2542:
1391:
3233:, and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by Richard. But Isaac changed his mind and tried to escape. Richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island, his troops being led by Guy de Lusignan. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains, because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons. By 1 June, Richard had conquered the whole island. His exploit was well publicized and contributed to his reputation; he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. Richard left for
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1238:
1597:
2110:
1725:
1206:
qualities. Their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report. They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the very boys were orators, a race altogether unbridled unless held firmly down by the yoke of justice. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and
2376:
3675:
2689:
241:
5225:
2025:
54:
3934:
3796:
2709:
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autres chefs non moins inhumains et farouches, inon-dèrent la Gaule au septième siècle, et ne laissèrent rien d'entier sur leur passage que les traces sanglantes de leur barbarie, la désolation et des' ruines, assiégèrent trois fois Paris et en effrayèrent si fort les habitants..." "2 Nortwége selon Moriri, et
Norwegue selon Bruzen de a Martinière.
3210:. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot
3161:
1538:
As the proliferation of aristocratic families throughout the French kingdom limited the prospects of most heirs, young knights were encouraged to seek land and riches beyond their homeland, with
Normandy becoming a major source of such adventurers. Many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually
2618:
as the ruling class of
England. The nobility of England were part of a single Norman culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the King of France for their land on the continent. They considered England to be their
922:
and cultural "Norman" identity in the first half of the 10th century, an identity which continued to evolve over the centuries. The
Normans adopted the culture and language of the French, while they continued the martial tradition of their Viking ancestors as mercenaries and adventurers. In the 11th
4092:
D'orgine normande, la noble maison des LE ROY 1, divisée en quatre principales bran-ches, dont nous donnons ici la généalogie, remonte à la plus haute antiquité, c'est-à-dire à ces fiers enfants du Nord (Nort-mans) qui, du fond de la Norwège 2, sous la conduite des
Hadding, des Gerlon, des Héric et
3697:
in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity. The former, with their violence, caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices; the latter, with its assault on religion, caused the purposeful destruction
1943:
With the rising popularity of the sea route to the Holy Land, Norman and Anglo-Norman crusaders also started to be encouraged locally by
Iberian prelates to participate in the Portuguese incursions into the western areas of the Peninsula. The first of these incursions occurred when a fleet of these
1205:
Specially marked by cunning, despising their own inheritance in the hope of winning a greater, eager after both gain and dominion, given to imitation of all kinds, holding a certain mean between lavishness and greediness, that is, perhaps uniting, as they certainly did, these two seemingly opposite
1005:
tenure. By the end of his reign in 996, the descendants of the Norse settlers "had become not only
Christians but in all essentials Frenchmen. They had adopted the French language, French legal ideas, and French social customs, and had practically merged with the Frankish or Gallic population among
1967:. This time the city was captured and according to the arrangement agreed upon with the Portuguese monarch many of them settled in the newly sacked city. The following year the remainder of the crusading fleet, including a substantial number of Anglo-Normans, was invited by the count of Barcelona,
2302:
merchants who had settled there. The
Normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland; they took Ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern Macedonia and Thessaly before appearing at the gates of Thessalonica. Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat to Italy. They
1927:
of 1064. Even after the Norman conquest of
England in 1066, the Normans continued to participate in ventures in the peninsula. After the Frankish conquest of the Holy Land during the First Crusade, the Normans began to be encouraged to participate in ventures of conquest in the northeast of the
3289:
The rapid Anglo-Norman conquest proved more important than it seemed. The island occupied a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the
Christians could not continue without support from the sea. Shortly after the conquest, Cyprus was sold to the
2105:
in 1038–40. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service actually were from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen.
3670:
tradition to Normandy. In the final decade of the 11th and first of the 12th century, Normandy experienced a golden age of illustrated manuscripts, but it was brief and the major scriptoria of Normandy ceased to function after the midpoint of the century.
2585:, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of Edward's attitude. He appointed
4965:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal (2015) 'Norman and Anglo-Norman Intervention in the Iberian Wars of Reconquest before and after the First Crusade', in Harlock and Oldfield, Crusading and Pilgrimage in the Norman World, Woodbridge, Boydell, pp. 103–124
3141:
who joined multiple expeditions into the Ebro Valley to aid Alfonso I of Aragon in his campaigns of conquest. Robert Burdet managed to acquire the position of Alcide of Tudela by 1123 and later that of Prince of the city Tarragona in 1129.
1351:
in exchange for their protection against further Viking incursions. As well as promising to protect the area of Rouen from Viking invasion, Rollo swore not to invade further Frankish lands himself, accepted baptism and conversion to
4021:, p. 19: "the Northmen of Normandy became increasingly Gallicized, increasingly Norman we may say, until by the mid-eleventh century they were more French than the French, or, to speak correctly, more Frankish than the Franks."
1952:
was a failure it created a precedent for their involvement in Portugal. So in 1147 when another group of Norman and other groups of crusaders from Northern Europe arrived in Porto on their way to join the crusading forces of the
902:. The Norse settlements in West Francia followed a series of raids on the French northern coast mainly from what is now Denmark, although some also sailed from Norway and Sweden. These settlements were finally legitimized when
4989:
2285:
because it had started before their arrival. Immediately before the battle, the Venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city. Forced to retreat, Alexios ceded the city of Dyrrachium to the
1356:
and swore fealty to King Charles III. Robert I of France stood as godfather during Rollo's baptism. He became the first Duke of Normandy and Count of Rouen. The area corresponded to the northern part of present-day
3827:
and John of Ravenna, the system of denoting notes by letters was developed and taught. It is still the most common form of pitch representation in English- and German-speaking countries today. Also at Fécamp, the
2549:
The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the
2314:, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied
3621:
In the visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered. However, in the early 11th century, the dukes began a programme of church reform, encouraging the
1431:, where the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers. Rollo's contingents from Scandinavia who raided and ultimately settled Normandy and parts of the European Atlantic coast included
2326:
passes and opened their way to Dibra. The lack of supplies, disease and Byzantine resistance forced Bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis.
1891:
The Normans began appearing in the military confrontations between Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula since the early eleventh century. The first Norman who appears in the narrative sources was
2322:, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho. This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. With their help, the Normans secured the
2223:, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of
3783:
inscriptions. Many churches preserve sculptured fonts, capitals, and more importantly mosaics, which were common in Norman Italy and drew heavily on the Greek heritage. Lombard Salerno was a centre of
1837:
and order to forge a unique government. Under this state, there was great religious freedom, and alongside the Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews, Muslims and Christians, both
4866:
2097:. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside
5296:
Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France...The Normans (from Nortmanni: "Northmen") were originally pagan barbarian pirates from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland
1940:
by the then Archbishop of this see, Oleguer Bonestruga. Several others of Rotrou's Norman followers were rewarded with lands in the Ebro valley by King Alfonso I of Aragon for their services.
4413:
2727:
in 1169. Initially, the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became "
3133:
After the First Crusade to the Levant, the Normans continued with their involvement in Iberia as well as other areas of the Mediterranean. Among them was Rotrou of Perche and his followers
3083:
led an army under the papal hanner which took a huge booty as they captured the city from its Andelusi rulers. Later a group of Normans led by certain William (some have suggested this was
1709:, where he died in 1022. The county, which replaced the pre-existing chamberlainship, is considered to be the first political body established by the Normans in the south of Italy. Then
4343:
993:
of medieval France. The Norman dukes exercised independent control of their holdings in Normandy, while at the same time being vassals owing fealty to the King of France, and under
2245:
and acting as his vassal, Robert continued his campaign conquering the Balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the Catholic Church. After allying himself with
3634:. The church was utilised by the dukes as a unifying force for their disparate duchy. The chief monasteries taking part in this "renaissance" of Norman art and scholarship were
4048:
2528:
2298:
is short for κόμης της κόρτης meaning "Count of the Tent"). The city's garrison resisted until February 1082, when Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the Venetian and
3367:
1120:
of France, England, Spain, Quebec and Sicily, and also through the various cultural, judicial, and political arrangements they introduced in their conquered territories.
5240:
822:
5857:
5780:
5721:
5678:
5620:
5597:
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5529:
5471:
846:
3007:. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference. Norman words, such as
2728:
2992:
6245:
5245:
2626:
says "writers still referred to Normans and English; but the terms no longer meant the same as in the immediate aftermath of 1066." In the course of the
1845:. The Kingdom of Sicily thus became characterized by Norman, Byzantine, Greek, Arab, Lombard and "native" Sicilian populations living in harmony, and its
1022:
seized mainland Normandy by force of arms, having earlier declared the Duchy of Normandy to be forfeit to him. It remained a disputed territory until the
6032:——— (May 2021), "The Changing Priorities in the Norman Incursions into the Iberian Peninsula's Muslim–Christian Frontiers, 1018–1191",
5373:
4858:
3195:
domination for the following 380 years. Although not part of a planned operation, the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected.
