3315:) parts, where upper and lower parts in the music are often assigned to "outside" (nearer the audience) and "inside" seated players. Where a solo part is called for in a string section, the section leader invariably plays that part. The section leader (or principal) of a string section is also responsible for determining the bowings, often based on the bowings set out by the concertmaster. In some cases, the principal of a string section may use a slightly different bowing than the concertmaster, to accommodate the requirements of playing their instrument (e.g., the double-bass section). Principals of a string section will also lead entrances for their section, typically by lifting the bow before the entrance, to ensure the section plays together. Tutti wind and brass players generally play a unique but non-solo part. Section percussionists play parts assigned to them by the principal percussionist.
540:
648:, Mahler pushes the furthest boundaries of orchestral size, employing large forces. By the late Romantic era, orchestras could support the most enormous forms of symphonic expression, with huge string and brass sections and an expanded range of percussion instruments. With the recording era beginning, the standards of performance were pushed to a new level, because a recorded symphony could be listened to closely and even minor errors in intonation or ensemble, which might not be noticeable in a live performance, could be heard by critics. As recording technologies improved over the 20th and 21st centuries, eventually small errors in a recording could be "fixed" by audio editing or
3657:, where music lovers could buy tickets to hear the orchestra. Aristocratic patronage of orchestras continued during the Classical era, but this went on alongside public concerts. In the 20th and 21st century, orchestras found a new patron: governments. Many orchestras in North America and Europe receive part of their funding from national, regional level governments (e.g., state governments in the U.S.) or city governments. These government subsidies make up part of orchestra revenue, along with ticket sales, charitable donations (if the orchestra is registered as a charity) and other fundraising activities. With the invention of successive technologies, including
688:
2493:
4075:. The principal conductor leads the large orchestra, and the sub-conductor relays the principal conductor's tempo and gestures to the offstage musician (or musicians). One of the challenges with using two conductors is that the second conductor may get out of synchronization with the main conductor, or may mis-convey (or misunderstand) the principal conductor's gestures, which can lead to the offstage instruments being out of time. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, some orchestras use a
50:
40:
3512:, and the Minnesota Symphony, are led by women violinists", the double bass, brass, and percussion sections of major orchestras "... are still predominantly male." A 2014 BBC article stated that the "... introduction of 'blind' auditions, where a prospective instrumentalist performs behind a screen so that the judging panel can exercise no gender or racial prejudice, has seen the gender balance of traditionally male-dominated symphony orchestras gradually shift."
3992:), the practice of using chordal instruments to play basso continuo was gradually phased out, and it disappeared completely by 1800. Instead, ensembles began to use conductors to lead the orchestra's tempos and playing style, while the concertmaster played an additional leadership role for the musicians, especially the string players, who imitate the bowstroke and playing style of the concertmaster, to the degree that is feasible for the different stringed instruments.
3841:
3604:, which contains all the instrument parts. The conductor uses the score to study the symphony before rehearsals and decide on their interpretation (e.g., tempos, articulation, phrasing, etc.), and to follow the music during rehearsals and concerts, while leading the ensemble. Orchestral musicians play from parts containing just the notated music for their instrument. A small number of symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g.,
4027:, based in New York City, have had more success with conductorless orchestras, although decisions are likely to be deferred to some sense of leadership within the ensemble (for example, the principal wind and string players, notably the concertmaster). Others have returned to the tradition of a principal player, usually a violinist, being the artistic director and running rehearsal and leading concerts. Examples include the
3555:
major music programs, several tiers of music major orchestras, ranked by skill level) and a second orchestra open to university students from all academic programs (e.g., science, business, etc.) who have previous classical music experience on an orchestral instrument. University and conservatory orchestras are led by a conductor who is typically a professor or instructor at the university or conservatory.
3571:
audience to intermediate-level ensembles to advanced amateur groups which play standard professional orchestra repertoire. In some cases, university or conservatory music students may also be members of community orchestras. While community orchestra members are mostly unpaid amateurs, in some orchestras, a small number of professionals may be hired to act as principal players and section leaders.
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principal of the woodwind section (though in woodwind ensembles, the flute is often the presumptive leader). Instead, each principal confers with the others as equals in the case of musical differences of opinion. Most sections also have an assistant principal (or co-principal or associate principal), or in the case of the first violins, an assistant concertmaster, who often plays a
3479:. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova, became one of the orchestra's
3746:
finding other social causes more compelling. While government funding is less central to
American than European orchestras, cuts in such funding are still significant for American ensembles. Finally, the drastic drop in revenues from recording, related to changes in the recording industry itself, began a period of change that has yet to reach its conclusion.
3703:
professionals said "faking" was "necessary in anything from ten to almost ninety per cent of some modern works". Professional players who were interviewed were of a consensus that faking may be acceptable when a part is not written well for the instrument, but faking "just because you haven't practised" the music is not acceptable.
661:
3914:, to which they may make certain adjustments (e.g., regarding tempo, articulation, phrasing, repetitions of sections, and so on), work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the performers. They may also attend to organizational matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing
652:. Some older conductors and composers could remember a time when simply "getting through" the music as well as possible was the standard. Combined with the wider audience made possible by recording, this led to a renewed focus on particular star conductors and on a high standard of orchestral execution.
3385:
movement, and a variety of excerpts from the orchestral literature that are advertised in the audition poster (so the auditionees can prepare). The excerpts are typically the most technically challenging parts and solos from the orchestral literature. Orchestral auditions are typically held in front
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and polytempo music have led a few 20th and 21st century composers to write music where multiple orchestras or ensembles perform simultaneously. These trends have brought about the phenomenon of polyconductor music, wherein separate sub-conductors conduct each group of musicians. Usually, one
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should be used or that other instruments from the orchestra should be positioned off-stage or behind the stage, to create a haunted, mystical effect. To ensure that the offstage instrumentalist(s) play in time, sometimes a sub-conductor will be stationed offstage with a clear view of the principal
3740:
In the United States, the late 20th century saw a crisis of funding and support for orchestras. The size and cost of a symphony orchestra, compared to the size of the base of supporters, became an issue that struck at the core of the institution. Few orchestras could fill auditoriums, and the
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positions in the orchestra. Orchestras also hire musicians on contracts, ranging in length from a single concert to a full season or more. Contract performers may be hired for individual concerts when the orchestra is doing an exceptionally large late-Romantic era orchestral work, or to substitute
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The principal trombone is considered the leader of the low brass section, while the principal trumpet is generally considered the leader of the entire brass section. While the oboe often provides the tuning note for the orchestra (due to a 300-year-old convention), there is generally no designated
3554:
These orchestras consist of students from a university or music conservatory. In some cases, university orchestras are open to all students from a university, from all programs. Larger universities may have two or more university orchestras: one or more orchestras made up of music majors (or, for
3295:
and handles musical aspects of orchestra management, such as determining the bowings for the violins or the entire string section. The concertmaster usually sits to the conductor's left, closest to the audience. There is also a principal second violin, a principal viola, a principal cello, and a
4737:
Eastman School of Music - University of
Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Concerto in C Major (1967) for Free Bass Accordion " Folder 15 & 16 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special Collections on
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role to the soloist (e.g., a solo violinist or pianist) and, at times, introduces musical themes or interludes while the soloist is not playing. Orchestras also play during operas, ballets, some musical theatre works and some choral works (both sacred works such as Masses and secular works). In
3745:
basis for individual events. Orchestral endowments and — more centrally to the daily operation of
American orchestras — orchestral donors have seen investment portfolios shrink, or produce lower yields, reducing the ability of donors to contribute; further, there has been a trend toward donors
3652:
In the
Baroque era, orchestras performed in a range of venues, including at the fine houses of aristocrats, in opera halls and in churches. Some wealthy aristocrats had an orchestra in residence at their estate, to entertain them and their guests with performances. During the Classical era, as
3570:
These orchestras consist of amateur performers drawn from an entire city or region. Community orchestras typically consist mainly of adult amateur musicians. Community orchestras range in level from beginner-level orchestras which rehearse music without doing formal performances in front of an
449:
ranged from smaller orchestras (or ensembles) with one player per part, to larger-scale orchestras with many players per part. Examples of the smaller variety were Bach's orchestras, for example in
Koethen, where he had access to an ensemble of up to 18 players. Examples of large-scale Baroque
3702:
states that all orchestral musicians, even those in the top orchestras, occasionally fake certain passages. One reason that musicians fake is because there are not enough rehearsals. Another factor is the extreme challenges in 20th century and 21st century contemporary pieces; some
1028:'s time, the orchestra was composed of a fairly standard core of instruments, which was very rarely modified by composers. As time progressed, and as the Romantic period saw changes in accepted modification with composers such as Berlioz and Mahler; some composers used multiple harps and
3972:
player. A keyboard player could lead the ensemble with his or her head, or by taking one of the hands off the keyboard to lead a more difficult tempo change. A lutenist or theorbo player could lead by lifting the instrument neck up and down to indicate the tempo of a piece, or to lead a
754:
in various combinations. In the mid 20th century, several attempts were made in
Germany and the United States to confine the instrumentation of the symphonic orchestra exclusively to groups of one instrument. In this configuration, the symphonic orchestra consisted entirely of free-reed
3789:
has argued in detail that orchestras must revise their approach to music, performance, the concert experience, marketing, public relations, community involvement, and presentation to bring them in line with the expectations of 21st century audiences immersed in popular culture.
