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As the price of crude oil rose in the late 1970s, manufacturers switched from petrochemicals to oleochemicals because plant-based lauric oils processed from palm kernel oil were cheaper. Since then, palm kernel oil is predominantly used in the production of laundry detergent and personal care items
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in the 1980s spurred the oleochemical industry in
Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Many oleochemical plants were built. Though a nascent and small industry when pitted against big detergent giants in the US and Europe, oleochemical companies in southeast Asia had competitive edge in cheap
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ingredients. The US fatty chemical industry found it difficult to consistently maintain acceptable levels of profits. Competition was intense with market shares divided among many companies there where neither imports nor exports played a significant role. By the late 1990s, giants like
45:(from Latin: oleum "olive oil"). The major product of this industry is soap, approximately 8.9×10 tons of which were produced in 1990. Other major oleochemicals include
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Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland
Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke "Amines, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
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sold their oleochemical factories to focus on higher profit activities like retail of consumer goods. Since the Europe outbreak of 'mad cow disease' (or
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Metzger, J. O.; Bornscheuer, U. (2006). "Lipids as renewable resources: current state of chemical and biotechnological conversion and diversification".
229:
FAMEs are less viscous than the precursor fats and can be purified to give the individual fatty acid esters, e.g. methyl oleate vs methyl palmitate.
61:. Glycerol is a side product of all of these processes. Intermediate chemical substances produced from these basic oleochemical substances include
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Leonard, E. Charles; Kapald, S L (1984). "Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in the United States".
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The largest application for oleochemicals, about 30% of market share for fatty acids and 55% for fatty alcohols, is for making
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Haupt, D. E.; Drinkard, G.; Pierce, H. F. (1984). "Future of petrochemical raw materials in oleochemical markets".
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in biodiesel production, they represent the fastest growing sub-sector of oleochemical production in recent years.
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253:. For some applications, fatty acids are converted to fatty nitriles. Hydrogenated of these nitriles gives
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Important process in oleochemical manufacturing include hydrolysis and transesterification, among others.
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161:. Saponification however produces soap, whereas the desired product of hydrolysis are the fatty acids.
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Liquid oil can also be immobilized in a 3D-network provided by various molecules called oleogelators.
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Dewaet, F. (1985). "Quality requirements from a consumer's point of view (oleochemical products)".
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To this end, hydrolysis is conducted in water at 250 °C. The cleavage of triglycerides with
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is replaced for many uses by vegetable oleic fatty acids, such as palm kernel and coconut oils.
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and related compounds, which are used to make soaps and other personal care products.
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Oleogelation: From
Scientific Feasibility to Applicability in Food Products
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599:"Activity Report 2014 A new springtime for the oils and proteins sectors"
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Akaike, Yoshiteru (1985). "Other oleochemical uses: Palm oil products".
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Wolfgang
Rupilius and Salmiah Ahmad, Palm Oil Developments 44, 2005
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173:(R'OH) instead of with water in hydrolysis in a process called
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Other applications of oleochemicals include the production of
38:
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proceeds more quickly than hydrolysis, the process being
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Southeast Asian countries' rapid production growth of
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like toothpaste, soap bars, shower cream and shampoo.
81:(TAG), sugar esters, and other oleochemical products.
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has dominated the
European market of oleochemistry.
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181:. Most typically, the reaction entails the use of
237:The fatty acid or fatty esters are susceptible to
249:. The acids or esters can also be reduced to the
27:Study of vegetable oils and animal oils and fats
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627:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
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479:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
442:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
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65:, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates,
1221:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
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177:. Glycerol is produced together with the
257:, which have a variety of applications.
