Overfishing - Knowledge

257: 1215: 4025: 4350: 1425:. Estimates of the size of the illegal catch range from 11 to 26 million tonnes, which represents 14-33% of the world's reported catch. Illegal fishing can take many forms. In some developing countries, large numbers of poor people are dependent on fishing. It can prove difficult to regulate this kind of overfishing, especially for weak governments. Even in regulated environments, illegal fishing may occur. While industrial fishing is often effectively controlled, smaller scale and recreational fishermen can often break regulations such as 586: 682: 341: 1490:. Scientists would survey the entire field, make lots of unsuccessful hauls, and conclude that it contains few fish. The fishermen would make a beeline to the goals, catch the fish around them, and say the scientists do not know what they are talking about. The subjective impression the fishermen get is always that there's lots of fish - because they only go to places that still have them... fisheries scientists survey and compare entire areas, not only the productive fishing spots. – 7516: 223: 1509: 437: 48: 536:. The deep sea is almost completely dark, near freezing, and has little food. Deep sea fish grow slowly because of limited food, have slow metabolisms, low reproductive rates, and many do not reach breeding maturity for 30 to 40 years. A fillet of orange roughy at the store is probably at least 50 years old. Most deep sea fish are in international waters, where there are no legal protections. Most of these fish are caught by 7528: 6027: 1324:. Consumers concerned about overfishing and its consequences are increasingly able to choose seafood products that have been independently assessed against the MSC's environmental standard. This enables consumers to play a part in reversing the decline of fish stocks. As of February 2012, over 100 fisheries around the world have been independently assessed and certified as meeting the MSC standard. Their 31: 4604: 840: 6039: 642:: The global abundance of oceanic sharks and rays has declined by 71% since 1970, owing to an 18-fold increase in relative fishing pressure. As a consequence, three-quarters of the species comprising this group are now threatened with extinction. A stark example, caught almost entirely on video, was an incident in Hurghada, Egypt on 8 June 2023, in which Russian 4060: 377:) is depleted to a level where it no longer has the reproductive capacity to replenish itself—there are not enough adults to produce offspring. Increasing the spawning stock biomass to a target level is the approach taken by managers to restore an overfished population to sustainable levels. This is generally accomplished by placing moratoriums, 1258:. The various species of Pacific salmon and Atlantic salmon are relatively easy to raise in captivity and such aquacultural operations have existed for more than 150 years. Largescale releases of salmon raised in captivity to supplement wild salmon runs will usually increase fishing pressure on the much less abundant wild salmon runs. 805:(reduced rate of biomass growth), as indicated by the red area in the figure. (Fish are being taken out of the water so quickly that the replenishment of stock by breeding slows down. If the replenishment continues to diminish for long enough, replenishment will go into reverse and the population will decrease.) 1261:

Aquaculture played a minor role in the harvesting of marine organisms until the 1970s. Growth in aquaculture increased rapidly in the 1990s when the rate of wild capture plateaued. Aquaculture now provides approximately half of all harvested aquatic organisms. Aquaculture production rates continue to

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A model proposed in 2010 for predicting acceptable levels of fishing is the Harvest Control Rule (HCR), which is a set of tools and protocols with which management has some direct control of harvest rates and strategies in relation to predicting stock status, and long-term maximum sustainable yields.

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The fraction of fish stocks that are within biologically sustainable levels has exhibited a decreasing trend, from 90% in 1974 to 66.9% in 2015. In contrast, the percentage of stocks fished at biologically unsustainable levels increased from 10% in 1974 to 33.1% in 2015, with the largest increases in

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them. And to see this destruction happen, for nothing really – for no reason – that is a bit frustrating. Strangely enough, these effects are all reversible, all the animals that have disappeared would reappear, all the animals that were small would grow, all the relationships that you can't see any

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and seasonal closures. Fisherman can also easily fish illegally by doing things such as underreporting the amount of fish they caught or reporting that they caught one type of fish while actually catching another. There is also a large problem with the surveillance of illegal fishing activity. In

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of fishing areas are ineffective when not combined with individual fishing quotas. An inherent problem with quotas is that fish populations vary from year to year. A study has found that fish populations rise dramatically after stormy years due to more nutrients reaching the surface and therefore

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The fishing down the food web is something that occurs when overfishing arises. Once all larger fish are caught, the fisherman will start to fish the smaller individuals, which would lead to more fish needing to be caught to keep up with demand. This decreases fish populations, as well as genetic

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In 2015, maximally sustainably fished stocks (formerly termed fully fished stocks) accounted for 59.9% and underfished stocks for 7% of the total assessed stocks. While the proportion of underfished stocks decreased continuously from 1974 to 2015, the maximally sustainably fished stocks decreased

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fleets around the world. They found that US$ 152 million per year are paid to deep-sea fisheries. Without these subsidies, global deep-sea fisheries would operate at a loss of US$ 50 million a year. A great deal of the subsidies paid to deep-sea trawlers is to subsidize the large amount of fuel

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In order to meet the problems of overfishing, a precautionary approach and Harvest Control Rule (HCR) management principles have been introduced in the main fisheries around the world. The Traffic Light color convention introduces sets of rules based on predefined critical values, which can be

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populations threaten fish stocks, as they compete with fish for food, eat fish eggs, and poison or swarm fish, and can survive in oxygen depleted environments where fish cannot; they wreak massive havoc on commercial fisheries. Overfishing eliminates a major jellyfish competitor and predator,

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is an individual that makes it to maturity, or into the limits specified by a fishery, which are usually size or age. This makes the total yield less than it would be if the fish were allowed to grow to an appropriate size. It can be countered by reducing fishing mortality to lower levels and

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diversity of the species, making them more susceptible to disease, and less likely to adapt to their stressors and the environment. Additionally, catching smaller fish leads to breeding of smaller offspring, which can be problematic for fish. In many species, the smaller the female, the less

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of the fish, with fish being bred in captivity. Some fish prove difficult to breed in captivity and can be caught in the wild as juveniles and brought into captivity to increase their weight. With scientific progress, more species are being made to breed in captivity. This was the case with

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from allowing boats to dock that participated in illegal, unreported or unregulated fishing. It also gives details for port states on effective measures of inspecting and reporting illegal fishing. Some illegal fishing takes place on an industrial scale with financed commercial operations.

