Night fighter - Knowledge

781: 72: 61: 936: 81: 813:, but it was given such a low priority that the British had ample supplies of their own designs by the time it was ready for production. The first USAAF unit using the P-61 did not move to Britain until February 1944; operational use did not start until the summer, and was limited throughout the war. Colonel Winston Kratz, director of night-fighter training in the USAAF, considered the P-61 as adequate in its role, "It was a good night fighter. It did not have enough speed". 563:, for homing-in on German night fighters. The British also experimented with mounting pilot-operated AI Mark 6 radar sets in single-seat fighters, and the Hurricane II C(NF), a dozen of which were produced in 1942, became the first radar-equipped, single-seat night fighter in the world. It served with 245 and 247 Squadrons briefly and unsuccessfully before being sent to India to 176 Squadron, with which it served until the end of 1943. A similarly radar-equipped 52: 623: 631: 658:, Scotland, by a defecting Luftwaffe crew, allowed British radio engineers to develop jamming equipment to counter it. A race developed with the Germans attempting to introduce new sets and the British attempting to jam them. The early Lichtenstein B/C was replaced by the similar UHF-band Lichtenstein C-1, but when the German night fighter defected and landed in Scotland in April 1943, that radar was quickly jammed. The low 532:, which offered significantly higher performance than the pre-war Blenheims; it was the highest performance aircraft capable of carrying the bulky early aircraft interception radars used for night fighter operations, and quickly became invaluable as a night fighter. Over the next few months, more and more Beaufighters arrived and the success of the night fighters roughly doubled every month until May, when the 571: 316: 611:; with only one or two searchlights or radars available per "cell", the system was able to handle perhaps six interceptions per hour. By flying all of the bombers over a cell in a short period, the vast majority of the bombers flew right over them without ever having been plotted, let alone attacked. German success against the RAF plummeted, reaching a nadir on 30/31 May 1942, when the first 832:. The Japanese Navy had long screened new recruits for exceptional night vision, using the best on their ships and aircraft instead of developing new equipment for this role. VF(N)-75 was established as the first USN night fighter squadron on 10 April 1943. Six pilots with six aircraft were sent to the South Pacific on 1 August 1943. A Night Fighter Training Unit (NFTU) was established at 293:, most combatants had little capability of flying at night, and little need to do so. The only targets that could be attacked with any possibility of being hit in limited visibility would be cities, an unthinkable target at the time. The general assumption of a quick war meant no need existed for strategic attacks. 777:-equipped fighter was typically a complete surprise to the bomber crew, who would only realise that a fighter was close by when they came under fire. Particularly in the initial stage of operational use until early 1944, the sudden fire from below was often attributed to ground fire rather than a fighter. 1042:

was the Navy's all-weather fighter. The Phantom was developed as the Navy's first supersonic, all-weather, radar-equipped fighter armed with radar-guided missiles. However, compared to early air-superiority designs such as the F-100 or F-8, the massive Phantom, nevertheless, had enough raw power from

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to "paint" the target, allowing the fighters to attack them without on-board aids. The searchlights were later supplanted with short-range radars that tracked both the fighters and bombers, allowing ground operators to direct the fighters to their targets. By July 1940, this system was well developed

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During the immediate postwar era, the RAF launched studies into new fighter designs, but gave these projects relatively low priority. By the time of the Soviet bomb test, the night-fighter design was still strictly a paper project, and the existing Mosquito fleet was generally unable to successfully

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Other forces did not have the pressing need to move to the jet engine; Britain and the US were facing enemies with aircraft of even lower performance than their existing night fighters. However, the need for new designs was evident, and some low-level work started in the closing stages of the war,

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aircraft, having been selected for this role as its fuselage was sufficiently roomy to accommodate the additional crew member and radar apparatus; the first prototype system went into service in November 1939, long before the opening of major British operations. These early systems had significant

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and cash prizes totaling £3,500 put up by a number of individuals. This downing was not an isolated victory; five more German airships were similarly destroyed between October and December 1916, and caused the airship campaign to gradually be diminished over the next year with fewer raids mounted.

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was also introduced; this was originally developed by the company as a private venture and initially ordered by Egypt, instead the RAF took over the order to serve an interim measure between the retirement of the Mosquito night fighter and the Meteor night fighter's introduction. These types were

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as night fighters. Pilot José Falcó had equipped his fighter with a radio receiver for land-based guidance for interception. One of the I-15s configured for night operations, fitted with tracer and explosive .30 rounds, scored a daylight double victory against Bf 109s in the closing stages of the

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The promising implications of the test were not lost on planners, who reorganised radar efforts and gave them increased priority. This led to efforts to develop an operational unit for aircraft interception (AI). The size of these early AI radars required a large aircraft to lift them, and their

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were dedicated to daytime bombing over Germany and Axis allies, that statistically were much more effective. The British night-bombing raids showed a success rate of only one out of 100 targets successfully hit. At the urging of the British, who were looking to purchase US-made aircraft, US day

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aircraft that gradually took over the offensive. While their early daylight raids in May 1917 were able to easily evade the weak defenses of London, the strengthening of the home defence fighter force led to the Germans switching to night raids from 3 September 1917. To counter night attacks,

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in aircraft. The addition of greatly improved landing and navigation equipment combined with radar led to the use of the term all-weather fighter or all-weather fighter attack, depending on the aircraft capabilities. The use of the term night fighter gradually faded away as a result of these

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were considered unsafe for firing incendiary ammunition. Further modification led to the cockpit being moved rearwards. The modified aircraft were nicknamed the "Sopwith Comic". To provide suitable equipment for Home Defence squadrons in the north of the UK,

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so seriously upset aircraft design that the need for dedicated jet-powered night fighters became clear. Both the British and Germans spent some effort on the topic, but as the Germans were on the defensive, their work was given a much higher priority. The

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German aircraft interception radar efforts at this point were about two years behind the British. Unlike in Britain, where the major targets lay only a few minutes' flight time from the coast, targets in Germany after the occupation of France in 1940 were

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on night missions, but these tended to work only under very favourable circumstances and were not widely successful. The war would see the first aircraft ever that was explicitly designed from the outset to function as a night fighter, the

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adapted for night flying to shoot them down visually. This proved almost impossible to arrange in practice, and the Cat Eye fighters had little luck during the closing months of 1940. The Turbinlite squadrons were disbanded in early 1943.