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These orchestras consist of teens and young adults drawn from an entire city or region. The age range in youth orchestras varies between different ensembles. In some cases, youth orchestras may consist of teens or young adults from an entire country (e.g., Canada's
National Youth
3696:", the process by which an orchestral musician gives the false "... impression of playing every note as written", typically for a very challenging passage that is very high or very fast, while not actually playing the notes that are in the printed music part. An article in
3867:, ensure correct entries by various members of the ensemble, and "shape" the phrasing where appropriate. To convey their ideas and interpretation, a conductor communicates with their musicians primarily through hand gestures, typically (though not invariably) with the aid of a
3793:
It is not uncommon for contemporary composers to use unconventional instruments, including various synthesizers, to achieve desired effects. Many, however, find more conventional orchestral configuration to provide better possibilities for color and depth. Composers like
3527:
These orchestras consist of students from elementary or secondary school. They may be students from a music class or program or they may be drawn from the entire school body. School orchestras are typically led by a music teacher. In some cases, school orchestras are
778:. A symphony or philharmonic orchestra will usually have over eighty musicians on its roster, in some cases over a hundred, but the actual number of musicians employed in a particular performance may vary according to the work being played and the size of the venue.
457:
In the classical era, the orchestra became more standardized with a small to medium-sized string section and a core wind section consisting of pairs of oboes, flutes, bassoons and horns, sometimes supplemented by percussion and pairs of clarinets and trumpets.
3871:, and may use other gestures or signals, such as eye contact with relevant performers. A conductor's directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance.
444:
In the
Baroque era, the size and composition of an orchestra were not standardised. There were large differences in size, instrumentation and playing styles—and therefore in orchestral soundscapes and palettes — between the various European regions. The
4598:"Pietro Deiro Presents The Accordion Orchestra - Under Direction of Joe Biviano" Coral Records (CRL-57323, 1960) See album cover for performers credits including John Serry, Eugene Ettore, Carmen Carrozza and Angelo Di Pippo. Pietro Deiro on Discogs.com
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for a permanent member who is sick. A professional musician who is hired to perform for a single concert is sometimes called a "sub". Some contract musicians may be hired to replace permanent members for the period that the permanent member is on
359:, and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The conductor also prepares the orchestra by leading rehearsals before the public concert, in which the conductor provides instructions to the musicians on their interpretation of the music being performed.
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for all the instruments and voices. Since the mid-18th century, most conductors have not played an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In
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who is generally responsible for leading the group and playing orchestral solos. The violins are divided into two groups, first violin and second violin, with the second violins playing in lower registers than the first violins, playing an
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One source of financial difficulties that received notice and criticism was high salaries for music directors of US orchestras, which led several high-profile conductors to take pay cuts in recent years. Music administrators such as
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The most promising candidates from the first round of auditions are invited to return for a second or third round of auditions, which allows the conductor and the panel to compare the best candidates. Performers may be asked to
4704:
World Music: Latin and North
America,, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Elligham, Mark. Trillo, Richard. Broughton, Simon. eds. Rough Guides, 2000, p. 309 ISBN 9781858286365 Astor Piazzolla Concerto for Bandoneon on Google
466:
The so-called "standard complement" of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra pioneered in the late 18th century and consolidated during the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by
4015:
during performances, because even if the committee had issued a decree about where a tempo change should take place, there was no leader in the ensemble to guide this tempo change. The orchestra survived for ten years before
4716:
746:'s influence on the classical model. In the 20th and 21st century, new repertory demands expanded the instrumentation of the orchestra, resulting in a flexible use of the classical-model instruments and newly developed
664:
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Along with a decrease in funding, some U.S. orchestras have reduced their overall personnel, as well as the number of players appearing in performances. The reduced numbers in performance are usually confined to the
3635:
in several works that began as dramatic overtures. These were "at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme". In the 1850s the concert overture began to be supplanted by the symphonic poem.
3291:(or orchestra "leader" in the U.K.) and is not only considered the leader of the string section, but the second-in-command of the entire orchestra, behind only the conductor. The concertmaster leads the pre-concert
3402:, in which the performer plays with the orchestra for a week or two, which allows the conductor and principal players to see if the individual can function well in an actual rehearsal and performance setting.
4575:
Squeese This! A Cultural
History of the Accordion in America. Jacobson, Marion. University of Illinois Press. 2012. p. 78-80 ebook ISBN 9780252093852Accordion Orchestra Accordion in America on Google Books
639:
At the beginning of the 20th century, symphony orchestras were larger, better funded, and better trained than previously; consequently, composers could compose larger and more ambitious works. The works of
4609:
Pietro The Billboard- Reviews and Ratings of New albums: "Pietro Deiro Presents The Accordion Orchestra" (Coral, CRL-57323), 27 June 1960 p. 33 Pietro Deiro Presents the Accordion Orchestra on Google Books
4620:
The Coral Album Discography. Edwards, David. Callahan, Mike. Eyrles, Patrice. Watts, Randy. Neely, Timothy. April 27, 2014. CRL-57323 "Pietro Deiro Presents the Accordion Orchestra" (1960) on bsnpubs.com
3711:
With the advent of the early music movement, smaller orchestras where players worked on execution of works in styles derived from the study of older treatises on playing became common. These include the
1036:. During the 20th century, the modern orchestra was generally standardized with the modern instrumentation listed below. Nevertheless, by the mid- to late 20th century, with the development of
4958:
3895:), an approach that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre
4794:
The Routledge Handbook of Music Signification. Sheinberg, Esti. Dougherty, William P. Eds. Taylor and Francis 2020 Ebook ISBN 9781351237512 Tan Dun Concerto for Water Percussion on Google Books
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may be used in the orchestra. These performers are not typically permanent orchestra members. They are typically freelancers hired on contract for one or more concerts. Instruments may include:
523:
asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus
3952:. The concertmaster would lead the tempo of pieces by lifting his or her bow in a rhythmic manner. Leadership might also be provided by one of the chord-playing instrumentalists playing the
4693:
Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. Holmes, Thom. Routledge 2002, p. 66-67 ISBN 9780415936439 Concerto for Trautonium Paul Hindemith on google Books
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movement, some 20th and 21st century orchestras have revived the Baroque practice of having no conductor on the podium for Baroque pieces, using the concertmaster or a chord-playing
408:
made up of students from an elementary school, a high school, or a university, and community orchestras; typically they are made up of amateur musicians from a particular city or region.
284:, "loving", and "harmony"). The number of musicians employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred, depending on the work being played and the venue size. A
3644:
operas and ballets, the orchestra accompanies the singers and dancers, respectively, and plays overtures and interludes where the melodies played by the orchestra take centre stage.
871:. Saxophones and classical guitars, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example
4587:
New images of Nazi Germany- A Photographic Collection. Garson, Paul. McFarland Publishers, 2012 p. 194-195 ebook ISBN 9780786490905 Hohner Accordion Orchestra on Google Books
527:
and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of the symphony might be expanded. For several decades after his death, symphonic
336:. The typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras of as many as 120 players called for in the works of
662:
107:) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families. There are typically four main sections of instruments:
1017:. Unless these instruments are played by members "doubling" on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium or a bassoon player switching to
3981:
and instrumental ensembles, two leaders were sometimes used: A concertmaster to lead the instrumentalists and a chord-playing performer to lead the singers. During the
3438:, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than comparable orchestras (the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by
4175:
4749:
The Encyclopedia of the Harmonnica. Krampert, Peter. Mel Bay Publications. 2016 p. 178 Ebook ISBN 9781619115774 Villa-Lobos Concerto for the Harmonica on Google Books
4717:"The Library of Congress Copyright Office - Public Catalog 1978 - Present, "Concerto in C major for Free Bass Accordion" (Revised for Piano), Composer: John Serry Sr"
4299:
to distinguish two orchestras in the same locale erases any prior difference the words' meanings may have had: Those two names for a type of orchestra are identical.