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Controlling consumer behavior and demand is critical in mitigating action. Worldwide, a number of initiatives emerged to provide consumers with information regarding the conservation status of the seafood available to them. The "Guide to Good Fish Guides" lists a number of these.

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in the 1980s. Until the middle of the 20th century, the walleye was a commercially valuable fish, with about a half million tonnes being landed in the period from about 1880 to the late 1950s, when the populations collapsed, apparently through a combination of overfishing,

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Fishing techniques may be altered to minimize bycatch and reduce impacts on marine habitats. These techniques include using varied gear types depending on target species and habitat type. For example, a net with larger holes will allow undersized fish to avoid capture. A

1175:"There is surely a better way for governments to spend money than by paying subsidies to a fleet that burns 1.1 billion litres of fuel annually to maintain paltry catches of old growth fish from highly vulnerable stocks, while destroying their habitat in the process" – 288:

58.8%. In contrast, the Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Pacific (Area 67), Northwest Pacific (Area 61), Western Central Pacific and Southwest Pacific had the lowest proportion (13 to 17%) of fish stocks at biologically unsustainable levels.

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fishery, where the commons has been at least partly privatized, substantial ecological and economic benefits have resulted. There is less damage to fish stocks, the fishing is safer, and fewer resources are needed to achieve a given harvest."

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A study in 2003 found that, as compared with 1950 levels, only a remnant (in some instances, as little as 10%) of all large ocean-fish stocks are left in the seas. These large ocean fish are the species at the top of the food chains (e.g.,

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There is always disagreement between fishermen and government scientists... Imagine an overfished area of the sea in the shape of a hockey field with nets at either end. The few fish left therein would gather around the goals because fish

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An output-oriented fishing capacity is defined as the maximum catch a vessel (fleet) can produce if inputs are fully utilized given the biomass, the fixed inputs, the age structure of the fish stock, and the present stage of

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The Marine Stewardship Council has developed an environmental standard for sustainable and well-managed fisheries. Environmentally responsible fisheries management and practices are rewarded with the use of its blue product

658:, among others). This article was subsequently criticized as being fundamentally flawed, although much debate still exists and the majority of fisheries scientists now consider the results irrelevant with respect to large 2401:

Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W. (January 2021).

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Aquaculture involves the farming of fish in captivity. This approach effectively privatizes fish stocks and creates incentives for farmers to conserve their stocks. It also reduces environmental impact. However, farming

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is reduced, resulting in the opposite outcome from the one desired for fisheries. Thus, a displacement of the fleet from one locality to another will generally have little effect if the same quota is taken. As a result,

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but also to the sustainability of fishing activity. Causes of the fishing problem can be found in the property rights regime of fishing resources. Overexploitation and rent dissipation of fishermen arise in open-access

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has a strong financial incentive to oppose some measures aimed at improving the sustainability of fish stocks. Recreational fisherman also have an interest in maintaining access to fish stocks. This leads to extensive

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Program, although not an official certifying body like the MSC, also provides guidance on the sustainability of certain fish species. Some seafood restaurants have begun to offer more sustainable seafood options. The

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from which it was acquired. In general, slow-growing fish that reproduce late in life, such as orange roughy, are vulnerable to overfishing. Seafood species that grow quickly and breed young, such as anchovies and

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are granted rights to a percentage of the total allowable catch that can be harvested each year. These quotas can be fished, bought, sold, or leased allowing for the least-cost vessels to be used. ITQs are used in

4002: 475:; indeed, 1971 alone yielded 10.2 million metric tons of anchovies. However, the following five years saw the Peruvian fleet's catch amount to only about four million tons. This was a major loss to Peru's economy. 731:

exacerbating the jellyfish population explosion. Both climate change and a restructuring of the ecosystem have been found to be major roles in an increase in jellyfish population in the Irish Sea in the 1990s.

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As global citizens become more aware of overfishing and the ecological destruction of the oceans, movements have sprung up to encourage abstinence—not eating any seafood—or eating only "sustainable seafood".

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species that do not recover quickly, and that provide a habitat for commercial fisheries species. This destruction alters the functioning of the ecosystem and can permanently alter species' composition and

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In 2008, a large-scale study of fisheries that used ITQs compared to ones that did not provide strong evidence that ITQs can help to prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline.