4946:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal (2013) 'Revisiting the Anglo-Norman Crusaders' Failed Attempt to Conquer Lisbon c. 1142', Portuguese Studies 29.1, pp. 7–20
3424:-speaking population, with the two communities converging to the point that the original Norsemen largely assimilated and adopted the local dialect of
3303:
3264:. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor. Among other grand ceremonies was a double coronation: Richard caused himself to be crowned
5087:
5079:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal, 'The Changing Priorities in the Norman Incursions into the Iberian Peninsula's Muslim–Christian Frontiers, 1018–1191', in
4592:
4405:
1615:. Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to
1038:) are considered to be officially the last remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, and are not part of the United Kingdom but are instead self-governing
4009:, p. 18: "The first Viking settlers in Normandy, it is agreed, were predominantly Danish, though their leader, Rollo was of Norse extraction."
4447:
3904:
2521:
5991:——— (July 2015), "Norman and Anglo-Norman Interventions in the Iberian Wars of Reconquest Before and After the First Crusade",
2868:, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as
2693:
1968:
961:
becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language which is still spoken today in parts of mainland Normandy (
6194:
6000:——— (2017), "Spiritual and Material Rewards on the Christian-Muslim Frontier: Norman Crusaders in the Valley of the Ebro",
5654:
5064:
4814:
2400:
1049:
and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers played a role in founding the
1273:, brother of Odo, again defeated another band of Viking warriors in Chartres with his well-trained horsemen. This victory paved the way for
5322:
5102:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal, 'Spiritual and Material Rewards on the Christian-Muslim Frontier: Norman Crusaders in the Valley of the Ebro',
3851:, several monks of Saint-Evroul fled to southern Italy, where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at
1413:, which were considered "Frankish". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (
4664:
4622:
4332:
1527:
doctrines of the rest of France, the Normans would progressively work these principles into a functional hierarchical system in their own
4985:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal (2009), 'Anglo-Norman Intervention in the Conquest and Settlement of Tortosa', Crusades 8 (2009), pp. 63–129.
4383:
5922:
5328:
4950:
4831:
1833:
Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of
3566:
Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued. They spread a unique
402:
5488:
5433:
4970:
4908:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal (2008) 'Roger of Tosny's adventures in the County of Barcelona', Nottingham Medieval Studies 52, pp. 5–16.
4567:
4488:
4287:
4262:
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on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.
2514:
839:
4153:
4032:
2246:
6139:
6120:
6101:
6082:
5110:
4931:
4927:
Lucas Villegas-Aristizábal (2017), 'Spiritual and material rewards on the Christian-Muslim Frontier', Medievalismo 27, pp. 353–376.
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1058:
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from land and sea, devastating everything along the way. Under these harsh circumstances, the locals accepted the call of Emperor
3257:
2843:
2987:
After the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including
2241:
as the result of his military successes, ultimately drove the Byzantines out of southern Italy. Having obtained the consent of
2142:
335:
3114:
in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of
2334:, owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials. Some time later, Dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the
3315:
2504:
2462:
2330:
The further decline of Byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185, when a large Norman army invaded
2046:
1290:
986:
5283:
2541:
1365:, but the Duchy would eventually extend west beyond the Seine. The territory was roughly equivalent to the old province of
4701:
Duby, Georges (1964). "Dans la France du Nord-Ouest au XIIe siècle : les " jeunes " dans la société aristocratique".
3606:
3556:
2916:
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1764:
1583:
832:
5423:
2249:
and the Catholic cities of Dalmatia, in 1081 he led an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landing on the southern shores of
4116:
2869:
2488:
2282:
1390:
2919:, David had to reward many with lands. The process was continued under David's successors, most intensely of all under
2879:
Normans went into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families that would provide some future kings, such as
2876:
as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England.
2216:
may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy.
2157:
with support from the local population in 1073, but he was stopped in 1075 by the Byzantine general and future emperor
1261:, and evolved into more permanent encampments that included local French women and personal property. From 885 to 886,
3847:
At Saint Evroul, a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy. Under the Norman abbot
2177:
6215:
4520:
3837:
3894:
3683:
3578:
in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape. Their style was characterised by rounded
3355:
3099:
2980:. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as Earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the
2865:
2675:
2347:
1959:
1901:
1846:
1078:
1007:
3919:
3155:
3000:
2204:. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks". The known trade between
1937:
953:, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy of the Romance community. The original Norse settlers adopted the
706:
4736:
2779:, predominate there. Another common Norman-Irish name was Morell (Murrell), derived from the French Norman name
2281:
to join forces with the Byzantines against the Normans. The Byzantine forces could not take part in the ensuing
997:(byname "Richard sans Peur" meaning "Richard the Fearless") the duchy was forged into a cohesive and formidable
3914:
3879:
3874:
3586:
3347:
off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinforced by
3269:
3211:
2952:
2589:
2476:
2169:
2042:
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355:
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and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales.
2892:
2861:
2035:
1972:
1842:
1631:
begged them to stay, but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the Prince's request.
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35:
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where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son
4183:
3987:
3730:
3631:
3602:
3598:
3256:. The wedding was held on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St. George and it was attended by Richard's sister
3038:
2642:. The Anglo-Norman language was eventually absorbed into the Anglo-Saxon language of their subjects (see
2563:
2559:
1949:
1628:
1616:
1556:
1432:
1023:
283:
270:
1929:
754:
5358:
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3034:
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2631:
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2433:
2405:
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2220:
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2006:
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1163:
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2570:. His stay in Normandy (until 1016) influenced him and his sons by Emma, who stayed in Normandy after
1997:
coast, corresponding to Tunisia and parts of Algeria and Libya today. They were lost to the Almohads.
4406:"Norman and Anglo-Norman Participation in the Iberian Reconquista c.1018–1248 – Medievalists.net"
3755:. In southern Italy, however, Norman artwork survives plentifully in forms strongly influenced by its
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Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions, so much so that
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1718:
1232:
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of religious objects of any type, and its destabilisation of society resulted in rampant pillaging.
3463:
was quite extensive during the Middle Ages, with records existing from notable Norman poets such as
1830:, which dot the landscape and give a distinct architectural flavor to accompany its unique history.
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5686:
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2134:
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1768:
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was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of
1492:
1475:
1237:
6045:
5844:
4718:
3962:
3820:
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3242:
3229:. The local barons abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the
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2800:
2713:
2683:
2607:
2444:
2420:
2278:
2205:
2158:
1945:
1924:
1799:
1422:
1379:
1294:
1270:
1198:
1082:
1054:
1039:
911:
626:
348:
300:
1694:
4656:
4614:
4254:
1724:
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2566:. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013, when he was forced from his kingdom by
2415:
2367:
2287:
2219:
Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the
2164:
Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenian vassal-states of
2126:
2118:
1990:
1984:
1823:
1807:
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1736:
1632:
1601:
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681:
387:
310:
295:
224:
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2747:. The cultures intermixed, borrowing from each other's language, culture and outlook. Norman
2121:
in the 1050s. By then, however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as
1936:
in the 1120s in the Ebro frontier. By 1129 Robert Burdet had been granted a semi-independent
1265:(Eudes de Paris) succeeded in defending Paris against Viking raiders (one of the leaders was
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3043:
The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the
2940:
2936:
2639:
2596:
2555:
2375:
2242:
2181:
2082:
2078:
2014:
1893:
1867:
1815:
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1652:
1410:
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966:
801:
731:
409:
315:
290:
4145:
4071:
2109:
1440:
486:
325:
5957:"Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180"
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were oriented, was first developed and taught in the 11th century. Under the German abbot
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3702:
3667:
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3441:
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system was applied in varying degrees to most of Scotland. Scottish families of the names
2635:
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most important holding (it brought with it the title of King—an important status symbol).
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1964:
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nobleman and rebel, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the
1587:
1508:
1487:
1340:
1117:
1093:
1027:
970:
872:
864:
586:
464:
189:
169:
164:
59:
5893:[Some notes on the participation of Rogelio de Tosny in the Iberian reconquest],
3816:
2775:
County, where the first Norman settlements were established. Other Norman names, such as
2581:
finally returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother
1688:
1523:
in the 9th century. By intermarrying with the local aristocracy and adopting the growing
4359:
HM Government is responsible for the defence and international relations of the Islands.
4076:
Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Philosophie, histoire, sciences de l'homme
3225:. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival
2771:
are particularly common in the southeast of Ireland, especially in the southern part of
946:. The Normans were historically famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their
6239:
5882:
5836:
5083:, eds. Emily Winkler and Liam Fitzgerald, MISCS 9, Turnhout: Brepols, 2021, pp. 90–91.