4007:
state, in which all people are equal. As such, its members felt that there was no need to be led by the dictatorial baton of a conductor; instead they were led by a
4011:, which determined tempos and playing styles. Although it was a partial success within the Soviet Union, the principal difficulty with the concept was in changing
4366:
4182:
539:
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argued that new music, new means of presenting it, and a renewed relationship with the community could revitalize the symphony orchestra. The American critic
5447:
4682:
A History of the Concerto. Roeder, Michael Thomas. Amadeus Press, 1994, p. 397 ISBN 9780931340611 Concerto for Ondes Martenot Andre Jolivet on Google Books
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orchestra, founded to accompany his musical dramas. Wagner's works for the stage were scored with unprecedented scope and complexity: indeed, his score to
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A History of the Concerto. Roeder, Michael Thomas. Amadeus Press, 1994, p. 410 ISBN 9780931340611 Villa-Lobos Concerto for the Harmonica on Google Books
3278:
Among the instrument groups and within each group of instruments, there is a generally accepted hierarchy. Every instrumental group (or section) has a
3808:
and others may be more free, yet still identify size-boundaries. Glass in particular has recently turned to conventional orchestras in works like the
3476:
3381:
for positions in the ensemble. Performers typically play one or more solo pieces of the auditionee's choice, such as a movement of a concerto, a solo
4597:
742:
In the history of the orchestra, its instrumentation has been expanded over time, often agreed to have been standardized by the classical period and
3464:) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of
351:
who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, often made easier for the musicians to see by using a short wooden rod known as a
4608:
4207:
4681:
569:, in 1815, was the first in a series of innovations which impacted the orchestra, including the development of modern keywork for the flute by
5419:
5384:
5122:
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in Western classical music that typically contains multiple movements which provide contrasting keys and tempos. Symphonies are notated in a
53:
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which were modified to recreate the full range of orchestral sounds and timbres during the performance of orthodox Western classical music.
5477:
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4692:
611:. Thus, Wagner envisioned an ever-more-demanding role for the conductor of the theatre orchestra, as he elaborated in his influential work
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3483:
in 2008, the first woman to hold that position in that orchestra. In 2012, women made up 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president
3318:
In modern times, the musicians are usually directed by a conductor, although early orchestras did not have one, giving this role to the
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composers increasingly sought out financial support from the general public, orchestra concerts were increasingly held in public
488:
5178:
3903:, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions, such as a "count in"). However, in
4938:
3627:
began to use the term to refer to independent, self-existing instrumental, programmatic works that presaged genres such as the
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891:
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time-honored season-subscription system became increasingly anachronistic, as more and more listeners would buy tickets on an
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is usually a smaller ensemble; a major chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians, but some are much smaller.
926:
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and have ceased operations include the Northwest Chamber Orchestra in 2006, the Honolulu Orchestra in March 2011, the
3619:, a term originally applied to the instrumental introduction to an opera. During the early Romantic era, composers such as
499:
Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio movement.
5007:
4263:
in the woodwinds. The harp is the only instrument which is (fairly) regularly included in modern orchestras, at least for
4118:, for three orchestras, which are placed around the audience. This way, the "sound masses" could be spatialized, as in an
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1945:
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Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their
454:
which ranged between 35 and 80 players for day-to-day performances, being enlarged to 150 players for special occasions.
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3810:
1037:
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and set the style for orchestral performance for the next eighty years. Wagner's theories re-examined the importance of
43:
3334:, particularly smaller orchestras and those specializing in historically accurate (so-called "period") performances of
5150:
4165:
4104:
which includes three conductors: the primary conductor of the orchestra, a secondary conductor directing an off-stage
3505:
484:
3907:, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung.
2442:
2027:
1744:
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1056:, as well as other non-Western instruments, or other instruments not traditionally used in orchestras including the:
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4631:
Music Trades: "Accordion Orchestra Featured on New Coral 12" Record" Vol. 109, 1961 p. 84 John Serry on Google Books
3948:
era (1600–1750), most orchestras were led by one of the musicians, typically the principal first violin, called the
3773:
in June 2011. The Festival of Orchestras in Orlando, Florida, ceased operations at the end of March 2011.
863:
Apart from the core orchestral complement, various other instruments are called for occasionally. These include the
5376:
5079:
3826:, since the numbers here have traditionally been flexible (as multiple players typically play from the same part).
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2038:
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31:
3390:, the principal player of the section for which the auditionee is applying, and possibly other principal players.
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instruments. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the standard instruments in each group.
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990:
881:
771:
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was formed without a conductor, because the founders believed that the ensemble should be modeled on the ideal
3725:
3717:
3346:
1111:), which generally had a smaller number of performers, and in which one or more chord-playing instruments, the
994:
370:
era (1600–1750), orchestras were often led by the concertmaster, or by a chord-playing musician performing the
309:
5346:
4108:, and a tertiary conductor directing percussion and harp. One example in the late-century orchestral music is
3500:
stated that while "any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership — women outnumber men in the
1143:
orchestra and a fairly standardized instrumentation; the third is typical of an early/mid-Romantic era (e.g.,
794:
5539:
5012:
4736:
4331:
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49:
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598:
585:, which were the first systematic treatise on using instrumental sound as an expressive element of music.
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305:
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for a certain passage), orchestras typically hire freelance musicians to augment their regular ensemble.
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Ford, Luan; Davidson, Jane W. (1 January 2003). "An investigation of members' roles in wind quintets".
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Orchestras also play with instrumental soloists in concertos. During concertos, the orchestra plays an
3405:
There are a range of different employment arrangements. The most sought-after positions are permanent,
386:
ensembles continue. Orchestras play a wide range of repertoire, including symphonies, opera and ballet
39:
3365:
genre. The term "orchestra" can also be applied to a jazz ensemble, for example in the performance of
3287:
part, or harmonizing the melody played by the first violins. The principal first violin is called the
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491:, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular
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Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of men. The first
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296:) is a smaller ensemble of not more than about fifty musicians. Orchestras that specialize in the
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part which was the core of most Baroque instrumental ensemble pieces. Typically, this would be a
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The 20th century orchestra was far more flexible than its predecessors. In Beethoven's and
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principal conductor conducts the sub-conductors, thereby shaping the overall performance. In
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3899:. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in
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and downloading of concert videos, orchestras have been able to find new revenue sources.
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1680:(until the late 18th century, by which time it was gradually phased out of the orchestra)
1674:(until the late 18th century, by which time it was gradually phased out of the orchestra)
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511:. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the
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495:"palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the
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transcribed by Regina Himmelbauer; translation by William Osborne (13 February 1996).
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in 2008). The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the
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5787:
5737:
5668:
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5570:
5534:
5436:
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4539:
4520:
Brunner, Lance W. (1986). "The orchestra and recorded sound". In Peyser, Joan (ed.).
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in the woodwinds, notably the invention of the saxophone. These advances would lead
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5490:
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4535:
4244:
4135:
4076:
4066:
3996:
3923:
3874:
The conductor typically stands on a raised podium with a large music stand for the
3859:
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or
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3654:
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3545:
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3270:
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1992:
1955:
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may be used to distinguish different ensembles from the same locality, such as the
732:
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428:
251:
3995:
In 1922, the idea of a conductor-less orchestra was revived in post-revolutionary
3398:
orchestral music. The final stage of the audition process in some orchestras is a
471:
after Haydn and Mozart. Beethoven's instrumentation almost always included paired
4619:
1040:, instrumentation could practically be hand-picked by the composer (e.g., to add
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2016:
1986:
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127:
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5236:
Holden, Raymond. "The technique of conducting". In Bowen, José Antonio (ed.).
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and selecting members, and promoting their ensemble in the media. Orchestras,
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2759:
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2259:(alto trombone parts from the classical era usually played on tenor trombone)
1950:
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1908:
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In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a tour" by the
2776:(restored to the postmodern orchestra for playing music of the classical era)
546:
and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the 2 March 1916 American premiere of
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1935:
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With this history in mind, the orchestra can be analysed in five eras: the
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were particularly innovative; in his later symphonies, such as the mammoth
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set in front of the offstage performers, instead of using two conductors.
17:
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was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.