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aircraft capable of performing rapid ascents and attaining an altitude of 45,000 feet. However, due to rapid advances in aircraft capabilities, the Javelin quickly became considered to be outdated and the type was retired during 1968. In

587:, which gave German air defenses long times to deal with intruding bombers. Instead of airborne radar, they relied on ground-based systems; the targets would first be picked up by radar assigned to a "cell", the radar would then direct a 189:

but would not see widespread use until WWII. The term would be supplanted by “all-weather fighter/interceptor” post-WWII, with advancements in various technologies permitting the use of such aircraft in virtually all conditions.

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bomb-aiming radar, operating at a higher 10 GHz frequency for both RAF Pathfinder Mosquitos and USAAF B-24 Liberators that premiered their use over Europe, deployed a bombing radar that could not be detected by the German

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Through this period, the RAF experimented with many other aircraft and interception methods in an effort to get a working night fighter force. One attempt to make up for the small number of working radars was to fit an AI to a

666:(stag's antlers) antennae that slowed their fighters as much as 25 mph, making them easy prey for British night fighters that had turned to the offensive role. The capture in July 1944 of a Ju 88G-1 night fighter of 699:, were equipped only with a direction finder and landing lights to allow them to return to base at night. For the fighter to find their targets, other aircraft, which were guided from the ground, would drop strings of 401:

could fly about twice as fast, at over twice the altitude, with much greater bomb loads. They flew fast enough that the time between detecting them and the bombers reaching their targets left little time to launch

924:. When the Soviet plans to build an atomic bomb became known in the west in 1948, this project was still long from being ready to produce even a prototype, and in March 1949, they started development of both the 1687:

Madison, Rodney. "Air Warfare, Strategic Bombing". The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History, Volume 1, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 45–46.

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was introduced operationally for the first time. Initially, these systems were unwieldy, and development of IR systems continued. Realizing that radar was a far more practical solution to the problem,

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aircraft (the infamous "Fokker Fodder") were modified into the first night fighters. After lack of success while using darts and small incendiary bombs to attack Zeppelins from above, ultimately a

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occurred among all of the major forces, but in practice, these proved almost unusable. The only such system to see any sort of widespread operational use was the Spanner Anlage system used on the

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invested almost all of their efforts in developing a night bomber force, with the Central Flying School responsible for one of the most important developments in the period by introducing "

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on 18 April 1942 to develop night fighting equipment and tactics. Aircraft selection was limited to single-engine, single-seat planes by the requirement to be capable of operating from

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fighters fitted with compact, microwave-band radar sets in wing-mounted pods. The specially trained night fighter and torpedo planes of Night Air Group 41 (NAG-41) began flying from

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training aircraft to allow instructors to accompany student pilots. USN carrier-launched fighter combat missions began in January 1944 with six-plane detachments of single-engined

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The war opened on 1 September 1939, and by this time, the RAF were well advanced with plans to build a radar – then called 'RDF' in Britain – equipped night-fighter fleet. The

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bomber it was expected to face. This led to rushed programs to introduce new, interim night-fighter designs; these efforts led to several night-fighter versions of ubiquitous

185:: fighters and interceptors designed primarily for use during the day or during good weather. The concept of the night fighter was developed and experimented with during the 769:

during World War II, with the first victories for the Luftwaffe and IJNAS each occurring in May 1943. This innovation allowed the night fighters to approach and attack

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to attack them, badly limiting the number of guns available. At night, or with limited visibility, these problems were compounded. The widespread conclusion was that "

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As the German effort wound down, the RAF's own bombing campaign was growing. The Mosquitos had little to do over the UK, so a number of squadrons were formed within

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Operational B.E.2c with RAF 1a engine, "V" undercarriage, streamlined cowling on sump, and cut-out in upper centre section to improve field of fire for gunner

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from below, where they were outside the bomber crew's field of view. Few bombers of that era carried defensive guns in the ventral position. An attack by a

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methods, rather than AI radar-controlled interception. Several Me 262 pilots were able to attain a high number of kills in the type such as Oberleutnant

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Nevertheless, some new technologies appeared to offer potential ways to improve night-fighting capability. During the 1930s, considerable development of

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could take on the role of night fighters, thus the class went into decline. Examples of these latter-day interceptor/night-fighters include the

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facilities in Cologne and Düsseldorf. Although defences had been set up, all of them proved woefully inadequate. As early as 1915, a number of

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The Mosquito increased German night-fighter losses to such an extent the Germans were said to have awarded two victories for shooting one down.

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Into the 1960s, night fighters still existed as a separate class of aircraft. However, as they continued to grow in capability, radar-equipped

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By early 1941, the first examples of a production-quality radar, AI Mk. IV, were beginning to arrive. This coincided with the arrival of the

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without loss, as the MiG-15s lacked radar to shoot down individual fighters, though they were effective against bomber formations at night.