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estimated in a 2018 report that 33.1% of world fish stocks are subject to overfishing. Significant overfishing has been observed in pre-industrial times. In particular, the overfishing of the western

4593: 1418:'s exclusive economic zone. Fish are highly transitory. Many species will freely move through different jurisdictions. The conservation efforts of one country can then be exploited by another. 3569: 202:

in 2020 stated that "in 2017, 34 percent of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries were classified as overfished". Mitigation options include: Government regulation, removal of

1211:(TED) allows sea turtles and other megafauna to escape from shrimp trawls. Avoiding fishing in spawning grounds may allow fish stocks to rebuild by giving adults a chance to reproduce. 1055: 2869: 613:

jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that there was a dramatic fall of 74% in worldwide stocks of the important scombridae fish such as

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Article 62 provides that coastal states: "shall promote the objective of optimum utilization of the living resources in the exclusive economic zone without prejudice to Article 61"

1899:"Genetic implications of bottleneck effects of differing severities on genetic diversity in naturally recovering populations: An example from Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule" 6968: 6307: 6264: 143:, where other equilibrium energy flows involve species compositions different from those that had been present before the depletion of the original fish stock. For example, once 7602: 6233: 6005: 6098: 3356: 3319: 2287: 1462:, the impossibility of excluding others provokes the fishermen who want to increase catch to do so effectively by taking someone else' share, intensifying competition. This 1131:

Because government provided financial subsidies can make it economically viable to fish beyond biologically sustainable levels, several scientists have called for an end to

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and Thailand, have improved the availability of family planning services. The resulting smaller populations have a decreased environmental footprint and reduced food needs.

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has contributed to occasional astronomical prices. In January 2019, a 278 kilogram (612 pound) tuna sold for 333.6 million yen, or over US$ 3 million, US$ 4,900 per pound.

1182:"Eliminating global subsidies would render these fleets economically unviable and would relieve tremendous pressure on over-fishing and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems" – 3407: 7361: 4115: 2026: 4950: 4576: 1353: 914: 815:

additionally considers the cost of fishing when determining acceptable catches. Under this framework, a fishery is considered to be overfished when catches exceed

7259: 5966: 479: 5265: 4623: 929:. The same article addresses the maintenance or restoration of populations of species above levels at which their reproduction may become seriously threatened. 2309: 2522:

Edgar GJ, Samson CR, Barrett NS (2005). "Species Extinction in the Marine Environment: Tasmania as a Regional Example of Overlooked Losses in Biodiversity".

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page lists the currently available certified seafood. As of February 2012, over 13,000 MSC-labelled products are available in 74 countries around the world.

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between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years."

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Outside of countries' exclusive economic zones, fishing is difficult to control. Large oceangoing fishing boats are free to exploit fish stocks at will.

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is at its maximum. Fish are being removed from the fishery so quickly that the profitability of the fishery is sub-optimal. A more dynamic definition of

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Vestergaard, N.; Squires, D.; Kirkley, J.E. (2003). "Measuring Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries. The Case of the Danish Gillnet Fleet".

1299:. Sustainable seafood is seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the 521:

and the expanding demand for fish has reached a point where demand for food threatens the stability of these fisheries, if not the species' survival.

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provokes a capitalization process that leads them to increase their costs until they are equal to their revenue, dissipating their rent completely.

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The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of

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The United Nations has included sustainable fishing and ending subsidies that contribute to overfishing as key targets for 2030 as part of their

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Article 65 provides generally for the rights of, inter alia, coastal states to prohibit, limit, or regulate the exploitation of marine mammals.

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A model of the interaction between fish and fishers showed that when an area is closed to fishers, but there are no catch regulations such as

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plunder the depths with state-of-the-art technology. In a few hours, massive nets weighing up to 15 tons, dragged along the bottom by

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in a fishery that is fully utilized at the maximum technical efficiency in a given time period, given resource and market conditions.

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Darker shades mean less overfishing, lighter shades mean more overfishing. EPI scores range from 1–7; 7=highest level of overfishing.

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after the 1950s, intensive fishing has spread from a few concentrated areas to encompass nearly all fisheries. The scraping of the

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Froese, Rainer; Branch, Trevor A; Proelß, Alexander; Quaas, Martin; Sainsbury, Keith; Zimmermann, Christopher (1 September 2011).

6975: 6671: 5903: 5860: 5100: 4164: 1570: 1155:, or sharks. These fish are usually long-lived and late maturing, and their populations take decades, even centuries to recover. 361: 139:

and the variety of ecological conditions are suitable for the recovery. Dramatic changes in species composition can result in an

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There are three recognized types of biological overfishing: growth overfishing, recruit overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing.

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In waters that are the subject of territorial disputes, countries may actively encourage overfishing. A notable example is the

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Act defines sustainable practices through national standards. Although there is no official certifying body like the MSC, the

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According to a 2008 UN report, the world's fishing fleets are losing US$ 50 billion each year due to depleted stocks and poor

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have been allowed to run down to the point where it is no longer possible to catch the amount of fish that could be caught.

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results from the comparison of the actual level of output (input) and the capacity output (input) of a vessel or a fleet.

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Tuna has been caught by the locals in the upper Adriatic for centuries. Increasing fishing prevented the large schools of

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Growth overfishing occurs when fish are harvested at an average size that is smaller than the size that would produce the

3782: 513:, and other locations have become overfished to the point of virtual collapse, according to the UK government's official 7597: 7582: 7423: 6820: 6720: 5800: 5068: 4925: 4834: 4329: 4284: 974:, restricting fishers to a specific quantity of fish. A more radical possibility is declaring certain areas of the sea " 610: 4033: 3894: 7554: 7303: 6502: 6452: 5908: 5840: 5216: 4024: 3086: 1348:

is an organization whose members include chefs that serve sustainable seafood at their establishments. In the US, the

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greater primary production. To fish sustainably, quotas need to be changed each year to account for fish population.