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and 21st-century symphonies. Orchestras have become synonymous with the
1586:(occasionally with Mozart, and Haydn, but not yet a standard instrument)
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In the 2000s, all tenured members of a professional orchestra normally
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1411:
1352:
1300:
1108:
1073:
835: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
724:
680:
500:
492:
243:
220:
196:
169:
150:
4987:"Even legends adjust to time and trend – even the Vienna Philharmonic"
4367:"The difference between chamber, philharmonic, and symphony orchestra"
5690:
5305:
4252:
3974:
3887:
from the 1600s to the 1750s, the group would typically be led by the
3580:
Orchestras play a wide range of repertoire ranging from 17th-century
3406:
3353:(e.g., to accompany a rock or pop band in a concert), extensively in
3308:
3189:
3095:
3064:
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2963:
2953:
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2740:
2381:
2338:
2248:
1966:
1940:
1692:
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1390:
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1160:
1159:); the fourth is a late-Romantic/early 20th-century orchestra (e.g.,
1156:
1104:
868:
672:
259:
208:
177:
115:
2749:(often for playing very high parts originally for natural trumpets)
931:, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The
5767:
5700:
5695:
5633:
5151:"Cleveland Orchestra plans 'deep' cuts; Welser-Most takes pay cut"
4912:"The Vienna Philharmonic's letter of response to the Gen-Mus list"
4012:
3978:
3919:
3864:
3860:
3839:
3541:
3504:'s violin section — and several renowned ensembles, including the
3458:
that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (
3301:
3269:
3077:
3071:
3020:
2958:
2539:
2491:
2393:
2387:
2299:
1978:
1972:
1702:
1697:
1633:
1629:
1395:
1277:
1171:), to the common complement of a 2010-era modern orchestra (e.g.,
699:
The typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related
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659:
620:
538:
524:
356:
313:
231:
123:
119:
48:
38:
5827:
5772:
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5412:
The Birth of the Orchestra: History of an institution, 1650–1815
3965:
3431:
3089:
2807:
2278:
2104:
1820:
1546:
1283:
608:
451:
366:– also plays an important role in leading the musicians. In the
185:
142:
5459:
4427:
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (April 1999). "ὀρχήστρα".
3448:. In February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute,
5101:"Norrington's Path Towards Historically Informed Performances"
4660:
3304:
part in addition to replacing the principal in their absence.
2425:
2010:
1727:
1452:
1198:
804:
394:
for operas, ballets, and some types of musical theatre (e.g.,
4126:
was premiered in Cologne, in 1958, conducted by Stockhausen,
3311:
with the rest of the section, except in the case of divided (
362:
The leader of the first violin section – commonly called the
4649:. New Grove. Vol. 5. Impression and later developments.
3863:
concert. The primary duties of the conductor are to set the
3692:
One of the "great unmentionable of orchestral playing" is "
2500:
2077:
1794:
1519:
1265:
895:, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's
72:
5123:"Ronald Wilford, manager of legendary maestros, dies at 87"
5080:"Faking it – the great unmentionable of orchestral playing"
4561:, "Instrumentation and Orchestration: 4. 19th Century", in
4020:
cultural politics disbanded it by taking away its funding.
90:
4900:(radio talk program). Westdeutscher Rundfunk Radio 5.
4406:(5th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
4043:
performer (e.g., harpsichord or organ) to lead the group.
3798:
often employ Romantic-size orchestras, as in Adams' opera
4640:
4638:
3977:
during a cadence or ending. In some works which combined
593:
The next major expansion of symphonic practice came from
78:
3118:
As required by the compositions in the program, various
727:
may sometimes be grouped into a fifth section such as a
671:
Viotti Chamber Orchestra performing the 3rd movement of
265:
A full-size Western orchestra may sometimes be called a
4959:"Vienna opera appoints first ever female concertmaster"
4508:
a treatise on style in the execution of classical music
4031:, Amsterdam Sinfonietta & Candida Thompson and the
939:, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including
4548:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Grove. §3. 1750 to 1800.
985:, and others; it also has a notably prominent role in
382:, a tradition that some 20th-century and 21st-century
250:
or may stand alone as soloist instruments, as may the
5207:"Osmo Vänskä hires on to rebuild Minnesota Orchestra"
3761:(December 2010); orchestras that have gone into
100:
81:
75:
5008:"Here's why you seldom see women leading a symphony"
3349:
or opera. However, orchestras are used sometimes in
87:
84:
5755:
5725:
5718:
5626:
5586:
5579:
5553:
5497:
4239:
are often included in the percussion instruments ("
1139:), which used a smaller group of performers than a
963:, a modified member of the horn family, appears in
507:, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his
254:and, for performances of some modern compositions,
69:
4777:"10 of the best concertos for unusual instruments"
4524:. New York, NY: Scribner's Sons. pp. 479–532.
4399:
4319:
3004:Other percussion instruments, including ethnic or
320:, tend to be smaller than orchestras performing a
5282:Eckhard, John (1997). "Orchester ohne Dirigent".
4939:"Vienna Philharmonic lets women join in harmony"
4538:(2001). "Instrumentation and Orchestration". In
4176:List of symphony orchestras in the United States
4023:In Western nations, some ensembles, such as the
3520:There are also a variety of amateur orchestras:
615:. This brought about a revolution in orchestral
557:The invention of the piston and rotary valve by
450:orchestras would include Corelli's orchestra in
423:), the name for the area in front of a stage in
355:. The conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
3341:The most frequently performed repertoire for a
4771:
4769:
4767:
4398:; Bourne-Kennedy, Joyce (2007). "Conducting".
3428:women members hired in professional orchestras
1640:, but trombones not yet a standard instrument)
166:French horn (or more commonly known as "horn")
5471:
4482:Treatise on Instrumentation and Orchestration
4360:
4358:
4356:
4183:List of youth orchestras in the United States
1123:and assorted bass instruments to perform the
631:and the role of principals in the orchestra.
8:
5451:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5402:, New York: The Symphony society of New York
5231:
5229:
5055:
5053:
3926:and other sizable musical ensembles such as
3459:
3386:of a panel that includes the conductor, the
2287:(usually played by a trombonist when needed)
4545:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
4478:Traite d'instrumentation et d'orchestration
4061:conductor. Examples include the ending of "
2460:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2045:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1487:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1233:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5752:
5722:
5623:
5583:
5478:
5464:
5456:
4522:The Orchestra: Origins and transformations
3487:said the VPO now uses completely screened
5179:"He conducts himself well through crises"
5036:"Why aren't there more women conductors?"
4390:
4388:
4079:pointed at the principal conductor and a
3477:International Alliance for Women in Music
2480:Learn how and when to remove this message
2065:Learn how and when to remove this message
1782:Learn how and when to remove this message
1564:, C, or A) both of which might also play
1507:Learn how and when to remove this message
1253:Learn how and when to remove this message
851:Learn how and when to remove this message
5240:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
4267:music. The piano is regularly a part of
4645:Hopkins, G.W.; Griffiths, Paul (2001).
4433:. Tufts University – via Perseus.
4311:
4224:
4208:Shorthand for orchestra instrumentation
935:is featured in a few late Romantic and
719:. Other instruments such as the piano,
4871:"Berlin in lights: The woman question"
4056:Some orchestral works specify that an
3532:, consisting only of students playing
390:, concertos for solo instruments, and
5238:The Cambridge Companion to Conducting
4171:List of symphony orchestras in Europe
3714:Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment
3551:University or conservatory orchestras
3544:and percussion grouped together as a
2380:16 1st (sometimes more) & 14 2nd
1303:(several players in large orchestras)
479:and trumpets. The exceptions are his
54:National Chamber Orchestra of Armenia
7:
5327:Hensher, Philip (21 December 1996).
5177:Perlmutter, Donna (21 August 2011).
5034:Burton, Clemency (21 October 2014).
5006:Levintova, Hannah (September 2013).
4347:participating institution membership
3749:U.S. orchestras that have gone into
3373:Selection and appointment of members
2458:adding citations to reliable sources
2043:adding citations to reliable sources
1760:adding citations to reliable sources
1485:adding citations to reliable sources
1386:(sometimes several players per part)
1231:adding citations to reliable sources
1091:era, late-Romantic era and combined
973:and several other works by Strauss,
907:Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2
833:adding citations to reliable sources
4134:. It has been performed in 1996 by
2232:in F, and other keys including C, B
991:Symphony No. 7 in E Major
4402:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music
4365:Vincent, Michael (4 August 2014).
3736:Recent trends in the United States
3361:. Orchestras are also used in the
3245:Non-musical instruments such as a
3008:instruments specified by composers
1013:, and several orchestral works by
789:is an alternative term, as in the
25:
5399:The orchestra and its instruments
4937:Perlez, Jane (28 February 1997).
4841:"The world's greatest orchestras"
4647:Instrumentation and Orchestration
3330:. Some modern orchestras also do
3307:A section string player plays in
1414:(contrabbasso a viola da braccio)
5149:Lewis, Zachary (24 March 2009).