4247:
3982:
3823:
were centres of musical production and education. At Fécamp, under two Italian abbots,
3752:
3729:
who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the
3623:
3571:
3332:
3265:
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on 5 June, with his allies. Before his departure, he named two of his Norman generals,
3192:
3018:
2932:
2857:
2826:
2723:
The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at
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2571:
2456:
2319:
2146:
1954:
1920:
1916:
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1348:
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606:
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521:
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305:
246:
209:
184:
108:
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of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits, especially the proliferation of
2554:. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of
1802:, was crowned king in 1130 (exactly one century after Rainulf was "crowned" count) by
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5690:
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5231:
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acquired full control of the island, which remained a Christian stronghold until the
3221:
Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular
3188:
3184:
3134:
3123:
3044:
2981:
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2935:, Ramsay, Fraser, Rose, Ogilvie, Montgomery, Sinclair, Pollock, Burnard, Douglas and
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2744:
2359:
2355:
2311:
2213:
1933:
1679:
1659:
1644:
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Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the
796:
576:
559:
546:
451:
174:
5891:"Algunas notas sobre la participación de Rogelio de Tosny en la Reconquista Ibérica"
3674:
1670:. A group of Normans with at least five brothers from the Drengot family fought the
1269:) with his fighting skills, fortification of Paris and tactical shrewdness. In 911,
6014:
5972:
5016:
3800:
3722:
3679:
3655:
3490:
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Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with
2847:
2816:
2717:
2615:
2094:
1975:. Again the Normans were rewarded with lands in the newly conquered frontier city.
1591:
1544:
1483:
1471:
1418:
1370:
1353:
1298:
998:
919:
899:
759:
711:
199:
194:
129:
124:
104:
3605:
building techniques into their own, initiating a unique romanesque style known as
2610:, which led to the conquest of England three years later; this can be seen on the
496:
6183:
6157:
5275:
5107:
4928:
6041:
4947:
3643:
3405:
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1862:
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1520:
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1324:
1086:
974:
962:
947:
939:
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763:
721:
621:
601:
501:
265:
240:
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In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the
53:
4714:
3929:
3804:
3710:
3663:
3627:
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3425:
3384:
3107:
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2331:
2274:
2154:
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1905:
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1129:
958:
791:
536:
526:
511:
491:
320:
159:
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79:
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after numerous pillages. They joined the fleet that had previously conquered
4806:
The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire
3776:
3744:
3740:
3429:
3413:
3344:
3336:
3325:
3115:
2701:
2189:
2098:
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1872:
1819:
1777:
Duke and Master of Italy and Count of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria
1620:
1524:
1463:
1194:
1156:
1002:
943:
811:
768:
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656:
591:
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414:
204:
89:
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and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy de Lusignan and became a
2708:
2258:
2237:, another Norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of
2227:
clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under
1627:
when a Muslim attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince
1507:
The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old
1249:
In the course of the 10th century, the initially destructive incursions of
1108:, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of
716:
392:
372:
6221:
4986:
3811:
Normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of
3412:
and settled the land that became known as Normandy, they originally spoke
1455:
territory which earlier came under Norse control in the late 9th century.
1026:, when the English sovereign ceded his claim to the Duchy, except for the
30:
This article is about the early medieval Normans. For modern Normans, see
6058:"Κομισκόρτης ο έξ Αρβάνων": Σχόλια εις Χωρίον της Άννης Κομνηνής (Δ' 8,4)
4967:
4516:
3977:
3760:
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3494:
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3215:
3063:
travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from
3004:
2788:
2748:
2736:
2335:
2201:
2173:
1994:
1814:
through marriage. The Normans left their legacy in many castles, such as
1748:
1648:
1605:
1540:
1528:
1332:
1278:
1250:
1242:
1207:
892:
691:
676:
649:
596:
571:
541:
516:
439:
232:
179:
63:
31:
5085:
http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503590578-1
3275:
3191:
opened a new chapter in the history of the island, which would be under
2196:. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the Armenian general
2117:
One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was
1773:
dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae
17:
6024:
3768:
3733:
3510:
3401:
3230:
3203:
3127:
3064:
2772:
2732:
2651:
2323:
2315:
2304:
2291:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2224:
2165:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2049: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1850:
1827:
1706:
1702:
1624:
1452:
1414:
1406:
1286:
1266:
1066:
924:
696:
566:
481:
382:
360:
5917:
5757:
Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England
4909:
3432:
language. This Norse-influenced dialect which then arose was known as
2630:, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The
1611:
Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in
5818:
5805:
5481:
Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040–1130
4744:
4176:"Norman Centuries – A Norman History Podcast by Lars Brownworth"
3756:
3468:
3453:
3180:
3091:
2924:
2792:
2299:
2238:
1928:
peninsula. The most significant example of this was the incursion of
1858:
1849:
fostered plans of establishing an empire that would have encompassed
1783:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1698:
1675:
1512:
1448:
1444:
1336:
1328:
1302:
1258:
1254:
1241:
Duchy of Normandy between 911 and 1050. In blue the areas of intense
1183:
1105:
907:
895:
736:
671:
471:
419:
377:
154:
134:
5867:"The Norman Aristocracy before 1066: the Example of the Montgomerys"
4519:(in French). Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales.
3160:
429:
5956:
4282:. London, England: Constable & Robbinson, Ltd. pp. 73–74.
3582:, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions.
2614:. The invading Normans and their descendants largely replaced the
1405:
Before Rollo's arrival, Normandy's populations did not differ from
1085:
in 1066. Norman and Anglo-Norman forces contributed to the Iberian
1045:
The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique
5351:
5230:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3833:
3807:
on the lyre (or harp) in the middle of the back of the initial 'B'
3794:
3784:
3673:
3550:
3517:
by two judges for use by them and their colleagues: These are the
3514:
3274:
3159:
2977:
2960:
2707:
2687:
2638:
spoken in Paris, something that was the subject of some humour by
2540:
2270:
2254:
2193:
2108:
1915:. Later in the eleventh century, other Norman adventurers such as
1787:
1756:
1723:
1595:
1427:
1389:
1366:
1362:
1306:
1274:
1236:
1224:
1062:
950:
903:
631:
611:
434:
365:
144:
84:
4333:"Fact sheet on the UK's relationship with the Crown Dependencies"
2915:), and needing them to wrestle the kingdom from his half-brother
5939:
Norman and Anglo-Norman Participation in the Iberian Reconquista
4253:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p.
3787:
in the 11th century and this continued under Norman domination.
3779:
in style and the coronation cloak is of Arab craftsmanship with
3764:
3726:
3579:
3575:
3464:
2899:, was instrumental in introducing Normans and Norman culture to
2209:
1682:. Between 1016 and 1024, in a fragmented political context, the
1384:
1344:
990:
806:
686:
666:
661:
581:
4739:[The south of Italy at the beginning of 11th century].
257:
in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.
6238:
6163:
4443:
4379:
4175:
3320:
Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble
2787:(from the Norman for "son") usually indicate Norman ancestry.
2739:, and also built many fine castles and settlements, including
2077:
Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the
2018:
1957:, the Bishop of Porto and later Afonso Henriques according to
397:
5738:
Harper-Bill, Christopher; van Houts, Elisabeth, eds. (2003),
3448:
in England. Old Norman was also an important language of the
1904:
went to aid the Barcelonese in a series of raids against the
1490:(Norman French) was forged by the adoption of the indigenous
4809:. Getzville, New York: Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 793.
4249:
Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066
2545:
Modern depiction of 11th century Norman cavalry and infantry
1500:
by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the
1006:
whom they lived". Between 1066 and 1204, as a result of the
1559:, one of the more famous and illustrious Kings of England.
5950:, Nottingham Medieval Studies, vol. 52, pp. 5–16
5512:
Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie
5249:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3593:. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of
3444:
and parts of mainland Normandy, as well as the historical
1635:
tells that, in 1016, Norman pilgrims to the shrine of the
2290:(or Byzantine provincial administrators) mobilizing from
1693:
was founded by another group of Norman knights headed by
1089:
from the early eleventh to the mid-thirteenth centuries.
3214:. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of
2731:". The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of
1658:
The two most prominent Norman families to arrive in the
5628:
Dauzat, Albert; Dubois, Jean; Mitterand, Henri (1971),
5206:
5204:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5138:
5136:
5134:
1116:. The legacy of the Normans persists today through the
938:
had a major political, cultural and military impact on
5948:
Roger of Tosny's adventures in the County of Barcelona
5516:
History of the Norman domination in Italy & Sicily
4703:
Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. 19ᵉ année
4072:"Généalogie de la noble et ancienne maison des Le Roy"
3087:) participated in the failed siege of Tudela of 1087.
4503:
1948:
to conquer the city of Lisbon in 1142. Although this
1790:
from the Muslims, under the leadership of the famous
1421:) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the
4319:
The History of Guernsey – the Bailiwick's story
3662:. These centres were in contact with the so-called "
3279:
Norman expeditionary ship depicted in the chronicle
2852:
One of the claimants of the English throne opposing
2101:
and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of
1993:
conquered and kept as vassals several cities on the
6060:(in Greek), Ioannina: Εταιρείας Ηπειρωτικών Μελετών
5828:
Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I
2883:, as well as founding a considerable number of the
114:
98:
70:
6134:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing.
4472:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
4246:
3248:While in Limassol, Richard the Lion-Heart married
1810:lasted until 1194, when it was transferred to the
1782:From these bases, the Normans eventually captured
6249:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 751–756.
