1025:
46:
1012:
1648:
3740:
82:
997:
1701:
4222:
1588:
1576:
1948:) is fully consistent with special relativity. In particular, a phenomenon that appears purely electric or purely magnetic to one observer may be a mix of both to another, or more generally the relative contributions of electricity and magnetism are dependent on the frame of reference. Thus, special relativity "mixes" electricity and magnetism into a single, inseparable phenomenon called
2720:
other. A monopoleâif such a thing existsâwould be a new and fundamentally different kind of magnetic object. It would act as an isolated north pole, not attached to a south pole, or vice versa. Monopoles would carry "magnetic charge" analogous to electric charge. Despite systematic searches since 1931, as of 2010, they have never been observed, and could very well not exist.
1835:
1436:
behavior dominates. Thus, despite its universal occurrence, diamagnetic behavior is observed only in a purely diamagnetic material. In a diamagnetic material, there are no unpaired electrons, so the intrinsic electron magnetic moments cannot produce any bulk effect. In these cases, the magnetization arises from the electrons' orbital motions, which can be understood
1673:. Antiferromagnets have a zero net magnetic moment because adjacent opposite moment cancels out, meaning that no field is produced by them. Antiferromagnets are less common compared to the other types of behaviors and are mostly observed at low temperatures. In varying temperatures, antiferromagnets can be seen to exhibit diamagnetic and ferromagnetic properties.
1417:
1180:), is the first known example of a modern treatment of magnetic phenomena. Written in years near 1580 and never published, the treatise had a wide diffusion. In particular, Garzoni is referred to as an expert in magnetism by NiccolĂČ Cabeo, whose Philosophia Magnetica (1629) is just a re-adjustment of Garzoni's work. Garzoni's treatise was known also to
2375:
3987:
4715:
4727:, is in an atomic hydrogen-orbital centered at the second nucleus, whereas the second electron runs around the first nucleus. This "exchange" phenomenon is an expression for the quantum-mechanical property that particles with identical properties cannot be distinguished. It is specific not only for the formation of
1721:
retain their magnetization in the absence of a field. However, like antiferromagnets, neighboring pairs of electron spins tend to point in opposite directions. These two properties are not contradictory, because in the optimal geometrical arrangement, there is more magnetic moment from the sublattice
1622:
When exposed to a magnetic field, the domain boundaries move, so that the domains aligned with the magnetic field grow and dominate the structure (dotted yellow area), as shown at the left. When the magnetizing field is removed, the domains may not return to an unmagnetized state. This results in the
4409:
has been developed, which postulates that electric and magnetic fields exist. In
Maxwell's electrodynamics, the actual electromagnetic force can be calculated using the Lorentz force, which, like the Weber force, is speed-dependent. However, Maxwell's electrodynamics is not fully compatible with the
1510:
to have their intrinsic ('spin') magnetic moments pointing in opposite directions, causing their magnetic fields to cancel out, an unpaired electron is free to align its magnetic moment in any direction. When an external magnetic field is applied, these magnetic moments will tend to align themselves
981:
always decreases with distance from the magnetic source, though the exact mathematical relationship between strength and distance varies. Many factors can influence the magnetic field of an object including the magnetic moment of the material, the physical shape of the object, both the magnitude and
2437:
The same situations that create magnetic fieldsâcharge moving in a current or in an atom, and intrinsic magnetic dipolesâare also the situations in which a magnetic field has an effect, creating a force. Following is the formula for moving charge; for the forces on an intrinsic dipole, see magnetic
1525:
A ferromagnet, like a paramagnetic substance, has unpaired electrons. However, in addition to the electrons' intrinsic magnetic moment's tendency to be parallel to an applied field, there is also in these materials a tendency for these magnetic moments to orient parallel to each other to maintain a
974:, have a more complex relationship with a magnetic field. The force of a magnet on paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials is usually too weak to be felt and can be detected only by laboratory instruments, so in everyday life, these substances are often described as non-magnetic.
2719:
Since a bar magnet gets its ferromagnetism from electrons distributed evenly throughout the bar, when a bar magnet is cut in half, each of the resulting pieces is a smaller bar magnet. Even though a magnet is said to have a north pole and a south pole, these two poles cannot be separated from each
1456:
on the electrons, pulling them in towards the nucleus, or it may decrease the force, pulling them away from the nucleus. This effect systematically increases the orbital magnetic moments that were aligned opposite the field and decreases the ones aligned parallel to the field (in accordance with
1798:
monolayers. Applying a weak magnetic field and a voltage led to ferromagnetic behavior when 100-150% more electrons than lattice nodes were present. The extra electrons delocalized and paired with lattice electrons to form doublons. Delocalization was prevented unless the lattice electrons had
1435:
Diamagnetism appears in all materials and is the tendency of a material to oppose an applied magnetic field, and therefore, to be repelled by a magnetic field. However, in a material with paramagnetic properties (that is, with a tendency to enhance an external magnetic field), the paramagnetic
4414:
are only equivalent if the field-generating conductor loop is closed. Maxwell's electrodynamics therefore represents a break with the interpretation of magnetism by Gauss and Weber, since in
Maxwell's electrodynamics it is no longer possible to deduce the magnetic force from a central force.
1358:. The magnetic moments of the nuclei of atoms are typically thousands of times smaller than the electrons' magnetic moments, so they are negligible in the context of the magnetization of materials. Nuclear magnetic moments are nevertheless very important in other contexts, particularly in
1782:
Japanese physicist Yosuke
Nagaoka conceived of a type of magnetism in a square, two-dimensional lattice where every lattice node had one electron. If one electron was removed under specific conditions, the lattice's energy would be minimal only when all electrons' spins were parallel.
2345:
1634:
temperature, the molecules are agitated to the point that the magnetic domains lose the organization, and the magnetic properties they cause cease. When the material is cooled, this domain alignment structure spontaneously returns, in a manner roughly analogous to how a liquid can
4217:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{1}={\frac {q_{1}\,q_{2}}{4\,\pi \,\epsilon _{0}}}\,{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{|\mathbf {r} |^{3}}}\,\left(1+{\frac {|\mathbf {v} |^{2}}{c^{2}}}-{\frac {3}{2}}\,\left({\frac {\mathbf {r} }{|\mathbf {r} |}}\cdot {\frac {\mathbf {v} }{c}}\right)^{2}\right)}
4953:
2751:
electric charges can be observed without the opposing charge, isolated South or North magnetic poles should be observable. Using quantum theory Dirac showed that if magnetic monopoles exist, then one could explain the quantization of electric chargeâthat is, why the observed
1240:
carried out numerous systematic experiments and discovered that the magnetic force between two DC current loops of any shape is equal to the sum of the individual forces that each current element of one circuit exerts on each other current element of the other circuit.
1369:
Ordinarily, the enormous number of electrons in a material are arranged such that their magnetic moments (both orbital and intrinsic) cancel out. This is due, to some extent, to electrons combining into pairs with opposite intrinsic magnetic moments as a result of the
941:
All substances exhibit some type of magnetism. Magnetic materials are classified according to their bulk susceptibility. Ferromagnetism is responsible for most of the effects of magnetism encountered in everyday life, but there are actually several types of magnetism.
2704:
tends to align itself in opposed polarity to that field, thereby lowering the net field strength. When ferromagnetic material is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic dipoles align to the applied field, thus expanding the domain walls of the magnetic domains.
4523:
1885:
is that the magnetic field can be quickly changed by controlling the amount of electric current in the winding. However, unlike a permanent magnet that needs no power, an electromagnet requires a continuous supply of current to maintain the magnetic field.
1931:
As a consequence of
Einstein's theory of special relativity, electricity and magnetism are fundamentally interlinked. Both magnetism lacking electricity, and electricity without magnetism, are inconsistent with special relativity, due to such effects as
3803:
carried out numerous experiments in which he measured the forces between direct currents. In particular, he also studied the magnetic forces between non-parallel wires. The final result of his work was a force law that is now named after him. In 1835,
1392:
such that there are unpaired electrons and/or non-filled subshells, it is often the case that the various electrons in the solid will contribute magnetic moments that point in different, random directions so that the material will not be magnetic.
1746:
1224:, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, who discovered, by the accidental twitching of a compass needle near a wire, that an electric current could create a magnetic field. This landmark experiment is known as Ărsted's Experiment.