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such as forestry and hunting, fisheries are susceptible to economic interaction between ownership or stewardship and

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Kirkley, J.E; Squires, D (1999), "Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fishing Industries, Discussion paper 99-16",

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in Africa has been linked to declines of fish species that eat the snails carrying the disease-causing parasites.

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It is almost as though we use our military to fight the animals in the ocean. We are gradually winning this war to

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Technical efficiency of each vessel of the fleet is assumed necessary to attain this maximum catch. The degree of

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equilibria and take over in a way that makes it impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.

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is altered by overfishing. With declines in the abundance of large predatory species, the abundance of small

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Sumaila, U. R.; Alder, J.; Keith, H. (1 November 2006). "Global scope and economics of illegal fishing".

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is an MSC project to teach schoolchildren about marine environmental issues, including overfishing.

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The notion of overfishing hinges on what is meant by an "acceptable level" of fishing. More precise

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Article 61 requires all coastal states to ensure that the maintenance of living resources in their

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increasing the average size of harvested fish to a size that will allow maximum yield per recruit.

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Andrea Di Matteo "Santa Croce, 1954: ultima grande pescata di tonni", Il Piccolo, 23. August 2014.

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While governments can create regulations to control people's behaviors this can be undermined by

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stocks were severely overfished in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992.

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was killed by a tiger shark in an attack which has been attributed to overfishing of the Red Sea.

592: 468: 211: 113: 7515: 3513: 3895:"A spatially explicit learning model of migratory fish and fishers for evaluating closed areas" 7395: 7296: 7091: 6899: 6864: 6825: 6775: 6666: 6650: 6393: 6356: 6334: 6319: 6302: 6220: 5999: 5982: 5953: 5748: 5632: 5438: 5191: 5128: 4905: 4890: 4373: 4339: 4294: 4224: 4169: 4154: 4138: 4067: 4008: 3987: 3954: 3879: 3843: 3815: 3719:

Gordon, H. S. (1953). "An Economic Approach to the optimum utilization of Fishery Resources".

2842: 2791: 2698: 2651: 2449: 2441: 2374: 2318: 1993: 1944: 1926: 1763: 1726: 1664: 1528: 1523: 1313: 1132: 1059: 1035: 926: 798: 759: 709: 517:. The United Kingdom has created elements in this plan to attempt to restore the fishery, but 374: 313: 280:

had the highest percentage (62.2%) of unsustainable stocks, closely followed by the Southeast

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Constant catch and constant fishing mortality are two types of simple harvest control rules.

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is overfishing. Other studies have shown that overfishing has reduced fish and marine mammal

453:. The last major tuna catch was made in 1954 by the fishermen of Santa Croce, Contovello and 7544: 7479: 7308: 7286: 7130: 7098: 7086: 7062: 6688: 6635: 6625: 6584: 6514: 6509: 6238: 6146: 5923: 5795: 5770: 5663: 5489: 5463: 5415: 5410: 5392: 5329: 5280: 5201: 5171: 5166: 5123: 4986: 4790: 4785: 4493: 4413: 4209: 4194: 4189: 3981: 3917: 3835: 3755: 3728: 3652: 3020: 2949: 2892: 2832: 2811:"Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis" 2781: 2773: 2756: 2690: 2643: 2539: 2507: 2502: 2490: 2431: 2423: 1983: 1975: 1934: 1918: 1755: 1656: 1648: 1508: 1396: 1239: 978:" and make fishing there strictly illegal, so the fish have time to recover and repopulate. 960: 876: 839: 750: 491: 159: 129: 77: 3216:"A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster" 2224: 1962:

Beldade, R.; Holbrook, S. J.; Schmitt, R. J.; Planes, S.; Malone, D.; Bernardi, G. (2012).

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Many regulatory measures are available for controlling overfishing. These measures include

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In the United States approximately 27% of exploited fish stocks are considered overfished.

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increases causing a shift in the balance of the ecosystem towards smaller fish species.

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Gordon, H.S. (1954). "The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery".

3518: 2896: 2786: 2751: 1988: 1963: 1939: 1898: 1375:, a website designed to assist citizens of the globe in monitoring fishing activities. 1266: 1020: 975: 944: 855: 794: 567: 545: 426: 418: 242: 235: 89: 41: 3112: 3024: 2725: 1295:

is a movement that has gained momentum as more people become aware of overfishing and

7571: 7494: 7378: 7335: 7281: 7269: 7254: 7244: 7167: 7081: 7057: 7052: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6832: 6420: 6361: 6324: 6276: 5988: 5713: 5698: 5693: 5678: 5499: 5453: 5211: 5001: 4996: 4900: 4663: 4561: 4531: 4418: 4403: 4388: 4264: 3767: 3220: 2953: 2854: 2694: 2543: 2461: 2403: 2347:"Japan's 'King of Tuna' Pays Record $ 3 Million for Bluefin at New Tokyo Fish Market" 1777: 1678: 1548: 1340: 1148: 1140: 1114: 1088: 1016: 1008: 1002: 971: 948: 884: 828: 820: 705: 575: 529: 525: 273: 69: 4064:

Biomass distributions for high trophic-level fishes in the North Atlantic, 1900–2000

3948: 3921: 3855: 3697: 3550:

Illegal fishing targeted by crowdsourcing thanks to new Global Fishing Watch website

2710: 2551: 2070: 135:

The ability of a fishery to recover from overfishing depends on whether its overall

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known for pioneering work on the human impacts on global fisheries, has commented:

292: 184: 30: 27:

Removal of a species of fish from water at a rate that the species cannot replenish

2566: 1642: 195:

capture, the mass of bycatch is five times larger than that of the shrimp caught.