4305:Cambridge Medieval History (Volume 5, Chapter XV)
3855:. There they continued the tradition of singing.
3701:By far the most famous work of Norman art is the
3106:leader of the Crusade during its passage through
2939:to name but a few, and including the later royal
1861:. One of the great geographical treatises of the
4766:Raffaele D'Amato & Andrea Salimbeti (2020).
3630:and the reconstitution of a compilation of lost
3102:with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the
2318:, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river
2294:(i.e., ἐξ Ἀρβάνων ὁρμωμένω Κομισκόρτη; the term
2153:even tried to carve out an independent state in
918:in 911. The intermixing in Normandy produced an
906:, a Scandinavian Viking leader, agreed to swear
3905:List of Officers of the Principality of Antioch
3870:List of Counts and Dukes of Apulia and Calabria
3420:. Over time, they came to live among the local
1713:, from the same family, received the county of
1203:
1030:. In the present day, the Channel Islands (the
5695:The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles
5108:https://doi.org/10.6018/medievalismo.27.310701
4929:https://doi.org/10.6018/medievalismo.27.310701
4585:"Globetrotting Vikings: To the Gates of Paris"
3509:. Norman customary law was transcribed in two
2903:, part of the process some scholars call the "
957:of the Frankish land they settled, with their
5649:], Biographie (in French), Paris: Payot,
4948:https://doi.org/10.5699/portstudies.29.1.0007
4303:J.R. Tanner, C.W. Previte-Orton, Z.N. Brook.
3767:forebears. Of the royal regalia preserved in
3739:In Britain, Norman art primarily survives as
2943:, can all be traced back to Norman ancestry.
2692:Depiction of the marriage of the Norman lord
2646:) and influenced it, helping (along with the
2522:
2149:led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks.
1944:Crusaders was invited by the Portuguese king
1923:participated in the probably papal organised
1759:. The Drengot family thereafter attained the
1751:". He promptly awarded their elected leader,
1739:achieved princely rank by proclaiming Prince
1073:, and an expedition on behalf of their duke,
840:
8:
6113:Empires of the Normans: Conquerors of Europe
5993:Crusading and Pilgrimage in the Norman World
5317:. University of Michigan Press. p. 67.
5059:. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. p. 62.
3535:Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali
3436:, and it is the ancestor of both the modern
3368:Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla
3051:. They were major foreign combatants in the
1755:, with the title of count in his capital of
1253:war bands going upstream into the rivers of
887:) were a population arising in the medieval
46:
6115:(Hardcover). Cambridge, UK: Pegasus Books.
3525:), authored between 1200 and 1245; and the
3090:In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of
3012:
2113:A chronological map of the Norman Conquests
1875:for King Roger II of Sicily, and entitled "
1511:, most of whom traced their lineage to the
1335:. The treaty offered Rollo and his men the
5856:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5720:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5677:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5619:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5596:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5554:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5528:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5470:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4737:"Il Mezzogiorno agli inizi dell'XI secolo"
4070:Du Cluzel de Remaurin, Chevalier. (1863).
4037:. Manchester University Press. p. 1.
3428:while contributing some elements from the
2658:used by the church) in the development of
2529:
2515:
2363:
1128:The English name "Normans" comes from the
923:century, Normans from the duchy conquered
847:
833:
219:
52:
45:
6220:(in Italian), MondoStoria, archived from
6023:
6013:
5916:
5906:
5759:(2d ed.), Cambridge University Press
5417:, Manchester: Manchester Medieval Sources
5004:
3678:A bronze lion sculpture attributed to an
2065:Learn how and when to remove this message
1478:of the local people, descending from the
5024:
4834:. Concise.britannica.com. Archived from
4240:
4238:
4203:
4201:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4103:
4101:
3844:became a centre of musical composition.
1794:, a Hauteville, and his younger brother
1767:legally ennobled the Hauteville leader,
1697:and hired by Melus of Bari. Defeated at
1458:The descendants of Vikings replaced the
6202:, Jersey heritage trust, archived from
6077:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5643:Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier
4987:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315271590-7
4642:
4640:
3999:
3570:to England, Italy and Ireland, and the
3118:and he worked for the expansion of the
3067:lands, but failed. In 1064, during the
2366:
2200:were Normans—formerly of Oursel—led by
2188:led a force of "Franks" into the upper
2178:Armenian state further south in Cilicia
2176:. Later, many took up service with the
231:
5941:(PhD thesis), University of Nottingham
5925:from the original on 21 September 2011
5897:, Estudios Humanísticos (in Spanish),
5849:
5772:
5713:
5670:
5612:
5589:
5547:
5521:
5463:
4968:https://doi.org/10.1484/J.NMS.5.111293
3268:, and Berengaria Queen of England and
1604:(in green) in 1154, upon the death of
5841:A History of the Middle Ages 284−1500
5740:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
5574:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
5425:Medieval History Texts in Translation
5210:
5195:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5125:
4859:"Tracing The Norman Rulers of Sicily"
4790:
4018:
4006:
3206:with a large fleet in order to reach
2907:". Having spent time at the court of
2380:William the Conqueror invades England
1938:principality in the city of Tarragona
1822:, and cathedrals, such as Roger II's
1295:King Charles III (Charles the Simple)
1096:of the Near East, where their prince
823:WikiProject Norse history and culture
7:
5889:Villegas-Aristizábal, Lucas (2004),
5479:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
5362:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4770:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 7.
4541:
4523:from the original on 30 January 2012
4416:from the original on 22 January 2019
4349:from the original on 9 December 2014
4223:from the original on 6 November 2018
4119:from the original on 14 January 2019
3164:Illuminated manuscript showing King
2860:, eventually fled to Scotland. King
2814:. Families bearing such surnames as
2729:more Irish than the Irish themselves
2307:in 1085, after the death of Robert.
2231:in the Sicilian expedition of 1038.
2047:adding citations to reliable sources
1425:, and were separated by traditional
5979:from the original on 17 August 2021
5865:Thompson, Kathleen (October 1987),
5436:from the original on 31 August 2011
4910:https://doi.org/10.1484/J.NMS.3.426
4504:Dauzat, Dubois & Mitterand 1971
4386:from the original on 1 October 2022
3537:), authored between 1235 and 1245.
1451:, and Anglo-Danes from the English
5901:(3), Universidad de Leon: 263–74,
5883:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1987.tb00496.x
5802:The Normans in the South 1016–1130
5647:Richard Lionheart: the king-knight
5413:van Houts, Elisabeth, ed. (2000),
5286:from the original on 24 March 2022
4857:Inturrisi, Louis (26 April 1987).
4741:European Center for Norman Studies
4450:from the original on 24 April 2022
4156:from the original on 29 April 2015
3555:A quintessential Norman keep: the
3366:sold the rights to the islands to
1989:Between 1135 and 1160, the Norman
1201:, characterised the Normans thus:
1182:, 9th century) to mean "Norseman,
58:Arrival in England scene from the
25:
6237:Freeman, Edward Augustus (1911).
5708:The Aristocracy of Norman England
5566:The Debate on the Norman Conquest
5350:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
5314:Crusades: The Illustrated History
4869:from the original on 3 March 2009
4667:from the original on 20 June 2020
4625:from the original on 20 June 2020
4595:from the original on 20 June 2020
4436:"What Did the Normans Do for Us?"
4186:from the original on 27 July 2019
3471:and raised in mainland Normandy.
2834:) are also of Norman extraction.
2751:still exist today. Names such as
2606:gained a decisive victory at the
2396:Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy
1619:, Norman pilgrims returning from
1574:Norman conquest of southern Italy
1563:Conquests and military offensives
1327:, and was situated in the former
1257:penetrated further into interior
5815:The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194
5731:Normandy: Landscape with Figures
5223:
4832:"Roger II – King of Sicily"
4082:from the original on 30 May 2023
3932:
3666:school", which channeled a pure
3467:, who was born on the island of
3408:arrived in the then-province of
2844:Scotland in the High Middle Ages
2374:
2338:—fell again to Byzantine hands.
2023:
1963:convinced them to help with the
1148:, which is itself borrowed from
912:King Charles III of West Francia
239:
5895:Estudios Humanísticos. Historia
5544:, The Peoples of Europe, Oxford
5331:from the original on 2 May 2023
4213:History Today Volume 36 Issue 2
4109:"Sicilian Peoples: The Normans"
4051:from the original on 2 May 2023
3799:An illuminated manuscript from
3613:and precedes the Early Gothic.
3298:. It was only in 1489 that the
3146:Anglo-Norman conquest of Cyprus
2662:, which, in turn, evolved into
2411:Cecilia, Abbess of Holy Trinity
2034:needs additional citations for
1373:'s administrative structure of
1118:regional languages and dialects
891:from the intermingling between
6094:A Short History of the Normans
6015:10.6018/medievalismo.27.310701
5973:10.1080/28327861.2009.12220130
5955:——— (2009),
5946:——— (2008),
5937:——— (2007),
5813:——— (1970),
5605:——— (1976),
5564:——— (1999),
4768:The Normans in Italy 1016–1194
4280:A Brief History of The Normans
3354:Bethencourt took the title of
3316:Conquest of the Canary Islands
3252:, first-born daughter of King
2505:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
2463:Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
2137:, under the Byzantine duke of
1291:treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
987:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
1:
6185:Breve Chronicon Northmannicum
4307:. Cambridge University Press.
