4991:. Nkrumah rejected the idealized view of pre-colonial African societies that were classless or non-hierarchical, but accepted that Africa had a spirit of communalism and humanism. While colonial structures had damaged these communal, egalitarian values, they had not fully supplanted them. Nkrumaism then argued that a return to these values through socialist political structures would both heal the disruption caused by colonial structures and allow further development of African societies. The pan-African aspects of Nkrumah's ideology were justified by a claim that all African societies had a community of economic life and that in contradiction to the
5049:, established study groups on Nkrumaism which many civil servants joined to advance their careers. At the same time, the CPP established Ghana Young Pioneers groups for school age children where Nkrumaism was taught. While the tenets were promoted through these various party efforts, applying all aspects of the ideology proved to be difficult for Nkrumah while President of the country. Because of this, some consider Nkrumaism to be "first of all a cultural phenomenon" in Ghana with little impact on the actual politics of the country.
6422:
20:
5002:, fostering a classless economic system, and pan-African unity. While embracing much of MarxistâLeninist philosophy and Soviet political structures at the time, the ideology differed in some key respects. First, while MarxismâLeninism saw revolution as the only way to replace class structures with a socialist egalitarian system, Nkrumah saw reform as the more appropriate case for Africa. He argued that Ghana, and most of the rest of Africa, had never developed the class distinctions which
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4966:. Aside from the MarxistâLeninist framework, this blending of ideas largely only took bits and pieces of other philosophical systems and even its use of traditional African cultural concepts were often stretched to fit into the larger theory. While a major focus of the ideology was ending colonial relationships on the African continent, many of the ideas were
4935:(CPP), founded by Nkrumah in 1949, writes "Nkrumaism simply means Self Reliance, African is capable of managing his own affairs. The values CPP stands for or the guiding principles of Nkrumaism today are those which have guided it throughout its existence. Social justice, Pan-Africanism, Self Determination, African Personality, Anti-Imperialism."
3280:
5023:
He would change this idea after the 1966 coup seeing revolution as increasingly necessary. Second, while
Nkrumah believed in the materialism and economic determinism of Marxism, he argued that focusing on the economic system was only appropriate after achieving independence throughout Africa and that
5061:
Nkrumaism was a verbalization of the requirements of the personal political machine. Professional scribes and amateurs, along with the
Ghanaian Left, were set to the task of providing the coherence and internal consistency required to give a semblance of philosophy to the chaotic assemblage of ideas
5044:
and these had an impact within the Gold Coast colony, independent Ghana, and other parts of Africa in the 1950s and 1960s. The CPP, founded by
Nkrumah in 1949, became a vocal proponent for the teaching and application of Nkrumaism. When he became president in the 1960s, his Minister for Presidential
5018:
From the ancestral lines of communalism, the passage to socialism lies in reform, because the underlying principles are the same. But when this passage carries one through colonialism the reform is revolutionary since the passage from colonialism to genuine
5019:
independence is an act of revolution. But because of the continuity of communalism with socialism, in communalistic society, socialism is not a revolutionary creed, but a restatement in contemporary idiom of the principles underlying communalism.
6235:
4986:
across Africa. The central contention of
Nkrumaism was that African countries, united with one another, needed to adopt socialist political structures which were consistent with the traditional African values of
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1459:
1429:
947:
906:
4931:, drawing its strength from modern science and technology and from the traditional African belief that the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." The
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1249:
4942:
ideology which blends different sources together while not necessarily borrowing their entire frameworks. In his work, Nkrumah blended different sources from within Africa, the
6223:
5470:
Simms, Rupe (2003). "'I am a Non-Denominational
Christian and a Marxist Socialist:' A Gramscian Analysis of the Convention People's Party and Kwame Nkrumah's Use of Religion".
849:
859:
5057:
Henry
Bretton argues that Nkrumaism was not a coherent ideology, but a vague framework supporting the cult of personality and the centralized rule of Nkrumah. He writes:
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In
Nkrumah's argument, four basic pillars formed the applied aspects of this theory: state ownership of the means of production, a
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around
Nkrumah and the party-building efforts of his political party, the CPP. This was in part achieved through Nkrumah's use of
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and thus reform could reestablish preexisting egalitarianism suited to a post-colonial context. Nkrumah wrote that:
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and fantasies borrowed from all parts of the world and from all periods of history, frequently out of context.
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2016:
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219:
4923:. Nkrumah defined his belief system as "the ideology of a New Africa, independent and absolutely free from
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In contrast, Yuri
Smertin criticized early works by Nkrumah from a Marxist perspective for distorting
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33:
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1975:
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1104:
1079:
735:
720:
692:
682:
617:
589:
445:
369:
239:
86:
4982:
Like other
African political ideologies at the time, the central focus of Nkrumaism was on
6402:
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5802:
5707:
5517:
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4220:
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2700:
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2620:
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2290:
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2205:
2051:
1970:
1666:
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1334:
1128:
1042:
770:
677:
492:
339:
334:
319:
284:
5822:
4995:
structures that replaced formal colonies, only African unity would create real autonomy.