3656: 1135:

paid to deep-sea fisheries. In international waters beyond the 200 nautical mile

1105:

Several countries are now effectively managing their fisheries. Examples include

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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

713: 571: 559: 502: 495: 398: 231: 207: 163: 85: 4004:

Trading Fish, Saving Fish: The Interaction between Regimes in International Law

2647: 2427: 1434:(FAO), passed the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate 1308:, are much more resistant to overfishing. Several organizations, including the 1117:

has turned many of its fisheries around from being in a highly depleted state.

7449: 7264: 7234: 7219: 7007: 6995: 6755: 6617: 6243: 5703: 5688: 5514: 5494: 4960: 4668: 4458: 4438: 2837: 2810: 1819: 1504: 1439: 1404:

that can block or weaken government policies intended to prevent overfishing.

1012: 745: 697: 549: 464: 345: 304: 73: 4037: 2702: 2445: 1964:"Larger female fish contribute disproportionately more to self-replenishment" 1930: 1796: 7191: 6980: 6909: 6854: 6849: 6715: 6556: 6462: 6205: 6076: 5972: 5918: 5372: 4930: 4895: 4508: 4488: 3925: 3839: 3380:"Global Trade Deal Needed Urgently to Ban Subsidies Threatening Fish Stocks" 1426: 1300: 1076: 939:

According to some observers, overfishing can be viewed as an example of the

727: 533: 506: 394: 321: 277: 34: 3847: 3467:"Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Frequently Asked Questions" 2846: 2795: 2777: 2655: 2453: 2263: 1997: 1979: 1948: 1458:

In open-access resources like fish stocks, in the absence of a system like

373:

Recruitment overfishing happens when the mature adult population (spawning

3394:"Many government subsidies lead to overfishing. Here's a solution. - OECD" 2157: 1218:

World capture fisheries and aquaculture production by species group, from

92:

in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as

17: 7484: 7469: 7000: 6985: 6887: 6725: 6173: 5765: 4780: 4314: 4304: 4254: 4093: 3500: 2669:

Lynam, C. P.; Lilley, M. K. S.; Bastian, T.; Doyle, T. K.; Beggs, S. E.;

1411: 1401: 1368: 1321: 1305: 1251: 1247: 767: 669: 639: 614: 541: 285: 3271:"South China Sea fishing ban "indisputable": foreign ministry spokesman" 2436: 1446:

The fishing capacity problem is not only related to the conservation of

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An input-oriented fishing capacity is defined as the maximum available

851: 779: 659: 596: 454: 281: 188: 179: 175: 97: 81: 65: 1922: 1660: 7474: 7400: 5402: 4079:"We've removed 90% of all large fish from the oceans. Just 10% to go" 3600:"Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing" 3039:"Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Part V" 2098: 1897:

Sonsthagen, Sarah A.; Wilson, Robert E.; Underwood, Jared G. (2017).

1759: 1652: 1243: 1171:

required to travel beyond the 200 mile limit and drag weighted nets.

1084: 917:

treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65.

622: 487: 192: 4039:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

3732: 3302:"BBC - Future - How the world's oceans could be running out of fish" 3759: 1749: 1694:"SOFIA 2018 - State of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the world 2018" 1325: 762:

by 60% since the 1800s, and is currently driving over one-third of

308:

more would re-establish themselves, and the system would re-emerge.

260:

Global trends in the state of the world's marine fish stocks, from

7145: 6904: 3439:"Stop eating fish. It's the only way to save the life in our seas" 3349:"The last wild hunt – Deep-sea fisheries scrape bottom of the sea" 2311:

Living Blue Planet Report: Species, habitats, and human well-being

2283:"Long-lived deep-sea fishes imperilled by technology, overfishing" 1360:

to help guide concerned consumers to sustainable seafood choices.

1213: 838: 763: 680: 635: 435: 352:

are a significant food source for over a billion people worldwide.

339: 255: 230:

Overfishing has stripped many fisheries around the world of their

171: 144: 109: 101: 38: 5053: 3672:"The Grekos: A Success Story in the Crackdown on Illegal Fishing" 1054:(ITQs) are fishery rationalization instruments defined under the 7489: 4423: 3136: 651: 618: 472: 148: 105: 93: 61: 6080: 5057: 4529: 4136: 4097: 2128:"EU must end overfishing to protect our oceans, say scientists" 1414:

where Britain used its navy to protect its trawlers fishing in

737:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

3964: 3950:

Some simple methods for the assessment of tropical fish stocks

3814:

Costello, Christopher; Gaines, Steven D; Lynham, John (2008).

1329: 835:

to maximise the flow of resource rent over all future catches.

655: 3061:"Fisheries are Classic Example of the Tragedy of the Commons" 2593:"Overfishing Is Emptying World's Rivers, Lakes, Experts Warn" 2404:"Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays" 957:

Fisheries are Classic Example of the 'Tragedy of the Commons'

748:

in the world's oceans. A 2021 study published in the journal

2991:

Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego

2726:"UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species" 1798:

In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018

1438:(IPOA-IUU). This is an agreement with the intention to stop 1357: 708:

could be scrapped with no change in catch. In addition, the

471:

from its waters. Anchovies were a major natural resource in

2809:

Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Pacoureau, Nathan; et al. (2021).

