772:). Himba clans are led by the eldest male in the clan. Sons live with their father's clan, and when daughters marry, they go to live with the clan of their husband. However, inheritance of wealth does not follow the patriclan but is determined by the matriclan, that is, a son does not inherit his father's cattle but his maternal uncle's instead. Along with the inheritance of wealth, moral obligations are also important within the tribal structure. When a person dies, the OvaHimba evaluate the care of those who are left behind, such as orphans and widows. Access to water-points and pastures is another part of the OvaHimba inheritance structure.
1160:
542:
400:
1148:
741:
1112:
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Namibia's plans to build the
Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains at the Kunene River without consulting with the OvaHimba, who do not consent to the construction plans; culturally inappropriate education; the illegal fencing of parts of their traditional land; and their lack of property rights to the territory that they have lived upon for centuries. They also protested against the implementation of the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002.
979:
traditional chiefs, in accordance with
Namibian law, relates to a lack of recognition of the minority indigenous tribes' communal lands. On November 23, 2012, hundreds of OvaHimba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them.
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955:.The first, titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains" outlines the objections from regional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River. The second, titled "Declaration by the traditional Himba leaders of
926:
The governments of Norway and
Iceland funded mobile schools for Himba children, but since Namibia took them over in 2010, they have been converted to permanent schools and are no longer mobile. The Himba leaders complain in their declaration about the culturally inappropriate school system, that they
994:
In March 2014, OvaHimba from both countries, Angola and
Namibia, marched again in protest against the dam's construction plans and against the government attempt to bribe their regional Himba chief. In the signed letter of the Himba community from Epupa, the region that would be directly affected by
982:
On March 25, 2013, over 1,000 Himba people marched in protest again, this time in Opuwo, against the ongoing human rights violations that they endure in
Namibia. They expressed their frustration over the lack of recognition of their traditional chiefs as "Traditional Authorities" by the government;
676:
Genetic testing was used in a 2020 study of a semi-nomadic group near the
Angolan border. It showed that 48% of all children were conceived by a father outside of the marriage; and that more than 70% of the couples had at least one child from an extra-pair father. Furthermore, parents of both sexes
691:
Marriage among the OvaHimba involves transactions of cattle, which are the source of their economy. Bridewealth is involved in these transactions; this can be negotiable between the groom's family and the bride's father, depending on the relative poverty of the families involved. In order for the
775:
Bilateral descent is found among only a few groups in West Africa, India, Australia, Melanesia and
Polynesia, and anthropologists consider the system advantageous for groups that live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of kin dispersed over a wide area.
978:
visited the OvaHimba and heard their concerns that they do not have recognized traditional authorities and that they are placed under the jurisdictions of chiefs of neighboring dominant tribes, who make decisions on behalf of the minority communities. In his view, the lack of recognition of
673:. Young Himba girls are married to male partners chosen by their fathers. This happens from the onset of puberty, which may mean that girls aged 10 or below are married off. This practice is illegal in Namibia, and even some OvaHimba contest it, but it is nevertheless widespread.
1159:
520:
The OvaHimba use a heterogeneous pasture system that includes both rainy-season pastures and dry-season pastures. Dry-season pastures are rested during the rainy season which results in higher biomass production in the soil compared to constantly grazing all pastures.
935:
Groups of the last remaining hunters and gatherers Ovatwa are held in secured camps in the northern part of
Namibia's Kunene region, despite complaints by the traditional Himba chiefs that the Ovatwa are held there without their consent and against their wishes.
577:
for footwear. Women's sandals are made from cows' skin while men's are made from old car tires. Women who have given birth wear a small backpack of skin attached to their traditional outfit. Himba people, especially women, are famous for covering themselves with
791:
In the 1980s it appeared the OvaHimba way of life was coming to a close due to a climax in adverse climatic conditions and political conflicts. A severe drought killed 90% of their livestock, and many gave up their herds and became refugees in the town of
752:
Because of the harsh desert climate in the region where they live and their seclusion from outside influences, the OvaHimba have managed to maintain and preserve much of their traditional lifestyle. Members live under a tribal structure based on
462:. The responsibility for milking the cows and goats also lies with the women and girls. Women and girls take care of the children, and one woman or girl will take care of another woman's children. The men's main tasks are tending to the
692:
bride's family to accept the bridewealth, the cattle must appear of high quality. It is standard practice to offer an ox, but more cattle will be offered if the groom's father is wealthy and is capable of offering more.
