20:
112:
97:
130:
announced that after the war, volunteers and soldiers who served on the front would have priority in purchase of state-owned land, while the soldiers to receive medals for bravery would receive land free of charge. The announcement was partly to repair the Polish morale, shaken after the retreat from
205:
Permanent economical difficulties of the newly-re-established state and strong opposition to the idea of creation of soldier settlements along the eastern border of Poland caused the action to be halted in 1923. It was equally opposed by local major landowners and peasantry. The former feared that
217:
only three were ever actually created, with 51 inhabitants all together. The pace of the action was equally slow in other parts of the area. Altogether, the land granted to the demobilized soldiers amounted to 1,331.46 km. Out of the 8,732 plots of land allotted to demobilised soldiers, only
201:
medal had to pay for their plots. Although the government promised help to the settlers, most of them received little but the land itself. Some regiments in which the soldiers had served provided them with forage and demobilized horses. The cost of the land itself was to be repaid by the settlers
301:". Their property was often taken by the new authorities in violation of Soviet law and there were numerous cases of government-inspired violence against them. That led approximately 10% of the settlers to abandon their homes and to escape through the so-called
206:
their own property might also be nationalised and distributed among the settlers, and the latter was enraged by the fact that the redistributed land had often been rented to them by the previous owners, but the deals were made
19:
375:— 'osadniks' and 'foresters'". Then, three more waves of Polish deportations were carried out and classified with different categories. The largest deported Polish population was in
826:
836:
831:
351:
who purchased any land after 1918, whether real settlers from other parts of Poland or local peasants who bought land in neighbouring villages. An estimated 140,000
821:
218:
5,557 had actually been settled by
January 1, 1923. Some state-owned land parcels were also sold to civilians, which established civilian or mixed settlements.
841:
409:
846:
156:
229:
families received over 6000 km of land. The government tried to revive the project once more after 1935, with little success. Because of the
225:
of 1926 the action was restarted, it never gained significant momentum and then came to a complete halt between 1929 and 1933. Altogether, the
469:
434:
214:
24:
851:
355:
were deported on
February 10, 1940, be they real or alleged osadniks. Most of them (about 115,000) were of Polish, but there were 10,000
404:
339:
605:
772:
753:
724:
617:
532:
264:
communities, provided them with cheap credits, scholarships at various universities of agriculture and founded a number of schools.
111:
213:
By 1923, out of the 99,153 applicants, only 7,345 actually received the parcels. Out of the hundreds of planned villages in the
186:
retreating from the area before the German arrival in 1915. Some land was also purchased by the state from the Polish nobility.
69:
132:
281:
637:
387:
area were filled with Polish nationals. High mortality of deported was reported. For example, by July 1, 1941, over 10,000
193:, but soldiers with a university diploma could in theory receive up to 45 hectares free of charge, to create the so-called
514:
435:"ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o przejęciu na własność Państwa ziemi w niektórych powiatach Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"
233:, the prices of basic food products dropped, and all settler farms were losing money, with the average debt reaching 458
524:
746:Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR)
391:
were officially reported dead. The original settlers formed a much smaller group than those who were labelled as
273:
73:
708:
302:
202:
five years after the start of the programme, with the yearly rent set at 30–100 kg of rye per hectare.
120:
143:. Both acts allowed the demobilised soldiers to apply for land parcels. The acts of parliament applied for
348:
105:
661:
298:
124:
642:
171:
166:. According to the Polish historian Lidia Głowacka, they were in what had been the property of major
483:
448:
338:
Decree about special settlement and labor engagement of "osadniks" deported from
Western areas of
804:
376:
306:
197:. In reality, however, there were more applicants than free land and even the recipients of the
162:
In the spring of 1921, the first groups of settlers arrived to newly-established settlements in
768:
749:
720:
690:
613:
528:
222:
343:
230:
198:
538:
372:
321:
253:
61:
57:
35:
474:
439:
127:
291:
became one of the categories of crimes in a Soviet penal system. Initially branded as
815:
325:
207:
152:
85:
77:
567:
612:(in Polish). Vol. II. Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 623–624.