548:

allows the trawlers to work for days at a time, and modern

498:, is a dramatic example of the consequences of overfishing. 461:

The Peruvian coastal anchovy fisheries crashed in the 1970s

2029:. The Scottish Government. 8 December 2009. Archived from 1139:

of coastal countries, many fisheries are unregulated, and

1034:, fish catches are temporarily increased but overall fish 879:

can also be defined using an input or output orientation.

599:, has gone extinct due to overfishing and dam construction 72:

at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its

2203:

Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress

1848:"Johannesburg Summit | Realidad social y desarrollo" 1058:

as limited access permits to harvest quantities of fish.

3244:"New study offers solution to global fisheries collapse" 2752:"The global ocean size spectrum from bacteria to whales" 1056:

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

269:

from 1974 to 1989, and then increased to 59.9% in 2015.

5943:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3320:"Once Decimated U.S. Fish Stocks Enjoy Big Bounce Back" 2750:

Hatton, Ian A.; Heneghan, Ryan F.; et al. (2021).

2183:"Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1982". 2094:"Pollution, overfishing destroy East China Sea fishery" 1968:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1723:

The Mortal Sea: Fishing the Atlantic in the Age of Sail

970:

Another possible solution, at least for some areas, is

3893:

Moustakas, A; Silvert, W; Dimitromanolakis, A (2006).

2927:"Generic harvest control rules for European fisheries" 1751:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020

1613:"Shark Declines Threaten Shellfish Stocks, Study Says" 6308:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

3191:"Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all" 3087:"What do fishing and family planning have in common?" 981:

In order to maximise resources some countries, e.g.,

393:

Ecosystem overfishing occurs when the balance of the

6234:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

3177: 2158:"Peruvian Anchovy Case: Anchovy Depletion and Trade" 7442: 7411: 7344: 7202: 6873: 6748: 6659: 6616: 6609: 6575: 6379: 6370: 6285: 6139: 5932: 5869: 5641: 5568: 5477: 5429: 5401: 5358: 5312: 5279: 5152: 5109: 4969: 4868: 4812: 4709: 4611: 4554: 4357: 4153: 4052: 3876:

Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World

409:Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the 272:In 2015, among the 16 major statistical areas, the 88:), resulting in the species becoming increasingly 3721:Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 3493:"Seafood Choices - Promoting Sustainable Seafood" 2476:Changes in the Biomass of Large Pelagic Predators 1644:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020 7362:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 943:; appropriate solutions would therefore promote 4951:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 4577:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 4032:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 1363:In September 2016, a partnership of Google and 1354:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 915:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 312:According to the Secretary General of the 2002 301: 7260:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 5967:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 3816:"Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse?" 3137:Moustakas, Silvert & Dimitromanolakis 2006 1716: 1714: 1274:, which were first bred in captivity in 2009. 628:Limited supply due to past overfishing of the 480:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery 6265:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 6092: 5069: 4109: 2050: 2048: 1043:such as temporary closures or establishing a 8: 4028: This article incorporates text from a 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 2868:Pauly, D.; G. Silvestre; I.R. Smith (1989). 2396: 2394: 1316:, certify seafood fisheries as sustainable. 7603:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 6313:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 4727:List of commercially important fish species 4572:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3618:"Illegal fishing « World Ocean Review" 1556:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 1436:Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing 1297:environmentally destructive fishing methods 754:asserted that the "primary cause" of ocean 6613: 6416:Climate change and civilizational collapse 6376: 6099: 6085: 6077: 6038: 5076: 5062: 5054: 4551: 4526: 4150: 4133: 4116: 4102: 4094: 3604:Yale University, School of The Environment 2495:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2011:How does overfishing threaten coral reefs? 786:terms define acceptable level as follows: 744:, overfishing is a primary driver of mass 120:levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to 116:, reduced biological growth rates and low 5978:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 2967:Coad, Brian W; McAllister, Don E (2008). 2836: 2785: 2506: 2435: 2251: 1987: 1938: 7419:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 7357:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 6006:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4699:Regional fishery management organisation 3150:"Why storms are good news for fishermen" 1262:grow while wild harvest remains steady. 910:adjusted as more information is gained. 221: 46: 29: 2622:Richardson, Anthony J.; Bakun, Andrew; 2508:10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235 2375:"Pacific Bluefin Tuna | NOAA Fisheries" 2152: 2150: 1603: 581: 314:World Summit on Sustainable Development 5576:Corporate environmental responsibility 4049: 1744: 1742: 696:. The report, produced jointly by the 324:it is, impacting the fish population. 2054: 704:(FAO), asserts that half the world's 519:the expanding global human population 405:Examples and evidence for overfishing 247:European colonisation of the Americas 7: 6436:Tipping points in the climate system 5949:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4582:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 4077:Williams, Robyn (13 February 2021). 3514:Google Launches Global Fishing Watch 2479:– Pelagic Fisheries Research Program 1791: 1789: 1787: 1265:Fish farming can enclose the entire 797:has reached a level where the stock 6431:Extinction risk from climate change 6330:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 4757:Future of Marine Animal Populations 4634:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 4624:Monitoring control and surveillance 4087:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3532:Oceana Unveils Global Fishing Watch 2491:"Global Marine Biodiversity Trends" 2126:Frost, Rosie (September 10, 2020). 1873:"Fishing Down through the Food Web" 1581:The United Nations Ocean Conference 1062:decide the optimal amount of fish ( 7391:List of fictional doomsday devices 5591:Environmental full-cost accounting 3178:Costello, Gaines & Lynham 2008 2897:10.1111/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00084.x 1019:, size limits and the creation of 544:, where they congregate for food. 348:species and damage coral habitat. 25: 6411:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 5525:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 4956:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 4689:National Marine Fisheries Service 4684:European Fisheries Control Agency 3414:. 8 December 2009. Archived from 2628:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2565:Black, Richard (8 October 2008). 1432:Food and Agriculture Organization 702:Food and Agriculture Organization 239:Food and Agriculture Organization 128:, has led to the upset of entire 7527: 7526: 7514: 6672:Decline in amphibian populations 6037: 6026: 6025: 5995:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 4602: 4348: 4165:Population dynamics of fisheries 4058: 4023: 3983:The Unnatural History of the Sea 3783:"An interview with Daniel Pauly" 3598:Urbina, Ian (19 November 2020). 3269:Zhang Xiang, ed. (9 June 2009). 3148:Pearson, Aria (6 January 2009). 2954:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00387.x 2695:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02352.x 2567:"Fisheries waste costs billions" 2544:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00159.x 2345:Specia, Megan (5 January 2019). 1571:Population dynamics of fisheries 1507: 1391:Barriers to effective management 1190:Over 30 billion euros in public 1166:have examined subsidies paid to 831:of the fishery using a relevant 584: 7588:Environmental impact of fishing 7023:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 6520:Land surface effects on climate 6493:Human impact on the environment 6124:Future of an expanding universe 5581:Corporate social responsibility 5510:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5449:Community-supported agriculture 5134:Human impact on the environment 4886:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 4742:Environmental impact of fishing 3922:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.007 3326:. 26 March 2013. Archived from 2724:Borenstein, Seth (6 May 2019). 1828:from the original on 2021-12-12 1611:Scales, Helen (29 March 2007). 1534:Environmental impact of fishing 1385:Sustainable Development Goal 14 847:and limit reference points for 60:is the removal of a species of 5821:Socially responsible marketing 4860:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4220:Otolith microchemical analysis 4007:. Cambridge University Press. 3781:Boyes, Margaret (March 2008). 3670:Urbina, Ian (March 24, 2017). 3437:Monbiot, George (9 May 2019). 2373:Fisheries, NOAA (2024-02-21). 2162:Trade and Environment Database 2092:Lu Hui, ed. (16 August 2006). 1460:individual transferable quotas 1052:Individual transferable quotas 1032:individual transferable quotas 1: 6969:Interpretations of Revelation 6771:Cosmological phase transition 6677:Decline in insect populations 6129:Ultimate fate of the universe 6012:Sustainable Development Goals 5816:Socially responsible business 4855:European Environmental Agency 4845:Grey nurse shark conservation 4752:Destructive fishing practices 4250:Pop-up satellite archival tag 3967:Fisheries technical paper 234 3025:10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00141-8 2317:. World Wildlife Fund. 2015. 