2383:
4791:, which is responsible for the magnetism, we have the already mentioned Pauli's principle, namely that a symmetric orbital (i.e. with the + sign as above) must be multiplied with an antisymmetric spin function (i.e. with a â sign), and
1756:
1755:
1019:
showing one of the earliest methods of making a magnet. A blacksmith holds a piece of red-hot iron in a northâsouth direction and hammers it as it cools. The magnetic field of the Earth aligns the domains, leaving the iron a weak
2392:
2654:"F" with your right hand. When making a gun-like configuration, with the middle finger crossing under the index finger, the fingers represent the velocity vector, magnetic field vector, and force vector, respectively. See also
4384:
4423:
While heuristic explanations based on classical physics can be formulated, diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism can be fully explained only using quantum theory. A successful model was developed already in 1927, by
6245:
AmpĂšre's electrodynamics: Analysis of the meaning and evolution of AmpĂšre's force between current elements, together with a complete translation of his masterpiece: Theory of electrodynamic phenomena, uniquely deduced from
2406:
The phenomenon of magnetism is "mediated" by the magnetic field. An electric current or magnetic dipole creates a magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic forces on other particles that are in the fields.
1384:
with zero net orbital motion. In both cases, the electrons preferentially adopt arrangements in which the magnetic moment of each electron is canceled by the opposite moment of another electron. Moreover, even when the
1858:. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets usually consist of a large number of closely spaced turns of wire that create the magnetic field. The wire turns are often wound around a
2119:
1396:
Sometimesâeither spontaneously, or owing to an applied external magnetic fieldâeach of the electron magnetic moments will be, on average, lined up. A suitable material can then produce a strong net magnetic field.
2211:
4296:
2510:
4735:
arises, a term which is essential for the origin of magnetism, and which is stronger, roughly by factors 100 and even by 1000, than the energies arising from the electrodynamic dipole-dipole interaction.
2775:(for which this problem served as a partial motivation) was successful in solving this problem, creating models in which monopoles existed but were rare enough to be consistent with current observations.
4801:
6301:
Wilhelm Weber's Main Works in
Electrodynamics Translated into English. Volume III: Measurement of Weber's Constant c, Diamagnetism, the Telegraph Equation and the Propagation of Electric Waves at Light
5280:). Diatomic gases are also almost exclusively diamagnetic, and not paramagnetic. However, the oxygen molecule, because of the involvement of Ï-orbitals, is an exception important for the life-sciences.
1480:
All materials undergo this orbital response. However, in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, the diamagnetic effect is overwhelmed by the much stronger effects caused by the unpaired electrons.
2031:
4710:{\displaystyle \psi (\mathbf {r} _{1},\,\,\mathbf {r} _{2})={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\,\,\left(u_{A}(\mathbf {r} _{1})u_{B}(\mathbf {r} _{2})+u_{B}(\mathbf {r} _{1})u_{A}(\mathbf {r} _{2})\right)}
2200:
5187:
5115:
1749:
3769:. Some materials in living things are ferromagnetic, though it is unclear if the magnetic properties serve a special function or are merely a byproduct of containing iron. For instance,
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
2771:
contradicted cosmological observationsâthe monopoles would have been so plentiful and massive that they would have long since halted the expansion of the universe. However, the idea of
1754:
639:
1963:
apply to what might be considered to be primarily magnetism, e.g. perturbations in the magnetic field are necessarily accompanied by a nonzero electric field, and propagate at the
3976:
3911:
2606:
4789:
1533:, or Curie point, above which it loses its ferromagnetic properties. This is because the thermal tendency to disorder overwhelms the energy-lowering due to ferromagnetic order.
5213:
spin state (i.e. with the â sign). In contrast, the
Coulomb repulsion of the electrons, i.e. the tendency that they try to avoid each other by this repulsion, would lead to an
2386:
6169:
2814:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
612:
3846:
2391:
1917:
equipment. Electromagnets are also employed in industry for picking up and moving heavy iron objects such as scrap iron and steel. Electromagnetism was discovered in 1820.
6286:
Wilhelm Weber's Main Works in
Electrodynamics Translated into English. Volume II: Weber's Fundamental Force and the Unification of the Laws of Coulomb, Ampere and Faraday
1604:
material cause them to behave something like tiny permanent magnets. They stick together and align themselves into small regions of more or less uniform alignment called
1526:
lowered-energy state. Thus, even in the absence of an applied field, the magnetic moments of the electrons in the material spontaneously line up parallel to one another.
6164:
1926:
624:
4515:
2629:
1751:
5011:
4984:
4484:
4457:
3938:
3873:
1619:
When a domain contains too many molecules, it becomes unstable and divides into two domains aligned in opposite directions so that they stick together more stably.
5446:
1838:
An electromagnet attracts paper clips when current is applied creating a magnetic field. The electromagnet loses them when current and magnetic field are removed.
5290:
The explanation of the phenomena is thus essentially based on all subtleties of quantum mechanics, whereas the electrodynamics covers mainly the phenomenology.
2536:
1024:
1616:
to reveal magnetic domain boundaries that resemble white lines in the sketch. There are many scientific experiments that can physically show magnetic fields.
2414:
in the case of steady currents, describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces. Therefore, magnetism is seen whenever electrically
1295:. Gauss's approach of interpreting the magnetic force as a mere effect of relative velocities thus found its way back into electrodynamics to some extent.
2388:
1112:
875:
4301:
2563:
on the particle; it may change the direction of the particle's movement, but it cannot cause it to speed up or slow down. The magnitude of the force is
644:
6583:
654:
2696:(currently in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada) is physically a south pole, as it attracts the north pole of a compass. A magnetic field contains
926:, producing magnetic fields themselves. Demagnetizing a magnet is also possible. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic; the most common ones are
2807:
479:
1750:
6507:
6461:
6434:
6403:
6380:
6253:
6140:
6053:
5962:
5851:
5510:
5422:
5390:
2058:
1150:, the first extant treatise describing the properties of magnets. In 1282, the properties of magnets and the dry compasses were discussed by
494:
116:
2642:
One tool for determining the direction of the velocity vector of a moving charge, the magnetic field, and the force exerted is labeling the
2340:{\displaystyle \mu _{0}(\mathbf {H} +\mathbf {M} )\ =\ \mu _{0}(1+\chi )\mathbf {H} \ =\ \mu _{r}\mu _{0}\mathbf {H} \ =\ \mu \mathbf {H} .}
6068:
Milton mentions some inconclusive events (p. 60) and still concludes that "no evidence at all of magnetic monopoles has survived" (p.3).
2692:. Since opposite ends of magnets are attracted, the north pole of a magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet. The Earth's
6488:
6534:
5923:
4231:
2800:
2465:
1209:
was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses pointed north whereas, previously, some believed that it was the pole star
4948:{\displaystyle \chi (s_{1},\,\,s_{2})={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\,\,\left(\alpha (s_{1})\beta (s_{2})-\beta (s_{1})\alpha (s_{2})\right)}
374:
6178:
5824:
5605:
1626:
When magnetized strongly enough that the prevailing domain overruns all others to result in only one single domain, the material is
991:
106:
4432:, who derived, quantum-mechanically, how hydrogen molecules are formed from hydrogen atoms, i.e. from the atomic hydrogen orbitals
4394:
it is possible to explain the static and quasi-static effects in the non-relativistic regime of classical electrodynamics without
2387:
1676:
In some materials, neighboring electrons prefer to point in opposite directions, but there is no geometrical arrangement in which
1136:
for navigation. They sculpted a directional spoon from lodestone in such a way that the handle of the spoon always pointed south.
1101:
makes iron approach; some (force) is attracting it." The earliest mention of the attraction of a needle is in a 1st-century work
5913:
2700:, and physical systems move toward configurations with lower energy. When diamagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, a
3716:
3544:
1256:
in its original form, that all forms of magnetism arise as a result of elementary point charges moving relative to each other.
289:
5021:, respectively (the first entity means "spin up", the second one "spin down"), but also the sign + by the â sign, and finally
6037:
868:
634:
111:
1987:
1665:, unlike a ferromagnet, there is a tendency for the intrinsic magnetic moments of neighboring valence electrons to point in
6271:
Wilhelm Weber's Main Works in
Electrodynamics Translated into English. Volume I: Gauss und Weber's Absolute System of Units
6576:
5868:
5385:
1298:
Electromagnetism has continued to develop into the 21st century, being incorporated into the more fundamental theories of
1181:
649:
354:
2767:(localized energy packets). The initial results of using these models to estimate the number of monopoles created in the
1799:
aligned spins. The doublons thus created localized ferromagnetic regions. The phenomenon took place at 140 millikelvins.
1470:
6671:
5284:
1188:
514:
504:
489:
254:
121:
554:
244:
5335:
3169:
2426:, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom's nucleus. They also arise from "intrinsic"
807:
682:
579:
39:
2169:
1444:
When a material is put in a magnetic field, the electrons circling the nucleus will experience, in addition to their
474:
5345:
1910:
1363:
1359:
307:
45:
35:
5120:
5048:
3783:
studies the effects of magnetic fields on living organisms; fields naturally produced by an organism are known as
1944:
is velocity-dependent. However, when both electricity and magnetism are taken into account, the resulting theory (
1011:
5380:
2685:
1613:
1507:
1473:
shows that diamagnetism is impossible according to classical physics, and that a proper understanding requires a
1371:
1206:
861:
822:
349:
339:
279:
274:
214:
31:
1770:
When a ferromagnet or ferrimagnet is sufficiently small, it acts like a single magnetic spin that is subject to
1669:
directions. When all atoms are arranged in a substance so that each neighbor is anti-parallel, the substance is
1283:. However, Gauss's interpretation of magnetism is not fully compatible with Maxwell's electrodynamics. In 1905,
6569:
5540:
4410:
work of AmpĂšre, Gauss and Weber in the quasi-static regime. In particular, AmpĂšre's original force law and the
1292:
5576:
3800:
1774:. Its response to a magnetic field is qualitatively similar to the response of a paramagnet, but much larger.