2494:Marie I, Countess of Boulogne
2484:Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne
2303:lost Dyrrachium, Valona, and
1909:
1902:Chronicle of St Pierre le Vif
1584:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
1317:
1310:
1277:'s baptism and settlement in
6130:Rowley, Trevor, ed. (1999).
6034:Normans in the Mediterranean
5710:, Cambridge University Press
5081:Normans in the Mediterranean
4743:(in Italian). Archived from
4031:Elizabeth Van Houts (2000).
3693:in the 16th century and the
3527:Grand coutumier de Normandie
3452:during Crusader rule in the
2489:William I, Count of Boulogne
1297:(879–929, ruled 893–929) of
1155:"Northman" or directly from
6042:10.1484/M.MISCS-EB.5.121958
5826:Robertson, AJ, ed. (1974),
5747:Haskins, Charles H (1918),
5636:] (in French), Larousse
4686:Chibnall, Marjorie (2008).
4615:"Robert I | king of France"
4115:. Best of Sicily Magazine.
4113:L. Mendola & V. Salerno
3531:Great customary of Normandy
3260:, whom he had brought from
2911:(married to David's sister
1728:The early Norman castle at
1701:, Melus of Bari escaped to
1309:also known as Gaange Rolf (
6280:
3900:List of Princes of Antioch
3895:List of monarchs of Sicily
3890:List of Princes of Taranto
3684:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3544:
3478:
3440:still spoken today in the
3382:
3356:King of the Canary Islands
3313:
3245:, as governors of Cyprus.
3149:
3028:
2950:
2917:Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair
2841:
2791:-Norman surnames with the
2676:Norman invasion of Ireland
2673:
2348:Norman conquest of England
2345:
2004:
1982:
1960:De expugnatione Lyxbonensi
1577:
1571:
1285:, which began in 911 as a
1218:
1079:Norman conquest of England
1008:Norman conquest of England
62:, depicting Normans using
29:
6188:(in Latin), Storia online
6092:Hicks, Leonie V. (2016).
6056:Vranousi, Era A. (1962),
5808:: Longmans, Green and Co.
5767:Angevin England 1154–1258
5733:, London: Victor Gollancz
5663:Gillingham, John (2001),
5090:28 September 2021 at the
4830:Encyclopædia Britannica.
4715:10.3406/ahess.1964.421226
4278:Neveux, François (2008).
3920:List of Scottish monarchs
3865:List of Dukes of Normandy
3725:, employing natives from
3713:. It was commissioned by
3362:. In 1418, Jean's nephew
3156:Cyprus in the Middle Ages
2634:became distinct from the
2574:'s conquest of the isle.
2401:Richard, "Duke of Bernay"
1623:called in at the port of
1531:, and later export it to
1502:French regional languages
1369:, and reproduced the old
1289:, was established by the
1059:conquering southern Italy
969:dialects) and the nearby
707:Medieval Scandinavian law
119:
103:
75:
51:
6096:. London: I. B. Tauris.
5793:(Saxon social demotions)
5706:Green, Judith A (1997),
5518:] (in French), Paris
5498:Brown, R. Allen (1994),
5483:. Taylor & Francis.
5260:Elisabeth Ridel (2010).
4661:Britannica Encyclopaedia
4475:. Oxfordshire, England:
4321:, Guernsey Press (2001).
4245:Searle, Eleanor (1988).
3915:List of English Monarchs
3910:Second House of Lusignan
3880:List of Princes of Capua
3875:List of Counts of Aversa
3607:Norman-Arab architecture
3200:Richard the Lion-hearted
2953:Norman invasion of Wales
2590:Archbishop of Canterbury
2416:Adela, Countess of Blois
2208:and Antioch and between
1971:, to participate in the
1533:Norman dominated England
1339:coastal lands along the
617:Early Germanic calendars
425:Hel (mythological being)
6246:Encyclopædia Britannica
5582:Douglas, David (1969),
5378:Mondes-normands.caen.fr
5280:Encyclopædia Britannica
5262:Les Vikings et les mots
5246:Encyclopædia Britannica
4619:Encyclopædia Britannica
4558:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
4517:"Etymologie de Normand"
4477:Oxford University Press
4150:Encyclopædia Britannica
3691:French Wars of Religion
3632:illuminated manuscripts
3461:Anglo-Norman literature
3450:Principality of Antioch
3418:North Germanic language
3393:Anglo-Norman literature
3110:. After the successful
3049:principality in Antioch
3031:Principality of Antioch
2864:married Edgar's sister
2862:Malcolm III of Scotland
2783:. Names beginning with
2085:, fighting against the
1973:siege of Tortosa (1148)
1102:Principality of Antioch
1047:Romanesque architecture
1024:Treaty of Paris of 1259
985:, which arose from the
898:settlers and locals of
637:Death in Norse paganism
403:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
6179:, English translation.
6075:The Normans and Empire
5908:10.18002/ehh.v0i3.3060
5788:Muhlbergher, Stephen,
5584:The Norman Achievement
5572:Crouch, David (2003),
5502:, Boydell & Brewer
5374:"Norman customary law"
4888:Les Normands en Sicile
4803:Dupont, Jerry (2001).
4372:"Claims to the Throne"
3988:Charter to the Normans
3885:List of Dukes of Gaeta
3808:
3686:
3574:of these regions with
3563:
3523:Very ancient customary
3286:
3176:
3039:Richard the Lion-Heart
3013:
2973:
2891:, whose elder brother
2720:
2705:
2696:to the Irish princess
2564:Ethelred II of England
2560:Richard II of Normandy
2546:
2310:A few years after the
2114:
1950:Siege of Lisbon (1142)
1732:
1655:rule, which they did.
1617:Amatus of Montecassino
1608:
1557:Richard the Lion-Heart
1402:
1396:History of the Normans
1246:
1212:
955:Gallo-Romance language
884:
876:
34:. For other uses, see
6171:Dudo of St. Quentin,
6073:Bates, David (2013).
5755:Maitland, FW (1988),
5634:Etymological Larousse
5630:Larousse étymologique
5456:Bates, David (1982),
5415:The Normans in Europe
5359:Catholic Encyclopedia
5311:(12 September 2005).
4554:Bates, David (2002).
4412:. 24 September 2008.
4331:Ministry of Justice.
4034:The Normans in Europe
3948:Bailiwick of Guernsey
3849:Robert de Grantmesnil
3815:in the 11th century.
3798:
3677:
3554:
3519:Très ancien coutumier
3446:Anglo-Norman language
3364:Maciot de Bethencourt
3296:stable feudal kingdom
3278:
3250:Berengaria of Navarre
3166:Richard the Lionheart
3163:
3085:William the Carpenter
3035:Bohemund I of Antioch
2989:Bernard de Neufmarché
2964:
2923:. The Norman-derived
2854:William the Conqueror
2808:(Gibbons) as well as
2711:
2691:
2632:Anglo-Norman language
2604:William the Conqueror
2544:
2352:William the Conqueror
2221:Comnenian Restoration
2198:Philaretus Brachamius
2129:. They were based at
2112:
2093:, and especially the
2007:Byzantine-Norman wars
1887:The Iberian Peninsula
1853:Egypt as well as the
1812:House of Hohenstaufen
1804:Antipope Anacletus II
1796:Roger the Great Count
1761:principality of Capua
1741:Guaimar IV of Salerno
1727:
1678:under the command of
1664:Tancred of Hauteville
1599:
1549:Bohemund I of Antioch
1400:Dudo of Saint-Quentin
1393:
1375:Gallia Lugdunensis II
1240:
1075:William the Conqueror
1032:Bailiwick of Guernsey
995:Richard I of Normandy
115:Related ethnic groups
27:European ethnic group
6217:The Normans in Italy
6111:Roach, Levi (2022).
5821:: Longman Group Ltd.
5798:Norwich, John Julius
5765:Mortimer, R (1994),
5729:Gunn, Peter (1975),
5687:Gravett, Christopher
5641:Flori, Jean (1999),
5508:Chalandon, Ferdinand
5458:Normandy before 1066
5241:Béthencourt, Jean de
5106:27 (2017): 353–376.
4657:"Robert I of France"
4583:Klein, Christopher.
4556:Normandy Before 1066
4446:. 12 February 2012.
4382:. 17 February 2011.
3853:Sant'Eufemia Lamezia
3668:Carolingian artistic
3559:at the heart of the
3360:Henry III of Castile
3254:Sancho VI of Navarre
3227:Conrad of Montferrat
3073:William of Montreuil
3047:carved out a Norman
2602:On 14 October 1066,
2579:Edward the Confessor
2043:improve this article
1719:Sergius IV of Naples
1662:were descendants of
1504:that survive today.
