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illustrations, outside of the narrowest and most obvious limits. At the one extreme, some works of genius would be sure to miss appreciation. Their very novelty would make them repulsive until the public had learned the new language in which their author spoke. It may be more than doubted, for instance, whether the etchings of Goya or the paintings of Monet would have been sure of protection when seen for the first time. At the other end, copyright would be denied to pictures which appealed to a public less educated than the judge. This observation was an embodiment of the principle of artistic or aesthetic neutrality which seeks to eliminate the inherent subjectivity involved in the judges deciding whether the work is artistic, and hence, the question as to whether it warrants protection. The principle finds four broad justifications- (i) lack of expertise in the judges (ii) fear of elitism (iii) fear of paternalism (also called parentalism) (iv) lack of consensus on what constitutes art. However, scholars note that the principle of aesthetic neutrality is often violated as the adjudicators end up favouring creators of what they believe is deserving of copyright grant.
372:". Thus, it introduced the requirement of 'creativity' under originality. With respect to the level of creativity involved, the court adopted the 'minimal degree of creativity' approach. Following this standard, the headnotes that did not copy from the judgment verbatim were held to be copyrightable.
367:
in terms of the test it laid down. It concerned the copyrightability of
Supreme Court judgments that were copy-edited and published by Eastern Book Company. These judgments were published along with 'headnotes' that were written by the Company itself. While explicitly discarding the Sweat of the Brow
303:
mentions 'originality' as a requirement for copyright protection to literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works. Courts have interpreted this requirement of 'originality' in different ways. This has given rise to various doctrines/tests that can be helpful in determining whether a work meets the
197:
held that the work must be independently created and must possess minimum degree of creativity. This interpretation requires an extremely low level of creativity and in the words of the court, "must possess some creative spark no matter how crude, humble or obvious it might be." The court also took
383:
labour. It must involve some level of skill and judgment as well. However, this approach mirrors the Sweat of the Brow theory more closely and is therefore a difficult theory to defend. Further, the Court held the division of a judgment into paragraphs and numbering them was enough to meet this
287:
has also clarified that it is not necessary for the work to be artistic to qualify as original. Furthermore, in the landmark ruling, the court observed that it would be a dangerous undertaking for persons trained only to the law to constitute themselves final judges of the worth of pictorial
291:
In the United States, the work is not required to be non-commercial in nature for copyright protection and unlike the US trademark law, the work need to be necessarily lawful. Therefore, works created for commercial purposes, such as advertisements can also be granted a copyright.
52:
The concept of originality is both culturally and historically contingent. For example, unattributed reiteration of a published text in one culture might be considered plagiarism but in another culture might be regarded as a convention of veneration. At the time of
354:
where a database was held to be original enough to be protected by copyright under Indian law. However, like in other jurisdictions, this theory was discarded by the Indian Courts also and the focus was shifted to the creativity involved in any work.
435:, the importance of objective characteristics and the zeitgeist for popularity was examined. Both the musical originality of a theme relative to its contemporary works (the zeitgeist), as well as its "absolute" originality influenced in similar
271:
had clarified that sometimes it is relevant for other purposes. Therefore, if the work created by you is identical to a pre-existing work but you are unaware of the latter's existence, you may still enjoy copyright protection for your work.
423:
An original idea is one not thought up by another person beforehand. Sometimes, two or more people can come up with the same idea independently. Originality is usually associated with characteristics such as being imaginative and creative.
658:
while we applaud difference, Shakespeare's first audiences fovoured likeness: a work was good not because it was original, but because it resembled an admired classical exemplar, which in the case of comedy meant a play by
Terence or
347:
it was held that compilations of information would meet the threshold of 'originality' under the Indian
Copyright Act since it involves some level of 'skill, labour and brain'. A similar line of reasoning was adopted in the case of
57:, it was more common to appreciate the similarity with an admired classical work, and Shakespeare himself avoided "unnecessary invention". It wasn't until the start of the 18th century that the concept of originality became an
238:
viz. minimum level of creativity and independent labour can be easily assessed and applied in case of literary works, the courts are required to undertake a deeper legal and factual inquiry in photographic works. The
474:
the original, in order to preserve its original integrity. The copy is made to preserve the original recording by saving the original from degenerating as it is being played, rather than to replace the original.
240:
91:
375:
Finally, the Court also gave way to the 'Skill and
Judgment Test' which is more or less a compromise between the sweat of the brow theory and the modicum of creativity test. While relying on the
275:
Apart from novelty, the work is not required to be made with an intent to be original. What is considered is only that it is actually an independent creation in effect. In 1951, the court in
49:. The validity of "originality" as an operational concept has been questioned. For example, there is no clear boundary between "derivative" and "inspired by" or "in the tradition of."