856:
ancestral fire every seven to eight days in order to communicate with Mukuru and the ancestors on behalf of his family. Often, because Mukuru is busy in a distant realm, the ancestors act as Mukuru's representatives.
1831:
712:. The OvaHimba coexist and interact with members of their country's other ethnic groups and the social trends of urban townsfolk. This is especially true of those in proximity to the Kunene Region capital of
636:
the girl's face. In daily practice the plaits are often tied together and held parted back from the face. Women who have been married for about a year or have had a child wear an ornate headpiece called the
990:
condemned the misuse of Himba people, individuals and villagers in the show, and demanded the halt of broadcasting any further episodes as they would mock the culture and way of being of the Himba people.
645:, with many streams of braided hair coloured and put in shape with otjize paste. Unmarried young men continue to wear one braided plait extending to the rear of the head, while married men wear a
784:
The OvaHimba history is fraught with disasters, including severe droughts and guerrilla warfare, especially during
Namibia's war of independence and as a result of the civil war in neighboring
1165:
As is customary in Himba culture and climate, a Himba girl of northern
Namibia wears a traditional skirt made from calfskin leather, headdress and jewelry which signify her social status.
275:. The OvaHimba are semi-nomadic as they have base homesteads where crops are cultivated, but may have to move within the year depending on rainfall and where there is access to water.
375:. Non-farming businesses, wages and salaries, pensions, and other cash remittances make up a very small portion of the OvaHimba livelihood, which is gained chiefly from their work in
1970:
1637:
1325:
Strategies That Integrate Environmental Sustainability Into National Development Planning Process to Address Livelihood Concerns of the OvaHimba Tribe in Namibia - A Summary
1192:
Strategies That Integrate Environmental Sustainability Into National Development Planning Process to Address Livelihood Concerns of the OvaHimba Tribe in Namibia - A Summary
923:. The OvaHimba submitted in February 2012 their protest declaration against the hydroelectric dam to the United Nations, the African Union and to the Government of Namibia.
2687:
2512:
1020:
884:
have the power to place bad thoughts into another's mind or cause extraordinary events to happen (such as when a common illness becomes life-threatening). But users of
2103:"Indigenous peoples Himba community condemn RTL TV series Wild Girls, asking Earth Peoples co-founder Rebecca Sommer for help to intervene on their behalf and stop it"
1874:
1044:
Like many traditional societies, the Himba have exceptionally sharp vision, believed to come from their cattle rearing and need to identify each cow's markings.
995:
the dam, the traditional leaders explain that any consent form signed by a former chief as a result of bribery was not valid, as they remain opposed to the dam.
1562:
Crandall, D. (1998). The Role of Time in Himba Valuations of Cattle. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 4(1), 101-114. doi:10.2307/3034430
2482:
1323:
1190:
2000:"Statement of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, upon concluding his visit to Namibia from 20-28 September 2012"
1147:
688:
boys before puberty. Upon marriage, a Himba boy is considered a man. A Himba girl is not considered a fully-fledged woman until she bears a child.
2680:
2463:
821:
2505:
2377:
2344:
1239:
490:
1905:
1095:
986:
On October 14, 2013, Himba chief Kapika, on behalf of his region Epupa and the community which was featured in German RTL reality TV show
889:
517:, the sacred fire representing ancestral protection and the sacred livestock allowing "proper relations between human and ancestor".
2985:
2673:
2358:
2326:
1715:
1608:
1228:
971:
1978:
677:
could, with a reliability of 72 and 73% percent, tell which ones of their children were fathered by a man outside of the marriage.
2133:"NAMIBIA Semi-nomadic HIMBA march again in protest against dam construction and government attempt to bribe Himba chief's consent"
1676:
2990:
2498:
621:
beauty cosmetic, symbolizing earth's rich red color and blood, the essence of life, and is consistent with the OvaHimba ideal of
919:
that would have flooded their ancestral lands. In 2011, when Namibia announced its new plan to build a dam in Orokawe, in the
2959:
963:" lists violations of civil, cultural, economic, environmental, social and political rights perpetrated by the government of
1821:
1450:
2469:
2453:
1849:"Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains"
1272:
2189:
1999:
1504:
B. A. Scelza; S. P. Prall; N. Swinford; S. Gopalan; E. G. Atkinson; R. McElreath; J. Sheehama; B. M. Henn (2020-02-19).
1111:
888:
do not always attack their victim directly; sometimes they target a relative or loved one. Some OvaHimba will consult a
553:
Both the Himba men and women are accustomed to wearing traditional clothing that befits their living environment in the
2434:
2255:
1884:
419:
Women and girls tend to perform more labor-intensive work than men and boys do, such as carrying water to the village,
2102:
1484:
2949:
2031:"Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations"
1941:
1261:
272:
1171:
1598:
1506:"High rate of extrapair paternity in a human population demonstrates diversity in human reproductive strategies"
2627:
915:
As such, the OvaHimba have worked with international activists to block a proposed hydroelectric dam along the
760:
Under bilateral descent, every tribe member belongs to two clans: one through the father (a patriclan, called
2055:"German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia"
3005:
2696:
2521:
1332:
1322:
Kamaku Consultancy Services cc., Commissioned by: Country Pilot Partnership (CPP) Programme Namibia (2011).
1199:
1189:
Kamaku Consultancy Services cc., Commissioned by: Country Pilot Partnership (CPP) Programme Namibia (2011).
1135:
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during the South African Border war, either taken as hostages or abducted to join the Angolan branch of the
608:
a distinctive texture, style, and orange or red tinge, and is often perfumed with the aromatic resin of the
355:) and sometimes plain hard porridge only, due to milk and meat scarcity. Their diet is also supplemented by
653:
men will remove their cap or head-wrap and expose un-braided hair. The OvaHimba are also accustomed to use
2995:
845:
514:
136:
2964:
1123:
3000:
748:
or Headman of the OvaHimba - Chief Kapuka Thom (â 2009) of the Vita (Thom) Royal House with his grandson
745:
732:
Some Himba children attend Western schools, and some young people leave the homelands to live in towns.
701:
388:
1025:
Several researchers have studied the OvaHimba perception of colors. The OvaHimba use four color names:
541:
497:), a small family-village, consisting of a circular hamlet of huts and work shelters that surround an
2537:
1913:
1826:
1651:
1519:
1381:
1370:"Learning from Local Knowledge: Modeling the Pastoral-Nomadic Range Management of the Himba, Namibia"
2395:
Himbas, struggle for survive; a long term documentary by photojournalist and filmmaker Delmi Alvarez
2026:
2617:
2444:
2168:
1642:
1053:
669:, with the average Himba man being husband to two wives at the same time. They also practice early
304:
2863:
399:
2399:
2222:
1331:. Windhoek, Namibia: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Republic of Namibia. Archived from
1245:
1198:. Windhoek, Namibia: The Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Republic of Namibia. Archived from
975:
740:
2282:
The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees: A Year in the Lives of the Cattle-Herding Himba of Namibia
1917:
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2318:
2314:
2214:
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558:
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376:
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2206:
1659:
1535:
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1510:
1389:
920:
912:
The OvaHimba have been successful in maintaining their culture and traditional way of life.
801:
471:
314:
1426:
1368:
MĂŒller, Birgit; LinstĂ€dter, Anja; Frank, Karin; Bollig, Michael; Wissel, Christian (2007).
2936:
2913:
2800:
2622:
2457:
2438:
705:
681:
420:
268:
264:
248:
196:
115:
2744:
2562:
1707:
Risk Management in a Hazardous Environment: A Comparative Study of two Pastoral Societies
1220:
Risk Management in a Hazardous Environment: A Comparative Study of two Pastoral Societies
848:). Mukuru only blesses, while the ancestors can bless and curse. Each family has its own
1655:
1523:
1385:
720:
for the convenience of commercial consumer products, market food produce and to acquire
2926:
2894:
2612:
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1540:
1505:
952:
841:
597:
132:
1663:
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2773:
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2726:
2632:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2567:
2547:
2542:
1081:
1076:
1066:
944:
709:
628:
From pubescence, boys continue to have one braided plait, while girls will have many
408:
252:
228:
153:
149:
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2157:
2649:
2577:
2557:
2226:
1489:
1086:
916:
904:
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685:
529:
502:
483:
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236:
220:
47:
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2076:
1705:
1572:
1462:
1218:
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1008:
940:
869:
721:
717:
443:
260:
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2736:
2413:
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1013:
865:
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817:
618:
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128:
1403:
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and sheep skin or, increasingly, from more modern textiles, and occasionally
2944:
2838:
2602:
2431:
2081:
1458:
956:
880:
for malicious purposes. Additionally, some believe that evil people who use
809:
642:
601:
589:
585:
554:
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where the men will often be away from the family home for extended periods,
463:
412:
310:
232:
2749:
2665:
2218:
2110:
2030:
1671:
1549:
1531:
1411:
2490:
286:
2858:
2759:
2713:
2639:
892:
to reveal the reason behind an extraordinary event, or the source of the
816:. OvaHimba living over the border in Angola were occasionally victims of
666:
654:
570:
566:
455:
439:
356:
927:
say would threaten their culture, identity and way of life as a people.