3068:
2635:
6374:
6339:
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6038:
5907:
5902:
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5620:
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1354:
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710:
647:
574:
354:
299:
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244:
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41:
1123:
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972:
780:
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730:
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364:
344:
314:
304:
294:
289:
191:
23:
4954:. Particularly important in founding this ideology were his study and meetings with
6053:
5978:
5767:
5651:
4448:
4398:
4393:
4378:
4335:
4320:
4290:
4215:
4200:
4175:
4135:
4095:
4070:
4035:
3950:
3168:
2990:
2965:
2930:
2860:
2855:
2840:
2825:
2775:
2765:
2615:
2600:
2590:
2540:
2510:
2495:
2480:
2445:
2265:
2225:
2175:
2125:
2046:
1990:
997:
740:
715:
455:
264:
249:
129:
6240:
5718:
4438:
145:
5024:
the political struggle was the first order in colonial and neocolonial contexts.
5928:
5852:
5712:
5091:
4924:
4671:
4553:
4388:
4350:
4330:
4270:
4230:
4195:
4130:
4120:
4100:
4055:
3970:
3940:
3902:
3797:
3640:
3570:
3436:
3005:
2950:
2905:
2800:
2745:
2670:
2500:
2490:
2395:
2375:
2335:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2041:
1738:
1636:
1611:
1299:
1234:
765:
725:
687:
435:
64:
6409:
5423:
6028:
5938:
5525:
5371:
4939:
4641:
4548:
4285:
4115:
3817:
3772:
3000:
2810:
2640:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2415:
2340:
2300:
2295:
2135:
1935:
1910:
1606:
1229:
1084:
1074:
977:
918:
637:
594:
569:
6018:
6013:
5857:
5681:
5671:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5003:
4912:
4880:
4636:
4478:
4310:
4020:
3857:
3732:
3712:
3702:
3347:
3235:
3178:
3126:
3106:
2935:
2560:
2155:
1920:
599:
554:
359:
324:
309:
161:
156:
139:
5459:
The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah: Epic Heroism in Africa and the Diaspora
5772:
5128:
5126:
5106:
3161:
3156:
2955:
2036:
1489:
1037:
967:
544:
349:
279:
4813:
4784:
3291:
1111:
6354:
5491:
4971:
4368:
3847:
3827:
1930:
1179:
1052:
6236:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
5415:
The Rise and Fall of Kwame Nkrumah: A Study of Personal Rule in Africa
5167:
5165:
5732:
5691:
5011:
4920:
4373:
1925:
425:
172:
5483:
4927:, organized on a continental scale, founded upon the conception of
4892:
4185:
18:
5589:
3618:
5593:
5514:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism
1460:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
5156:
4946:, and black intellectuals in North America and Europe, like
5358:
Agyeman, Opoku (1988). "Of Friends and Foes of Nkrumaism".
1430:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
6209:
Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa
1250:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
5184:
5182:
5180:
5450:
Kwame Nkrumah: The Anatomy of an African Dictatorship
5242:
5240:
5238:
5201:
5199:
5197:
6224:
Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes
5499:
Smith, Curtis C. (1991). "Nkrumaism as Utopianism".
6322:
6291:
6253:
6136:
6115:
6106:
5921:
5760:
5751:
5700:
5634:
5627:
5032:The ideology of Nkrumaism formed a key part of the
850:
The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky
5552:"Nkrumaism: The Quest For A Pan-African Ideology"
5402:The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah
5070:by combining religious and traditional elements.
5443:. New York: African Heritage Studies Publishers.
4974:political analysis which it claims to support.
880:Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism
5040:in the CPP and government. His arguments were
5605:
4838:
3316:
1210:The Condition of the Working Class in England
1148:
513:
8:
5452:. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation.
1205:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
860:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
830:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
4895:) from 1952 until 1960 and subsequently as
6112:
5757:
5631:
5612:
5598:
5590:
5171:
5132:
4845:
4831:
3334:
3323:
3309:
1897:
1350:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
1225:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
1166:
1155:
1141:
531:
520:
506:
28:
6194:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity
4970:, diverting the scientific nature of the
70:Stolen African art in Western collections
6154:All-African People's Revolutionary Party
5913:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson
5342:
5330:
5122:
3346:
2008:
1960:
1900:
1178:
800:The Development of Capitalism in Russia
543:
40:
5318:
5306:
5229:
5217:
2131:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
902:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
5360:The Journal of Modern African Studies
5294:
5258:
5246:
5205:
5188:
5144:
4871:based on the thinking and writing of
4614:International socialist organizations
3562:To each according to his contribution
3044:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
1420:Change the World Without Taking Power
7:
6189:International African Service Bureau
5441:The Political Ideas of Kwame Nkrumah
5282:
5270:
4919:theory to the social context of the
16:African socialist political ideology
6230:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
1375:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
1305:Theses on the Philosophy of History
6159:All-African Trade Union Federation
5570:Forson, Prempeh (1 October 2016).
5550:Azikiwe, Abayomi (16 March 2007).
5422:Convention People's Party (2016).