780: 662:-band SN-2 unit that replaced the C-1 remained relatively secure until July 1944, but only at the cost of using huge, eight-dipole element 536:

ended their bombing efforts. Although night bombing never ended, its intensity was greatly decreased, giving the RAF time to introduce the

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was also an interceptor with enhanced agility, but did not carry the Phoenix in preference to the role of an air-superiority fighter.

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or other systems for providing some sort of detection capability in low visibility. Many night fighters of the conflict also included

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in the mid-1930s. In September 1937, he gave a working demonstration of the concept when a test aircraft was able to detect three

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Things changed on 22 September and 8 October 1914, when the Royal Naval Air Service bombed the production line and hangars of the

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along with other operators. An advanced night-fighter design was eventually introduced to RAF service in 1956 in the form of the

828:. Urgency for the night-fighting role increased when Japanese aircraft successfully harassed naval forces on night raids in the 1099: 1064: 821: 312:, was mounted at an angle of 45° to fire upwards, to attack the enemy from below. This technique proved to be very effective. 3388: 1846:

Cotton, Frederick Sidney and William Helmore. "An improved method and means for intercepting night flying hostile aircraft."

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as the preferred platform for aircraft interception radars, and in May 1939, the first experimental flight took place, on a

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In the Korean War, after the Starfire proved to be ineffective against the latest Soviet-supplied aircraft, Marine Corps

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In the meantime, aircraft performance had improved tremendously; compared to their First World War counterparts, modern

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active search radars, as were Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6/R11 aircraft: these served as radar-equipped night-fighters with

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K trainers were converted to night fighters by removing the front cockpit and mounting a Lewis gun on the top wing.

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Nightfighter Navigator: Recollections of Service in the RAF, Compiled from Flying Log Books and Personal Records.

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Both the Meteor and Vampire conversions were rapidly followed by a more capable night fighter in the form of the

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During the Second World War, night fighters were either purpose-built night fighter designs, or more commonly,

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in front of the bombers. In other cases, the burning cities below provided enough light to see their targets.

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also widely exported; Meteor night fighters were acquired by France, Syria, Egypt and Israel amongst others.

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mounted over the wings, as the flash from the Vickers tended to dazzle the pilot when they were fired, and

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Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973

2762: 1542: 1527: 1517: 1133: 976: 929: 921: 560: 449:. These were often also fitted with a large IR searchlight to improve the amount of light being returned. 1222: 596:, and proved able to deal with the small raids by isolated bombers the RAF was carrying out at the time. 3669: 3612: 3590: 3517: 3487: 1522: 1507: 1470: 1368: 1138: 944: 837: 545: 309: 210: 134: 1086:

have allowed even smaller modern fighters to have night-interception capability. In the US Air Force's

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for landing at night, as turning on the runway lights made runways into an easy target for opposing

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as a medium fighter-bomber. The need for close-in dogfighting spelled the end for the specialised

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in August 1944. NAG-41 achieved full night status on 1 October 1944 in time to participate in the

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complex controls required a multiperson crew to operate them. This naturally led to the use of

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After over a year of night Zeppelin raids, on the night of 2–3 September 1916, a BE2c flown by

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aircraft were intended to find the targets and illuminate them with the searchlight, allowing

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to mount it. This combination remained the premier night fighter until the end of the war.

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its twin J79 engines to prove adaptable as the preferred platform for tangling with agile

984: 829: 622: 430: 415: 290: 229: 186: 2115: 27:"Night Fighters" redirects here. For the 1960 film also known as The Night Fighters, see 1643:

The Hellcat proved to be the best single-engined night fighter deployed in World War II.

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offensive armament fitment was the German name given to installations of upward-firing

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also used single-engined aircraft in the night-fighter role, starting in 1939 with the

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Odell, William C. (Winter 1989). "The Development of Night Fighters in World War II".

1588:"October 13th 1915... lifted his BE2c into the blackness to search for the intruder." 3658: 3477: 1619: 1559: 1175: 1128: 932:

as stop-gap measures. All of these fighters entered service during the early 1950s.

758: 604: 484: 442: 358: 334:, the first German airship to be shot down over Britain. This action won the pilot a 248: 245: 194: 2575:

Secret Projects: British Fighters and Bombers 1935 -1950 (British Secret Projects 3)

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practical problems, and while work was underway to correct these flaws, by the time

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to shoot them down. Higher altitude bombers also required extremely large and heavy

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Night Fighter: A First-hand Account of a P-61 Radar Observer in World War II China.

2695: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 956: 896: 794: 732: 603:, the RAF changed their raid tactics to gather all of their bombers into a single " 480: 468: 391: 349: 198: 315: 3300: 2991: 2290: 3617: 3564: 2874:

To Destroy a City: Strategic Bombing and its Human Consequences in World War II.

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emissions of RAF bombers – the April 1944 combat debut of the American-designed

682: 588: 214: 182: 3272:. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. and Parragon Publishing, 2006. 1347: 1288: 1016: 988: 980: 906:("stag's antlers") antennae; intercepts were generally or entirely made using 887: 754: 600: 517: 465: 353: 276:

improvements making the vast majority of fighters capable of night operation.

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The Wild Winds, The History of Number 486 RNZAF Fighter Squadron with the RAF

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Rise from the East: The story of 247 (China British) Squadron Royal Air Force

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to replace the Mosquitos during the early 1950s. A similar conversion of the

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Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America's Air Force Night Fighters

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night-identification light to enhance its night-interception capabilities.

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missiles for fleet defense against bombers. The Navy instead developed the

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radar detectors also were fitted with the low- to mid-VHF band FuG 217/218

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Postwar Military Aircraft: De Havilland, Vampire, Venom and Sea Vixen v. 5

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fighters over the skies of Vietnam, as well as replacing the US Air Force

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adapted or designed for effective use at night, during periods of adverse

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Night Fighters: An Unofficial History of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron

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opened in August 1940, the night fighter fleet was still in its infancy.