278:
The OvaHimba are considered the last (semi-) nomadic people of Namibia.
17:
2532:
2132:
2054:
1949:
1848:
964:
960:
805:
757:
that helps them live in one of the most extreme environments on earth.
479:
467:
459:
447:
428:
404:
384:
380:
371:. Only occasionally, and opportunistically, are the livestock sold for
360:
224:
223:
with an estimated population of about 50,000 people living in northern
81:
1942:"Declaration by the traditional Himba leaders of Kaokoland in Namibia"
1600:
Imagining The Post-Apartheid State: An Ethnographic Account of Namibia
1394:
1369:
700:
Despite the fact that a majority of OvaHimba live a distinct cultural
604:, as well as from insect bites. It gives Himba people's skin and hair
2921:
2833:
2156:
Roberson, Debi; Davidoff, Jules; Davies, Ian R.L.; Shapiro, Laura R.
853:
813:
785:
622:
580:
574:
513:
livestock. Both the fire and the livestock are closely tied to their
510:
432:
424:
338:
326:
322:
291:
240:
99:
2414:
HIMBA DANCE in Omuhonga, Kaokoland, Namibia, video by Rebecca Sommer
1710:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. pp. 167â168.
2285:. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. pp.
872:" or "bad medicine". Some OvaHimba believe that death is caused by
852:, which is kept by the fire-keeper. The fire-keeper approaches the
349:
for the OvaHimba. Their main diet is sour milk and maize porridge (
2815:
2654:
2004:
1879:
1832:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
1102:
1007:
948:
903:
825:
793:
739:
713:
650:
614:
605:
593:
562:
540:
528:
506:
398:
368:
334:
330:
285:
256:
2158:"Colour Categories and Category Acquisition in Himba and English"
1573:"Namibia's Himba people caught between traditions and modernity"
797:
633:
534:
372:
364:
346:
342:
318:
2669:
2494:
247:, who the OvaHimba consider to be part of their tribe, but are
2810:
2607:
2394:
646:
244:
2418:
704:
in their remote rural environment and homesteads, they are
596:
pigment. Otjize cleanses the skin over long periods due to
561:
of their area. In most occurrences this consists simply of
1153:
Himba woman prepares a fire. Himba huts in the background.
1792:
1790:
1741:
1739:
489:
Members of a single extended family typically dwell in a
442:
vines used for producing and ensuring a secure supply of
767:
761:
415:
and fragrant, made by burning aromatic herbs and resins.
1029:
stands for dark shades of blue, red, green and purple;
2335:
Peter Pickford, Beverly Pickford, Margaret Jacobsohn:
2256:"The astonishing vision and focus of Namibia's nomads"
766:) and another through the mother (a matriclan, called
1906:"Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam"
943:
Himba chiefs issued two separate declarations to the
549:
headdress indicates that they are no longer children.
2190:"Language, thought, and color: Whorf was half right"
1822:"Namibia: Dam will mean our destruction, warn Himba"
708:, and not all are isolated from the trends of local
2935:
2912:
2872:
2824:
2781:
2772:
2735:
2712:
2703:
617:. Otjize is considered foremost a highly desirable
533:Pubescent Himba girl with hair headdress styled to
192:
179:
168:
163:
143:
122:
108:
90:
72:
67:
57:
38:
1675:
1223:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
716:, who travel frequently to shop at the local town
1603:. Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books. p. 204.
1021:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
600:and protects from the hot and dry climate of the
350:
1971:"Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights"
1485:"Opuwo's lonely voice against child marriages"
1041:is some other shades of green, red and brown.