14:
6219:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
5417:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
1395:Time, Labor and Social Domination
820:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
6420:
6408:
6398:
6397:
6388:
6387:
4812:
4800:
4783:
3354:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3102:21st-century communist theorists
1445:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
1360:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
1280:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
1186:
1122:
1110:
1098:
553:
481:
473:
48:
6345:All-African Peoples' Conference
5512:Wilczynski, Jozef, ed. (1981).
1804:Theory of historical trajectory
1682:Dictatorship of the proletariat
1385:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
1285:History and Class Consciousness
1240:Critique of the Gotha Programme
6458:Eponymous political ideologies
5157:Convention People's Party 2016
5135:, p. 394, Nkrumah, Kwame.
1602:Socially necessary labour time
1500:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
1390:The Sublime Object of Ideology
1315:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
6513:African and Black nationalism
6370:United States of Latin Africa
6199:Organisation of African Unity
6128:African Leadership University
3447:Critique of political economy
1523:Critique of political economy
1015:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
202:Organisation of African Unity
6468:Political movements in Ghana
6184:First Pan-African Conference
5389:Politics in Ghana: 1946-1960
4899:before being deposed by the
4717:Socialist calculation debate
4687:List of socialist economists
4662:Economic calculation problem
3547:Socialist mode of production
3404:Socialist calculation debate
1560:Falling profit-rate tendency
1340:The Society of the Spectacle
658:Proletarian internationalism
5174:, p. 240, Imperialism.
4944:canon of Western philosophy
4915:theory which aims to adapt
4911:Nkrumaism is a pan-African
4901:National Liberation Council
3034:Capitalism Nature Socialism
1550:Concrete and abstract labor
1440:Capital in the Anthropocene
1365:Social Justice and the City
1260:The Accumulation of Capital
6534:
6503:Marxist schools of thought
6123:African Leadership Academy
5413:Bretton, Henry L. (1964).
1310:Dialectic of Enlightenment
1003:Death and funeral of Lenin
167:Third International Theory
6415:Pan-Africanism portal
6383:
6179:Economic Freedom Fighters
6169:Convention People's Party
6144:African Unification Front
5526:10.1007/978-1-349-05806-8
5457:Rahman, Ahmad A. (2007).
5372:10.1017/s0022278x00010648
4933:Convention People's Party
4712:Socialism and LGBT rights
3656:Socialist-oriented market
3604:Socialist planned economy
3507:Material balance planning
1455:Literature and Revolution
1415:Late Victorian Holocausts
1345:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
1330:The Wretched of the Earth
6335:African-American leftism
6084:Henry Sylvester Williams
5848:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
5448:Omari, T. Peter (1972).
3651:Socialist market economy
3576:Workers' self-management
3542:Socialism in one country
3389:Age of the Enlightenment
1405:The Origin of Capitalism
1275:The State and Revolution
948:History of Soviet Russia
840:The State and Revolution
431:African and Black Topics
330:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo
6393:Pan-Africanism category
6365:United States of Africa
6360:Union of African States
6350:East African Federation
6299:Ethnic groups of Africa
6204:Pan African Association
5793:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
5739:United States of Africa
5393:Oxford University Press
5387:Austin, Dennis (1964).
4652:Criticism of capitalism
3663:Participatory economics
3497:Labour-time calculation
2106:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
1749:Relations of production
1632:Base and superstructure
1485:Dialectical materialism
1450:The Revolution Betrayed
1270:Terrorism and Communism
1265:Philosophical Notebooks
1220:The Communist Manifesto
988:Anti-religious campaign
870:Foundations of Leninism
668:Revolutionary situation
663:Revolutionary defeatism
633:Dialectical materialism
461:Reparations for slavery
393:Ethnic groups of Africa
6174:East African Community
5813:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
5662:Anti-Western sentiment
5064:
5021:
4657:Criticism of socialism
3609:Decentralized planning
3512:Peerâtoâpeer economics
3049:Historical Materialism
1794:Proletarian revolution
1789:Primitive accumulation
1784:Historical determinism
451:Anti-Western sentiment
260:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
225:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
26:
6079:Frances Cress Welsing
5556:Pan-African News Wire
5472:Sociology of Religion
5059:
5038:democratic centralism
5016:
4929:one and united Africa
3285:Philosophy portal
3079:Science & Society
1697:Democratic centralism
1555:Factors of production
1425:Caliban and the Witch
1370:Women, Race and Class
983:National delimitation
958:Collective leadership
628:Democratic centralism
623:Collective leadership
487:Pan-Africanism portal
22:
6261:Black Star of Africa
6214:Pan-African Congress
6164:Conseil de l'Entente
5944:Edward Wilmot Blyden
5868:Abdias do Nascimento
5833:Toussaint Louverture
5572:"What is Nkrumaism?"
5439:Gyan, Afari (1976).