364:
191:
251:
considered originality in terms of timing, subject and rendition, and held that the nature and extent of the copyright would be independent in the three aspects. The requirement for
260:
1214:
370:
amount of skill, labour and capital put in the inputs of the copy-edited judgments and the original or innovative thoughts for the creativity would be completely excluded.
582:
Modernist concern with issues of originality develops out of modernism's relation to romanticism, the romantics having invented the notion of originality as we know it.
376:
255:
was incorporated in the statute only in the
Copyright Act, 1976 and over the course of time, the courts have evolved various metrics to apply the test. Unlike,
1083:
Form, Sven (2018-01-30). "Reaching
Wuthering Heights with Brave New Words: The Influence of Originality of Words on the Success of Outstanding Best-Sellers".
2051:
471:
336:
This theory bases the grant of copyright protection on the effort and labour that an author puts into their work as opposed to the creativity involved.
2019:
1482:
368:
theory, the Court held that simply copy editing would not meet the threshold of originality under copyright law since it would only demonstrate an "
1207:
751:
1496:
384:
standard of 'Skill and
Judgment'. Whether this is the correct interpretation of the test as given in the CCH Canadian Case remains debatable.
1048:
Simonton, Dean K. (1980). "Thematic fame, melodic originality, and musical zeitgeist: A biographical and transhistorical content analysis".
1980:
511:
213:
318:. This remains the accepted and current position of law in India as of now. However, prior to this, the Indian Courts used to follow the
1488:
439:
the popularity of a theme. Similarly, objective features and temporal context both influenced the evaluation of linguistic originality.
2197:
1200:
284:
209:
185:
153:
111:
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379:, the Court essentially held that a work would meet the originality standard as long as there is labour or effort involved but not
95:(1886) that has been adapted by 181 countries and city-states, "original work" gives a creator exclusive rights; protection for
227:
and while such reproductions may have involved skill and labour, no protection could be granted to them, on account of lack of
1826:
1539:
1282:
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audio, or video recording, will contain qualities that can be difficult, or under current technology may be impossible to
1460:
110:
can be subject to protection. In addition to being original, inventions submitted for a patent must also be useful and
412:
304:
threshold of originality. The most prominent case with respect to 'originality' under the Indian
Copyright Law is the
118:
1131:
2044:
427:
The evaluation of originality depends not only on the creative work itself, but also on the temporal context, the
2099:
1627:
648:
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in order to be copyrightable. In other countries protection of a work often is connected to similar conditions.
20:
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223:, the court held that the copies of public domain photographs could not be copyrighted since they lacked
2156:
2124:
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734:
452:
392:
137:
78:
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The
Perfectly Acceptable Practice of Literary Theft: Plagiarism, Copyright, and the Eighteenth Century
340:
has often been extended to give jurisprudential basis to this theory of copyright law. In the case of
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held that the question as to whether there was intent to be original was not to be considered. The
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doctrine. According to the said doctrine, labour and hard-work alone could suffice to establish
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works of authorship, a property which has been historically and legally linked to a concept of "
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1413:
925:"Originality Requirements under U.S. and E.U. Copyright Law - Software Freedom Law Center"
842:"Originality Requirements under U.S. and E.U. Copyright Law - Software Freedom Law Center"
557:(an imitation of an archetype or prototype in order to pay homage to the original creator)
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Why
Buildings Are Getting Weirder - A documentary about "Originality" in Architecture
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74:
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1267:
682:
525:, an original is the first-published installment of a series of works, thus having
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in the work sought to be protected, such requirement does not stem from either the
141:
99:
are automatically in force upon their creation without being asserted or declared.
1176:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Deathridge, Jonathan RĂ©e and Catherine Belsey (
624:
1136:
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865:
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the opportunity to reject the previously judicially-established and followed the
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necessitates bare minimum degree of creativity and independent creation. The
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can demonstrate originality, and must do so if it is to respect copyright.
1138:
Original copy: plagiarism and originality in nineteenth-century literature
635:
24, no. 4 (Winter 2002–3), pp. 51–54. Also available online since 2006 at
632:
Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
2139:
2025:
1849:
1821:
1752:
1678:
1663:
1571:
1034:
900:
554:
448:
408:
160:, the work that is sought to be protected must satisfy the threshold for
1153:
1021:
Tobin, Martin J. (October 2003). "Writing a Review Article for AJRCCM".