2681:
2506:
2487:â movie by Solenn Bardet (French and English)
2470:Africa on the Matrix: Himba People of Namibia
2464:Photos from Himba village near Opuwo, Namibia
2400:A Peace Corps volunteer works among the Himba
2339:; ed. New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd, 1990;
680:Among the Himba people, it is customary as a
8:
2353:; Rosenheim: Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 2004;
33:
2188:Reiger, Terry; Kay, Paul (28 August 2009).
2077:"Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam"
545:Young Himba women in northern Namibia. The
2778:
2709:
2688:
2674:
2666:
2513:
2499:
2491:
657:for hair cleansing due to water scarcity.
649:or head-wrap and un-braided hair beneath.
243:. There are also a few groups left of the
46:
32:
2405:HIMBA CUSTOMS from Namibia. Extract from
1936:
1934:
1875:"Indigenous coalition opposed to new dam"
1843:
1841:
1539:
1393:
427:wood homes with a traditional mixture of
263:people and speak OtjiHimba, a variety of
1808:
1796:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1730:
1623:
1355:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1101:Himba village about 15 km north of
632:-textured hair plaits, some arranged to
446:, cooking and serving meals, as well as
438:, collecting firewood, attending to the
2451:Photos of the Himba People in Okangwati
1699:
1697:
1695:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1091:
251:. Culturally distinguishable from the
1037:is some shades of green and blue; and
860:The OvaHimba traditionally believe in
160:
844:, as well as their clan's ancestors (
7:
1033:is white and some shades of yellow;
808:paramilitary units to cope with the
341:. Livestock are the major source of
68:Regions with significant populations
822:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
329:. They also grow and farm rain-fed
2460:â photography by Benjamin Rennicke
1873:Cupido, Delme (28 February 2012).
890:traditional African diviner-healer
25:
1948:. 20 January 2012. Archived from
1664:10.1038/scientificamerican0601-80
1483:Kangootui, Nomhle (26 May 2016).
972:United Nations special rapporteur
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1094:
1056:, member of Namibia's Parliament
92:
74:
2351:Himba. Namibias ockerrotes Volk
864:, which some translate to mean
309:The OvaHimba are predominantly
235:) and on the other side of the
2349:Klaus G. Förg, Gerhard Burkl:
2254:Robson, David (26 June 2020).
1636:Ezzell, Carol (17 June 2001).
999:Anthropological investigations
876:, or rather, by someone using
1:
2472:â photographs and information
2466:â photographs and information
2447:â photography by Klaus Tiedge
2441:â photography by Rina Sherman
1451:"Tribes of Africa. The Himba"
2372:; Paris: Hugo et Cie, 2009;
2198:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2165:The Department of Psychology
1263:Pieds nus sur la terre rouge
1117:Himba woman working, Namibia
2279:Crandall, David P. (2000).
1004:Color perception and vision
900:Since Namibian independence
840:people who worship the god
768:
762:
3027:
2421:, created by Solenn Bardet
2211:10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.001
1018:
728:Links with Western culture
407:. The smoke is used as an
302:
255:, the OvaHimba are a semi-
2528:
1425:Kcurly (4 January 2011).
1177:Himba woman milking a cow
1141:Himba girl tending cattle
148:
127:
113:
62:
45:
2986:Ethnic groups in Namibia
2697:Ethnic groups in Namibia
2370:Ma vie avec les Ovahimba
1704:Bollig, Michael (2006).
1241:Ma vie avec les Ovahimba
1217:Bollig, Michael (2006).
114:OtjiHimba (a variety of
2991:Ethnic groups in Angola
2522:Ethnic groups in Angola
1638:"The Himba and the Dam"
1597:Friedman, John (2011).
1374:Ecological Applications
970:In September 2012, the
868:but which others call "
744:A traditional regional
525:Clothing and hair style
325:in the number of their
267:, which belongs to the
27:Ethnic group of Namibia
2484:The Himba are shooting
1532:10.1126/sciadv.aay6195
1016:
909:
812:losses and widespread
749:
696:Societal participation
550:
538:
515:veneration of the dead
416:
411:body cleansing agent,
403:Himba woman preparing
351:
295:
52:Himba (OmuHimba) woman
2419:Association Kovahimba
1011:
907:
850:sacred ancestral fire
743:
544:
532:
503:sacred ancestral fire
402:
389:government of Namibia
303:Further information:
289:
144:Related ethnic groups
2409:by José Manuel Novoa
2029:(23 November 2012).