1377:(part of the former
1349:Atlantic Ocean coast
1233:Richard the Fearless
1215:Settling of Normandy
6224:on 1 September 2017
6036:, pp. 81–119,
5871:Historical Research
5749:Norman Institutions
5576:, London: Hambledon
5430:University of Leeds
5384:on 23 November 2013
5353:"Robert Wace"
5264:. Editions Errance.
5157:, pp. 133–134.
5007:, pp. 211–213.
4219:. 2 February 1986.
4209:"The Norman Impact"
4180:normancenturies.com
3953:Bailiwick of Jersey
3825:William of Volpiano
3682:artist. Now in the
3547:Norman architecture
3329:Gadifer de la Salle
3322:Jean de Bethencourt
3239:Richard de Camville
3096:Bohemond of Taranto
2993:Roger of Montgomery
2968:in Wales, built by
2905:Davidian Revolution
2897:Sybilla of Normandy
2889:David I of Scotland
2192:valley in northern
2151:Roussel de Bailleul
1930:Rotrou II of Perche
1898:Ademar of Chabannes
1543:soldiers under the
1517:Carolingian dynasty
1229:William I Longsword
1036:Bailiwick of Jersey
1020:Philip II of France
560:Rituals and worship
48:
5665:The Angevin Empire
5538:Chibnall, Marjorie
5181:, pp. 134–36.
5113:2 May 2023 at the
5053:Chibnall, Marjorie
4992:2 May 2023 at the
4973:2 May 2023 at the
4953:2 May 2023 at the
4934:2 May 2023 at the
4915:2 May 2023 at the
4747:on 15 January 2019
4690:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4562:. pp. 20–21.
3963:Cotentin Peninsula
3842:La Trinité-du-Mont
3821:Saint-Evroul Abbey
3809:
3687:
3564:
3287:
3243:Robert de Thornham
3177:
3126:and the region of
2974:
2970:William fitzOsbern
2909:Henry I of England
2721:
2706:
2684:Normans in Ireland
2628:Hundred Years' War
2608:Battle of Hastings
2587:Robert of Jumièges
2547:
2279:Alexios I Comnenos
2115:
1969:Ramon Berenguer IV
1946:Afonso I Henriques
1925:siege of Barbastro
1871:", was written by
1800:Roger II of Sicily
1733:
1609:
1509:French aristocracy
1423:Cotentin Peninsula
1403:
1394:10th–11th century
1380:Gallia Lugdunensis
1361:down to the river
1343:between the river
1271:Robert I of France
1247:
1199:Goffredo Malaterra
1150:Old Low Franconian
1083:Battle of Hastings
1040:Crown Dependencies
959:Old Norman dialect
885:Nortmanni/Normanni
627:Seeress (Germanic)
349:Old Norse religion
301:Pre-Roman Iron Age
6174:Gesta Normannorum
5995:, pp. 103–21
5699:Osprey Publishing
5656:978-2-228-89272-8
5309:Madden, Thomas F.
5066:978-1-4051-4965-5
5041:Marjorie Chibnall
4816:978-0-8377-3125-4
4469:Hoad, TF (1993).
3968:House of Normandy
3705:, which is not a
3695:French Revolution
3636:Mont-Saint-Michel
3611:Kingdom of Sicily
3589:and precedes the
3304:fall of Famagusta
3152:Kingdom of Cyprus
3017:), first entered
2735:, later known as
2654:settlers and the
2624:Marjorie Chibnall
2558:, sister of Duke
2539:
2538:
2368:House of Normandy
2288:Count of the Tent
2184:. A Norman named
2075:
2074:
2067:
1991:Kingdom of Sicily
1985:Kingdom of Africa
1896:who according to
1881:The Book of Roger
1824:Cappella Palatina
1808:Kingdom of Sicily
1737:Hauteville family
1637:Archangel Michael
1633:William of Apulia
1602:Kingdom of Sicily
1580:Emirate of Sicily
1519:from the days of
1283:Duchy of Normandy
1221:Duchy of Normandy
1189:The 11th century
1051:Kingdom of Sicily
1016:dukes of Normandy
983:Duchy of Normandy
916:siege of Chartres
889:Duchy of Normandy
857:
856:
682:Germanic kingship
388:Wayland the Smith
311:Germanic Iron Age
296:Nordic Bronze Age
218:
217:
170:Channel Islanders
16:(Redirected from
6271:
6250:
6242:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6210:
6209:on 26 March 2009
6208:
6201:
6189:
6178:
6166:
6145:
6126:
6107:
6088:
6061:
6052:
6028:
6027:
6017:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5951:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5885:
5861:
5855:
5847:
5831:
5822:
5809:
5792:
5790:Medieval England
5784:
5778:
5770:
5760:
5751:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5719:
5711:
5701:
5682:
5676:
5668:
5659:
5637:
5624:
5618:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5587:
5577:
5568:
5559:
5553:
5545:
5533:
5527:
5519:
5503:
5494:
5475:
5469:
5461:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5418:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5380:. Archived from
5370:
5364:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5324:978-0-472-031276
5305:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5199:
5193:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5100:
5094:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5049:
5043:
5034:
5028:
5027:, pp. 5–26.
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4983:
4977:
4963:
4957:
4944:
4938:
4925:
4919:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4800:
4794:
4788:
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4756:
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4752:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4698:
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4677:
4676:
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4672:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4632:
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4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4410:Medievalists.net
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4337:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4300:
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4293:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4252:
4242:
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4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3719:Bishop of Bayeux
3568:Romanesque idiom
3333:Canarian islands
3193:Western European
3179:The conquest of
3120:Crusader kingdom
3112:Siege of Antioch
3069:War of Barbastro
3016:
2941:House of Stewart
2921:William the Lion
2913:Maud of Scotland
2881:Robert the Bruce
2640:Geoffrey Chaucer
2597:Earl of Hereford
2531:
2524:
2517:
2378:
2364:
2265:), and reaching
2243:Pope Gregory VII
2182:Taurus Mountains
2159:Alexius Komnenos
2145:. In the 1060s,
2079:Byzantine Empire
2070:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2027:
2019:
2015:William Iron Arm
1914:
1911:
1894:Roger I of Tosny
1868:Tabula Rogeriana
1843:Eastern Orthodox
1816:William Iron Arm
1753:William Iron Arm
1692:
1684:County of Ariano
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1191:Benedictine monk
1144:, modern French
1012:kings of England
849:
842:
835:
410:Dwarf (folklore)
336:Christianization
316:Migration Period
291:Nordic Stone Age
243:
220:
56:
49:
21:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6254:
6253:
6240:"Normans"
6236:
6227:
6225:
6214:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6182:
6170:
6155:
6152:
6142:
6129:
6123:
6110:
6104:
6091:
6085:
6072:
6069:
6067:Further reading
6064:
6055:
6031:
5999:
5990:
5982:
5980:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5928:
5926:
5888:
5877:(143): 251–63,
5864:
5848:
5837:Painter, Sidney
5835:
5825:
5812:
5796:
5787:
5771:
5764:
5761:(feudal Saxons)
5754:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5712:
5705:
5685:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5640:
5627:
5611:
5607:The Norman Fate
5604:
5588:
5581:
5571:
5563:
5546:
5536:
5520:
5506:
5497:
5491:
5478:
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5307:
5306:
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5289:
5287:
5274:
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5269:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5239:, ed. (1911). "
5235:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5115:Wayback Machine
5101:
5097:
5092:Wayback Machine
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5074:
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5051:
5050:
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5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4994:Wayback Machine
4984:
4980:
4975:Wayback Machine
4964:
4960:
4955:Wayback Machine
4945:
4941:
4936:Wayback Machine
4926:
4922:
4917:Wayback Machine
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4005:
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3996:
3973:Norman language
3958:Channel Islands
3938:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3861:
3832:, around which
3813:classical music
3793:
3771:, the crown is
3753:baptismal fonts
3703:Bayeux Tapestry
3660:Saint-Wandrille
3619:
3561:Tower of London
3549:
3543:
3507:Channel Islands
3487:
3485:Clameur de haro
3479:Main articles:
3477:
3459:Old Norman and
3442:Channel Islands
3438:Norman language
3395:
3389:Norman language
3383:Main articles:
3381:
3376:
3358:, as vassal to
3318:
3312:
3292:Knights Templar
3270:Queen of Cyprus
3223:Guy de Lusignan
3198:In April 1191,
3170:Guy de Lusignan
3158:
3148:
3139:William Giffard
3098:and his nephew
3094:were joined by
3081:Walter Guiffard
3041:
3027:
2966:Chepstow Castle
2959:
2949:
2850:
2840:
2712:Norman keep in
2686:
2672:
2650:of the earlier
2612:Bayeux tapestry
2594:Ralph the Timid
2568:Sweyn Forkbeard
2552:English Channel
2535:
2499:
2498:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2452:Empress Matilda
2447:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2391:
2381:
2362:
2344:
2235:Robert Guiscard
2229:George Maniaces
2172:in far eastern
2103:George Maniaces
2071:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2040:
2028:
2017:
2011:Varangian Guard
2003:
1987:
1981:
1965:siege of Lisbon
1912:
1889:
1855:crusader states
1798:. Roger's son,
1792:Robert Guiscard
1711:Rainulf Drengot
1695:Gilbert Buatère
1686:
1594:
1588:Robert Guiscard
1576:
1570:
1565:
1539:served as avid
1488:Norman language
1341:English Channel
1320:
1313:
1235:
1217:
1126:
1094:Crusader states
1028:Channel Islands
971:Channel Islands
940:medieval Europe
853:
817:
816:
782:
774:
773:
762:
750:
742:
741:
652:
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641:
587:Walpurgis Night
562:
552:
551:
467:
457:
456:
351:
341:
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286:
258:
214:
165:Faroe Islanders
139:
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60:Bayeux Tapestry
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6156:Hudson, John,
6151:
6150:External links
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5237:Chisholm, Hugh
5215:
5213:, p. 137.