5068:scientific socialism
4807:Communism portal
4790:Socialism portal
3482:Industrial democracy
3432:Collective ownership
3297:Socialism portal
3273:Communism portal
3142:History of communism
3137:Economic determinism
3122:Criticism of Marxism
3112:Creative destruction
1872:Marxism and religion
1592:Scientific socialism
1495:Philosophy of nature
1380:Imagined Communities
1245:Dialectics of Nature
1117:Socialism portal
1105:Communism portal
255:Edward Francis Small
235:Babacar Sedikh Diouf
77:Black Star of Africa
6473:Socialism in Africa
6314:Conflicts in Africa
6304:Languages of Africa
6278:Pan-African colours
5999:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
5642:African nationalism
5400:Biney, Ama (2011).
5261:, pp. 125â126.
5000:one-party democracy
4692:Market abolitionism
4677:Left-libertarianism
3614:Inclusive Democracy
3581:Workplace democracy
3427:Calculation in kind
3409:Socialist economics
3399:Revolutions of 1848
3029:Capital & Class
1709:False consciousness
1657:Commodity fetishism
1647:Class consciousness
1565:Means of production
1400:The Age of Extremes
1320:The Long Revolution
1255:What Is to Be Done?
1215:The German Ideology
1129:Politics portal
993:New Economic Policy
936:February Revolution
810:What Is to Be Done?
653:National liberation
408:Conflicts in Africa
398:Languages of Africa
375:Yosef Ben-Jochannan
197:Conscious Community
115:African nationalism
110:African communalism
82:Pan-African colours
34:the Politics series
6483:Types of socialism
6478:Socialism in Ghana
6330:African philosophy
6309:Religion in Africa
6034:Zephania Mothopeng
5984:Amy Ashwood Garvey
5959:John Henrik Clarke
5949:Stokely Carmichael
5934:Molefi Kete Asante
5888:John Nyathi Pokela
5873:Gamal Abdel Nasser
5463:Palgrave Macmillan
5406:Palgrave Macmillan
4897:President of Ghana
4869:political ideology
4697:Marxist philosophy
3517:Production for use
3487:Inputâoutput model
3452:Economic democracy
3243:Worker cooperative
3221:Left-wing populism
3147:Left-wing politics
3084:Socialist Register
3074:Rethinking Marxism
1867:Literary criticism
1570:Mode of production
1435:Capitalist Realism
1295:The Black Jacobins
1038:Anti-Leninist left
1033:26 Baku Commissars
941:October Revolution
931:Russian Revolution
926:RSDLP (Bolsheviks)
751:Grigori Sokolnikov
673:Self-determination
564:Schools of thought
403:Religion in Africa
120:African philosophy
27:
6463:Politics of Ghana
6435:
6434:
6427:Africa portal
6267:Le Marron Inconnu
6249:
6248:
6102:
6101:
5898:Ahmed Sékou Touré
5747:
5746:
5667:Black nationalism
5647:African socialism
5535:978-1-349-05806-8
5087:African socialism
4921:African continent
4866:African socialist
4855:
4854:
4647:Communist society
4619:Socialist parties
3878:Saint-Simonianism
3467:Equal opportunity
3457:Economic planning
3394:French Revolution
3333:
3332:
3174:Political ecology
3152:Marxian economics
2091:Council communism
2059:
2058:
1986:Neue Marx-LektĂŒre
1948:Regulation school
1837:Cultural analysis
1729:Lumpenproletariat
1672:Cultural hegemony
1662:Communist society
1652:Classless society
1587:Productive forces
1325:Guerrilla Warfare
1198:Theoretical works
1165:
1164:
914:Prague Conference
793:Theoretical works
643:Labor aristocracy
530:
529:
220:Ahmed Sékou Touré
135:Black nationalism
125:African socialism
105:African anarchism
6525:
6518:Authoritarianism
6425:
6424:
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6413:
6412:
6401:
6400:
6391:
6390:
6283:Pan-African flag
6113:
6059:Randall Robinson
5994:Leonard Jeffries
5974:W. E. B. Du Bois
5969:Cheikh Anta Diop
5964:Martin R. Delany
5788:David Comissiong
5758:
5657:Anti-imperialism
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5042:widely published
5034:personality cult
4960:W. E. B. Du Bois
4917:MarxistâLeninist
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4833:
4819:Organized Labour
4817:
4816:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4788:
4787:
4732:Workers' council
4369:Gracchi Brothers
3893:Social democracy
3636:Market socialism
3624:Project Cybersyn
3552:Soviet democracy
3537:Social ownership
3492:Internationalism
3472:Free association
3442:Common ownership
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3248:Workers' council
3069:Race & Class
1976:Frankfurt School
1943:Neo-Gramscianism
1916:MarxismâLeninism
1898:
1842:Cultural Studies
1799:World revolution
1744:Private property
1290:Prison Notebooks
1190:
1167:
1157:
1150:
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1080:Orthodox Marxism
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825:
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736:Grigory Zinoviev
721:Nikolai Bukharin
693:World revolution
683:Soviet democracy
618:Anti-imperialism
580:MarxismâLeninism
557:
547:
532:
522:
515:
508:
495:
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446:Anti-imperialism
370:W. E. B. Du Bois
240:Cheikh Anta Diop
87:Pan-African flag
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6493:Pan-nationalism
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6407:
6403:Africa category
6379:
6318:
6287:
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6098:
6094:Omali Yeshitela
6074:Issa Laye Thiaw
6004:Maulana Karenga
5989:John G. Jackson
5917:
5838:Patrice Lumumba
5803:Muammar Gaddafi
5743:
5708:African century
5696:
5623:
5618:
5580:
5578:
5569:
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5549:
5546:
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5518:Macmillan Press
5511:
5501:Utopian Studies
5498:
5484:10.2307/3712336
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5172:Wilczynski 1981
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5133:Wilczynski 1981
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4938:Nkrumaism is a
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4727:Socialist state
4722:Socialist Party
4667:Economic system
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3743:Democratic road
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3532:Social dividend
3522:Sharing economy
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3226:Universal class
3117:Conflict theory