1914:Agence France-Presse
1427:"Himba Hair Styling"
387:relief aid from the
2169:University of Essex
2075:Sasman, Catherine.
2008:. 28 September 2012
1981:on October 17, 2013
1656:2001SciAm.284f..80E
1643:Scientific American
1524:2020SciA....6.6195S
1386:2007EcoAp..17.1857M
1054:Vipuakuje Muharukua
1012:Names of colors in
908:Himba mobile school
836:The OvaHimba are a
661:Customary practices
472:animal slaughtering
305:Subsistence economy
299:Subsistence economy
35:
2456:2014-08-15 at the
2437:2017-06-06 at the
2432:The Ovahimba Years
2057:. earthpeoples.org
1834:. 18 January 2008.
1680:on 12 October 2007
1129:Male Himba herders
1017:
976:Indigenous Peoples
939:In February 2012,
910:
846:ancestor reverence
750:
671:arranged marriages
641:, sculptured from
551:
539:
421:earthen plastering
417:
321:, but count their
313:farmers who breed
296:
137:Ancestor Reverence
2973:
2972:
2908:
2907:
2768:
2767:
2663:
2662:
2378:978-2-7556-0261-6
2345:978-1-85368-084-7
2131:Sommer, Rebecca.
1855:. 7 February 2012
1772:, pp. 38â39.
1395:10.1890/06-1193.1
974:on the Rights of
800:on international
755:bilateral descent
665:The OvaHimba are
559:semi-arid climate
205:
204:
159:
158:
16:(Redirected from
3018:
2779:
2710:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2332:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2229:. Archived from
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2137:earthpeoples.org
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1916:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1883:. Archived from
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1674:. Archived from
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1511:Science Advances
1501:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1461:. Archived from
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1380:(7): 1857â1875.
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1319:
1278:
1271:Bardet, Solenn.
1267:
1260:Bardet, Solenn.
1256:
1254:
1253:
1244:. Archived from
1234:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1098:
1048:Notable Ovahimba
921:Baynes Mountains
802:humanitarian aid
771:
765:
736:Tribal structure
706:socially dynamic
354:
352:oruhere ruomaere
315:fat-tailed sheep
249:hunter-gatherers
161:
98:
96:
95:
80:
78:
77:
58:Total population
50:
36:
21:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2931:
2904:
2868:
2820:
2764:
2731:
2699:
2694:
2664:
2659:
2524:
2519:
2479:
2458:Wayback Machine
2445:The Himba Tribe
2439:Wayback Machine
2428:
2391:
2329:
2278:
2275:
2273:Further reading
2270:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2205:(10): 439â446.
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2027:Sommer, Rebecca
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1887:on 4 March 2012
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
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1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1683:
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1635:
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1618:
1611:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1518:(8): eaay6195.
1503:
1502:
1498:
1482:
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1477:
1468:
1466:
1449:
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1367:
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1341:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1289:
1285:
1270:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1238:Sherman, Rina.
1237:
1231:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1188:
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1178:
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1050:
1023:
1006:
1001:
933:
902:
834:
824:(PLAN, army of
782:
738:
730:
698:
682:rite of passage
663:
527:
397:
307:
301:
284:
93:
91:
75:
73:
53:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:African nomads
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2927:Cape Coloureds
2924:
2918:
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2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
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2695:
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2678:
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2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:White Angolans
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2389:External links
2387:
2386:
2385:
2368:Rina Sherman:
2366:
2347:
2333:
2327:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2246:
2180:
2148:
2123:
2094:
2067:
2046:
2018:
1991:
1962:
1930:
1897:
1865:
1837:
1813:
1801:
1786:
1784:, p. 102.
1774:
1762:
1750:
1735:
1733:, p. 188.