765:
Kresowe osadnictwo wojskowe 1920-1945 (Military colonization of Kresy 1920-1945)
647:
582:
360:
183:
163:
47:
104:
document from 1923; all together some 8000 people received land in the eastern
518:
470:"ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 1920 r. o nadaniu ziemi żołnierzom Wojska Polskiego"
380:
356:
260:). The organisation, founded as early as March 1922, promoted self-sufficient
694:
333:
179:
167:
96:
679:
234:
81:
712:
329:
238:
190:
43:
799:
384:
297:, from the first days, they became a target of Soviet propaganda as "
293:
159:, as well as 20 other powiats in the eastern voivodeships of Poland.
148:
144:
65:
364:
242:
110:
95:
52:
18:
287:
After the incorporation of Kresy into the Soviet Union, the term
175:
347:
of
December 29, 1939. It was broadened to include all formerly
248:
Most of the military and civilian settlers were members of the
137:
792:
Society of
Civilian and Military Settler Families of the Kresy
210:
by the
Russian state's disappearance and the nationalisation.
791:
141:
Act on
Granting the Soldiers of the Polish Army with Land
800:
Soviet repressions against Poles and citizens of Poland
50:
and civilians who were given or sold state land in the
23:
16:
Polish settlers in
Western Belarus and Western Ukraine
568:"Osadnictwo wojskowe na Wołyniu w latach 1921-1939"
646:(in Polish). 7 (664) (February 18). Archived from
280:such as in Trzeciaki, Budowla and Lerypol of the
189:A typical plot of land had the area of under 20
42:, "settler/settlers, colonist/colonists") were
827:Military history of the Second Polish Republic
610:Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski 1864-1945
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
115:Osadnik's family from Osada Krechowiecka, 1931
680:"Deportacja osadników wojskowych w głąb ZSRR"
276:, Belarusian communists murdered a number of
241:of land (that is between 800 and 1700 modern
8:
673:
671:
662:"Siepacze znad Niemna - Uważam Rze Historia"
566:Lidia Głowacka; Andrzej Czesław Żak (2006).
717:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 - 5 IV 1945
371:were in a separate category of deportees: "
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
719:(in Polish). Kraków: ZNAK. p. 364.
638:"Oni byli pierwsi (They were the first)"
426:
410:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
245:, depending on the conversion method).
822:Politics of the Second Polish Republic
631:
629:
258:Centralny Związek Osadników Wojskowych
763:Janina Stobniak-Smogorzewska (2003).
595:"Polski Drogi" by Bogdan Trybuchowski
575:Biuletyn Wojskowej Służby Archiwalnej
7:
837:Belarus–Poland relations (1918–1939)
832:Poland–Ukraine relations (1918–1939)
74:occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939
405:Polish minority in the Soviet Union
14:
517:. In Ludmiła Leszczyńska (ed.).
135:(Polish parliament) passed the
70:Polish-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty
842:Western Belorussia (1918–1939)
748:. ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001.
515:"XI: Przemieszczenia ludności"
80:). The Polish word was also a
1:
513:Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005).
131:the east. On December 17 the
852:Settlement schemes in Europe
847:Veterans' settlement schemes
178:'s family, some secularised
174:("kazyonnye zemli") and the
395:by the Soviet authorities.
868:
678:Michał Bronowicki (2007).
606:Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski
583:Wojskowa Służba Archiwalna
525:Polish Academy of Sciences
482:(18). 1921. Archived from
447:(17). 1921. Archived from
182:or lands abandoned by the
520:Ludność Polski w XX wieku
282:Grodno County (1919–1939)
274:Soviet invasion of Poland
689:(in Polish) (44): 7–20.
636:Klara Rogalska (2005).
767:. Warsaw, RYTM, 2003.
257:
116:
108:
106:Voivodeships of Poland
76:and ceded to it after
39:
28:
709:Karolina Lanckorońska
523:(in Polish). Warsaw:
363:and 2,000 others. In
299:enemies of the people
157:Białystok Voivodeship
125:Polish Prime Minister
114:
99:
84:that was used in the
64:) territory ceded to
22:
744:Павел Полян (2001).