1253:
1237:
1221:
792:
672:
359:
6628:
6500:
Physics for
Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.)
4406:
3571:
3328:
3228:
3013:
2740:
1689:
1452:
from the magnetic field. Depending on which direction the electron is orbiting, this force may increase the
1303:
797:
767:
199:
189:
184:
3661:
3598:
3577:
3289:
3255:
3234:
2760:
1818:
1813:
1722:
of electrons that point in one direction, than from the sublattice that points in the opposite direction.
1401:
1386:
1376:
1272:
619:
389:
164:
4494:, see below. That this leads to magnetism is not at all obvious, but will be explained in the following.
3943:
3878:
2569:
5462:"Principles of power-frequency magnetic field shielding with flat sheets in a source of long conductors"
4745:
4391:
1791:
1627:
1261:
717:
404:
394:
344:
334:
81:
6194:
Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Kobayashi-Kirshvink, Atsuko; Diaz-Ricci, Juan C.; Kirschvink, Steven J. (1992).
3809:
5598:
Nanomaterials and
Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties, Characterization Techniques, and Applications
2559:
to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. It follows that the magnetic force does no
6089:
6045:
6003:
4732:
4387:
3805:
3665:
3009:
2966:
2753:
1341:
1337:
1257:
1249:
1085:, the earliest literary reference to magnetism lies in a 4th-century BC book named after its author,
1060:
attributed the first of what could be called a scientific discussion of magnetism to the philosopher
842:
742:
707:
459:
324:
224:
209:
144:
6195:
6182:
2411:
1233:
249:
6666:
5544:
5310:
3470:
3447:
3005:
2974:
2724:
2693:
2046:
1914:
1268:
904:
802:
782:
777:
584:
569:
454:
424:
319:
3822:
6726:
6651:
6623:
6105:
6079:
5672:
5664:
5440:
5350:
5209:
molecular orbital, i.e. with the + sign) results through the Pauli principle automatically in an
5198:
3494:
2728:
2548:
1933:
1894:
1795:
1765:
1656:
1461:). This results in a small bulk magnetic moment, with an opposite direction to the applied field.
1307:
1288:
1225:
1143:
1124:âof the magnetic needle compass and that it improved the accuracy of navigation by employing the
967:
677:
417:
219:
179:
6196:"Magnetite in Human Tissues: A Mechanism for the Biological Effects of Weak ELF Magnetic Fields"
1142:, by 1187, was the first in Europe to describe the compass and its use for navigation. In 1269,
982:
direction of any electric current present within the object, and the temperature of the object.
6611:
6530:
6513:
6503:
6484:
6467:
6457:
6440:
6430:
6409:
6399:
6376:
6249:
6218:
6174:
6146:
6136:
6049:
6019:
5958:
5919:
5876:
5847:
5841:
5820:
5814:
5601:
5506:
5481:
5428:
5418:
5370:
3739:
2714:
1530:
1503:
1474:
1453:
1437:
1381:
1236:
giving an equation for the magnetic field from a current-carrying wire. Around the same time,
1163:
1159:
1151:
1120:
737:
6070:
Milton, Kimball A. (June 2006). "Theoretical and experimental status of magnetic monopoles".
5723:
4500:
3773:, a type of marine mollusk, produce magnetite to harden their teeth, and even humans produce
2614:
1404:, for the reasons mentioned above, and also on the temperature. At high temperatures, random
1248:
discovered that a time-varying magnetic flux induces a voltage through a wire loop. In 1835,
6698:
6210:
6097:
6011:
5952:
5683:
5656:
5500:
5473:
5360:
5340:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5305:
3813:
2895:
2793:
2772:
2423:
2419:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1882:
1855:
1823:
1787:
1726:
1647:
1605:
1565:
1445:
1332:
1280:
1169:
1139:
1093:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1007:, attracting iron nails. Ancient humans discovered the property of magnetism from lodestone.
996:
908:
896:
837:
752:
712:
702:
589:
544:
527:
444:
379:
149:
73:
4989:
4962:
4462:
4435:
3916:
3851:
6556:
4411:
3751:
2920:
2872:
2748:
2744:
2667:
2655:
2560:
2427:
2415:
1771:
1662:
1323:
1284:
1245:
1155:
900:
772:
697:
692:
559:
434:
399:
294:
259:
159:
6551:
1229:
812:
6093:
6007:
6688:
6661:
6656:
6646:
6423:
6395:
6129:
5800:
5621:
5365:
5355:
5230:
5217:
orbital function (i.e. with the â sign) of these two particles, and complementary to a
4425:
4395:
3780:
3766:
3689:
3679:
3419:
3357:
3333:
3302:
3139:
3062:
2521:
2442:
2431:
2401:
1976:
1964:
1941:
1890:
1851:
1786:
A variation on this was achieved experimentally by arranging the atoms in a triangular
1712:
1700:
1601:
1520:
1499:
1405:
1311:
1029:
978:
892:
732:
727:
549:
439:
364:
314:
264:
237:
194:
169:
139:
132:
54:
6720:
6683:
6678:
6618:
6348:
6330:
6109:
6101:
5676:
5234:
5222:
5205:. The tendency to form a (homoeopolar) chemical bond (this means: the formation of a
5190:
4728:
4399:
3979:
3723:
3693:
3625:
3394:
3111:
2647:
2556:
2456:
2449:
1937:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1843:
1808:
1734:
1704:
1609:
1581:
Magnetic domains boundaries (white lines) in ferromagnetic material (black rectangle)
1489:
1458:
1449:
1350:
The magnetic properties of materials are mainly due to the magnetic moments of their
1201:). In this work he describes many of his experiments with his model earth called the
1049:
943:
919:
915:
847:
832:
817:
757:
469:
384:
369:
284:
269:
174:
6392:
Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis and Applications
6606:
5761:
Schmidl, Petra G. (1996â1997). "Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass".
5202:
4429:
4379:{\textstyle \mathbf {v} ={\dot {\mathbf {r} }}_{1}(t)-{\dot {\mathbf {r} }}_{2}(t)}
3784:
3755:
3703:
3657:
3633:
3606:
3549:
3526:
3499:
3476:
3399:
3362:
3196:
3178:
2854:
2643:
1681:
1430:
1299:
1125:
955:
827:
722:
687:
629:
564:
449:
329:
204:
58:
5991:
5525:
1889:
Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices, such as
1587:
1575:
484:
5549:
2205:
the constant of proportionality being called the magnetic susceptibility. If so,
3788:
3727:
3297:
3085:
3036:
1902:
1631:
1217:
747:
599:
429:
91:
5499:
Du TrĂ©molet de Lacheisserie, Ătienne; Damien Gignoux; Michel Schlenker (2005).
1400:
The magnetic behavior of a material depends on its structure, particularly its
6693:
6552:
The Exploratorium Science Snacks â Subject:Physics/Electricity & Magnetism
5461:
5300:
5256:. Most of the other metals, where the first-mentioned tendency dominates, are
3744:
3521:
3293:
3041:
3018:
2732:
2684:", terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the
2681:
2677:
2160:
1553:
1506:
with exactly one electron in them. While paired electrons are required by the
1193:
1129:
464:
6471:
6413:
6023:
5880:
5485:
5432:
1529:
Every ferromagnetic substance has its own individual temperature, called the
1036:
Magnetism was first discovered in the ancient world when people noticed that
6517:
6444:
6150:
6124:
5375:
5277:
5269:
5265:
3774:
3762:
2363:
2156:
1953:
1906:
1730:
1466:
1098:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1000:
947:
787:
762:
574:
499:
6214:
3787:. Many biological organisms are mostly made of water, and because water is
2763:
predict the existence of monopoles which, unlike elementary particles, are
1834:
17:
6222:
5412:
6703:
6331:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 34: The Magnetism of Matter"
5912:
Merzouki, Rochdi; Samantaray, Arun Kumar; Pathak, Pushparaj Mani (2012).
5315:
3747:
3637:
2768:
2764:
2736:
2545:
1685:
1636:
1355:
1213:
or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass.
1202:
1115:
971:
539:
534:
154:
2735:
observed in 1931 that, because electricity and magnetism show a certain
1078:
describes using magnetite to remove arrows embedded in a person's body.
6131:
The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins
6084:
5787:. Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. p. 617.