3097:
3089:
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3064:New Left Review
3019:
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1971:Budapest School
1895:
1894:Common variants
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1667:Critical theory
1627:
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1597:Surplus product
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1335:Reading Capital
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1043:De-Leninization
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678:Socialist state
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590:Right communism
565:
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493:Politics portal
491:
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388:
380:
379:
340:Patrice Lumumba
335:Omali Yeshitela
320:Muammar Gaddafi
285:Issa Laye Thiaw
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100:
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60:
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6488:Pan-Africanism
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6049:Runoko Rashidi
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5908:Robert Sobukwe
5905:
5903:Haile Selassie
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5895:
5893:Thomas Sankara
5890:
5885:
5883:Julius Nyerere
5880:
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5865:
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5855:
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5818:Kenneth Kaunda
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5805:
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5798:Anténor Firmin
5795:
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5785:
5783:AmĂlcar Cabral
5780:
5778:Nnamdi Azikiwe
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5687:Uhuru Movement
5684:
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5621:Pan-Africanism
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5544:External links
5542:
5541:
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5496:
5478:(4): 463â477.
5467:
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5366:(2): 373â376.
5353:
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5345:, p. 374.
5335:
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5008:Vladimir Lenin
4989:egalitarianism
4984:decolonization
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4956:C. L. R. James
4952:George Padmore
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4885:Prime Minister
4877:pan-Africanist
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3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3231:Vulgar Marxism
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:Related topics
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Monthly Review
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Constellations
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2069:Other variants
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:Third-worldist
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Historiography
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Class struggle
1775:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Metabolic rift
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:Marxist ethics
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Ways of Seeing
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:Left communism
1065:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:Related topics
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
923:
922:
921:
911:
910:
909:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
876:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Amadeo Bordiga
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
711:Vladimir Lenin
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:Liquidationism
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
550:
549:
541:
540:
528:
527:
525:
524:
517:
510:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
489:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
355:Thomas Sankara
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
300:Julius Nyerere
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
275:Haile Selassie
272:
270:George Padmore
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
245:C. L. R. James
242:
237:
232:
230:Amos N. Wilson
227:
222:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
73:
72:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
42:Pan-Africanism
38:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6530:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6453:Kwame Nkrumah
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6428:
6418:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6396:
6394:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6273:Lion of Judah
6271:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:African Union
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6108:Organizations
6105:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6069:Burning Spear
6067:
6065:
6064:Walter Rodney
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:Motsoko Pheko
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:Archie Mafeje
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:Alice Kinloch
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5878:Kwame Nkrumah
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:Robert Mugabe
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Samora Machel
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:Jomo Kenyatta
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Marcus Garvey
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5333:, p. 87.
5332:
5327:
5324:
5321:, p. 14.
5320:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5300:
5297:, p. 85.
5296:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5249:, p. 34.
5248:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5232:, p. 59.
5231:
5226:
5223:
5220:, p. 73.
5219:
5214:
5211:
5208:, p. 33.
5207:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5147:, p. 31.