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Air Force Victory Credits: World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam

1111: 878:. In several cases these USN aircraft were used on raids of their own. 793:

fighters were initially adapted to a night role, including the Douglas

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radar (AI Mk. II) was being fitted experimentally to a small number of

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Deny Them the Night Sky: A History of the 548th Night Fighter Squadron

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Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare, 1939–1945.

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A restored Bf 110G night fighter with the VHF-band SN-2 radar antennae

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systems were greatly miniaturised over time, allowing the addition of

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Fighter: The World's Finest Combat Aircraft – 1913 to the Present Day

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Wixley, Kenneth E. "Gloster Javelin: a production history, Part 2".

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Night Fighters: Luftwaffe and RAF Air Combat over Europe, 1939–1945.

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had already been accepted as a "day" dogfighter, while the subsonic

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handed the task of developing a radar suitable for aircraft use to

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day fighters were deployed in the night fighter role. The Camels'

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In 1942, the Germans first started deploying the initial B/C low

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With little money to spend on development, especially during the

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By 1918, only four Zeppelin raids against London were mounted.

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equipped with an SN-2 Lichtenstein set, flown by mistake into

659: 639: 607:". This meant that the ground-based portion of the system was 268: 2964:

Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997.

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Darkly Dangerous: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow Night Fighter

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Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War.

2907:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996. 2590:

Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed.

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Coniglio, Serigio. "F-94 Starfire (Monopama Special File)."

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The Ju 88R-1 night fighter captured by the RAF in April 1943

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Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War

3145:(Modern Fighting Aircraft). New York: Prentice Hall, 1986. 3078:

Nightfighter: A Concise History of Nightfighting since 1914

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The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945.

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bomber which also carried a searchlight in its nose. These

3228:, June 1995, Vol. 23, No 6, Issue No. 266, pp. 10–24. 3214:, April 1995, Vol. 23, No 4, Issue No. 264, pp. 6–10. 713:"Z" radar receivers for homing in on the 3-gigahertz band 3255:

Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile)

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Chesham, UK: Steemrok Publishing Services, 1996. No ISBN.

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The World's First Turbojet Fighter - Messerschmitt Me 262

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An F3D from VC-4 DET44(N) landing at K-6 airbase in Korea

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Men of Power, The Lives of Rolls-Royce Chief Test Pilots

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War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two: Fighters

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War Planes of the First World War: Volume One: Fighters

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equipment. The Bf 109G series aircraft fitted with the

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de Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History Volume 2

3130:. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 1998. 3065:. London: Ballantine Books, 1998, First edition 1957. 2892:. Gdansk, Poland: AJ Press Monografie Lotnicze, 1994. 619:, losing only four aircraft to German night fighters. 2860:. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. 2340:. Washington D.C.: Defense Dept (U.S.). p. 241. 34:

Fighter aircraft adapted or designed for use at night

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Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Three".

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Cooper, Ralph, Jean-Claude Cailliez and Gian Picco.

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Vought F4U-5N/F4U-5NL Corsair/Goodyear FG-1E Corsair