5121:Cooper, Michael (13 June 2015).
3811:Concerto for Cello and Orchestra
3688:Faking (Western classical music)
2496:Modern symphony orchestra layout
2430:
2015:
1732:
1457:
1203:
809:
347:Orchestras are usually led by a
246:may sometimes appear in a fifth
65:
3930:are usually led by conductors.
3473:National Organization for Women
2143:or A, of which some might play
1428:(contrabbasso a viola da gamba)
1355:(only if trumpets are required)
820:needs additional citations for
731:or may stand alone, as may the
5304:. Greschak.com. Archived from
4506:]. London, UK: W. Reeves.
3422:History of gender in ensembles
3241:electronic musical instruments
3177:grand digital music keyboard (
2107:, of which some may double on
2092:, some of which may double on
1829:of which both might also play
1368:(selected by ensemble-leaders)
475:, oboes, clarinets, bassoons,
230:Other instruments such as the
1:
5205:Royce, Graydon (9 May 2014).
4416:– via Internet Archive.
4033:New Century Chamber Orchestra
3986:
3767:New Mexico Symphony Orchestra
1911:(gradually replaced by tubas)
1836:(occasionally with Beethoven)
776:London Philharmonic Orchestra
225:mallet percussion instruments
5329:"All talent and no gimmicks"
5078:McVeigh, Alice (June 2006).
4967:. 8 May 2008. Archived from
4029:Australian Chamber Orchestra
3357:, and increasingly often in
1038:contemporary classical music
629:bowing of string instruments
581:to write a landmark book on
312:repertoire, such as that of
44:Bucharest Symphony Orchestra
5414:. Oxford University Press.
4819:10.1177/0305735603031001323
4166:List of symphony orchestras
3757:(April 2011), and the
3720:under the direction of Sir
3576:Repertoire and performances
3506:National Symphony Orchestra
3461:emotionelle Geschlossenheit
2422:Modern/Postmodern orchestra
2216:) of which some might play
1688:(multiple players per part)
1534:of which 1 might play
404:Amateur orchestras include
27:Large instrumental ensemble
5889:
5302:"Polytempo music articles"
5284:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
4484:]. Paris, FR: Lemoine.
4035:. As well, as part of the
3937:
3833:
3816:Violin Concerto No. 2
3751:Chapter 11 bankruptcy
3685:
3225:electronic wind instrument
1571:(occasionally with Mozart)
1403:(neck cello in tenor clef)
440:Baroque and classical eras
32:Orchestra (disambiguation)
29:
4725:Copyright # PAU 3-336-024
4327:Oxford English Dictionary
4275:is regularly included in
4025:Orpheus Chamber Orchestra
3999:. The symphony orchestra
3763:Chapter 7 bankruptcy
2730:of which some might play
2709:of which some might play
2515:of which some might play
2238:of which some might play
1886:of which some might play
1044:such as electric guitar,
882:Pictures at an Exhibition
772:London Symphony Orchestra
588:
461:
5373:The Orchestra: A history
5212:Minneapolis Star-Tribune
3934:Conductorless orchestras
3891:or first violinist (see
3726:Academy of Ancient Music
3718:London Classical Players
3615:Orchestras also perform
3536:, with students playing
2653:(occasionally 1 or more
2642:, of which 1 might play
2542:of which 1–2 might play
1724:Early Romantic orchestra
995:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
801:Expanded instrumentation
5873:Types of musical groups
5540:Conductorless orchestra
5448:Encyclopædia Britannica
5099:Eliza (15 March 2023).
4453:Encyclopædia Britannica
4430:A Greek-English Lexicon
4332:Oxford University Press
3940:Conductorless orchestra
3853:NTNU Symphony Orchestra
3769:in April 2011, and the
3667:television broadcasting
3494:In 2013, an article in
3274:Conducting an orchestra
2007:Late Romantic orchestra
1048:such as synthesizers,
970:Der Ring des Nibelungen
937:20th century works
737:electric and electronic
573:and the innovations of
535:Instrumental technology
324:repertoire such as the
5371:Raynor, Henry (1978).
5156:Cleveland Plain Dealer
4897:Musikalische Misogynie
4297:philharmonic orchestra
4188:Orchestral enhancement
3983:Classical music period
3856:
3755:Philadelphia Orchestra
3460:
3455:Westdeutscher Rundfunk
3275:
3124:electronic instruments
2810:of which 1 might play
2789:of which 1 might play
2591:which some might play
2497:
1401:violoncello da spallas
1195:Late Baroque orchestra
1093:Modern/Postmodern eras
1076:and water percussion.
1046:electronic instruments
768:philharmonic orchestra
752:electronic instruments
696:
684:
635:20th-century orchestra
554:
306:George Frideric Handel
275:philharmonic orchestra
256:electronic instruments
193:Percussion instruments
56:
46:
4892:"English translation"
4110:Karlheinz Stockhausen
3878:, which contains the
3843:
3779:Michael Tilson Thomas
3677:Issues in performance
3502:New York Philharmonic
3345:orchestra is Western
3273:
3094:(1 or more classical
3046:keyboard glockenspiel
2703:(double horns) in F/B
2495:
2266:of which 1 might play
795:RTÉ Concert Orchestra
791:BBC Concert Orchestra
693:Bundesjugendorchester
690:
670:
542:
462:Beethoven's influence
425:ancient Greek theatre
302:Johann Sebastian Bach
52:
42:
4985:(28 February 1998).
4869:(16 November 2007).
4373:. Classical 101
4120:electroacoustic work
4052:Offstage instruments
3759:Louisville Orchestra
3631:, a form devised by
3584:, 18th century
3567:Community orchestras
3468:would be a problem.
3152:electric double bass
3120:electric instruments
3057:16 1st & 14 2nd
2626:contra-alto clarinet
2454:improve this section
2039:improve this section
1965:14 1st & 12 2nd
1756:improve this section
1481:improve this section
1227:improve this section
1042:electric instruments
993:. Cornets appear in
875:'s orchestration of
829:improve this article
757:chromatic accordions
744:Ludwig van Beethoven
515:, also known as the
489:Piano Concerto No. 4
396:Gilbert and Sullivan
330:Ludwig van Beethoven
30:For other uses, see
5530:Percussion ensemble
5349:on 26 February 2016
5334:The Daily Telegraph
4983:Oestreich, James R.
4971:on 28 October 2013.
4867:Oestreich, James R.
4807:Psychology of Music
4783:. 27 February 2024.
4500:Ueber das Dirigiren
4449:"Arcangelo Corelli"
4330:(Online ed.).
4291:The present use of
4047:Multiple conductors
3730:Christopher Hogwood
3669:and Internet-based
3598:musical composition
3446:Berlin Philharmonic
3436:Vienna Philharmonic
3338:and earlier music.
2794:contrabass trombone
2632:contrabass clarinet
2271:contrabass trombone
2173:contrabass clarinet
1449:Classical orchestra
1062:free bass accordion
887:Sergei Rachmaninoff
701:musical instruments
5803:Baritone saxophone
5128:The New York Times
4992:The New York Times
4944:The New York Times
4918:. 25 February 1996
4916:Osborne-conant.org
4876:The New York Times
4781:BBC Music Magazine
4371:Ludwig van Toronto
4293:symphony orchestra
4280:chamber orchestras
4241:pitched percussion
4091:The techniques of
4087:Contemporary music
3857:
3855:in Taipei, Taiwan.
3707:Counter-revolution
3663:radio broadcasting
3534:string instruments
3332:without conductors
3276:
2680:baritone saxophone
2657:of various types)
2602:sopranino clarinet
2498:
2223:– 2 tenors, 2 bass
1422:(in various type)
979:The Rite of Spring
928:Belshazzar's Feast
764:symphony orchestra
697:
685:
589:Wagner's influence
555:
269:symphony orchestra
112:String instruments
57:
47:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5751:
5750:
5714:
5713:
5622:
5621:
5520:Chamber orchestra
5442:"Orchestra"
5421:978-0-19-816434-0
5394:Singleton, Esther
5386:978-0-684-15535-7
5308:on 20 August 2002
5251:Estrella, Espie.