5146:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:Father Divine
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4948:Marcus Garvey
4945:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:. Nkrumah, a
4874:
4873:Kwame Nkrumah
4870:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Related lists
4748:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Progressivism
4705:
4703:
4702:Nanosocialism
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:Organizations
4603:
4602:
4595:
4594:Ocasio-Cortez
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:van der Lubbe
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Chernyshevsky
4049:
4047:
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4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
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3979:
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3974:
3972:
3969:
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3964:
3962:
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3935:Intellectuals
3932:
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3914:
3911:
3909:
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3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Revolutionary
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
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3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
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3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Laissez-faire
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
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3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Authoritarian
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
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3654:
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3649:
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3639:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
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3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Strike action
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
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3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Equal liberty
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
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3386:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
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3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Revolutionary
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Authoritarian
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Moufawad-Paul
2984:
2982:
2979:
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2239:
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2222:
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2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
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2182:
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2159:
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2150:
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2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Eurocommunism
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Austromarxism
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Communization
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:Praxis School
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
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1927:
1924:
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1759:Working class
1757:
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1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Crisis theory
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
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1023:
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1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:War communism
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
942:
939:
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867:
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861:
857:
852:
851:
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832:
831:
827:
822:
821:
817:
812:
811:
807:
802:
801:
797:
796:
790:
789:
782:
781:Antonio Negri
779:
777:
776:Kwame Nkrumah
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:György Lukåcs
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Andrei Bubnov
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Joseph Stalin
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
702:
701:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
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669:
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664:
661:
659:
656:
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641:
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634:
631:
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624:
621:
619:
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615:
609:
608:
601:
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593:
591:
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586:
583:
581:
578:
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571:
568:
567:
561:
560:
556:
552:
551:
548:
542:
538:
534:
533:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
501:
500:
494:
490:
488:
480:
479:Africa portal
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
417:
416:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
384:
383:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Walter Rodney
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Robert Mugabe
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Marcus Garvey
313:
311:
308:
306:
305:Kwame Nkrumah
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Julius Malema
293:
291:
290:Jomo Kenyatta
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
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233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:African Union
190:
189:
186:Organizations
183:
182:
175:
174:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
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143:
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128:
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113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
25:
24:Kwame Nkrumah
21:
6265:
6228:
6054:Paul Robeson
5979:Frantz Fanon
5954:Aimé Césaire
5823:Modibo KeĂŻta
5768:Dennis Akumu
5731:
5724:
5717:
5676:
5652:Afrocentrism
5579:. Retrieved
5575:
5559:. Retrieved
5555:
5513:
5504:
5500:
5475:
5471:
5461:. New York:
5458:
5449:
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5414:
5404:. New York:
5401:
5388:
5363:
5359:
5352:Bibliography
5343:Agyeman 1988
5338:
5331:Bretton 1964
5326:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5225:
5213:
5152:
5140:
5079:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5031:
5022:
5017:
4997:
4981:
4937:
4910:
4883:, served as
4862:Consciencism
4861:
4857:
4856:
3842:
3763:Evolutionary
3683:21st-century
3477:Freed market
3169:Municipalism
2981:Bhattacharya
2126:Situationist
2110:
2101:Instrumental
1754:State theory
1719:Immiseration
1714:Human nature
1704:Exploitation
1534:accumulation
1063:Luxemburgism
998:Soviet Union
907:2nd Congress
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
741:Alexei Rykov
716:Leon Trotsky
584:
456:Black people
265:Frantz Fanon
250:Dennis Akumu
171:
151:
144:
130:Afrocentrism
6116:Educational
5929:Marimba Ani
5853:Thabo Mbeki
5761:Politicians
5713:Black power
5507:(3): 31â36.
5430:3 September
5424:"Nkrumaism"
5319:Rahman 2007
5307:Austin 1964
5230:Rahman 2007
5218:Rahman 2007
5092:Black Power
4993:neocolonial
4925:imperialism
4860:(sometimes
4794:WikiProject
4672:French Left
4464:Spiridonova
4363:Politicians
4276:Castoriadis
3956:Saint-Simon
3908:Third World
3903:Syndicalism
3838:Nationalist
3813:Libertarian
3778:Free-market
3641:Lange model
3629:Soviet-type
3599:Communalism
3571:Vanguardism
3527:Spontaneism
3437:Cooperative
3383:Development
3132:Communalism
2531:Wallerstein
2121:Revisionist
1852:Film theory
1832:Criminology
1827:Archaeology
1739:Proletariat
1724:Imperialism
1637:Bourgeoisie
1612:Wage labour
1505:Reification
1300:On Practice
1058:Libertarian
766:Ho Chi Minh
726:Lev Kamenev
688:Vanguardism
441:Afro-Latino
65:African art
6442:Categories
6029:Ali Mazrui
5939:Steve Biko
5753:Proponents
5391:. London:
5295:Omari 1972
5259:Biney 2011
5247:Smith 1991
5206:Smith 1991
5189:Simms 2003
5145:Smith 1991
5118:References
5053:Criticisms
4907:Definition
4889:Gold Coast
4765:Socialists
4760:By country
4642:Capitalism
4524:Mitterrand
4489:Gerhardsen
4434:Liebknecht
4419:Markievicz
4346:Varoufakis
4296:Fotopoulos
3966:Saint-Just
3961:Buonarroti
3946:Campanella
3883:Scientific
3818:Marhaenism
3773:Fourierism
3758:Ecological
3738:Democratic
3189:Democratic
3054:Mediations
2666:Przeworski
2606:Poulantzas
2456:Sivanandan
2411:Bettelheim
2311:Horkheimer
2306:MariĂĄtegui
2281:Pashukanis
2206:Liebknecht
2136:Wertkritik
2076:Analytical
1936:Trotskyism
1911:Autonomist
1902:Structural
1882:Philosophy
1822:Aesthetics
1607:Value-form
1575:Capitalist
1480:Alienation
1473:Philosophy
1230:Grundrisse
1085:Proletkult
1075:Mensheviks
1048:Jacobinism
978:Red Terror
919:Bolsheviks
638:Dual power
595:Trotskyism
570:Bolshevism
436:Afro-Asian
99:Ideologies
6448:Nkrumaism
6137:Political
6019:Malcolm X
6014:Fela Kuti
5858:Tom Mboya
5719:NĂ©gritude
5682:Sankarism
5677:Nkrumaism
5672:Garveyism
5581:31 August
5561:31 August
5380:251058460
5283:Gyan 1976
5271:Gyan 1976
5112:Sankarism
5102:Lumumbism
5097:Garveyism
5045:Affairs,
5004:Karl Marx
4940:syncretic
4913:socialist
4903:in 1966.