5737:
5627:
3770:
3675:
3260:
3174:
2970:
2877:
2374:
2114:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \ =\ \mu _{0}(\mathbf {H} +\mathbf {M} ).\ }
1760:
Magnetic orders: comparison between ferro, antiferro and ferrimagnetism
1623:
ferromagnetic material's being magnetized, forming a permanent magnet.
1210:
1133:
1103:
1087:
1065:
509:
6015:
5668:
5477:
2378:
Magnetic lines of force of a bar magnet shown by iron filings on paper
1977:
Magnetic field § H and B inside and outside of magnetic materials
1416:
918:
materials, which are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can be
6319:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). The Clarendon Press, Oxdord. p. 162.
5647:
Li, Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole II. Aimant et Boussole".
5261:
5249:
5245:
4497:
According to the HeitlerâLondon theory, so-called two-body molecular
3630:
3603:
3452:
3425:
2925:
2900:
2849:
2697:
2673:
1847:
1545:
1541:
1276:
1061:
1004:
963:
959:
951:
935:
931:
923:
594:
101:
50:
2356:
is not proportional to the field and is generally nonzero even when
1199:
On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth
895:, which allows objects to attract or repel each other. Because both
6454:
Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials, 5 Volume Set
5660:
1132:. By the 12th century, the Chinese were known to use the lodestone
5742:
4390:
confirmed Gauss's hypothesis in numerous experiments. By means of
3791:, extremely strong magnetic fields can repel these living things.
3738:
3553:
3429:
3337:
3263:
3205:
3201:
3149:
3119:
3090:
3044:
2689:
2651:
2381:
2373:
1952:, analogous to how general relativity "mixes" space and time into
1898:
1833:
1744:
1699:
1646:
1549:
1415:
1023:
1010:
995:
907:
give rise to a magnetic field, magnetism is one of two aspects of
4291:{\textstyle \mathbf {r} =\mathbf {r} _{1}(t)-\mathbf {r} _{2}(t)}
1511:
in the same direction as the applied field, thus reinforcing it.
1408:
makes it more difficult for the electrons to maintain alignment.
1194:
De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure
6349:"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 36: Ferromagnetism"
5915:
Intelligent Mechatronic Systems: Modeling, Control and Diagnosis
5577:"Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism"
5241:
3145:
3116:
3067:
2979:
2756:
carry charges that are multiples of the charge of the electron.
2505:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q(\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ),}
1871:
1733:, is a ferrite and was originally believed to be a ferromagnet;
1537:
1536:
Ferromagnetism only occurs in a few substances; common ones are
1351:
927:
6565:
4731:, but also for magnetism. That is, in this connection the term
30:"Magnetic" and "Magnetized" redirect here. For other uses, see
5840:
Catherine Westbrook; Carolyn Kaut; Carolyn Kaut-Roth (1998).
3812:
in its original form can be explained by a generalization of
1068:, who lived from about 625 BC to about 545 BC. The
6561:
5939:
Sturgeon, W. (1825). "Improved Electro Magnetic Apparatus".
5283:
The Heitler-London considerations can be generalized to the
2672:
A very common source of magnetic field found in nature is a
1729:
are ferrimagnetic. The first discovered magnetic substance,
1630:. When a magnetized ferromagnetic material is heated to the
5918:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 403â405.
5221:
spin function (i.e. with the + sign, one of the so-called "
3795:
Interpretation of magnetism by means of relative velocities
2790:
2396:
Detecting magnetic field with compass and with iron filings
1737:
disproved this, however, after discovering ferrimagnetism.
5941:
Trans. Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures, & Commerce
5687:: "La pierre d'aimant fait venir le fer ou elle l'attire."
1174:
Due trattati sopra la natura, e le qualitĂ della calamita
891:
is the class of physical attributes that occur through a
3819:
Gauss's force law states that the electromagnetic force
4517:-orbitals are formed, namely the resulting orbital is:
1178:
Two treatises on the nature and qualities of the magnet
1056:, "the Magnesian stone, lodestone". In ancient Greece,
1028:
Drawing of a medical treatment using magnetic brushes.
5801:
A. Einstein: "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"
4304:
4234:
3825:
2026:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \ =\ \mu _{0}\mathbf {H} ,}
1111:): "A lodestone attracts a needle." The 11th-century
6299:
Wilhelm Weber (2021). Andre Koch Torres Assis (ed.).
6284:
Wilhelm Weber (2021). Andre Koch Torres Assis (ed.).
6269:
Wilhelm Weber (2021). Andre Koch Torres Assis (ed.).
5745:
takes up straws, and a load-stone attracts needles" (
5123:
5051:
4992:
4965:
4804:
4748:
4526:
4503:
4465:
4438:
3990:
3946:
3919:
3881:
3854:
2617:
2572:
2524:
2468:
2214:
2172:
2061:
1990:
1287:
used Maxwell's equations in motivating his theory of
1271:
synthesized and expanded many of these insights into
954:, are weakly attracted to an applied magnetic field;
5869:"Scientists Just Discovered a New Type of Magnetism"
5460:
Du, Yaping; Cheng, T.C.; Farag, A.S. (August 1996).
5240:
The last-mentioned tendency dominates in the metals
1680:
pair of neighbors is anti-aligned. This is called a
6639:
6599:
6170:
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
5819:(2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 362; Figure 11.1.
4720:Here the last product means that a first electron,
1328:Magnetism, at its root, arises from three sources:
6483:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
6422:
6128:
5954:Electronic Control of Switched Reluctance Machines
5466:IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility
5181:
5109:
5005:
4978:
4947:
4783:
4709:
4509:
4478:
4451:
4378:
4290:
4216:
3970:
3932:
3905:
3867:
3840:
3765:can detect magnetic fields, a phenomenon known as
2623:
2600:
2530:
2504:
2339:
2194:
2113:
2025:
6165:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
5539:The location of Magnesia is debated; it could be
1927:Classical electromagnetism and special relativity
5414:Introduction to magnetism and magnetic materials
6317:Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Volume 2
2422:âfor example, from movement of electrons in an
2195:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\chi \mathbf {H} ,}
1442:
6557:A collection of magnetic structures â MAGNDATA
2555:Because this is a cross product, the force is
1921:Magnetism, electricity, and special relativity
1881:The main advantage of an electromagnet over a
1205:. From his experiments, he concluded that the
6577:
5992:"Perturbation to the magnetic field strength"
5746:
5727:
5708:
5702:
5701:) of the "Almanac of the Last Autumn Month" (
5696:
5632:
2808:
1216:An understanding of the relationship between
1040:, naturally magnetized pieces of the mineral
869:
8:
5846:(2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 217.
5843:MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) in practice
5778:
5776:
5182:{\displaystyle \alpha (-1/2)=\beta (+1/2)=0}
5110:{\displaystyle \alpha (+1/2)=\beta (-1/2)=1}
2149:is small, the response of the magnetization
6243:Assis, A. K. T.; J. P. M. C. Chaib (2015).
3913:, in the vicinity of another point charge,
2538:is the electric charge of the particle, and
2410:Maxwell's equations, which simplify to the
1291:, requiring that the laws held true in all
6584:
6570:
6562:
6375:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
6173:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
5445:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2815:
2801:
2787:
1612:. Magnetic domains can be observed with a
876:
862:
80:
64:
6425:Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.)
6083:
5977:
5796:
5794:
5193:", i.e. the â sign, means: the spins are
5162:
5136:
5122:
5090:
5064:
5050:
4997:
4991:
4970:
4964:
4931:
4912:
4890:
4871:
4855:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4815:
4803:
4772:
4759:
4747:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4665:
4660:
4650:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4568:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4534:
4525:
4502:
4470:
4464:
4443:
4437:
4361:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4328:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4303:
4273:
4268:
4249:
4244:
4235:
4233:
4203:
4188:
4186:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4140:
4129:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4087:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4006:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3924:
3918:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3859:
3853:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3754:in a very strong magnetic fieldâabout 16
3706:came into use (1.0 gamma = 1.0 nanotesla)
3358:magnetic flux density, magnetic induction
2616:
2597:
2571:
2523:
2491:
2483:
2469:
2467:
2329:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2062:
2060:
2015:
2009:
1991:
1989:
1220:and magnetism began in 1819 with work by
5785:Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke. FĂŒnfter Band
4298:is the distance between the charges and
2441:When a charged particle moves through a
2350:In a hard magnet such as a ferromagnet,
1232:, both of whom in 1820 came up with the
44:
5899:
5403:
5201:, and for two-atomic molecules one has
1275:, unifying electricity, magnetism, and
625:Electromagnetism and special relativity
72:
5438:
4419:Quantum-mechanical origin of magnetism
2727:models predict the existence of these
5867:Greshko, Michael (January 20, 2024).