5184:Los Angeles Times
4847:. 24 October 2012
4738:esm.rochester.edu
4721:Cocatalog.loc.gov
4663:. The Wagner Tuba
4661:"The Wagner Tuba"
4413:978-0-19-920383-3
4345:(Subscription or
4259:section; and the
4231:Because of their
4161:Gamelan Orchestra
4156:Chinese orchestra
4081:closed-circuit TV
3830:Role of conductor
3783:Esa-Pekka Salonen
3771:Syracuse Symphony
3530:string orchestras
3524:School orchestras
3516:Amateur ensembles
3485:Clemens Hellsberg
3262:
3261:
3251:reel-to-reel tape
3195:digital accordion
3098:of various types)
2662:soprano saxophone
2490:
2489:
2482:
2418:
2417:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2003:
2002:
1827:soprano clarinets
1792:
1791:
1784:
1720:
1719:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1445:
1444:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1099:orchestra (i.e.,
1095:. The first is a
1026:Felix Mendelssohn
877:Modest Mussorgsky
861:
860:
853:
787:Concert orchestra
783:chamber orchestra
668:
563:Friedrich Blühmel
552:8th Symphony
517:Pastoral Symphony
447:Baroque orchestra
427:reserved for the
415:derives from the
353:conductor's baton
300:of, for example,
294:concert orchestra
288:chamber orchestra
162:Brass instruments
153:, and occasional
16:(Redirected from
5880:
5753:
5723:
5624:
5584:
5525:String orchestra
5480:
5473:
5466:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5425:
5390:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5345:. Archived from
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5263:on 15 April 2013
5259:. Archived from
5248:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5075:
5060:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4845:gramophone.co.uk
4837:
4831:
4830:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4396:Kennedy, Michael
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4362:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4316:
4300:
4289:
4283:
4235:, the piano and
4229:
4213:String orchestra
4058:offstage trumpet
3991:
3990: 1720–1800
3988:
3880:musical notation
3732:, among others.
3722:Roger Norrington
3588:to 20th-century
3559:Youth orchestras
3510:Detroit Symphony
3463:
3359:video game music
3296:principal bass.
3235:digital drum kit
3170:electric organ (
2729:
2728:
2708:
2707:
2601:
2600:
2578:
2577:
2501:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2434:
2426:
2237:
2236:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2019:
2011:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1736:
1728:
1607:natural trumpets
1562:
1561:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1461:
1453:
1436:(a baroque lute)
1426:contrabass viols
1333:natural trumpets
1266:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1207:
1199:
977:(as featured in
911:Vaughan Williams
903:Sergei Prokofiev
892:Symphonic Dances
856:
849:
845:
842:
836:
813:
805:
729:keyboard section
669:
559:Heinrich Stölzel
406:youth orchestras
290:
289:
271:
270:
248:keyboard section
103:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
21:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5847:
5798:Tenor saxophone
5747:
5710:
5618:
5575:
5549:
5545:Radio orchestra
5493:
5484:
5435:
5432:
5422:
5406:Spitzer, John;
5405:
5387:
5370:
5367:
5365:Further reading
5362:
5352:
5350:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5253:"The Conductor"
5250:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5077:
5076:
5063:
5058:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5016:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4792:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4765:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4559:D. Kern Holoman
4557:
4553:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4354:
4344:
4336:
4334:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4290:
4286:
4269:pops orchestras
4265:romantic period
4230:
4226:
4221:
4198:Radio orchestra
4152:
4089:
4054:
4049:
3989:
3942:
3936:
3851:, conducts the
3838:
3832:
3738:
3709:
3690:
3684:
3679:
3659:sound recording
3650:
3578:
3518:
3489:blind auditions
3466:maternity leave
3424:
3375:
3363:symphonic metal
3347:classical music
3268:
3263:
3200:ring modulators
3001:(in some works)
2781:tenor trombones
2747:piccolo trumpet
2726:
2725:
2705:
2704:
2674:tenor saxophone
2668:alto saxophones
2598:
2597:
2575:
2574:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2451:
2435:
2424:
2419:
2310:
2257:tenor trombones
2234:
2233:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2036:
2020:
2009:
2004:
1884:tenor trombones
1878:valved trumpets
1866:(valveless) or
1788:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1753:
1737:
1726:
1721:
1660:
1559:
1558:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1478:
1462:
1451:
1446:
1359:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1224:
1208:
1197:
975:Igor Stravinsky
956:Ein Heldenleben
951:Richard Strauss
857:
846:
840:
837:
826:
814:
803:
691:Group photo of
660:
658:
656:Instrumentation
637:
591:
583:instrumentation
537:
529:instrumentation
485:Violin Concerto
464:
442:
437:
334:Johannes Brahms
287:
286:
268:
267:
101:
68:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5886:
5884:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5793:Alto saxophone
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5439:, ed. (1911).
5437:Chisholm, Hugh
5431:
5430:External links
5428:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5403:
5391:
5385:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5319:
5293:
5274:
5243:
5225:
5197:
5169:
5141:
5113:
5091:
5061:
5049:
5038:. Culture. BBC
5026:
4998:
4974:
4950:
4929:
4903:
4882:
4858:
4832:
4797:
4786:
4763:
4752:
4741:
4729:
4708:
4696:
4685:
4674:
4652:
4634:
4623:
4612:
4601:
4590:
4579:
4567:
4551:
4540:Sadie, Stanley
4527:
4512:
4487:
4465:
4445:Pannain, Guido
4436:
4419:
4412:
4384:
4352:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4284:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Rhythm section
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4148:
4144:Daniel Harding
4106:brass ensemble
4098:Percy Grainger
4088:
4085:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:basso continuo
3954:basso continuo
3938:Main article:
3935:
3932:
3897:pit orchestras
3889:harpsichordist
3834:Main article:
3831:
3828:
3824:string section
3801:Nixon in China
3737:
3734:
3708:
3705:
3686:Main article:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3649:
3646:
3629:symphonic poem
3610:Ninth Symphony
3596:, an extended
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3525:
3517:
3514:
3481:concertmasters
3423:
3420:
3412:parental leave
3374:
3371:
3324:harpsichordist
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:electric piano
3182:
3175:
3168:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3137:ondes Martenot
3134:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2989:finger cymbals
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2787:bass trombones
2783:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2735:soprano cornet
2718:
2717:
2716:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:bass saxophone
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2264:bass trombones
2253:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1691:1st & 2nd
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1622:
1620:tenor trombone
1610:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1389:1st & 2nd
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:oboe da caccia
1291:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1141:Romantic music
1113:basso continuo
1089:Romantic music
1050:ondes martenot
1015:Hector Berlioz
1005:Claude Debussy
987:Anton Bruckner
965:Richard Wagner
923:William Walton
859:
858:
817:
815:
808:
802:
799:
657:
654:
646:Symphony No. 8
636:
633:
607:calls for six
595:Richard Wagner
590:
587:
579:Hector Berlioz
571:Theobald Boehm
536:
533:
509:Symphony No. 5
481:Symphony No. 4
463:
460:
441:
438:
436:
433:
372:basso continuo
338:Richard Wagner
322:Romantic music
228:
227:
195:, such as the
189:
188:
164:, such as the
158:
157:
137:, such as the
131:
130:
114:, such as the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5885:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Bass clarinet
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5669:Bass trombone
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5571:Concertmaster
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Pit orchestra
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5491:Concert bands
5488:
5481:
5476:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5323:
5320:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5275:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5170:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5114:
5102:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5037:
5030:
5027:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4930:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4873:. Arts Beat.
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4536:Westrup, Jack
4531:
4528:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4504:On Conducting
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:hammer action
4228:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Orchestration
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4132:Pierre Boulez
4129:
4128:Bruno Maderna
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:pipe organist
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:concertmaster
3947:
3946:Baroque music
3941:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:concert bands
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:concertmaster
3890:
3886:
3885:Baroque music
3881:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:concert halls
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:accompaniment
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:musical score
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:divertimentos
3583:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3388:concertmaster
3384:
3380:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:popular music
3348:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:concertmaster
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:concertmaster
3286:
3285:accompaniment
3281:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:electric harp
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:electric bass
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3103:Miscellaneous
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:double basses
3081:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:slide whistle
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:tubular bells
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:baritone horn
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:alto trombone
2771:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:contrabassoon
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:bass clarinet
2617:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:alto clarinet
2605:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2473:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2439:This section
2437:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2408:concert harps
2405:
2403:
2402:double basses
2399:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:tubular bells
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:natural horns
2212:(more rarely
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:contrabassoon
2184:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:bass clarinet
2164:
2162:
2158:
2156:or D clarinet
2155:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2058:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:This section
2022:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:double basses
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:bass trombone
1894:
1892:
1891:alto trombone
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:contrabassoon
1846:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1775:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:This section
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1710:double basses
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:(on occasion
1627:
1626:bass trombone
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:alto trombone
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:natural horns
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:contrabassoon
1581:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1466:This section
1464:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:slide trumpet
1336:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:natural horns
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:This section
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:Aaron Copland
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:group (e.g.,
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Classical era
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:contrabassoon
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
966:
962:
958:
957:
952:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
920:
916:
913:' Symphonies
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
873:Maurice Ravel
870:
866:
855:
852:
844:
841:November 2017
834:
830:
824:
823:
818:This section
816:
812:
807:
806:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
689:
682:
678:
674:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:Gustav Mahler
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:On Conducting
610:
606:
605:
604:Das Rheingold
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:contrabassoon
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
459:
455:
453:
448:
439:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
397:
393:
392:pit ensembles
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Baroque music
365:
364:concertmaster
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
342:Gustav Mahler
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Baroque music
295:
292:(sometimes a
291:
283:
280:
276:
272:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
106:
105:
95:
62:
55:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5719:Concert band
5510:Concert band
5504:
5486:
5446:
5411:
5408:Zaslaw, Neal
5397:
5372:
5351:. Retrieved
5347:the original
5332:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:the original
5296:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5261:the original
5256:
5246:
5237:
5216:. Retrieved
5210:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5182:
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5154:
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5126:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5094:
5083:
5059:Blom (1954).