5200:
5198:, p. 138.
5183:
5171:
5169:, p. 134.
5159:
5147:
5145:, p. 132.
5130:
5128:, p. 131.
5118:
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5005:Beihammer 2017
4997:
4978:
4958:
4939:
4920:
4901:
4892:
4880:
4863:New York Times
4849:
4838:on 23 May 2007
4822:
4815:
4795:
4793:, p. 106.
4783:
4776:
4758:
4728:
4709:(5): 835–846.
4693:
4678:
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4636:
4606:
4575:
4569:978-1405100700
4568:
4546:
4534:
4508:
4506:, p. 497.
4496:
4490:978-0192830982
4489:
4461:
4427:
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4295:
4289:978-1845295233
4288:
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4264:978-0520062764
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3709:but a work of
3624:Cluniac reform
3618:
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3572:encastellation
3545:Main article:
3542:
3539:
3476:
3473:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3331:conquered the
3311:
3310:Canary Islands
3308:
3266:King of Cyprus
3212:Isaac Komnenos
3187:forces of the
3147:
3144:
3061:Roger de Tosny
3026:
3023:
3021:at that time.
2948:
2945:
2885:Scottish clans
2858:Edgar Atheling
2839:
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2680:Norman Ireland
2671:
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2664:Modern English
2660:Middle English
2648:Norse language
2572:Cnut the Great
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2147:Robert Crispin
2143:Isaac Komnenos
2073:
2072:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2002:
1999:
1980:
1977:
1955:Second Crusade
1921:Walter Giffard
1917:Robert Crispin
1900:and the later
1888:
1885:
1877:Kitab Rudjdjar
1818:'s citadel at
1763:, and Emperor
1668:Drengot family
1613:southern Italy
1572:Main article:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1553:Angevin-Norman
1466:language with
1460:Norse religion
1445:Orkney Vikings
1359:Upper Normandy
1301:and the famed
1216:
1213:
1180:Medieval Latin
1125:
1122:
1114:Canary Islands
1057:after briefly
1010:, most of the
989:, was a great
936:Norman dynasty
929:Southern Italy
914:following the
855:
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755:Æsir–Vanir War
751:
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6149:
6143:
6141:9780752414348
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6122:9781639361878
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6103:9781780762128
6099:
6095:
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6084:9780199674411
6080:
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5832:(Mudrum fine)
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5025:Vranousi 1962
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4899:Lewis, p. 148
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4779:
4777:9781472839442
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4217:History Today
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3940:France portal
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3422:Gallo-Romance
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3189:Third Crusade
3186:
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3140:
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3135:Robert Burdet
3131:
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3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
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3088:
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3082:
3079:and probably
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3077:Roger Crispin
3074:
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3050:
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3045:First Crusade
3040:
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2957:Cambro-Norman
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2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:Dublin Castle
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:Anglo-Normans
2357:
2356:Domesday Book
2353:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:First Crusade
2308:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:and attacked
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2066:
2058:
2055:December 2012
2048:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:This section
2030:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:Robert Burdet
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Norman rulers
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1680:Melus of Bari
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Mediterranean
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Melus of Bari
1642:
1641:Monte Gargano
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Île-de-France
1408:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1178:(recorded in
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:variously as
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:, led to the
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
830:
828:
827:
824:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Völsung Cycle
800:
798:
797:Tyrfing Cycle
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
746:
745:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
646:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Norse funeral
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
461:
460:
453:
452:Ask and Embla
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:
280:
279:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
255:Eastern Norse
252:
251:Western Norse
248:
242:
238:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
97:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6244:
6226:, retrieved
6222:the original
6216:
6204:the original
6195:
6184:
6173:
6158:
6131:
6112:
6093:
6074:
6057:
6033:
6005:
6002:Medievalismo
6001:
5992:
5981:, retrieved
5964:
5960:
5947:
5938:
5927:, retrieved
5898:
5894:
5874:
5870:
5840:
5827:
5814:
5801:
5789:
5766:
5756:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5707:
5694:
5664:
5646:
5642:
5633:
5629:
5606:
5583:
5573:
5565:
5541:
5515:
5511:
5499:
5480:
5457:
5438:, retrieved
5424:
5414:
5386:. Retrieved
5382:the original
5377:
5368:
5357:
5345:
5335:23 September
5333:. Retrieved
5313:
5303:
5295:
5288:. Retrieved
5279:
5270:
5261:
5255:
5244:
5218:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5121:
5104:Medievalismo
5103:
5098:
5080:
5075:
5056:
5047:
5036:
5032:
5020:
5017:Anna Comnena
5012:
5000:
4981:
4961:
4942:
4923:
4904:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4871:. Retrieved
4862:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4836:the original
4825:
4805:
4798:
4786:
4767:
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4745:the original
4740:
4731:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4687:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4660:
4651:
4646:Neveux, p. 5
4627:. Retrieved
4618:
4609:
4597:. Retrieved
4588:
4578:
4555:
4549:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4511:
4499:
4471:
4464:
4452:. Retrieved
4439:
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4409:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4375:
4366:
4358:
4351:. Retrieved
4339:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4304:
4298:
4279:
4273:
4248:
4225:. Retrieved
4212:
4188:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4158:. Retrieved
4149:
4121:. Retrieved
4112:
4091:
4084:. Retrieved
4075:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4033:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3846:
3817:Fécamp Abbey
3810:
3801:Saint-Evroul
3738:
3723:Earl of Kent
3700:
3688:
3680:Italo-Norman
3656:Saint-Evroul
3620:
3591:Early Gothic
3584:
3565:
3541:Architecture
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3488:
3458:
3396:
3353:
3319:
3288:
3280:
3247:
3220:
3197:
3185:Anglo-Norman
3178:
3168:authorizing
3132:
3103:
3089:
3042:
3008:
2986:
2975:
2895:had married
2878:
2851:
2848:Scoto-Norman
2831:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2722:
2718:County Meath
2621:
2616:Anglo-Saxons
2601:
2576:
2548:
2461:
2329:
2309:
2295:
2253:, capturing
2233:
2218:
2163:
2116:
2095:Seljuk Turks
2076:
2061:
2052:
2041:Please help
2036:verification
2033:
1988:
1979:North Africa
1958:
1942:
1890:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1832:
1781:
1779:") in 1047.
1776:
1772:
1734:
1657:
1643:were met by
1610:
1592:Italo-Norman
1545:Italo-Norman
1537:
1506:
1493:langue d'oïl
1491:
1476:Langue d'oil
1472:Christianity
1457:
1426:
1419:Pays de Caux
1404:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1371:Roman Empire
1354:Christianity
1299:West Francia
1263:Odo of Paris
1248:
1204:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1140:, plural of
1137:
1133:
1127:
1110:north Africa
1100:founded the
1091:
1044:
999:principality
933:
900:West Francia
868:
860:
858:
760:Fimbulwinter
712:Nithing pole
330:
254:
250:
130:Gallo-Romans
120:Historical:
105:Christianity
43:Ethnic group
40:
6196:The Normans
6132:The Normans
6025:10201/56696
6008:: 353–376,
5542:The Normans
5500:The Normans
5057:The Normans
5037:The Normans
5021:The Alexiad
4688:The Normans
4671:26 February
4629:26 February
4599:26 February
4440:John Hudson
4353:14 February
3983:Rus' people
3617:Visual arts
3609:within the
3587:Anglo-Saxon
3557:White Tower
3511:customaries
3406:Scandinavia
3351:colonists.