5763:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
5252:, and in some rare earths, which are
1874:; the magnetic core concentrates the
1494:In a paramagnetic material there are
1118:was the first person to writeâin the
645:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
1465:This description is meant only as a
1015:An illustration from Gilbert's 1600
3971:{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{2}(t)}
3906:{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{1}(t)}
2688:to indicate North and South on the
2601:{\displaystyle F=qvB\sin \theta \,}
1600:The magnetic moments of atoms in a
914:The most familiar effects occur in
4784:{\displaystyle \chi (s_{1},s_{2})}
3743:A live frog levitates inside a 32
3702:that was commonly used before the
1878:and makes a more powerful magnet.
57:is revealed by the orientation of
25:
5530:, Meyer and Zeller, 1839, p. 989.
5411:Jiles, David (2 September 2015).
5225:"). Thus, now the spins would be
1593:Effect of a magnet on the domains
992:History of electromagnetic theory
61:sprinkled on the table around it.
6527:Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
5816:Introductory solid state physics
5287:of magnetism (Heisenberg 1928).
4689:
4661:
4630:
4602:
4552:
4535:
4351:
4318:
4306:
4269:
4245:
4236:
4189:
4171:
4160:
4108:
4068:
4057:
3993:
3949:
3884:
3828:
2492:
2484:
2470:
2430:arising from quantum-mechanical
2330:
2313:
2279:
2237:
2229:
2185:
2174:
2098:
2090:
2063:
2016:
1992:
1586:
1574:
1420:Hierarchy of types of magnetism.
6373:Field and Wave Electromagnetics
6353:www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
6335:www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu
5990:Boozer, Allen H. (2006-04-01).
3848:experienced by a point charge,
1044:, could attract iron. The word
6529:. Cambridge University Press.
6203:Bioelectromagnetics Supplement
6072:Reports on Progress in Physics
5783:Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1867).
5596:Kumar Goyal, Rajendra (2017).
5417:(Third ed.). Boca Raton.
5170:
5153:
5144:
5127:
5098:
5081:
5072:
5055:
4937:
4924:
4918:
4905:
4896:
4883:
4877:
4864:
4836:
4808:
4778:
4752:
4699:
4684:
4671:
4656:
4640:
4625:
4612:
4597:
4562:
4530:
4373:
4367:
4340:
4334:
4285:
4279:
4261:
4255:
4176:
4166:
4114:
4103:
4074:
4063:
3978:, in a vacuum is equal to the
3965:
3959:
3900:
3894:
2496:
2480:
2275:
2263:
2241:
2225:
2102:
2086:
1913:, scientific instruments, and
1:
6315:Maxwell, James Clerk (1881).
5541:the region in mainland Greece
5391:Textbooks in electromagnetism
5386:Vibrating-sample magnetometer
5197:, i.e. for the solid we have
3841:{\textstyle \mathbf {F} _{1}}
1971:Magnetic fields in a material
1448:attraction to the nucleus, a
1380:), and combining into filled
1182:Giovanni Battista Della Porta
1144:Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt
1091:. The 2nd-century BC annals,
966:, are weakly repelled; while
650:Relativistic electromagnetism
6672:ferromagnetic superconductor
6452:KronmĂŒller, Helmut. (2007).
6421:Griffiths, David J. (1998).
6479:Purcell, Edward M. (2012).
6390:Furlani, Edward P. (2001).
5336:Magnetic field viewing film
3668:of magnetic field (denoted
3170:electric displacement field
1260:advanced Gauss's theory to
40:Magnetized (disambiguation)
27:Class of physical phenomena
6743:
6102:10.1088/0034-4885/69/6/R02
6044:(3rd ed.). New York:
5600:. CRC Press. p. 171.
5505:. Springer. pp. 3â6.
5346:Switched-mode power supply
4386:is the relative velocity.
2712:
2665:
2399:
1974:
1924:
1763:
1710:
1654:
1651:Antiferromagnetic ordering
1639:into a crystalline solid.
1563:
1518:
1487:
1428:
1364:magnetic resonance imaging
1360:nuclear magnetic resonance
1321:
989:
375:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
36:Magnetism (disambiguation)
29:
6481:Electricity and magnetism
6456:. John Wiley & Sons.
6042:Classical electrodynamics
5747:
5728:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5633:
5620:The section "Fanying 2" (
5381:Spontaneous magnetization
3799:In the years after 1820,
3623:
3618:
3597:
3590:
3570:
3565:
3543:
3538:
3520:
3511:
3493:
3488:
3469:
3464:
3446:
3441:
3418:
3411:
3393:
3374:
3356:
3349:
3327:
3314:
3288:
3275:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3217:
3195:
3190:
3168:
3161:
3138:
3131:
3110:
3102:
3084:
3079:
3061:
3056:
3035:
3030:
3004:
2991:
2965:
2938:
2919:
2912:
2894:
2889:
2871:
2866:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2743:predicts that individual
2163:is approximately linear:
1614:magnetic force microscope
1508:Pauli exclusion principle
1372:Pauli exclusion principle
1293:inertial reference frames
1172:'s only extant work, the
640:Mathematical descriptions
350:Electromagnetic radiation
340:Electromagnetic induction
280:Magnetic vector potential
275:Magnetic scalar potential
32:Magnetic (disambiguation)
5684:Liu-che-tch'ouen-ts'ieou
5575:Fowler, Michael (1997).
3715:â common symbol for the
2921:electric current density
1940:, and the fact that the
1803:Other types of magnetism
1471:BohrâVan Leeuwen theorem
1346:Changing electric fields
6629:Van Vleck paramagnetism
6525:Coey, J. M. D. (2019).
6371:David K. Cheng (1992).
5502:Magnetism: Fundamentals
5028:by the discrete values
5013:must be substituted by
4510:{\displaystyle \sigma }
4486:centered at the nuclei
4407:Maxwell electrodynamics
3572:magnetic susceptibility
3229:electric susceptibility
2624:{\displaystyle \theta }
1690:geometrical frustration
1304:quantum electrodynamics
1252:hypothesized, based on
190:Electrostatic induction
185:Electrostatic discharge
6215:10.1002/bem.2250130710
5951:Miller, T.J.E (2001).
5724:A Last Word on Dragons
5237:in two-atomic gases).
5183:
5111:
5007:
4980:
4949:
4785:
4711:
4511:
4480:
4453:
4380:
4292:
4218:
3972:
3934:
3907:
3869:
3842:
3758:
3662:centimeter-gram-second
3599:magnetic dipole moment
3256:electric dipole moment
2761:grand unified theories
2686:Earth's magnetic field
2625:
2602:
2532:
2506:
2397:
2379:
2341:
2196:
2115:
2027:
1839:
1819:Single-molecule magnet
1814:Molecule-based magnets
1761:
1708:
1682:canted antiferromagnet
1652:
1628:magnetically saturated
1463:
1421:
1402:electron configuration
1387:electron configuration
1377:electron configuration
1033:
1021:
1008:
620:Electromagnetic tensor
62:
6498:Tipler, Paul (2004).
5957:. Newnes. p. 7.
5184:
5112:
5008:
5006:{\displaystyle u_{B}}
4981:
4979:{\displaystyle u_{A}}
4950:
4786:
4712:
4512:
4481:
4479:{\displaystyle u_{B}}
4454:
4452:{\displaystyle u_{A}}
4392:Weber electrodynamics
4381:
4293:
4219:
3973:
3935:
3933:{\displaystyle q_{2}}
3908:
3870:
3868:{\displaystyle q_{1}}
3843:
3742:
3700:magnetic flux density
2631:is the angle between
2626:
2603:
2533:
2507:
2395:
2377:
2342:
2197:
2138:magnetic polarization
2116:
2028:
1837:
1792:molybdenum diselenide
1759:
1717:Like ferromagnetism,
1703:
1688:and is an example of
1650:
1552:, and some alloys of
1419:
1338:Spin magnetic moments
1262:Weber electrodynamics
1222:Hans Christian Ărsted
1027:
1014:
999:
613:Covariant formulation
405:Synchrotron radiation
345:Electromagnetic pulse
335:Electromagnetic field
48:
5547:. See, for example,
5121:
5049:
4990:
4963:
4802:
4746:
4733:exchange interaction
4524:
4501:
4463:
4436:
4388:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
4302:
4232:
3988:
3944:
3917:
3879:
3852:
3823:
3806:Carl Friedrich Gauss
2967:potential difference
2754:elementary particles
2615:
2570:
2522:
2466:
2212:
2170:
2059:
1988:
1959:All observations on
1342:elementary particles
1258:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
1250:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1052:term ÎŒÎ±ÎłÎœáżÏÎčÏ Î»ÎŻÎžÎżÏ
958:substances, such as
946:substances, such as
938:, and their alloys.
922:to become permanent
905:elementary particles
655:Stressâenergy tensor
580:Reluctance (complex)
325:Displacement current
6699:amorphous magnetism
6667:superferromagnetism
6304:. Apeiron Montreal.
6288:. Apeiron Montreal.