3583: 3432: 3425: 3376: 3231:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Four". 3050:London: Greenhill Books, 2006, First edition 1978. 695:(wild boar). In this case, the fighters, typically 3217:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part Two". 3210:Williams, Ray. "Meteor Night Fighters: Part One". 3175:. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2006. 2947:: 422nd Night Fighter Squadron Association, 1982. 2776:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2008. 2592:Toronto: Stoddart, third paperback edition, 1998. 1737:"The War in the Air: Bombers: Germany, Zeppelins." 3253:Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair F-106 Delta Dart." 2993:The F-15 Eagle: Origins and Development 1964–1972 2721:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. 2845:New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978. 2757:Haulman, Daniel L. and William C. Stancik, eds. 2735:Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History 567:was also developed, but no production followed. 3242:(Bomber War Trilogy 2). London: Phoenix, 2008. 2977:The Bristol Blenheim I (Aircraft in Profile 93) 2921:Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II 707:had G6N and similar models fitted with FuG 350 646:, and in extremely limited numbers, using a 32- 3240:Men of Air: The Doomed Youth of Bomber Command 3123:Rome, Georgia: Family of James R. Smith, 2004. 2605:Aviator Extraordinary: The Sidney Cotton Story 1491:Gloster/Armstrong-Whitworth Meteor NF 11/12/14 860:. Night fighter patrols effectively countered 137:night fighter, with centimetric radar in nose 3352: 1034:was offered to the US Navy; at the time, the 452:Immediately prior to the opening of the war, 8: 3037:Pilot's Manual for Northrop P-61 Black Widow 2789:Handbook of Infrared Detection Technologies. 1059:for continental interception duties and the 3080:. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1988. 2928:, Alabama: USAF Historical Division, 1982. 2577:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. 2510:. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1996. 2377:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBeamont1985 ( 2361:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F Mk.1 and F Mk.1A 2157:. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2001. 1722: 1720: 1678:19 November 2005. Retrieved: 15 April 2011. 3429: 3359: 3345: 3337: 2996:(Today's Best Military Writing ed.). 2493:Postwar Military Aircraft: Gloster Javelin 2203:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1987 ( 2056: 2054: 1124:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 Night fighter 181:. Such designs were in direct contrast to 2739:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. 2334:Converse III, Elliott V. (12 June 2012). 1892: 1890: 1888: 1742:22 August 2009. Retrieved: 13 April 2011. 836:, on 25 August 1943 using radar-equipped 555:and fitted with special systems, such as 201:adapted for the mission, often employing 99:NF.51 (J 33), during night operation 1954 3104:German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2 2791:Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier Science, 2002. 2603:Cotton, Sidney as told to Ralph Barker. 1094:was originally envisaged as inexpensive 820:(USN) Project Affirm was established at 689:models, which they later referred to as 3327:Luftwaffe Night Fighter Control methods 3017:Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison. 2648:Dorr, Robert F. and Chris Bishop, eds. 2475: 2372: 2198: 1655: 1581: 1067:, which was armed only with long-range 947:shot down six aircraft, including five 3158:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 3156:Swanborough, Gordon and Peter Bowers. 2674:German Aircraft of the First World War 2652:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. 2337:Rearming for the Cold War 1945 -- 1960 2030: 2028: 342:Because of airships' limitations, the 2888:Ledwoch, Janusz and Adam Skupiewski. 2702:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1533:North American F-82F/G/H Twin Mustang 1000:developed its own night fighter, the 213:. Some experiments tested the use of 165:) is a largely historical term for a 7: 2772:Heaton, Colin and Anne-Marie Lewis. 2391:Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 301. 1402:Grumman F6F-3E/F6F-3N/F6F-5N Hellcat 2637:James Lorimer & Company, 1997. 1129:Sopwith Camel "Comic" Night fighter 1030:During this transition period, the 43:Night fighter / All-weather fighter 3440:Airborne early warning and control 3257:. London: Grange Books plc, 2006. 3061:Rawnsley, C.F. and Robert Wright. 2984:The Bristol Beaufighter I & II 2622:. London: Crecy Publishers, 1999. 1780:"Los chatos noctumos" (in Spanish) 1486:de Havilland Venom NF 2/2A/3/51/54 1417:Vought F4U-2/F4U-4E/F4U-4N Corsair 920:including the US contract for the 767:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 763:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 759:large, twin-engined night fighters 412:the bomber will always get through 25: 2769:Historical Research Center, 1988. 2142:Aviation and Marine International 1914:Rawnsley and Wright 1998, p. 151. 1134:Sopwith 1½ Strutter Night fighter 1004:, which entered service with the 788:Rather than nighttime raids, the 177:conditions, or in otherwise poor 2787:Henini, Mohamed and M. Razeghi. 2540:. Leicester, UK; Aerofax, 1993. 2430:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 48–49. 1977:Scutts and Weal 1998, pp. 46–47. 1959:Jones 1978, pp. Preface, p. 500. 1801:Henini and Razeghi 2002, p. 128. 1407:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning" 1032:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 799:Lockheed P-38M "Night Lightning" 79: 70: 59: 50: 2923:(Perennial Works in Sociology). 