3282:Le Canarien
3124:Transjordan
3059:. In 1018,
3053:Reconquista
2893:Alexander I
2811:Fitzmaurice
2806:FitzGibbons
2741:Trim Castle
2652:Anglo-Norse
2644:Old English
2562:, and King
2261:, Jericho (
1913: 1018
1863:Middle Ages
1687: [
1629:Guaimar III
1600:The Norman
1521:Charlemagne
1468:Catholicism
1447:, possibly
1441:Norse–Gaels
1331:kingdom of
1325:Scandinavia
1087:Reconquista
1018:. In 1204,
979:Guernésiais
963:Cotentinais
787:Poetic Edda
722:Norse clans
622:Runic magic
607:Vé (shrine)
602:Heathen hof
532:Urðarbrunnr
522:Mímisbrunnr
502:Ginnungagap
447:Jörmungandr
326:Norse–Gaels
266:Scandinavia
253:in red and
249:in CE 900:
5983:3 December
5967:: 63–129,
5918:10612/1104
5697:, Oxford:
5211:Flori 1999
5196:Flori 1999
5179:Flori 1999
5167:Flori 1999
5155:Flori 1999
5143:Flori 1999
5126:Flori 1999
4873:21 January
4842:21 January
4791:Brown 1994
4751:14 October
4479:. p.
4376:Mike Ibeji
4317:Marr, J.,
4019:Brown 1994
4007:Brown 1994
3994:References
3805:King David
3803:depicting
3747:, such as
3721:and first
3711:embroidery
3664:Winchester
3652:Saint-Ouen
3628:scriptoria
3481:Norman law
3475:Norman law
3434:Old Norman
3426:Old French
3385:Old Norman
3314:See also:
3150:See also:
3108:Asia Minor
3029:See also:
3025:On crusade
3001:Hugh Lupus
2997:Shropshire
2951:See also:
2842:See also:
2801:Fitzgerald
2757:(De) Roche
2725:Bannow Bay
2674:See also:
2583:Harthacnut
2434:William II
2406:William II
2346:See also:
2332:Dyrrachium
2296:Κομισκόρτη
2275:Dyrrachium
2155:Asia Minor
2091:Bulgarians
2005:See also:
1983:See also:
1835:feudal law
1717:from Duke
1672:Byzantines
1578:See also:
1496:branch of
1474:) and the
1437:Norwegians
1321: 929
1314: 846
1245:settlement
1219:See also:
1176:Nordmannus
1168:Nortmannus
1098:Bohemond I
1071:Byzantines
1014:were also
812:Runestones
792:Prose Edda
547:Jötunheimr
537:Yggdrasill
527:Hvergelmir
512:Muspelheim
321:Viking Age
245:Extent of
160:Icelanders
150:Norwegians
80:Old Norman
6177:, The orb
6050:236690847
5742:, Boydell
5450:Secondary
4723:161176498
4542:Gunn 1975
4390:26 August
3785:ivorywork
3777:Byzantine
3745:metalwork
3741:stonework
3603:Byzantine
3430:Old Norse
3414:Old Norse
3349:Castilian
3345:El Hierro
3337:Lanzarote
3326:Poitevine
3306:in 1571.
3300:Venetians
3272:as well.
3116:Jerusalem
2870:Abernethy
2702:Waterford
2694:Strongbow
2592:and made
2389:William I
2300:Amalfitan
2190:Euphrates
2123:Trebizond
2099:Varangian
2087:Pechenegs
2081:and then
2001:Byzantium
1873:al-Idrisi
1820:Squillace
1765:Henry III
1743:"Duke of
1721:in 1030.
1653:Byzantine
1621:Jerusalem
1541:Crusaders
1464:Old Norse
1195:historian
1172:Normannus
1164:Latinized
1157:Old Norse
1124:Etymology
1065:from the
944:Near East
869:Normaunds
769:Wild Hunt
727:Old Norse
702:Mead hall
657:Berserker
592:Midsummer
497:Fólkvangr
477:Vanaheimr
465:Cosmology
415:Einherjar
205:Sicilians
90:Old Norse
71:Languages
64:longships
6258:Category
5977:archived
5961:Crusades
5929:3 August
5923:archived
5852:citation
5845:New York
5839:(1953),
5800:(1967),
5775:citation
5769:, Oxford
5716:citation
5693:(2006),
5673:citation
5667:, London
5615:citation
5609:, London
5592:citation
5586:, London
5550:citation
5540:(2000),
5524:citation
5510:(1907),
5466:citation
5460:, London
5440:4 August
5434:archived
5329:Archived
5284:Archived
5276:"Norman"
5111:Archived
5088:Archived
5055:(2000).
4990:Archived
4971:Archived
4951:Archived
4932:Archived
4913:Archived
4890:, p. 17.
4867:Archived
4665:Archived
4623:Archived
4593:Archived
4527:22 April
4521:Archived
4448:Archived
4414:Archived
4384:Archived
4344:Archived
4221:Archived
4184:Archived
4154:Archived
4146:"Norman"
4117:Archived
4080:Archived
4049:Archived
3978:Norsemen
3926:See also
3838:Isembard
3773:Germanic
3749:capitals
3707:tapestry
3644:Jumièges
3503:Guernsey
3495:Normandy
3410:Neustria
3379:Language
3324:and the
3216:Limassol
3172:to take
3104:de facto
3005:Cheshire
2901:Scotland
2866:Margaret
2838:Scotland
2827:De Búrca
2822:de Barra
2798:include
2761:Devereux
2749:surnames
2737:the Pale
2336:Adriatic
2320:Deabolis
2225:Albanian
2202:Raimbaud
2180:and the
2174:Anatolia
1995:Ifriqiya
1908:Muslims
1906:Andalusi
1839:Catholic
1749:Calabria
1666:and the
1606:Roger II
1551:and the
1347:and the
1333:Neustria
1329:Frankish
1323:), from
1293:between
1279:Normandy
1160:Norðmaðr
1153:Nortmann
1112:and the
1067:Saracens
1055:Roger II
1034:and the
975:Jèrriais
967:Cauchois
948:Catholic
942:and the
877:Normands
764:Ragnarök
692:Holmgang
542:Valhalla
517:Niflheim
440:Valkyrie
233:Norsemen
225:a series
223:Part of
180:Walloons
140:Modern:
99:Religion
32:Normandy
18:Normands
6264:Normans
6159:Normans
5407:Primary
5401:Sources
5290:22 July
5234::
5023:, 4.8;
4589:HISTORY
4454:31 July
4227:31 July
4160:23 June
4123:31 July
3769:Palermo
3761:Lombard
3734:Vikings
3599:Lombard
3595:Islamic
3505:in the
3402:Vikings
3374:Culture
3231:crusade
3204:Messina
3183:by the
3128:Galilee
3100:Tancred
3065:Moorish
2982:Marches
2972:in 1067
2887:. King
2789:Hiberno
2777:Furlong
2773:Wexford
2733:Ireland
2704:in 1170
2670:Ireland
2477:Stephen
2445:Henry I
2421:Henry I
2342:England
2324:Arbanon
2316:Petrela
2305:Butrint
2292:Arbanon
2267:Butrint
2263:Orikumi
2251:Albania
2247:Croatia
2166:Sassoun
2139:Antioch
2131:Malatya
2127:Georgia
2083:Armenia
1865:, the "
1857:in the
1851:Fatimid
1828:Palermo
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1703:Bamberg
1649:Lombard
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1547:prince
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1498:Romance
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1453:Danelaw
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1407:Picardy
1287:fiefdom
1267:Sigfred
1210:of war.
1146:normand
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1104:in the
1081:at the
981:). The
925:England
861:Normans
781:Sources
697:Leidang
650:Society
492:Bifröst
487:Vígríðr
482:Midgard
383:Sigmund
331:Normans
284:History
271:History
210:Maltese
185:English
47:Normans
6228:14 May
6138:
6119:
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5806:London
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5388:20 May
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4340:GOV.UK
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4190:20 May
4086:30 May
4041:
3859:Rulers
3834:neumes
3781:Arabic
3763:, and
3731:Danish
3717:, the
3658:, and
3640:Fécamp
3601:, and
3580:arches
3499:Jersey
3469:Jersey
3454:Levant
3391:, and
3285:(1490)
3262:Sicily
3181:Cyprus
3174:Cyprus
3092:Amalfi
3057:Iberia
3037:, and
2937:Gordon
2925:feudal
2874:Duncan
2824:) and
2793:prefix
2765:D'Arcy
2753:French
2682:, and
2636:French
2358:, and
2283:battle
2259:Kanina
2255:Valona
2239:Apulia
2214:Tarsus
2206:Amalfi
2186:Oursel
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2089:, the
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1771:, as "
1745:Apulia
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1676:Apulia
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1486:. The
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1449:Swedes
1337:French
1305:ruler
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1281:. The
1259:Europe
1255:France
1231:, and
1184:Viking
1132:words
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1106:Levant
1053:under
1003:feudal
920:ethnic
908:fealty
896:Viking
873:French
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749:Events
737:Thrall
672:Erilaz
472:Asgard
420:Fenrir
393:Vættir
378:Sigurd
373:Jötunn
227:on the
175:French
155:Swedes
135:Franks
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6207:(PDF)
6200:(PDF)
6046:S2CID
5830:, AMS
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4347:(PDF)
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6230:2015
6136:ISBN
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6098:ISBN
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5985:2017
5931:2009
5858:link
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4753:2017
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