4881:socialist
4858:Nkrumaism
4637:Anarchism
4559:Gorbachev
4409:Malatesta
4404:Bernstein
4181:Pankhurst
4161:Pannekoek
4151:Luxemburg
4106:Plekhanov
4081:Carpenter
4076:Kropotkin
3873:Ricardian
3863:Religious
3858:Reformism
3843:Nkrumaism
3833:Municipal
3733:Communism
3728:Christian
3713:Blanquism
3703:Anarchism
3646:Mutualism
3348:Socialism
3236:Economism
3199:Reformist
3179:Socialism
3127:Communism
3107:Anarchism
2961:Coulthard
2886:McDonnell
2846:Screpanti
2756:Rowbotham
2621:Harnecker
2431:Althusser
2371:Deutscher
2211:Kollontai
2201:Luxemburg
2181:Plekhanov
2111:Nkrumaism
2022:Classical
1996:Political
1921:Guevarism
1877:Sociology
1857:Geography
1677:Democracy
1625:Sociology
1580:Socialist
1545:Commodity
1010:Comintern
963:Civil War
600:Workerism
585:Nkrumaism
575:Bordigism
360:Tom Mboya
325:Musa Ngum
310:Malcolm X
162:Sankarism
157:Rastafari
152:Nkrumaism
146:NĂ©gritude
140:Garveyism
6508:Leninism
6292:Dynamics
5773:Idi Amin
5701:Concepts
5635:Variants
5628:Ideology
5576:GhanaWeb
5107:Mobutism
5074:See also
4864:) is an
4755:Category
4494:Erlander
4454:Kerensky
4424:Connolly
4281:Thompson
4266:Bookchin
4256:Montseny
4206:Vanzetti
4171:Einstein
4141:Landauer
4046:Saltykov
4041:Lassalle
4001:Proudhon
3783:Gandhian
3768:Feminist
3718:Buddhist
3698:Agrarian
3676:Variants
3340:a series
3338:Part of
3162:Old Left
3157:New Left
3024:Antipode
3018:Journals
2921:Heinrich
2896:Roediger
2891:Douzinas
2881:Hennessy
2836:Holloway
2751:Hartsock
2741:Eagleton
2726:Federici
2701:Bannerji
2676:Therborn
2656:RanciĂšre
2651:Easthope
2631:Anderson
2626:Altvater
2526:O'Connor
2521:MĂ©szĂĄros
2516:Guattari
2471:Thompson
2461:Miliband
2441:Williams
2426:Hobsbawm
2401:Emmanuel
2381:Beauvoir
2346:Lefebvre
2291:Benjamin
2256:Bukharin
2236:Zinoviev
2231:Grossman
2216:Bogdanov
2191:Connolly
2171:Lafargue
2116:Orthodox
2086:Centrist
2037:Leninism
2032:Feminist
1981:Humanist
1962:Hegelian
1490:Ideology
1172:a series
1170:Part of
968:Red Army
612:Concepts
546:Leninism
537:a series
535:Part of
387:Dynamics
350:Sam Mbah
280:Idi Amin
32:Part of
6498:Marxism
6355:Kwanzaa
6323:Related
6254:Symbols
6241:ZANUâPF
5492:3712336
5010:saw in
4978:Beliefs
4972:Marxist
4968:utopian
4891:(later
4887:of the
4589:SĂĄnchez
4574:Sankara
4534:Mandela
4519:Kreisky
4509:Allende
4504:Senghor
4499:Douglas
4484:Durruti
4449:Trotsky
4341:Graeber
4321:Hampton
4291:Chomsky
4236:Marcuse
4221:Gramsci
4211:Bordiga
4201:Polanyi
4156:Russell
4146:Berkman
4136:Goldman
4126:Du Bois
4096:Kautsky
4091:Bellamy
4056:Tolstoy
4031:Wallace
4016:Bakunin
4006:Greeley
3996:Blanqui
3976:Fourier
3923:Zionist
3913:Utopian
3853:Popular
3848:Owenism
3828:Marxism
3808:Liberal
3793:Islamic
3753:Ethical
3748:Digital
3723:Chinese
3688:African
3372:Outline
3367:History
3261:Outline
3214:Utopian
2991:Srnicek
2976:Toscano
2971:Seymour
2926:Prashad
2876:Sankara
2871:Berardi
2856:Hampton
2831:Burawoy
2801:Panitch
2796:Haraway
2786:Cleaver
2771:Brenner
2736:Balibar
2691:Postone
2681:Losurdo
2611:Vattimo
2581:Gonzalo
2576:Jameson
2566:Parenti
2506:Liebman
2501:Guevara
2391:Nkrumah
2386:Sombart
2361:Padmore