527:. pp. 381–383.
379:: all of the Soviet
316:were being deported
332:, according to the
221:Although after the
123:on August 7, 1920,
119:Shortly before the
377:Arkhangelsk Oblast
307:General Government
117:
109:
92:Settlement process
29:
312:Since late 1939,
268:Soviet repression
215:Wołyń Voivodeship
25:Wołyń Voivodeship
859:
798:
790:
778:
759:
731:
730:
705:
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684:
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666:
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658:
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651:
643:Głos Znad Niemna
633:
624:
623:
602:
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587:
586:
572:
563:
546:
545:
543:
537:. Archived from
510:
495:
494:
492:
491:
466:
460:
459:
457:
456:
431:
373:special settlers
231:Great Depression
199:Virtuti Militari
184:Russian nobility
172:Russian treasury
121:Battle of Warsaw
40:osadnik/osadnicy
867:
866:
862:
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687:Kresowe Stanice
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349:Polish citizens
322:European Russia
305:to German-held
303:Border of Peace
272:After the 1939
270:
250:Settlers' Union
223:May Coup d'État
195:exemplary farms
94:
62:Western Ukraine
58:Western Belarus
17:
12:
11:
5:
865:
863:
855:
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784:
783:External links
781:
780:
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740:
739:
733:
732:
725:
700:
667:
653:
650:on 2007-10-12.
625:
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544:on 2011-10-01.
533:
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475:Dziennik Ustaw
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440:Dziennik Ustaw
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128:Wincenty Witos
102:land allotment
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774:83-7399-006-2
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755:5-94282-007-4
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726:83-240-0077-1
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619:83-03-03162-7
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577:(in Polish).
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534:83-87954-66-7
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486:on 2007-09-28
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72:of 1921 (and
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55:
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45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
803:
797:(in Russian)
764:
745:
716:
703:
686:
656:
648:the original
641:
609:
600:
591:
578:
574:
539:the original
519:
488:. Retrieved
484:the original
479:
473:
464:
453:. Retrieved
449:the original
444:
438:
429:
392:
388:
368:
352:
337:
320:to Northern
317:
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86:Soviet Union
78:World War II
51:
31:
30:
789:(in Polish)
381:labor camps
367:paperwork,
361:Belarusians
180:monasteries
100:Cover of a
48:Polish Army
816:Categories
713:"I - Lwów"
585:: 140–164.
581:. Warsaw:
490:2006-02-17
455:2006-02-17
416:References
357:Ukrainians
237:per every
168:landowners
695:1429-6500
359:, 11,000
334:Sovnarkom
56:(current
805:Memorial
738:General:
711:(2001).
608:(1990).
399:See also
393:osadniks
389:osadniks
369:osadniks
353:osadniks
318:en masse
314:osadniks
278:osadniks
191:hectares
82:loanword
44:veterans
32:Osadniks
808:society
421:Inline:
383:in the
330:Siberia
289:osadnik
262:osadnik
239:hectare
227:osadnik
153:Wołożyn
145:powiats
46:of the
771:
752:
723:
693:
616:
531:
385:Kotlas
294:kulaks
254:Polish
170:: the
149:Grodno
66:Poland
36:Polish
27:, 1928
802:, by
683:(PDF)
571:(PDF)
542:(PDF)
365:gulag
243:euros
235:złoty
164:Wołyń
53:Kresy
769:ISBN
750:ISBN
721:ISBN
691:ISSN
614:ISBN
529:ISBN
344:BSSR
342:and
340:USSR
328:and
326:Ural
176:tsar
151:and
139:and
133:Sejm
60:and
336:'s
155:of
147:of
68:by
818::
715:.
685:.
670:^
640:.
628:^
579:28
573:.
550:^
499:^
478:.
472:.
443:.
437:.
324:,
309:.
284:.
256::
88:.
38::
777:.
758:.
729:.
697:.
664:.
622:.
493:.
480:4
458:.
445:4
252:(
34:(
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