2877:New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. 2672:Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford. 2536:Blazer, Gerald and Mike Dario. 2466:Gunston and Spick 1983, p. 112. 2105:Blazer and Dorio 1993, pp. 1–3. 2060:Gunston 1976, pp. 112, 183–184. 1861:"1459 Flight and 538 Squadron." 1726:Gray and Thetford 1962, p. 130. 1369:de Havilland Mosquito NF series 1100:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet 866:attacks timed to arrive during 822:Naval Air Station Quonset Point 3043:: Aviation Publications, 1977. 2525:. Ian Allan Publishing, 1999. 2315:Campagna 1998, pp. 66–67. 2289:Peden, Murray (1 April 2003). 1538:North American F-86D/K/L Sabre 1523:McDonnell F2H-2N/F2H-4 Banshee 1471:de Havilland Mosquito NF 36/38 1082:The reduced size and costs of 886:Even while the war raged, the 761:by the Luftwaffe and both the 705:Messerschmitt Bf 109G variants 348:began to introduce long-range 1: 3102:Scutts, Jerry and John Weal. 2683:. Los Angeles: Tomash, 1987. 2607:. Chatto & Windus, 1969. 2045:United States Naval Institute 1481:de Havilland Vampire NF 10/54 1476:de Havilland Sea Hornet NF 21 1181:Messerschmitt Bf 110D/F-4/G-4 2941:422nd Night Fighter Squadron 1986:Ledwoch and Skupiewski 1994 1618:was derived from the German 1077:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle 497:Aircraft Interception Mk. II 427:Spanish Republican Air Force 3299:Shulenberger, Eric (2005). 2939:McEwen, Charles McEwen Jr. 2807:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 2562:. London: Macdonald, 1968. 2457:Spick 2000, pp. 72–74, 112. 2448:Gunston 1978, pp. 8, 10–15. 2116:"William F. Barns Archives" 1941:Sortehaug 1998, pp. 23, 30. 1231:CN Serie I, II, III "Falco" 1061:Republic F-105 Thunderchief 809:and then saw action in the 3686: 3199:London: V.P. White, 2004. 3023:West Chester, Pennsylvania 2555:. London: Macdonald, 1965. 1513:Grumman F7F-1N/2N Tigercat 1354:Boulton Paul Defiant Mk II 1348:Douglas Havoc (Turbinlite) 1053:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger 1025:English Electric Lightning 926:North American F-86D Sabre 265:inertial navigation system 207:instrument landing systems 26: 2890:Messerschmitt Me.109 Cz.2 2305:– via Google Books. 1905:Thirsk 2006, pp. 124–127. 1873:Retrieved: 1 August 2011. 1837:Cotton 1969, pp. 205–211. 1792:Retrieved: 4 August 2013. 1673:"Alfred Comte 1895–1965." 1626:Music" (the German word " 1412:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 1110:, was ordered with a 0.6 834:Charlestown, Rhode Island 803:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 784:A wartime P-61A in flight 576:instrument landing system 238:instrument landing system 220:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 121:Northrop P-61 Black Widow 3160:. London: Putnam, 1976. 2990:Neufeld, Jacob (2007) . 2841:Jones, Reginald Victor. 2408:, Boeing, archived from 2239:Birtles 1999, pp. 75–76. 2079:Hecht, Heinrich (1990). 1785:28 December 2009 at the 1714:Knell 2003, pp. 109–111. 1662:Winchester 2006, p. 184. 1435:Morane-Saulnier M.S. 408 1252:Mitsubishi Ki-46-III KAI 1057:Convair F-106 Delta Dart 1021:Convair F-106 Delta Dart 1006:Royal Canadian Air Force 979:, which served with the 949:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s 902:high-VHF band radar and 805:was introduced first in 585:far from Allied airbases 445:Z night fighters of the 242:microwave landing system 111:Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 29:A Terrible Beauty (film) 3188:India's Night Guardians 2856:Knaack, Marcelle Size. 2719:Fighters of the Fifties 2676:. London: Putnam, 1961. 2650:Vietnam Air War Debrief 2324:Winchester 2006, p. 55. 2270:September 1984, p. 422. 2155:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 1871:Nightfighter navigator. 234:terrain-following radar 159:all-weather interceptor 2958:McFarland, Stephen L. 2926:Maxwell Air Force Base 2830:: Bomber Books, 1981. 2822:Johnsen, Frederick A. 2763:Maxwell Air Force Base 2538:Northrop F-89 Scorpion 2144:, Issue 34, June 1976. 2013:Heaton and Lewis 2008 1896:Hastings 1979, p. 240. 1760:Bruce 1965, pp. 35–36. 1543:Northrop F-89 Scorpion 1528:McDonnell F-101 Voodoo 1518:Lockheed F-94 Starfire 1374:Fairey Firefly NF Mk 5 1364:Bristol Blenheim Mk IF 977:de Havilland Sea Venom 945:Douglas F3D Skyknights 940: 930:Lockheed F-94 Starfire 922:Northrop F-89 Scorpion 785: 635: 627: 579: 328:William Leefe Robinson 320: 3091:Sargent, Frederic O. 2754:Michael Joseph, 1979. 2681:Radar in World War II 2620:Battle Under the Moon 2174:Buttler 2004, p. 193. 2069:Gunston 1976, p. 184. 1950:Robinson 1988, p. 68. 1819:Robinson 1988, p. 28. 1810:Robinson 1988, p. 34. 1769:Robinson 1988, p. 24. 1508:Douglas F3D Skyknight 1139:Supermarine Nighthawk 938: 838:Douglas SBD Dauntless 783: 642:-band version of the 633: 625: 578:indicator, built 1943 573: 546:de Havilland Mosquito 318: 310:incendiary ammunition 135:de Havilland Mosquito 123:night fighter with a 105:The nose of a German 3285:Aircraft Illustrated 2803:Jackson, R. (2006). 2439:Knaack 1974, p. 274. 2268:Aircraft Illustrated 2248:Gunston 1981, p. 56. 2230:Birtles 1999, p. 72. 2120:This Day in Aviation 1705:Gunston 1976, p. 27. 1696:Evans 1996, pp. 3–4. 1565:Interceptor aircraft 1379:Supermarine Spitfire 1312:Messerschmitt Me 210 1306:Messerschmitt Bf 110 1300:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1186:Messerschmitt Me 262 1008:(RCAF) during 1952. 965:de Havilland Vampire 893:Messerschmitt Me 262 858:Battle of Leyte Gulf 687:Messerschmitt Bf 109 352:, starting with the 289:At the start of the 171:interceptor aircraft 3510:Electronic warfare 3305:. E. Shulenberger. 3076:Robinson, Anthony. 