2331:Kalecki
2326:Marcuse
2286:Bordiga
2271:Gramsci
2226:Trotsky
2186:Du Bois
2176:Kautsky
2052:Western
1931:Titoism
1816:Aspects
1772:History
1692:Radical
1530:Capital
1235:Capital
1180:Marxism
1053:Marxism
896:History
420:Related
5922:Others
5733:Ujamaa
5726:Ubuntu
5692:Zikism
5532:
5516:. The
5490:
5378:
5028:Impact
5012:Europe
4584:Marcos
4579:ChĂĄvez
4569:Corbyn
4544:Manley
4539:DubÄek
4529:Nasser
4469:Makhno
4459:Attlee
4444:Martov
4429:Gandhi
4384:Babeuf
4374:Mazdak
4336:Hedges
4316:Ăcalan
4301:Newton
4261:Sartre
4251:Guérin
4246:Orwell
4196:Korsch
4191:LukĂĄcs
4176:Keller
4166:Rocker
4111:Ferrer
4066:Morris
4061:Michel
4036:Lavrov
4026:Engels
4011:Herzen
3986:Leroux
3918:Yellow
3823:Market
3798:Jewish
3593:Models
3209:Social
3194:Market
2996:Horvat
2951:Fisher
2946:Linera
2941:Lordon
2931:Kelley
2916:Marcos
2911:Ghandy
2901:Foster
2826:Fraser
2821:Wright
2811:Jessop
2806:Clarke
2791:Bishop
2781:Massey
2761:Mouffe
2711:Newton
2706:Spivak
2696:Rodney
2661:Berman
2616:Badiou
2596:Laclau
2591:Harvey
2586:Dussel
2546:Debord
2541:Tronti
2511:Heller
2496:Castro
2491:Berger
2476:Bauman
2466:Cabral
2451:Mandel
2446:Freire
2436:Hinton
2416:Draper
2396:Sweezy
2366:Sartre
2356:Adorno
2321:Brecht
2276:Galiev
2251:Korsch
2246:LukĂĄcs
2221:Stalin
2166:Morris
2161:Engels
2149:People
1926:Maoism
1847:Ethics
1687:Soviet
1410:Empire
884:(1925)
874:(1924)
864:(1920)
854:(1918)
844:(1917)
834:(1917)
824:(1909)
814:(1902)
804:(1899)
705:People
426:Africa
214:People
173:Ujamaa
5488:JSTOR
5426:. CPP
5376:S2CID
4893:Ghana
4770:Songs
4744:Lists
4549:Palme
4399:Bebel
4389:Blanc
4351:Saito
4326:ĆœiĆŸek
4306:Wolff
4241:James
4226:Sacco
4216:Serge
4186:Volin
4131:Gorky
4121:Wells
4116:Dewey
4101:Wilde
4086:Sorel
4071:Jones
3981:Cabet
3951:Paine
3898:State
3888:Sewer
3788:Guild
3566:needs
3421:Ideas
3006:Saito
3001:Hamza
2866:ĆœiĆŸek
2851:TamĂĄs
2816:Davis
2776:Davis
2766:Geras
2731:Wolff
2716:Sakai
2671:Cohen
2646:Sison
2641:Vogel
2601:Bahro
2571:Negri
2561:Nairn
2486:Kosik
2481:Fanon
2421:Jones
2376:Hoxha
2351:James
2336:Fromm
2266:Serge
2241:Bloch
2196:Lenin
2017:Black
1642:Class
953:RSFSR
5583:2016
5563:2016
5530:ISBN
5432:2016
5006:and
4962:and
4950:and
4879:and
4564:Lula
4479:Nagy
4474:Tito
4439:Blum
4414:Debs
4394:Hong
4379:Roux
4331:West
4286:Ward
4271:Zinn
4021:Marx
3971:Owen
3941:More
3693:Arab
3619:OGAS
2966:Malm
2936:Dean
2906:West
2861:Cano
2841:Rose
2746:Kurz
2721:Wood
2686:Ture
2636:Löwy
2556:Hall
2551:Amin
2536:Mies
2406:Hill
2316:Dutt
2301:Basu
2156:Marx
2047:Post
2009:Both
1991:Open
59:Arts
5522:doi
5480:doi
5368:doi
4554:Che
4311:Ali
4231:Day
3991:Sue
2341:Cox
2296:Mao
2042:Neo
6444::
5574:.
5554:.
5528:.
5520:.
5503:.
5486:.
5476:64
5474:.
5374:.
5364:26
5362:.
5237:^
5196:^
5179:^
5164:^
5125:^
4958:,
3342:on
2956:Li
2261:Ho
1174:on
539:on
36:on
5613:e
5606:t
5599:v
5585:.
5565:.
5538:.
5524::
5505:1
5494:.
5482::
5465:.
5434:.
5408:.
5395:.
5382:.
5370::
5159:.
4846:e
4839:t
4832:v
4796:)
4792:(
3564:/
3324:e
3317:t
3310:v
1536:)
1532:(
1156:e
1149:t
1142:v
521:e
514:t
507:v
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