5040:. Retrieved
5029:
5017:. Retrieved
5013:Mother Jones
5011:
5001:
4990:
4977:
4969:the original
4962:
4953:
4942:
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4915:
4906:
4896:
4885:
4874:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4844:
4835:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4789:
4780:
4755:
4744:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4699:
4688:
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4655:
4646:
4626:
4615:
4604:
4593:
4582:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4544:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:
4439:
4429:
4422:
4401:
4377:21 September
4375:. Retrieved
4370:
4335:. Retrieved
4325:
4314:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4227:
4136:Simon Rattle
4123:
4113:
4102:The Warriors
4101:
4090:
4077:video camera
4070:
4067:Gustav Holst
4055:
4022:
3997:Soviet Union
3994:
3943:
3909:
3873:
3858:
3820:
3809:
3806:Philip Glass
3799:
3792:
3775:
3753:include the
3748:
3742:
3739:
3710:
3697:
3691:
3651:
3648:Performances
3638:
3614:
3582:dance suites
3579:
3546:concert band
3519:
3497:Mother Jones
3495:
3493:
3470:
3453:
3450:Dieter Flury
3439:
3425:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3340:
3326:playing the
3317:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3279:
3277:
3266:Organization
3256:
3115:Electrophone
2924:sleigh bells
2889:glockenspiel
2884:temple block
2860:(one player)
2838:(one player)
2754:bass trumpet
2714:Wagner horns
2553:oboe d'amore
2476:
2467:
2452:Please help
2440:
2412:
2359:glockenspiel
2325:(one player)
2309:
2243:bass trumpet
2221:Wagner tubas
2210:Vienna horns
2206:German horns
2202:French horns
2112:oboe d'amore
2061:
2052:
2037:Please help
2025:
1997:
1993:concert harp
1956:glockenspiel
1927:(one player)
1868:valved horns
1834:Basset horns
1778:
1769:
1754:Please help
1742:
1714:
1659:
1656:(one player)
1569:basset horns
1503:
1494:
1479:Please help
1467:
1439:
1407:violoncellos
1358:
1289:oboe d'amore
1249:
1240:
1225:Please help
1213:
1087:, early/mid-
1078:
1034:wind machine
1032:such as the
1030:sound effect
1023:
1008:
998:
968:
954:
944:
941:Gustav Holst
927:
896:
890:
880:
862:
847:
838:
827:Please help
822:verification
819:
786:
782:
780:
767:
763:
761:
741:
733:concert harp
698:
677:Divertimento
638:
612:
602:
592:
556:
516:
465:
456:
446:
443:
429:Greek chorus
420:
412:
410:
403:
361:
346:
293:
285:
281:
274:
266:
264:
252:concert harp
229:
60:
58:
36:
5833:Double bass
5808:French horn
5756:Instruments
5706:Double bass
5654:French horn
5627:Instruments
5290:(2): 40–43.
5042:24 December
5019:24 December
4474:Berlioz, H.
4321:"Orchestra"
4273:harpsichord
4249:harpsichord
4140:John Carewe
4093:polystylism
4072:The Planets
4037:early music
3958:harpsichord
3787:Greg Sandow
3633:Franz Liszt
3625:Mendelssohn
3590:film scores
3564:Orchestra).
3205:synthesizer
3031:harpsichord
3006:world music
2994:rain sticks
2974:wind chimes
2766:tenor horns
2614:basset horn
2565:heckelphone
2547:cor anglais
2161:basset horn
2118:cor anglais
1909:ophicleides
1672:harpsichord
1609:(valveless)
1602:(valveless)
1372:harpsichord
1131:along with
1117:harpsichord
1081:Baroque era
1010:La Mer
983:Béla Bartók
961:Wagner tuba
946:The Planets
703:called the
650:overdubbing
617:composition
575:Adolphe Sax
384:early music
376:harpsichord
374:parts on a
236:harpsichord
128:double bass
5868:Orchestras
5862:Categories
5838:Percussion
5743:Percussion
5686:Percussion
5604:Percussion
5566:Bandmaster
5515:Brass band
5487:Orchestras
4496:Wagner, R.
4458:9 November
4349:required.)
4307:References
4271:, and the
4261:pipe organ
4001:Persimfans
3960:player, a
3905:rehearsals
3876:full score
3847:, using a
3836:Conducting
3796:John Adams
3441:Gramophone
3430:have been
3416:disability
3396:sight read
3355:film music
3247:typewriter
3210:Synclavier
3026:pipe organ
2899:vibraphone
2879:wood block
2874:tambourine
2847:tenor drum
2842:snare drum
2829:Percussion
2760:flugelhorn
2655:saxophones
2532:bass flute
2526:alto flute
2406:2 or more
2354:tambourine
2329:snare drum
2321:4 or more
2316:Percussion
1951:tambourine
1931:snare drum
1918:Percussion
1678:pipe organ
1647:Percussion
1377:pipe organ
1346:Percussion
1325:slide horn
1189:Penderecki
1169:Stravinsky
1121:pipe organ
1054:trautonium
997:'s ballet
919:No. 9
915:No. 6
865:flugelhorn
762:The terms
713:percussion
419:ὀρχήστρα (
380:pipe organ
340:and later
326:symphonies
240:pipe organ
217:tambourine
201:snare drum
18:Orchestras
5823:Euphonium
5580:Orchestra
5561:Conductor
5505:Orchestra
5498:Ensembles
5353:7 January
5343:0307-1235
5267:30 August
5257:About.com
5106:14 August
5085:The Strad
4964:France 24
4922:5 October
4827:145766109
4813:: 53–74.
4563:New Grove
4009:committee
3928:big bands
3916:auditions
3901:art music
3699:The Strad
3671:streaming
3621:Beethoven
3617:overtures
3606:Beethoven
3538:woodwinds
3400:test week
3280:principal
3215:Novachord
3156:electric
3109:harmonica
3036:accordion
3015:Keyboards
2969:vibraslap
2929:bell tree
2919:mark tree
2894:xylophone
2852:bass drum
2821:euphonium
2589:clarinets
2586:A soprano
2582:clarinets
2559:bass oboe
2506:Woodwinds
2470:June 2022
2441:does not
2364:xylophone
2334:bass drum
2294:Keyboards
2285:euphonium
2132:clarinets
2124:bass oboe
2083:Woodwinds
2055:June 2022
2026:does not
1936:bass drum
1800:Woodwinds
1772:June 2022
1743:does not
1666:Keyboards
1553:clarinets
1525:Woodwinds
1468:does not
1365:Keyboards
1271:Woodwinds
1214:does not
1129:Beethoven
1101:J.S. Bach
1070:jews harp
1066:harmonica
1058:bandoneon
1000:Swan Lake
967:'s cycle
933:euphonium
721:accordion
705:woodwinds
567:Silesians
544:Stokowski
469:Beethoven
421:orchestra
413:orchestra
411:The term
399:operettas
388:overtures
349:conductor
310:Classical
205:bass drum
182:euphonium
155:saxophone
135:Woodwinds
61:orchestra
5818:Trombone
5778:Clarinet
5733:Woodwind
5726:Sections
5664:Trombone
5644:Clarinet
5609:Keyboard
5594:Woodwind
5587:Sections
5410:(2004).
5396:(1917).
5377:Scribner
4851:29 April
4723:. 2002.
4498:(1887).
4476:(1843).