3041:Appleton, Wisconsin 2982:Moyes, Philip J.R. 2975:Moyes, Philip J.R. 2945:Birmingham, Alabama 2903:Marchant, David J. 2666:The Dragon Slayers. 2588:Campagna, Palmiro. 2508:Flying to the Limit 2495:. Ian Allan, 1999. 2402:"Phantom 'Phirsts'" 2257:Allward 1983, p. 6. 2189:April 1995, p. 6–7. 2004:Currie 1999, p. 11. 1751:Bruce 1968, p. 151. 1396:Bristol Beaufighter 1359:Bristol Beaufighter 1330:Yakovlev Yak-9M PVO 1247:Kawasaki Ki-45 KAIc 1223:Caproni-Vizzola F-5 1088:lightweight fighter 1073:Grumman F-14 Tomcat 1040:McDonnell F3H Demon 1036:Vought F-8 Crusader 842:Grumman F6F Hellcat 155:all-weather fighter 3451:Counter-insurgency 3193:White, E.G., OBE. 3097:Madison, Wisconsin 3025:: Schiffer, 1992. 2828:Tacoma, Washington 2679:Guerlac, Henry E. 2491:Allward, Maurice. 2122:. 21 February 2019 2022:Pape 1992, p. 208. 1995:Wilson 2008, p. 3. 1968:Price 2006, p. 67. 1866:2011-07-09 at the 1740:firstworldwar.com, 1676:earlyaviators.com, 1459:Avro Canada CF-100 1398:(British supplied) 973:de Havilland Venom 941: 846:Vought F4U Corsair 818:United States Navy 790:US Army Air Forces 786: 697:Focke-Wulf Fw 190s 644:Lichtenstein radar 636: 628: 580: 458:Robert Watson-Watt 439:infrared detectors 321: 308:loaded with novel 127:nose for its radar 107:Lichtenstein radar 97:de Havilland Venom 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3505:Close air support 3369:military aircraft 3312:978-0-9767355-0-2 3268:Winchester, Jim. 3248:978-0-7538-2398-9 3233:Aeroplane Monthly 3226:Aeroplane Monthly 3219:Aeroplane Monthly 3212:Aeroplane Monthly 3205:978-1-871330-08-3 3126:Sortehaug, Paul. 3112:978-1-85532-696-5 3071:978-0-907579-67-0 3056:978-1-85367-616-1 3031:978-0-88740-415-3 3003:978-1-4299-1069-9 2934:978-0-405-12194-4 2918:Maurer, Maurer. 2851:978-0-698-10896-7 2814:978-1-84415-427-2 2797:978-1-85617-388-9 2782:978-1-59114-360-4 2745:978-0-7509-3410-7 2689:978-0-7503-0659-1 2628:978-0-85979-109-0 2506:Beamont, Roland. 2501:978-0-711-01323-0 2221:June 1995, p. 12. 2219:Aeroplane Monthly 2186:Aeroplane Monthly 1882:Moyes 1966, p. 5. 1848:GB Patent 574970, 1828:Moyes 1966, p. 6. 1325:Petlyakov Pe-3bis 1257:Mitsubishi Ki-109 1198:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1192:Focke-Wulf Fw 189 1166:Focke-Wulf Ta 154 1161:Dornier Do 217J/N 826:aircraft carriers 613:1,000-bomber raid 599:At the urging of 553:No. 100 Group RAF 538:AI Mk. VIII radar 408:antiaircraft guns 371:synchronised guns 365:were replaced by 16:(Redirected from 3677: 3665:Fighter aircraft 3513: 3430: 3412: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3338: 3316: 3186:Thomas, Andrew. 3099:: Sargent, 1946. 3014: 3012: 3010: 2871:Knell, Hermann. 2818: 2713: 2521:Birtles, Philp. 2479: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2375:, p. 51-52. 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2292:Fall of an Arrow 2286: 2280: 2279:Dow 1997, p. 72. 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2196: 2190: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2032: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1883: 1880: 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1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1116: 1069:AIM-54 Phoenix 1065:Grumman F-111B 961:Gloster Meteor 955:intercept the 883: 880: 870:conditions at 854: (CVL-22) 747:The effective 672:RAF Woodbridge 594:Kammhuber Line 565:Hawker Typhoon 544:band, and the 492: 489: 383: 380: 336:Victoria Cross 286: 285:Early examples 283: 281: 278: 195:heavy fighters 175:meteorological 142: 141: 128: 114: 100: 89: 88: 87: 78: 77: 69: 68: 67: 58: 57: 49: 48: 47: 41: 40: 39: 38: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3682: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Medium bomber 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 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G. 1856: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:colloquialism 1617: 1616:Schräge Musik 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560:Heavy fighter 1558: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502:United States 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385:United States 1384: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342:Douglas Havoc 1340: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1090:program, the 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1002:CF-100 Canuck 999: 995: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 966: 962: 958: 952: 950: 946: 937: 933: 931: 927: 923: 917: 915: 911: 910: 905: 901: 900: 894: 889: 881: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 853: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 782: 778: 776: 775:Schräge Musik 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 750:Schräge Musik 745: 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 725: 720: 716: 712: 711: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 632: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 590: 586: 577: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 523: 519: 515: 514:Douglas Havoc 509: 507: 502: 498: 490: 488: 486: 485:Fairey Battle 482: 481:light bombers 476: 474: 470: 469:capital ships 467: 463: 462:'Taffy' Bowen 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 443:Dornier Do 17 440: 435: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 395: 393: 389: 381: 379: 377: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359:Sopwith Camel 355: 351: 350:heavy bombers 347: 346: 340: 337: 333: 329: 326: 317: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 284: 279: 277: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 249:weather radar 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 221: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 199:light bombers 196: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151:night fighter 140: 136: 132: 131:Bottom right: 129: 126: 122: 118: 115: 113:night fighter 112: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 91: 90: 82: 73: 62: 53: 37: 30: 19: 18:Nightfighters 3670:Night flying 3613:Surveillance 3591:Experimental 3547: 3473:Light bomber 3468:Heavy bomber 3301: 3284: 3269: 3254: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3187: 3172: 3157: 3142: 3127: 3119: 3117:Smith, J.R. 3103: 3092: 3077: 3062: 3047: 3036: 3018: 3007:. 