6273:. Apeiron Montreal.
6248:. C. Roy Keys Inc.
6183:Electronic version.
6094:2006RPPh...69.1637M
6038:Jackson, John David
6008:2006PhPl...13d4501B
5681:un passage dans le
5634:ć
¶ćŻèšäčïŒäžć€±è„çŁçłäčćéŒïŒèäčćçéȘš
5545:Magnesia ad Sipylum
5311:Magnetic hysteresis
5045:); thereby we have
3777:in bodily tissue.
3750:vertical bore of a
3692:â the CGS unit for
3471:magnetic reluctance
3448:magnetomotive force
3006:electric resistance
2975:electromotive force
2823:
2725:theoretical physics
2723:Nevertheless, some
2694:North Magnetic Pole
2047:vacuum permeability
1915:magnetic separation
1273:Maxwell's equations
1269:James Clerk Maxwell
1148:Epistola de magnete
1097:, also notes: "The
970:materials, such as
570:Magnetomotive force
455:Electromotive force
425:Alternating current
360:Jefimenko equations
320:Cyclotron radiation
49:The shape of a bar
6652:antiferromagnetism
6624:superparamagnetism
6181:. pp. 14â15.
5996:Physics of Plasmas
5813:HP Meyers (1997).
5691:From the section "
5351:Magnetic structure
5199:antiferromagnetism
5179:
5107:
5003:
4976:
4945:
4781:
4707:
4507:
4476:
4449:
4376:
4288:
4214:
3968:
3930:
3903:
3865:
3838:
3810:Ampere's force law
3801:André-Marie AmpÚre
3759:
3698:gamma â a unit of
3678:â the CGS unit of
3495:magnetic permeance
2788:
2729:magnetic monopoles
2709:Magnetic monopoles
2621:
2598:
2528:
2502:
2398:
2380:
2337:
2192:
2111:
2023:
1934:length contraction
1854:is produced by an
1840:
1796:tungsten disulfide
1766:Superparamagnetism
1762:
1741:Superparamagnetism
1709:
1657:Antiferromagnetism
1653:
1643:Antiferromagnetism
1504:molecular orbitals
1496:unpaired electrons
1475:quantum-mechanical
1422:
1310:, and finally the
1308:electroweak theory
1289:special relativity
1279:into the field of
1267:From around 1861,
1254:AmpĂšre's force law
1238:André-Marie AmpÚre
1226:Jean-Baptiste Biot
1109:Balanced Inquiries
1034:
1022:
1009:
977:The strength of a
418:Electrical network
255:Gauss magnetic law
220:Static electricity
180:Electric potential
63:
6714:
6713:
6612:superdiamagnetism
6600:Magnetic response
6509:978-0-7167-0810-0
6463:978-0-470-02217-7
6436:978-0-13-805326-0
6429:. Prentice Hall.
6405:978-0-12-269951-1
6382:978-0-201-12819-2
6255:978-1-987980-03-5
6142:978-0-201-32840-0
6055:978-0-471-30932-1
6016:10.1063/1.2192511
5964:978-0-7506-5073-1
5902:, p. 320,584
5853:978-0-632-04205-0
5554:Language Hat blog
5512:978-0-387-22967-6
5478:10.1109/15.536075
5424:978-1-4822-3887-7
5371:Rare-earth magnet
5274:antiferromagnetic
5223:triplet functions
4852:
4851:
4578:
4577:
4358:
4325:
4196:
4181:
4148:
4135:
4085:
4051:
3680:magnetizing field
3649:
3648:
3531:H = Wb/A = Vâ
s/A
3367:T = Wb/m = Nâ
Aâ
m
2928:per square metre
2830:Name of quantity
2715:Magnetic monopole
2531:{\displaystyle q}
2416:charged particles
2393:
2325:
2319:
2291:
2285:
2252:
2246:
2110:
2075:
2069:
2004:
1998:
1870:material such as
1778:Nagaoka magnetism
1757:
1671:antiferromagnetic
1531:Curie temperature
1454:centripetal force
1152:Al-Ashraf Umar II
1121:Dream Pool Essays
1113:Chinese scientist
968:antiferromagnetic
897:electric currents
886:
885:
585:Reluctance (real)
555:Gyratorâcapacitor
500:Resonant cavities
390:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
6734:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6563:
6540:
6521:
6502:. W.H. Freeman.
6494:
6475:
6448:
6428:
6417:
6386:
6357:
6356:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6200:
6191:
6185:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6134:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6087:
6078:(6): 1637â1711.
6066:
6060:
6059:
6034:
6028:
6027:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5948:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5810:
5804:
5803:, June 30, 1905.
5798:
5789:
5788:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5731:
5730:
5722:In the section "
5720:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5689:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5537:
5531:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5444:
5436:
5408:
5361:Neodymium magnet
5341:Magnetic stirrer
5331:Magnetic cooling
5326:Magnetic circuit
5321:Magnetic bearing
5306:Gravitomagnetism
5285:Heisenberg model
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5166:
5140:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5094:
5068:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4917:
4916:
4895:
4894:
4876:
4875:
4853:
4847:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4820:
4819:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4764:
4763:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4149:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3940:with trajectory
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3875:with trajectory
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3722:
3621:
3595:
3568:
3541:
3518:
3514:
3491:
3467:
3444:
3416:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3354:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3252:
3225:
3193:
3166:
3136:
3108:
3082:
3059:
3033:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2917:
2896:electric current
2892:
2869:
2846:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2794:electromagnetism
2662:Magnetic dipoles
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2473:
2428:magnetic dipoles
2424:electric current
2394:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2177:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2044:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1961:electromagnetism
1950:electromagnetism
1946:electromagnetism
1883:permanent magnet
1856:electric current
1824:Amorphous magnet
1758:
1606:magnetic domains
1590:
1578:
1566:Magnetic domains
1560:Magnetic domains
1333:Electric current
1281:electromagnetism
1170:Leonardo Garzoni
1156:Yemeni physicist
1140:Alexander Neckam
1075:Sushruta Samhita
909:electromagnetism
901:magnetic moments
878:
871:
864:
545:Electric machine
528:Magnetic circuit
490:Parallel circuit
480:Network analysis
445:Electric current
380:London equations
225:Triboelectricity
215:Potential energy
84:
74:Electromagnetism
65:
21:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6640:Magnetic states
6635:
6595:
6590:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6524:
6510:
6497:
6491:
6490:9781-10701-4022
6478:
6464:
6451:
6437:
6420:
6406:
6389:
6383:
6370:
6366:
6364:Further reading
6361:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6163:
6159:
6143:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6036:
6035:
6031:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5950:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5898:
5894:
5885:
5883:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5792:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5721:
5717:
5690:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5548:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5437:
5425:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5296:
5119:
5118:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5027:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:I.e., not only
4927:
4908:
4886:
4867:
4860:
4856:
4826:
4811:
4800:
4799:
4768:
4755:
4744:
4743:
4726:
4687:
4674:
4659:
4646:
4628:
4615:
4600:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4550:
4533:
4522:
4521:
4499:
4498:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4421:
4412:Biot-Savart law
4346:
4313:
4300:
4299:
4267:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4125:
4112:
4101:
4092:
4088:
4072:
4061:
4040:
4031:
4020:
4009:
4008:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3808:realized that
3797:
3752:Bitter solenoid
3737:
3720:
3719:of free space (
3714:
3654:
3619:
3591:
3566:
3539:
3516:
3512:
3489:
3465:
3442:
3412:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3350:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3191:
3162:
3132:
3107:
3103:
3080:
3057:
3031:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2913:
2890:
2873:electric charge
2867:
2844:
2822:
2821:
2786:
2781:
2717:
2711:
2702:magnetic dipole
2670:
2668:Magnetic dipole
2664:
2656:right-hand rule
2613:
2612:
2568:
2567:
2551:of the particle
2520:
2519:
2464:
2463:
2412:BiotâSavart law
2404:
2382:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2302:
2292:
2253:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2168:
2167:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2125:
2076:
2057:
2056:
2052:In a material,
2043:
2037:
2005:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1929:
1923:
1832:
1805:
1780:
1772:Brownian motion
1768:
1745:
1743:
1715:
1698:
1663:antiferromagnet
1659:
1645:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1523:
1517:
1492:
1486:
1433:
1427:
1414:
1326:
1324:Magnetic moment
1320:
1285:Albert Einstein
1246:Michael Faraday
1234:BiotâSavart law
1189:William Gilbert
1054:magnÄtis lithos
1048:comes from the
994:
988:
882:
853:
852:
668:
660:
659:
615:
605:
604:
560:Induction motor
530:
520:
519:
435:Current density
420:
410:
409:
400:Poynting vector
310:
308:Electrodynamics
300:
299:
295:Right-hand rule
260:Magnetic dipole
250:BiotâSavart law
240:
230:
229:
165:Electric dipole
160:Electric charge
135:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6740:
6738:
6730:
6729:
6719:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6689:mictomagnetism
6686:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6662:ferromagnetism
6659:
6657:ferrimagnetism
6654:
6649:
6647:altermagnetism
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:978-1108717519
6535:
6522:
6508:
6495:
6489:
6476:
6462:
6449:
6435:
6418:
6404:
6396:Academic Press
6387:
6381:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6340:
6322:
6307:
6291:
6276:
6261:
6254:
6235:
6186:
6157:
6141:
6116:
6085:hep-ex/0602040
6061:
6054:
6029:
5982:
5978:Griffiths 1998
5970:
5963:
5931:
5925:978-1447146285
5924:
5904:
5892:
5859:
5852:
5832:
5825:
5805:
5790:
5772:
5753:
5715:
5661:10.1086/348315
5655:(2): 175â196.