342:
306:
300:
2064:
2038:
1782:
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1445:
1187:
1124:
Quotation and Modern American Poetry: Imaginary Gardens with Real Toads
530:
519:
460:
350:
259:, novelty is not required for a work to be considered as original. The
41:. The modern idea of originality is according to some scholars tied to
34:
30:
965:¶8, V. Govindan vs E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone And Anr. (AIR 1955 Mad 391)
29:
is the aspect of created or invented works that distinguish them from
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1559:
1342:
1277:
1096:
800:"Feist Pubs., Inc. v. Rural Tel. Svc. Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)"
776:"Feist Pubs., Inc. v. Rural Tel. Svc. Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)"
526:
103:
1879:
1860:
1337:
359:
EBC Modak case (modicum of creativity and skill and judgment test)
92:
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
752:"Module 3: The Scope of Copyright Law - Copyright for Librarians"
2146:
2013:
1196:
241:
United States District Court for Southern District of New York
866:"35 U.S. Code § 102 - Conditions for patentability; novelty"
431:. In a study of the musical originality of 15,618 classical
1023:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
463:
in its full integrity. That can also apply for any other
164:. Though most of the countries require certain degree of
653:
The RSC Shakespeare - William Shakespeare Complete Works
176:. Therefore, there is no uniformity in the standard for
655:, Introduction to the Comedy of Errors, p. 215 quote:
16:
Aspect of created or invented works being new or novel
261:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
363:
The EBC Modak case is the Indian counterpart of the
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2006:
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Four words: romantic, originality, creative, genius
485:Copyright protection of photographs in Switzerland
351:Burlington Home Shipping Pvt Ltd v Rajnish Chibber
301:Section 13(1)(a) of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957
310:. This judgment gave rise to two doctrines i.e.
192:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service Co
580:
19:"Original" redirects here. For other uses, see
549:(the first draft of an original work), model,
1518:Cinema / television / video
1208:
1163:, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan., 1926), pp. 40–49
148:Originality under United States copyright law
8:
2052:Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree
1050:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
901:"Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts"
73:In law, originality has become an important
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1438:
1235:
1215:
1201:
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619:
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208:. After the doctrine was rejected by the
735:"Module 2, Copyright and Related Rights"
234:While the current legal requirements of
106:law of the United States, only original
572:
419:Originality of ideas and creative works
296:Originality under Indian copyright law
982:
980:
470:That is why it is often necessary to
343:V. Govindan v E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone
7:
512:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
338:Locke's theory of labour as property
1186:by "The Aesthetic City" channel on
687:Conjectures on Original Composition
216:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp
45:, by a notion that is often called
822:36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)
285:Supreme Court of the United States
186:Supreme Court of the United States
154:copyright law of the United States
14:
1009:Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada
870:LII / Legal Information Institute
487:- describes the criteria for the
1141:, March 2007, pp. 18–50(33)
1085:The Journal of Creative Behavior
579:Gregory (1997) pp. 12-13 quote:
307:Eastern Book Company v DCB Modak
247:Mannion v. Coors Brewing Company
85:have manifest as protectable or
988:Eastern Book Company v DB Modak
279:Alfred Bell Co. v. Catalda Arts
1151:Waterhouse, Francis A. (1926)
1:
1981:Pierre Menard, Author of the
1827:Archetypal literary criticism
1387:Literature / theatre
1144:Smith, Logan Pearsall (1924)
1793:Source criticism in the arts
1461:Readymades of Marcel Duchamp
947:Appeal (civil) 6472 of 2004
326:"Sweat of the brow" doctrine
1994:Reality Hunger: A Manifesto
491:of photographs in Swiss law
119:United States copyright law
2216:
2100:Appropriation in sociology
1129:Macfarlane, Robert (2007)
1121:Gregory, Elizabeth (1997)
1062:10.1037/0022-3514.38.6.972
672:Plagiarism and Originality
329:
156:, more specifically under
18:
2198:Intellectual property law
2105:Articulation in sociology
1628:Revivalism (architecture)
1441:
1148:, Oxford, Clarendon Press
889:81 F.2d 49 (2d Cir. 1936)
710:"Chapter 1 - Circular 92"
670:Lindey, Alexander (1952)
649:Royal Shakespeare Company
21:Original (disambiguation)
1817:Aesthetic interpretation
180:. In the United States,
131:threshold of originality
121:copyrights protect only
2059:The Pictures Generation
1838:The Death of the Author
929:www.softwarefreedom.org
716:. U.S. Copyright Office
365:Feist Publications case
316:skill and judgment test
81:, where creativity and
2130:Copyright infringement
2110:Cultural appropriation
1154:Romantic 'Originality'
1132:`Romantic' Originality
661:
584:
388:Originality in science
129:". A work must pass a
2157:Participatory culture
2125:Intellectual property
656:
453:photographic negative
393:Scientific literature
312:modicum of creativity
138:intellectual property
79:intellectual property
1832:Artistic inspiration
1656:Intertextual figures
1623:Parody advertisement
1035:10.1164/rccm.2306019
47:romantic originality
2167:Recontextualisation
2120:Information society
2115:History of printing
2095:Academic dishonesty
1856:Genius (literature)
1545:Literal music video
1456:Photographic mosaic
1251:Chopped and screwed
974:1995 IVAD Delhi 732
905:h2o.law.harvard.edu
846:softwarefreedom.org
623:Lynch, Jack (2002)
37:, or substantially
1844:Divine inspiration
1633:Video game modding
1475:By source material
1160:The Sewanee Review
1007:¶16, CCH Canadian
443:Original recording
136:In United Kingdom
69:Originality in law
2180:
2179:
2087:artistic concepts
2075:Russian formalism
1801:
1800:
1641:
1640:
1530:Anime music video
1513:
1512:
1505:Statue of Liberty
1303:Musical quotation
1246:Bootleg recording
831:377 F.Supp.2d 444
756:cyber.harvard.edu
611:Macfarlane (2007)
602:Waterhouse (1926)
561:Sweat of the brow
407:contain original
401:original research
377:CCH Canadian Case
332:Sweat of the brow
320:Sweat of the Brow
201:sweat of the brow
2205:
1999:
1989:
1976:
1807:Related artistic
1773:Imitation in art
1743:Assemblage (art)
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1451:Combine painting
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1424:Verbatim theatre
1399:Cut-up technique
1298:Music plagiarism
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1758:DĂ©tournement
1592:YouTube poop
1587:Video mashup
1535:Collage film
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1404:Flarf poetry
1313:Parody music
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1940:Plot device
1890:Originality
1873:Fan fiction
1738:After (art)
1694:Translation
1550:Parody film
1434:Visual arts
1363:Tribute act
1226:in the arts
1178:In Our Time
523:narratology
489:originality
403:, and even
253:originality
236:originality
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225:originality
206:originality
182:originality
178:originality
166:originality
162:originality
55:Shakespeare
43:Romanticism
27:Originality
2193:Creativity
2187:Categories
2045:Nachahmung
2031:Dionysian
1971:L.H.O.O.Q.
1895:Simulacrum
1704:Adaptation
1684:Plagiarism
1618:Joke theft
1601:Other arts
1394:Assemblage
1256:Contrafact
1116:References
934:2018-05-10
910:2018-05-10
875:2018-05-10
851:2018-05-10
809:2018-05-10
804:Justia Law
785:2018-05-10
780:Justia Law
761:2018-05-10
720:2018-05-10
541:Synonyms:
495:Creativity
322:approach.
127:creativity
112:nonobvious
108:inventions
33:, clones,
1920:Archetype
1912:and forms
1868:Fan labor
1748:Bricolage
1689:Quotation
1577:TV format
1483:Mona Lisa
1378:Vaporwave
1373:Variation
1333:Quodlibet
1328:Potpourri
1318:Pasticcio
1308:Nightcore
1105:0022-0175
1070:0022-3514
998:1 SCR 339
547:prototype
543:archetype
437:magnitude
429:zeitgeist
83:invention
35:forgeries
2140:Fair use
2033:imitatio
2026:Diegesis
1850:Afflatus
1822:Anti-art
1809:concepts
1753:Citation
1717:Literary
1679:Pastiche
1664:Allusion
1648:concepts
1646:General
1572:Supercut
1358:Standard
1348:Sampling
1232:By field
555:pastiche
551:template
531:prequels
479:See also
472:preserve
465:artifact
449:painting
409:analysis
314:and the
123:original
2065:Pop art
2039:Mimesis
1983:Quixote
1783:Reprise
1722:Theatre
1608:In-joke
1582:Vidding
1446:Collage
1188:YouTube
685:(1759)
659:Plautus
651:(2007)
527:sequels
520:fiction
397:primary
257:Patents
172:or the
152:In the
140:law, a
102:In the
1998:(2010)
1988:(1939)
1975:(1919)
1788:Satire
1778:Mashup
1768:Homage
1674:Parody
1669:Calque
1560:Remake
1343:Riddim
1288:Medley
1278:DJ mix
1103:
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553:, and
533:, etc.
457:analog
104:patent
1962:works
1880:Genre
1861:Muses
1499:PietĂ
1491:David
1466:Swipe
1419:Trope
1368:Trope
1338:Remix
1239:Music
1135:, in
986:¶37,
738:(PDF)
629:, in
567:Notes
59:ideal
2147:Meme
2014:Dada
1712:Film
1261:list
1101:ISSN
1066:ISSN
515:(US)
509:and
461:copy
381:only
221:case
1157:in
1093:doi
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1027:168
518:In
411:or
263:in
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