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Schiffer. 2081: 2074: 2065: 2040: 2036: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1932:Thomas 1996 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1878: 1870: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1789: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1658: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1441:Potez 631 C3 1391:Douglas P-70 1319:Soviet Union 1081: 1029: 1013:interceptors 1010: 970: 957:Tupolev Tu-4 953: 942: 918: 907: 904:Hirschgeweih 903: 898: 885: 861: 852:Independence 851: 815: 787: 774: 748: 746: 731: 727: 723: 708: 690: 676: 664:Hirschgeweih 663: 651: 637: 598: 581: 550: 533: 527: 510: 494: 477: 451: 436: 424: 422:" training. 420:blind flying 404:interceptors 396: 392:World War II 385: 363:Vickers guns 343: 341: 322: 295: 288: 224: 215:day fighters 192: 183:day fighters 158: 154: 150: 148: 130: 117:Bottom left: 116: 102: 92: 36: 3565:Interdictor 3533:Interceptor 3442:(AEW&C) 2765:, Alabama: 2416:27 November 2295:. Dundurn. 1429:Mureaux 114 1219:/CN "Leone" 1217:CANT Z.1018 1096:day fighter 998:Avro Canada 914:Kurt Welter 757:mounted in 683:Arado Ar 68 609:overwhelmed 589:searchlight 530:Beaufighter 414:", and the 330:downed the 255:receivers, 236:, improved 3659:Categories 3584:Non-combat 3560:Multi-role 3493:Pathfinder 3488:Penetrator 3404:Helicopter 3394:Fixed-wing 2663:Evans, J. 2635:The Arrow. 1571:References 1350:(US-built) 1344:(US-built) 1295:MÁVAG Héja 1289:FIAT CR.42 1211:Fiat CR.42 1017:Avro Arrow 989:delta wing 981:Royal Navy 888:jet engine 797:and later 755:autocannon 685:and early 601:R.V. Jones 574:Luftwaffe 522:Hurricanes 518:Turbinlite 466:Home Fleet 429:used some 367:Lewis guns 354:Gotha G.IV 179:visibility 109:-equipped 103:Top right: 3640:Transport 3538:Emergency 3483:Strategic 3409:Unmanned 2217:Williams 2183:Williams 1651:Citations 909:Wilde Sau 850:USS 692:Wilde Sau 679:Luftwaffe 615:attacked 557:Perfectos 542:microwave 534:Luftwaffe 506:the Blitz 473:North Sea 447:Luftwaffe 306:Lewis gun 211:intruders 119:American 93:Top left: 3518:Intruder 3009:22 April 2836:11043715 2698:(1978). 2047:: 33–35. 1864:Archived 1783:Archived 1554:See also 1448:Post-war 1213:CN Falco 1084:avionics 897:FuG 218 868:twilight 863:kamikaze 656:RAF Dyce 652:Matratze 650:element 376:Avro 504 298:Zeppelin 226:Avionics 95:Swedish 3635:Trainer 3630:Testbed 3596:Liaison 3523:Fighter 3500:Carrier 3456:Gunship 3417:Stealth 3389:Balloon 3384:Airship 3367:Modern 2266:Wixley 1291:"Falco" 1200:A-5/R11 1150:Germany 1102:in its 882:Postwar 811:Pacific 771:bombers 738:NJGr 10 617:Cologne 592:as the 561:Serrate 471:in the 399:bombers 325:Captain 280:History 246:Doppler 167:fighter 3625:Tanker 3543:Escort 3463:Bomber 3446:Attack 3433:Combat 3399:Glider 3309: 3276: 3261: 3246: 3203: 3179: 3164: 3149: 3134: 3110: 3084: 3069: 3054: 3029: 3000: 2968: 2951: 2932: 2911: 2896: 2881: 2864: 2849: 2834: 2811: 2795: 2780: 2743: 2725: 2706: 2687: 2656: 2641: 2626: 2611: 2596: 2581: 2566: 2544: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2344: 2299: 2161: 2126:14 May 2089: 1628:schräg 1453:Canada 1423:France 1314:Ca-1/N 1049:MiG-21 1045:MiG-17 1023:, and 994:Canada 899:Neptun 807:Europe 742:NJG 11 733:Neptun 701:flares 648:dipole 605:stream 302:B.E.2c 271:, and 139:radome 125:radome 3618:Scout 3606:Scout 3548:Night 3426:Roles 3411:(UAV) 3377:Types 2700:F-111 2043:(1). 1790:Adar. 1632:queer 1622:for " 1576:Notes 1236:Japan 1205:Italy 1104:CF-18 728:Naxos 724:Naxos 710:Naxos 668:NJG 2 454:radar 434:war. 332:SL 11 261:TACAN 253:LORAN 203:radar 161:post- 3512:(EW) 3307:ISBN 3274:ISBN 3259:ISBN 3244:ISBN 3201:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3162:ISBN 3147:ISBN 3143:B-1B 3132:ISBN 3108:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3067:ISBN 3052:ISBN 3027:ISBN 3011:2017 2998:ISBN 2966:ISBN 2949:ISBN 2930:ISBN 2909:ISBN 2894:ISBN 2879:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2847:ISBN 2832:OCLC 2809:ISBN 2793:ISBN 2778:ISBN 2767:USAF 2741:ISBN 2723:ISBN 2704:ISBN 2685:ISBN 2654:ISBN 2639:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2609:ISBN 2594:ISBN 2579:ISBN 2564:ISBN 2542:ISBN 2527:ISBN 2512:ISBN 2497:ISBN 2418:2012 2379:help 2342:ISBN 2297:ISBN 2205:help 2159:ISBN 2128:2019 2087:ISBN 1624:Jazz 1431:/CN2 1308:G-4d 1108:RCAF 1092:F-16 1055:and 1047:and 987:, a 928:and 876:dusk 872:dawn 844:and 816:The 795:P-70 765:and 740:and 677:The 559:and 425:The 273:GNSS 1437:/CN 1225:/CN 1194:A-1 1112:Mcd 874:or 719:H2X 715:H2S 660:VHF 640:UHF 269:GPS 257:GEE 197:or 169:or 157:or 3661:: 3095:. 3039:. 3021:. 2943:. 2826:. 2761:. 2404:, 2118:. 2053:^ 2039:. 2027:^ 1887:^ 1719:^ 1634:") 1443:/N 1027:. 1019:, 996:, 487:. 394:. 267:, 263:, 259:, 251:, 244:, 240:, 232:, 222:. 149:A 133:A 3360:e 3353:t 3346:v 3315:. 3280:. 3265:. 3250:. 3207:. 3183:. 3168:. 3153:. 3138:. 3114:. 3088:. 3073:. 3058:. 3033:. 3013:. 2972:. 2955:. 2936:. 2915:. 2900:. 2885:. 2868:. 2853:. 2838:. 2819:. 2817:. 2799:. 2784:. 2747:. 2737:. 2729:. 2714:. 2712:. 2691:. 2660:. 2645:. 2630:. 2615:. 2600:. 2585:. 2570:. 2548:. 2533:. 2518:. 2503:. 2421:. 2381:) 2350:. 2207:) 2165:. 2130:. 2095:. 2041:3 1302:F 31:. 20:)

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