1723:
1716:
1691:
1628:
1616:
1609:
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1564:
1555:
1496:
1475:
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1049:
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1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
953:United Nations
932:
929:
901:
898:
833:
830:
781:
778:
737:
734:
729:
726:
710:urban cultures
697:
694:
662:
659:
598:water scarcity
526:
523:
478:, and holding
396:
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300:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3023:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Herero people
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Bantu peoples
2771:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
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2698:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
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2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
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2549:
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2544:
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2534:
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2527:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2509:
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2497:
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2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2407:Last Free Men
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:3-475-53572-6
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2328:0-8264-1270-X
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2236:on 2019-02-12
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2113:on 2016-04-07
2112:
2108:
2107:Earth Peoples
2104:
2098:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2036:
2035:Earth Peoples
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1952:on 2018-07-27
1951:
1947:
1946:Earth Peoples
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1920:on 2013-10-17
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1853:Earth Peoples
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:, p. 67.
1810:
1809:Crandall 2000
1805:
1802:
1799:, p. 66.
1798:
1797:Crandall 2000
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Crandall 2000
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:Crandall 2000
1766:
1763:
1760:, p. 33.
1759:
1758:Crandall 2000
1754:
1751:
1748:, p. 47.
1747:
1746:Crandall 2000
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:Crandall 2000
1727:
1724:
1719:
1717:9780387275819
1713:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:Crandall 2000
1620:
1617:
1612:
1610:9781782383239
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1465:on 2012-05-26
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Africa Travel
1452:
1446:
1443:
1432:
1431:Newly Natural
1428:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1358:, p. 18.
1357:
1356:Crandall 2000
1352:
1349:
1338:on 2016-03-04
1334:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1248:on 2017-02-03
1247:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1230:9780387275819
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1205:on 2016-03-04
1201:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1168:
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1156:
1149:
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1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Ovambo people
1080:
1078:
1077:Oorlam people
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Herero people
1065:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1015:
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992:
989:
984:
980:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:African Union
942:
937:
930:
928:
924:
922:
918:
913:
906:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
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871:
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764:
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727:
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723:
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703:
695:
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548:
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536:
531:
524:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:tribal chiefs
482:with village
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:binding agent
434:
430:
429:red clay soil
426:
422:
414:
410:
409:antimicrobial
406:
401:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:conservancies
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
348:
344:
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336:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
298:
293:
288:
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266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Herero people
250:
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230:
229:Kunene Region
226:
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154:Bantu peoples
151:
150:Herero people
147:
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107:
103:
101:
89:
