces 685:ancient Greece 664: 661: 651: 644: 643: 642: 637: 630: 629: 628: 623: 616: 615: 614: 609: 602: 601: 600: 596: 595: 594: 593: 591: 588: 584: 583: 576: 569: 567: 564: 557: 555: 552: 545: 543: 540: 533: 530: 529: 528: 512:megalithic art 498: 495: 482: 479: 456: 453: 451: 448: 435:archaeological 404:Bryn Celli Ddu 364:megalithic art 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 251: 247: 246: 236: 232: 231: 228: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 173: 172:Archaeologists 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 143: 3200 BC 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 84: 80: 79: 73: 64: 63: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 46: 38: 37: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3915: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3893:Boyne 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