4337:11 March
4243:"); the
4150:See also
4018:Stalin's
3814:and the
3724:and the
3594:symphony
3475:and the
3432:harpists
3379:audition
3367:big-band
3343:symphony
3328:continuo
3220:clavinet
3142:electric
3132:theremin
2999:drum kit
2939:timbales
2909:crotales
2864:triangle
2800:cimbasso
2727:♭
2722:trumpets
2706:♭
2640:bassoons
2599:♭
2576:♭
2520:piccolos
2349:triangle
2235:♭
2230:trumpets
2181:bassoons
2154:clarinet
2151:♭
2139:♭
2097:piccolos
1946:triangle
1905:serpents
1843:bassoons
1578:bassoons
1560:♭
1497:May 2020
1412:violones
1307:recorder
1243:May 2020
1153:Schumann
1145:Schubert
1125:bassline
793:and the
774:and the
748:electric
683:, K. 136
625:dynamics
599:Bayreuth
497:"Eroica"
213:triangle
174:trombone
147:clarinet
104:-ki-strə
5843:Timpani
5813:Trumpet
5783:Bassoon
5763:Piccolo
5681:Timpani
5659:Trumpet
5649:Bassoon
5554:Leaders
5218:11 July
5190:11 July
5162:11 July
5134:11 July
4542:(ed.).
4277:baroque
4255:in the
4237:celesta
4124:Gruppen
4115:Gruppen
4065:" from
4063:Neptune
4005:Marxist
3970:theorbo
3964:, or a
3944:In the
3845:Apo Hsu
3452:, told
3418:leave.
3407:tenured
3369:music.
3336:baroque
3322:or the
3172:Hammond
3096:guitars
3065:violins
3059:violins
3052:Strings
3041:celesta
2984:maracas
2949:tom-tom
2904:marimba
2869:tam-tam
2858:cymbals
2836:timpani
2741:cornets
2579:soprano
2462:removed
2447:sources
2382:violins
2375:Strings
2344:tam-tam
2339:cymbals
2323:timpani
2305:celesta
2249:cornets
2047:removed
2032:sources
1967:violins
1960:Strings
1941:cymbals
1925:timpani
1874:natural
1864:natural
1813:piccolo
1764:removed
1749:sources
1693:violins
1685:Strings
1654:timpani
1539:piccolo
1489:removed
1474:sources
1434:theorbo
1391:violins
1383:Strings
1353:timpani
1301:bassoon
1235:removed
1220:sources
1149:Berlioz
1109:Vivaldi
1097:Baroque
1074:mandola
725:celesta
717:strings
681:D major
565:, both
501:Piccolo
493:timbral
435:History
260:guitars
244:celesta
221:tam-tam
209:cymbals
197:timpani
170:trumpet
151:bassoon
5691:Violin
5614:String
5418:
5383:
5341:
5312:4 June
4825:
4667:4 June
4410:
4257:string
4253:guitar
4251:, and
3979:choirs
3975:ritard
3966:lutist
3920:choirs
3912:scores
3861:choral
3743:ad-hoc
3728:under
3716:, the
3694:faking
3682:Faking
3508:, the
3434:. The
3313:divisi
3309:unison
3293:tuning
3257:
3253:player
3239:Other
3190:keytar
3179:Lowrey
3164:&
3158:violin
3148:guitar
3144:&
3078:cellos
3076:10–14
3072:violas
3070:12–14
2964:claves
2954:bongos
2513:flutes
2413:
2394:cellos
2388:violas
2090:flutes
1998:
1979:cellos
1973:violas
1807:flutes
1715:
1703:cellos
1698:violas
1638:Mozart
1636:, and
1532:flutes
1440:
1396:violas
1278:flutes
1177:Barber
1165:Mahler
1161:Wagner
1157:Brahms
1133:Mozart
1105:Handel
1083:, the
959:. The
949:, and
921:, and
898:Boléro
869:cornet
723:, and
715:, and
695:, 2012
673:Mozart
548:Mahler
525:chorus
519:. The
487:, and
473:flutes
318:Mozart
277:(from
258:, and
242:, and
184:, and
178:cornet
126:, and
116:violin
5768:Flute
5738:Brass
5701:Cello
5696:Viola
5634:Flute
5599:Brass
4823:S2CID
4705:Books
4565:2001.
4502:[
4480:[
4343:
4219:Notes
4013:tempo
3869:baton
3865:tempo
3849:baton
3542:brass
3302:tutti
3166:cello
3162:viola
3090:harps
3063:(3rd
3021:piano
2959:conga
2934:güiro
2808:tubas
2701:horns
2694:Brass
2540:oboes
2300:piano
2279:tubas
2208:, or
2195:Brass
2105:oboes
1857:Brass
1821:oboes
1634:Haydn
1630:Gluck
1593:Brass
1547:oboes
1420:viols
1313:Brass
1284:oboes
1185:Glass
1173:Adams
1137:Haydn
1052:, or
709:brass
621:tempo
609:harps
521:Ninth
513:Sixth
477:horns
417:Greek
357:tempo
314:Haydn
308:, or
282:phil-
279:Greek
232:piano
139:flute
124:cello
120:viola
5828:Tuba
5773:Oboe
5676:Tuba
5639:Oboe
5489:and
5416:ISBN
5381:ISBN
5355:2018
5339:ISSN
5314:2014
5269:2016
5220:2015
5192:2015
5164:2015
5136:2015
5108:2024
5044:2015
5021:2015
4924:2013
4853:2013
4669:2014
4460:2015
4408:ISBN
4379:2020
4339:2023
4295:and
4245:harp
4142:and
4130:and
3781:and
3623:and
3383:Bach
3088:1–2
2979:whip
2834:4–5
2806:1–2
2785:1–2
2779:3–6
2764:2-4
2739:2–3
2724:in B
2720:3–6
2712:2–4
2699:4–8
2638:2–4
2571:2–4
2538:2–4
2518:1–2
2511:2–4
2445:any
2443:cite
2277:1–2
2262:1–2
2255:3–4
2247:3–4
2228:3–6
2219:2–4
2200:4–8
2179:3–4
2130:3–4
2103:3–4
2095:1–2
2088:3–4
2030:any
2028:cite
1903:1–2
1747:any
1745:cite
1530:1–2
1472:any
1470:cite
1331:2–3
1282:2–3
1218:any
1216:cite
1135:and
917:and
885:and
867:and
766:and
750:and
735:and
561:and
452:Rome
332:and
328:of
316:and
304:and
223:and
186:tuba
143:oboe
5288:158
4815:doi
4112:'s
4100:'s
4069:'s
3968:or
3612:).
3608:'s
3414:or
3249:or
3122:or
2584:or
2456:by
2400:10
2392:12
2386:12
2134:in
2041:by
1971:10
1907:or
1876:or
1758:by
1483:by
1229:by
1191:).
1119:or
1007:'s
989:'s
981:),
953:'s
943:'s
925:'s
905:'s
889:'s
879:'s
831:by
679:in
675:'s
597:'s
550:'s
401:).
378:or
273:or
73:ɔːr
59:An
5864::
5445:.
5379:.
5375:.
5337:.
5331:.
5286:.
5255:.
5228:^
5209:.
5181:.
5153:.
5125:.
5082:.
5064:^
5052:^
5010:.
4989:.
4961:.
4941:.
4914:.
4894:.
4843:.
4821:.
4811:31
4809:.
4779:.
4766:^
4719:.
4637:^
4451:.
4447:.
4387:^
4369:.
4355:^
4324:.
4247:,
4146:.
4138:,
4122:.
3987:c.
3922:,
3818:.
3804:;
3665:,
3661:,
3540:,
3491:.
3160:,
3082:8
2856:2
2819:1
2813:1
2798:1
2792:1
2772:1
2758:1
2752:1
2745:1
2733:1
2684:1
2678:1
2672:1
2666:2
2660:1
2645:1
2630:1
2624:1
2618:1
2612:1
2606:1
2594:1
2563:1
2557:1
2551:1
2545:1
2530:1
2524:1
2283:1
2269:1
2241:1
2204:,
2185:1
2171:1
2165:1
2159:1
2146:1
2122:1
2116:1
2110:1
1991:1
1985:6
1977:8
1923:2
1895:1
1889:1
1882:3
1872:2
1862:4
1847:1
1841:2
1832:2
1825:2
1819:2
1811:1
1805:2
1652:2
1632:,
1624:1
1618:1
1612:1
1605:2
1598:2
1582:1
1576:2
1567:2
1551:2
1545:2
1537:1
1351:2
1318:2
1276:2
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1175:,
1167:,
1163:,
1155:,
1151:,
1147:,
1107:,
1103:,
1072:,
1068:,
1064:,
1060:,
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