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19:
3001:Pastoralists
2864:Uukolonkadhi
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2259:. Retrieved
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1579:. 2017-08-30
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1493:. p. 1.
1490:The Namibian
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1200:the original
1191:
1087:Zemba people
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
993:
987:
985:
981:
969:
938:
934:
931:Human rights
925:
917:Kunene River
914:
911:
893:
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861:
859:
838:monotheistic
835:
804:, or joined
790:
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731:
718:supermarkets
699:
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664:
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627:
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557:and the hot
552:
546:
519:
498:
494:
488:
476:construction
418:
308:
294:in Kaokoland
277:
269:Bantu family
239:in southern
237:Kunene River
221:ethnic group
216:
212:
208:
206:
197:
184:
183:
172:
129:Monotheistic
63:about 50,000
30:Ethnic group
2854:Uukwaluudhi
2426:Photographs
1650:(6): 80â9.
1274:Rouge Himba
1072:Nama people
947:and to the
941:traditional
870:black magic
722:health care
588:mixture of
452:handicrafts
444:soured milk
363:eggs, wild
273:NigerâCongo
261:pastoralist
211:(singular:
2980:Categories
2965:Portuguese
2885:Caprivians
2849:Oukwanyama
2844:Ongandjera
2705:Indigenous
2618:Portuguese
2240:2012-08-29
2174:2012-05-28
2142:2014-03-29
2117:2013-10-16
2088:2014-03-29
2061:2013-03-30
2040:2012-11-24
2012:2012-11-28
1985:2012-04-06
1975:Newsodrome
1956:2012-04-06
1924:2012-04-06
1891:2012-02-28
1859:2012-04-06
1583:2022-09-09
1469:2012-08-04
1436:2012-08-04
1342:2014-08-04
1283:References
1252:2014-12-18
1209:2014-08-04
1183:Literature
1019:See also:
1014:Otjiherero
988:Wild Girls
866:witchcraft
818:kidnapping
796:living in
686:circumcise
667:polygamous
569:made from
395:Daily life
379:, old-age
231:(formerly
215:, plural:
2945:Afrikaner
2914:Coloureds
2839:Ombalantu
2633:Afrikaner
2628:Norwegian
2603:Ovimbundu
2538:Brazilian
2382:in French
2363:in German
2082:Allafrica
1459:About.com
1404:1939-5582
1105:, Namibia
957:Kaokoland
810:livestock
702:lifestyle
643:sheepskin
619:aesthetic
602:Kaokoland
590:butterfat
584:paste, a
571:calfskins
555:Kaokoland
491:homestead
466:farming,
464:livestock
413:deodorant
311:livestock
233:Kaokoland
227:, in the
219:) are an
109:Languages
3011:Polygyny
2895:Kavangos
2859:Uukwambi
2801:Mbanderu
2760:Ncoakhoe
2714:Khoekhoe
2640:Xindonga
2454:Archived
2435:Archived
2219:19716754
1672:11396346
1577:BBC News
1550:32128411
1412:17974327
1061:See also
832:Religion
655:wood ash
611:omuzumba
586:cosmetic
567:clothing
537:her face
509:for the
505:) and a
456:clothing
448:artisans
440:calabash
431:and cow
381:pensions
357:cornmeal
333:such as
217:OvaHimba
213:OmuHimba
193:Language
123:Religion
40:OvaHimba
18:Ovahimba
2950:British
2588:Mucubal
2533:Ambundu
2261:27 June
2227:2564005
1684:20 July
1652:Bibcode
1541:7030936
1520:Bibcode
1382:Bibcode
967:(GoN).
965:Namibia
961:Namibia
951:of the
806:Koevoet
780:History
651:Widowed
575:sandals
499:okuruwo
495:onganda
480:council
468:herding
460:jewelry
450:making
405:incense
385:drought
361:chicken
292:herders
282:Culture
271:within
257:nomadic
225:Namibia
82:Namibia
2960:Jewish
2955:German
2937:Whites
2922:Baster
2900:Tswana
2890:Mbadja
2880:Damara
2834:Ndonga
2826:Ovambo
2806:Tjimba
2796:Herero
2783:Herero
2750:HaiÇom
2727:Oorlam
2623:German
2598:Ovambo
2583:Mbunda
2568:Lovale
2548:Herero
2543:Chokwe
2477:Movies
2376:
2357:
2343:
2325:
2225:
2217:
1714:
1670:
1607:
1548:
1538:
1410:
1402:
1227:
854:sacred
842:Mukuru
814:famine
786:Angola
746:Leader
639:Erembe
630:otjize
623:beauty
606:plaits
581:otjize
565:-like
547:Erembe
511:sacred
433:manure
425:mopane
383:, and
339:millet
327:cattle
323:wealth
290:Himba
265:Herero
245:OvaTwa
241:Angola
180:People
169:Person
133:Mukuru
116:Herero
100:Angola
97:
79:
2873:Other
2816:Zemba
2791:Himba
2745:!Kung
2655:Zemba
2650:Yombe
2578:Lunda
2563:ÇKung
2558:Kongo
2553:Himba
2337:Himba
2295:38â39
2234:(PDF)
2223:S2CID
2193:(PDF)
2161:(pdf)
2005:OHCHR
1910:Galdu
1880:OSISA
1336:(PDF)
1329:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1103:Opuwo
1039:dambu
949:OHCHR
894:omiti
886:omiti
882:omiti
878:omiti
874:omiti
862:omiti
826:SWAPO
798:slums
794:Opuwo
769:eanda
763:oruzo
714:Opuwo
615:shrub
594:ochre
563:skirt
507:kraal
369:honey
365:herbs
335:maize
331:crops
319:goats
209:Himba
200:Himba
187:Himba
175:Himba
164:Himba
34:Himba
2755:Kxoe
2722:Nama
2645:Yaka
2593:Roma
2573:Lozi
2374:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2263:2020
2215:PMID
1827:IRIN
1712:ISBN
1686:2007
1668:PMID
1605:ISBN
1546:PMID
1408:PMID
1400:ISSN
1225:ISBN
1035:buru
1031:vapa
1027:zuzu
634:veil
592:and
535:veil
458:and
423:the
373:cash
367:and
347:meat
345:and
343:milk
337:and
317:and
207:The
198:Otji
135:and
2811:Twa
2737:San
2608:Twa
2319:188
2315:102
2207:doi
1660:doi
1648:284
1536:PMC
1528:doi
1390:doi
959:in
828:).
684:to
647:cap
185:Ova
173:Omu
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