5639:
5613:
5606:
5588:
5567:
5532:
5527:Platonis Opera
5518:
5511:
5491:
5472:(3): 450â459.
5452:
5423:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5366:Plastic magnet
5363:
5358:
5356:Micromagnetism
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5231:ferromagnetism
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5032:
5025:
5000:
4996:
4973:
4969:
4957:
4956:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4729:chemical bonds
4724:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4529:
4506:
4473:
4469:
4446:
4442:
4426:Walter Heitler
4420:
4417:
4396:magnetic field
4375:
4372:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4226:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3927:
3923:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3862:
3858:
3835:
3830:
3796:
3793:
3781:Magnetobiology
3767:magnetoception
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3712:
3707:
3696:
3687:
3673:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3423:
3420:magnetic field
3417:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3331:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3143:
3140:electric field
3137:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3063:electric power
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3003:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2964:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:A = C/s = W/V
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:J = Câ
V = Wâ
s
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2741:quantum theory
2713:Main article:
2710:
2707:
2666:Main article:
2663:
2660:
2620:
2609:
2608:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2527:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2443:magnetic field
2402:Magnetic field
2400:Main article:
2371:
2370:Magnetic force
2368:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1972:
1969:
1965:speed of light
1942:magnetic force
1925:Main article:
1922:
1919:
1852:magnetic field
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1779:
1776:
1764:Main article:
1742:
1739:
1713:Ferrimagnetism
1711:Main article:
1697:
1696:Ferrimagnetism
1694:
1655:Main article:
1644:
1641:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:Main article:
1561:
1558:
1521:Ferromagnetism
1519:Main article:
1516:
1515:Ferromagnetism
1513:
1488:Main article:
1485:
1482:
1429:Main article:
1426:
1423:
1413:
1410:
1406:thermal motion
1348:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1319:
1316:
1312:standard model
1191:published his
1070:ancient Indian
1030:Charles Jacque
990:Main article:
987:
984:
979:magnetic field
893:magnetic field
884:
883:
881:
880:
873:
866:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
669:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Four-potential
632:
627:
622:
616:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Electric motor
547:
542:
537:
531:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
507:
505:Series circuit
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
475:Kirchhoff laws
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
440:Direct current
437:
432:
427:
421:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
395:Maxwell tensor
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
365:Larmor formula
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:Bremsstrahlung
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
265:Magnetic field
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
238:Magnetostatics
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
170:Electric field
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
140:Charge density
136:
133:Electrostatics
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
86:
85:
77:
76:
70:
69:
68:Articles about
55:magnetic field
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6739:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:metamagnetism
6682:
6680:
6679:helimagnetism
6677:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6619:paramagnetism
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6538:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6308:
6303:
6295:
6292:
6287:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6239:
6236:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6179:0-632-03583-8
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6065:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:(4): 044501.
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5833:
5828:
5826:9781420075021
5822:
5818:
5817:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5754:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5651:(in French).
5650:
5643:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5609:
5607:9781498761673
5603:
5599:
5592:
5589:
5578:
5571:
5568:
5556:. 28 May 2005
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5495:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5407:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5254:ferromagnetic
5251:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5235:paramagnetism
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5215:antisymmetric
5212:
5211:antisymmetric
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5191:singlet state
5176:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5124:
5104:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5031:
5024:
5020:
5016:
4998:
4994:
4971:
4967:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4857:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4741:spin function
4737:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4703:
4694:
4679:
4675:
4666:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4557:
4545:
4540:
4527:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4504:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4471:
4467:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4400:Lorentz force
4397:
4393:
4389:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4343:
4337:
4329:
4322:
4310:
4282:
4274:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4240:
4210:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4183:
4153:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3980:central force
3962:
3954:
3925:
3921:
3897:
3889:
3860:
3856:
3833:
3817:
3815:
3814:Coulomb's law
3811:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3735:Living things
3734:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3694:magnetic flux
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:magnetization
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3578:dimensionless
3575:
3573:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:magnetic flux
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:dimensionless
3232:
3230:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:electric flux
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2954:
2947:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:"B", and the
2649:
2648:middle finger
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:perpendicular
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2488:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:cross product
2455:given by the
2454:
2451:
2450:Lorentz force
2448:, it feels a
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2362:is zero (see
2360:
2354:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2143:If the field
2141:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2124:The quantity
2105:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2020:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:time dilation
1935:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:, solenoids,
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1876:magnetic flux
1873:
1869:
1868:ferrimagnetic
1865:
1864:ferromagnetic
1861:
1860:magnetic core
1857:
1853:
1850:in which the
1849:
1846:is a type of
1845:
1844:electromagnet
1836:
1830:Electromagnet
1829:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Metamagnetism
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1705:Ferrimagnetic
1702:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:Weiss domains
1607:
1603:
1602:ferromagnetic
1589:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:Paramagnetism
1484:Paramagnetism
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:description.
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:Lorentz force
1447:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:LĂŒshi Chunqiu
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:ancient China
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:medical text
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:1843, France.
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
985:
983:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:ferromagnetic
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
859:
857:
856:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
609:
608:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
524:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
470:Joule heating
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Lorentz force
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
304:
303:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Magnetization
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:Magnetic flux
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
239:
234:
233:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Electric flux
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
134:
129:
128:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
112:Computational
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6607:diamagnetism
6592:
6546:Bibliography
6526:
6499:
6480:
6453:
6424:
6391:
6372:
6352:
6343:
6334:
6325:
6316:
6310:
6300:
6294:
6285:
6279:
6270:
6264:
6244:
6238:
6226:. Retrieved
6206:
6202:
6189:
6168:
6160:
6130:
6119:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6041:
6032:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5980:, chapter 12
5973:
5953:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5914:
5907:
5900:Purcell 2012
5895:
5884:. Retrieved
5872:
5862:
5842:
5835:
5815:
5808:
5784:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5736:
5732:
5718:
5692:
5682:
5680:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5625:
5616:
5597:
5591:
5580:. Retrieved
5570:
5558:. Retrieved
5553:
5535:
5526:
5521:
5501:
5494:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5413:
5406:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5257:
5253:
5239:
5233:in a solid,
5226:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5203:diamagnetism
5195:antiparallel
5194:
5029:
5022:
5018:
5014:
4958:
4792:
4740:
4738:
4721:
4719:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4430:Fritz London
4422:
4405:Since 1870,
4404:
4227:
3818:
3798:
3785:biomagnetism
3779:
3760:
3717:permeability
3709:
3699:
3683:
3669:
3634:square meter
3607:square meter
3592:
3545:permeability
3413:
3351:
3329:conductivity
3249:
3219:
3197:permittivity
3179:square metre
3163:
3133:
2952:
2945:
2914:
2758:
2722:
2718:
2701:
2671:
2644:index finger
2641:
2636:
2632:
2610:
2554:
2541:
2514:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2409:
2405:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2204:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2051:
2038:
2035:
1980:
1958:
1930:
1911:MRI machines
1903:loudspeakers
1888:
1880:
1862:made from a
1841:
1785:
1781:
1769:
1724:
1719:ferrimagnets
1718:
1716:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1599:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1464:
1443:
1440:as follows:
1434:
1431:Diamagnetism
1425:Diamagnetism
1399:
1395:
1389:
1375:
1368:
1349:
1327:
1300:gauge theory
1297:
1266:
1243:
1230:FĂ©lix Savart
1215:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1147:
1138:
1126:astronomical
1119:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1053:
1045:
1035:
1016:
1003:, a natural
976:
944:Paramagnetic
940:
913:
888:
887:
630:Four-current
565:Linear motor
450:Electrolysis
330:Eddy current
290:Permeability
210:Polarization
205:Permittivity
96:
59:iron filings
6209:: 101â113.
6135:. Perseus.