612:The Future of Palm Oil in Oleochemicals
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570:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.202000213
398:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
101:The splitting (or hydrolysis) of the
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1226:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
586:The Changing World of Oleochemicals
1162:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
1142:Federal Land Development Authority
25:
1206:Environmental impact of biodiesel
316:Oleochemical industry development
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368:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
1189:Certified sustainable palm oil
565:Maria Scharfe, Eckhard Flöter
1:
1152:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
325:Through the 1996 creation of
329:and the 2008 acquisition of
1216:Issues relating to biofuels
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1194:Deforestation by continent
1184:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
1071:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
830:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
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410:10.1007/s00253-006-0335-4
67:quaternary ammonium salts
1157:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
555:10.1002/14356007.a02_001
187:fatty acid methyl esters
51:fatty acid methyl esters
243:unsaturated fatty acids
113:follows this equation:
801:Rhynchophorus palmarum
789:Little leaf syndrome
785:Cadang-cadang disease
287:sodium lauryl sulfate
247:saturated fatty acids
213:CR + 3 MeOH → 3 RCO
1199:Southeast Asian haze
1086:Wilmar International
918:Biodiesel production
808:Oil palm bunch moth
308:. Due to the use of
37:and animal oils and
1095:Buyers / processors
1051:Equatorial Palm Oil
948:Transesterification
778:Ganoderma orbiforme
601:. 2014. p. 41.
285:is used to produce
175:transesterification
165:Transesterification
141:O → 3 RCOOH + HOCH
63:alcohol ethoxylates
1046:Carson Cumberbatch
991:Girl Scout Cookies
986:Cellulosic ethanol
827:Red ring disease (
820:Tirathaba rufivena
813:Tirathaba mundella
794:Oryctes rhinoceros
640:10.1007/BF02678763
529:10.1007/BF02541406
492:10.1007/BF02541401
455:10.1007/BF02678781
77:(DAG), structured
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1175:Policies, impacts
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923:Fat hydrogenation
179:fatty acid esters
71:monoacylglycerols
16:(Redirected from
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43:oleochemicals
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31:Oleochemistry
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18:Oleochemicals
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1061:FGV Holdings
1056:Feronia Inc.
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895:stearic acid
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761:Diseases and
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59:fatty amines
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1177:and debates
981:Bioplastics
858:lauric acid
853:Palm kernel
748:E. oleifera
725:A. speciosa
370:) in 2000,
335:Avril Group
306:bioplastics
283:Lauric acid
217:Me + HOCH
107:fatty acids
47:fatty acids
1296:Categories
1278:by country
1235:By country
1076:Sime Darby
933:Hydrolysis
885:oleic acid
841:Components
634:(2): 176.
449:(2): 276.
378:References
294:lubricants
279:detergents
97:Hydrolysis
1247:Indonesia
1107:GreenPalm
1066:IOI Group
1029:Producers
969:by region
964:Biodiesel
911:Processes
718:A. maripa
702:Oil palms
404:: 13–22.
364:Petrofina
302:biodiesel
241:converts
105:produces
89:Processes
1271:Category
1252:Malaysia
1242:Colombia
1119:Unilever
957:Products
870:Palm oil
848:Mesocarp
694:Palm oil
648:95963786
537:97742057
500:94948265
463:95637088
426:28601501
418:16604360
360:Unilever
347:palm oil
298:solvents
261:Gelation
221:–CHOH–CH
183:methanol
171:alcohols
145:–CHOH–CH
137:CR + 3 H
111:glycerol
1041:Cargill
1006:cooking
938:Milling
900:stearin
711:Attalea
327:Novance
73:(MAG),
1307:Lipids
734:Elaeis
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372:tallow
362:, and
356:Henkel
321:Europe
1114:Neste
974:Neste
763:pests
644:S2CID
533:S2CID
496:S2CID
459:S2CID
422:S2CID
331:Oleon
275:soaps
245:into
205:CR–CH
129:CR–CH
1302:Oils
1011:fuel
414:PMID
349:and
304:and
277:and
201:–CHO
155:base
125:–CHO
109:and
57:and
39:fats
1102:AAK
863:oil
636:doi
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193:RCO
117:RCO
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225:OH
197:CH
189::
149:OH
121:CH
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135:2
133:O
131:2
127:2
123:2
119:2
20:)
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