5258:nonmagnetic
4739:As for the
3789:diamagnetic
3728:ampere-turn
3298:susceptance
3290:conductance
3086:capacitance
3037:resistivity
2839:Base units
1981:In vacuum,
1790:lattice of
1632:Curie point
1438:classically
1354:' orbiting
1218:electricity
1128:concept of
956:diamagnetic
600:Transformer
430:Capacitance
355:Faraday law
150:Coulomb law
92:Electricity
18:Nonmagnetic
6694:spin glass
6246:experience
6125:Guth, Alan
5886:2024-02-08
5582:2008-04-02
5398:References
5301:Coercivity
4793:vice versa
3611:Aâ
m = Jâ
T
3522:inductance
3294:admittance
3154:V/m = N/C
2833:Unit name
2739:, just as
2733:Paul Dirac
2682:North pole
2678:South pole
2676:, with a "
2161:paramagnet
2136:is called
1975:See also:
1907:hard disks
1895:generators
1735:Louis NĂ©el
1554:rare-earth
1459:Lenz's law
1362:(NMR) and
1322:See also:
1164:geographer
1160:astronomer
1146:wrote the
1130:true north
1038:lodestones
1017:De Magnete
920:magnetized
667:Scientists
515:Waveguides
495:Resistance
465:Inductance
245:AmpĂšre law
6727:Magnetism
6593:Magnetism
6472:124165851
6414:162129430
6110:119061150
6024:1070-664X
5949:cited in
5881:1059-1028
5769:: 81â132.
5748:é çæè„ïŒçŁçłćŒé
5735:) of the
5710:æ
çłćŹé”ïŒæćŒäčäč
5677:143585290
5486:1558-187X
5441:cite book
5433:909323904
5376:Spin wave
5278:manganese
5270:magnesium
5266:aluminium
5219:symmetric
5207:symmetric
5151:β
5131:−
5125:α
5085:−
5079:β
5053:α
5035:(= ±
4922:α
4903:β
4900:−
4881:β
4862:α
4806:χ
4750:χ
4528:ψ
4505:σ
4356:˙
4344:−
4323:˙
4265:−
4184:⋅
4138:−
4042:ϵ
4037:π
3775:magnetite
3763:organisms
3682:(denoted
3561:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3534:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3507:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3504:H = Wb/A
3484:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3481:H = A/Wb
3457:A = Wb/H
3422:strength
3407:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3404:Wb = Vâ
s
3345:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3310:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3213:kgâ
mâ
Aâ
s
3157:kgâ
mâ
Aâ
s
3142:strength
3127:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3098:kgâ
mâ
Aâ
s
3052:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3026:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
3014:reactance
3010:impedance
2987:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2773:inflation
2680:" and a "
2646:"V", the
2619:θ
2595:θ
2592:
2489:×
2364:Remanence
2327:μ
2304:μ
2294:μ
2273:χ
2255:μ
2217:μ
2182:χ
2157:diamagnet
2078:μ
2007:μ
1954:spacetime
1731:magnetite
1467:heuristic
1382:subshells
1356:electrons
1244:In 1831,
1187:In 1600,
1099:lodestone
1058:Aristotle
1042:magnetite
1001:Lodestone
948:aluminium
889:Magnetism
823:Steinmetz
753:Kirchhoff
738:Jefimenko
733:Hopkinson
718:Helmholtz
713:Heaviside
575:Permeance
460:Impedance
200:Insulator
195:Gauss law
145:Conductor
122:Phenomena
117:Textbooks
97:Magnetism
6721:Category
6704:spin ice
6518:51095685
6445:40251748
6302:Velocity
6228:29 March
6167:(1993).
6151:38941224
6127:(1997).
6040:(1999).
5947:: 37â52.
5733:Luanlong
5693:Jingtong
5560:22 March
5550:"Magnet"
5316:Magnetar
5294:See also
5227:parallel
4795:. Thus:
3748:diameter
3638:kilogram
3475:inverse
3095:F = C/V
3072:W = Vâ
A
3023:Ω = V/A
2984:V = J/C
2769:Big Bang
2765:solitons
2759:Certain
2749:negative
2745:positive
2737:symmetry
2546:velocity
2438:dipole.
1727:ferrites
1707:ordering
1686:spin ice
1667:opposite
1556:metals.
1548:, their
1498:; i.e.,
1203:terrella
1116:Shen Kuo
972:chromium
848:Wiechert
803:Poynting
693:Einstein
540:DC motor
535:AC motor
370:Lenz law
155:Electret
6223:1285705
6090:Bibcode
6004:Bibcode
5738:Lunheng
5628:Guiguzi
5189:. The "
5040:⁄
3771:chitons
3721:4Ï Ă 10
3690:maxwell
3676:oersted
3645:Aâ
mâ
kg
3642:Aâ
m/kg
3370:kgâ
sâ
A
3334:siemens
3303:siemens
3261:coulomb
3175:coulomb
3075:kgâ
mâ
s
2971:voltage
2878:coulomb
2862:kgâ
mâ
s
2836:Symbol
2827:Symbol
2544:is the
2418:are in
2045:is the
1446:Coulomb
1366:(MRI).
1318:Sources
1211:Polaris
1134:compass
1104:Lunheng
1088:Guiguzi
1066:Miletus
1020:magnet.
986:History
924:magnets
833:Thomson
808:Ritchie
798:Poisson
783:Neumann
778:Maxwell
773:Lorentz
768:Liénard
698:Faraday
683:Coulomb
510:Voltage
485:Ohm law
107:History
6533:
6516:
6506:
6487:
6470:
6460:
6443:
6433:
6412:
6402:
6379:
6252:
6221:
6177:
6149:
6139:
6108:
6052:
6022:
5961:
5922:
5879:
5850:
5823:
5675:
5669:227361
5667:
5604:
5509:
5484:
5431:
5421:
5276:(e.g.
5268:, and
5262:sodium
5260:(e.g.
5250:nickel
5246:cobalt
4228:where
3756:teslas
3724:newton
3664:(CGS)
3660:â the
3631:ampere
3604:ampere
3453:ampere
3426:ampere
3307:S = Ω
3271:Aâ
sâ
m
3186:Aâ
sâ
m
2926:ampere
2901:ampere
2850:energy
2698:energy
2674:dipole
2611:where
2549:vector
2515:where
2420:motion
2324:
2318:
2290:
2284:
2251:
2245:
2109:
2074:
2068:
2036:where
2003:
1997:
1899:relays
1891:motors
1848:magnet
1661:In an
1637:freeze
1550:alloys
1546:cobalt
1542:nickel
1500:atomic
1469:; the
1277:optics
1162:, and
1062:Thales
1046:magnet
1005:magnet
964:carbon
960:copper
952:oxygen
936:nickel
932:cobalt
818:Singer
813:Savart
793:Ărsted
758:Larmor
748:Kelvin
703:Fizeau
673:AmpĂšre
595:Stator
102:Optics
51:magnet
38:, and
6199:(PDF)
6106:S2CID
6080:arXiv
6046:Wiley
5873:Wired
5743:Amber
5673:S2CID
5665:JSTOR
5624:) of
5272:) or
3761:Some
3704:tesla
3658:gauss
3652:Other
3624:mass
3554:metre
3550:henry
3527:henry
3500:henry
3477:henry
3430:metre
3400:weber
3363:tesla
3338:metre
3264:metre
3206:metre
3202:farad
3150:metre
3120:metre
3091:farad
3045:metre
2855:joule
2796:units
2779:Units
2690:globe
2652:thumb
2155:in a
1788:moiré
1725:Most
1412:Types
1374:(see
1352:atoms
1207:Earth
1050:Greek
843:Weber
838:Volta
828:Tesla
743:Joule
728:Hertz
723:Henry
708:Gauss
590:Rotor
6531:ISBN
6514:OCLC
6504:ISBN
6485:ISBN
6468:OCLC
6458:ISBN
6441:OCLC
6431:ISBN
6410:OCLC
6400:ISBN
6377:ISBN
6250:ISBN
6230:2016
6219:PMID
6175:ISBN
6147:OCLC
6137:ISBN
6050:ISBN
6020:ISSN
5959:ISBN
5920:ISBN
5877:ISSN
5848:ISBN
5821:ISBN
5707:): "
5649:Isis
5626:The
5622:ćæ珏äș
5602:ISBN
5562:2013
5507:ISBN
5482:ISSN
5447:link
5429:OCLC
5419:ISBN
5248:and
5242:iron
5117:and
5017:and
4986:and
4490:and
4459:and
4428:and
4398:and
3666:unit
3636:per
3614:Aâ
m
3558:H/m
3552:per
3437:Aâ
m
3434:A/m
3428:per
3342:S/m
3336:per
3268:Câ
m
3210:F/m
3204:per
3183:C/m
3177:per
3148:per
3146:volt
3124:Vâ
m
3117:volt
3068:watt
3049:멉
m
2980:volt
2934:Aâ
m
2931:A/m
2885:Aâ
s
2635:and
2561:work
2432:spin
1872:iron
1794:and
1678:each
1538:iron
1228:and
1154:, a
962:and
950:and
928:iron
899:and
763:Lenz
688:Davy
678:Biot
6211:doi
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