872:Input and output orientations 385:limits on a fish population. 206:, minimizing fishing impact, 7424:Future of Humanity Institute 6821:Potentially hazardous object 6721:Interplanetary contamination 4835:Marine conservation activism 4285:Climate change and fisheries 4034:license statement/permission 3748:Journal of Political Economy 3657:10.1016/j.marpol.2005.11.001 2185:Committee on Foreign Affairs 2014:NOAA: National Ocean Service 1721:Bolster, W. Jeffery (2012). 1222:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 611:Zoological Society of London 467:season largely depleted the 344:Overfishing can deplete key 264:'s Statistical Yearbook 2020 151:might exploit the change in 7578:Environmental controversies 7304:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 6453:Global terrestrial stilling 5841:Sustainability organization 5626:Standards and certification 5217:Social return on investment 3980:Roberts, Callum M. (2007). 3113:"Guide to Good Fish Guides" 3059:Benjamin, Daniel K (2001). 2969:"Dictionary of Ichthyology" 2489:Sala E, Knowlton N (2006). 2016:. Updated: 4 February 2020. 1387:called "Life Below Water". 486:, and the 1992 decision by 415:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 253:the late-1970s and 1980s. 158:Since the growth of global 7619: 6816:Asteroid impact prediction 6791:Heat death of the universe 6201:Mutual assured destruction 5266:Systemic change resistance 4881:Marine Stewardship Council 4674:EU Common Fisheries Policy 2648:10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010 2428:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9 2268:Costa Rica Fishing Experts 1877:American Fisheries Society 1473: 1310:Marine Stewardship Council 1281: 1230: 1124: 1098:China bans fishing in the 996: 607:World Wide Fund for Nature 552:target the fish with ease. 440:Overfished US stocks, 2015 249:has been well documented. 245:from the earliest days of 7508: 7434:Nuclear Threat Initiative 7367:List of apocalyptic films 7210:2011 end times prediction 6942:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 6937:Abomination of desolation 6811:Asteroid impact avoidance 6641:List of extinction events 6483:Environmental degradation 6270:Technological singularity 6114: 6108:Global catastrophic risks 6021: 5444:Climate-smart agriculture 5091: 5035:Glossary of fishery terms 5030:Index of fishing articles 5020: 4747:Fishing down the food web 4722:Maximum sustainable yield 4600: 4550: 4525: 4346: 4280:Match/mismatch hypothesis 4149: 4132: 4057: 2877:Natural Resource Modeling 2838:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062 1561:Maximum sustainable yield 1470:Resistance from fishermen 1202:Minimizing fishing impact 955:. Daniel K. Benjamin, in 463:after overfishing and an 429:, otherwise known as the 178:and other slower-growing 52:Fishing down the food web 7429:Future of Life Institute 7331:Resurrection of the dead 7324:Post-tribulation rapture 6706:Colony collapse disorder 5586:Environmental accounting 5335:Sustainable architecture 5325:Environmental technology 4921:Save Our Seas Foundation 4654:Individual fishing quota 4629:Vessel monitoring system 4275:Hydrographic containment 4001:Young, Margaret (2011). 3870:Kurlansky, Mark (1997). 2597:National Geographic News 2223:Kunzig, R (April 1995). 1617:National Geographic News 1488:like structured habitats 1455:as was shown in Gordon. 1423:illegal fishing activity 1346:Seafood Choices Alliance 1137:exclusive economic zones 1102:for a period each year. 923:exclusive economic zones 515:Biodiversity Action Plan 490:to impose an indefinite 449:from migrating into the 6255:Artificial intelligence 5459:Sustainable agriculture 4567:Exclusive economic zone 4245:GIS and aquatic science 4200:Standard weight in fish 4036:). Text taken from 3840:10.1126/science.1159478 3167:(subscription required) 947:through, for instance, 813:bioeconomic overfishing 719:Increased incidence of 369:Recruitment overfishing 7384:List of disaster films 7225:Apocalyptic literature 6325:Malthusian catastrophe 6251:Synthetic intelligence 6002:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 5871:Sustainable management 5856:Urban drainage systems 5596:Environmental planning 5560:Water recycling shower 5550:Tidal stream generator 5345:Sustainable industries 5304:Sustainable population 5289:Demographic transition 5271:Tragedy of the commons 4796:Turtle excluder device 4469:Shoaling and schooling 4042:, FAO, FAO. 2778:10.1126/sciadv.abh3732 1980:10.1098/rspb.2011.2433 1821:Fisheries on the brink 1586:Tragedy of the commons 1498: 1464:tragedy of the commons 1223: 1209:turtle excluder device 1188: 1025:marine protected areas 941:tragedy of the commons 859: 817:maximum economic yield 791:Biological overfishing 734:According to the 2019 689: 558:became extinct in the 441: 431:tragedy of the commons 353: 310: 265: 227: 147:have been overfished, 54: 44: 6766:Coronal mass ejection 6228:Electromagnetic pulse 6189:Kinetic energy weapon 5894:Humanistic capitalism 5709:Environmental finance 5350:Sustainable packaging 4820:Marine protected area 4694:Regional fishery body 4320:Census of Marine Life 4215:Catch per unit effort 4066:Flash animation from 2675:Global Change Biology 2225:"Twilight of the Cod" 1903:Ecology and Evolution 1483: 1350:Sustainable Fisheries 1337:Monterey Bay Aquarium 1272:southern bluefin tuna 1217: 1173: 1125:Further information: 1064:total allowable catch 1045:marine protected area 993:Government regulation 925:is not endangered by 842: 684: 595:, once common to the 528:are at risk, such as 439: 423:extractive industries 389:Ecosystem overfishing 343: 259: 225: 126:overfishing of sharks 50: 33: 7168:War of Gog and Magog 6845:Near-Earth supernova 6595:Human overpopulation 6399:Mass mortality event 6293:Anthropogenic hazard 5861:Urban infrastructure 5555:Water heat recycling 5378:Conservation biology 5222:Steady-state economy 5197:Micro-sustainability 5182:Ecological footprint 5139:Planetary boundaries 4659:Minimum landing size 4619:Fisheries management 4594:Magnuson–Stevens Act 4589:Fisheries Convention 4340:Fisheries scientists 3902:Ecological Modelling 3878:. New York: Walker. 3622:worldoceanreview.com 3418:on December 13, 2009 3324:National Ggeographic 3075:on 19 February 2005. 2524:Conservation Biology 2281:Floyd, Mark (2007). 2264:"Fishing Costa Rica" 2067:"Growth overfishing" 1544:Pacific bluefin tuna 1492:Fisheries scientist 1480:Fisheries management 1373:Global Fishing Watch 1254:extracted from wild 1164:Ussif Rashid Sumaila 1158:Fisheries scientist 1121:Removal of subsidies 1060:Fisheries scientists 999:Fisheries management 905:Reducing overfishing 899:capacity utilization 863:Harvest control rule 825:economic overfishing 793:occurs when fishing 694:fisheries management 630:Pacific bluefin tuna 284:61.5% and Southwest 122:critical depensation 112:, and can result in 76:naturally (i.e. the 7598:Illegal occupations 7583:Environmental crime 7240:Blood moon prophecy 7033:Number of the Beast 6631:Holocene extinction 6577:Earth Overshoot Day 6525:Ocean acidification 6488:Habitat destruction 6478:Ecological collapse 6184:Kinetic bombardment 6119:Future of the Earth 5962:Earth Summit (1992) 5616:Metrics and indices 5469:Sustainable fishery 5388:Holocene extinction 5207:Product stewardship 5177:Earth Overshoot Day 4936:Defying Ocean's End 4840:Salmon conservation 4830:Marine conservation 4770:The End of the Line 4763:The Sunken Billions 4732:Sustainable seafood 4717:Sustainable fishery 4330:Fisheries databases 4260:Age class structure 4230:Fisheries acoustics 3914:2006EcMod.192..245M 3832:2008Sci...321.1678C 3826:(5896): 1678–1681. 3649:2006MarPo..30..696S 3559:(15 September 2016) 3540:(15 September 2016) 3522:(16 September 2016) 3473:on 15 February 2009 3250:. 18 September 2008 3224:. 18 September 2008 3189:MacKenzie, Debora. 3071:(1). Archived from 3017:2003FishR..60..357V 2946:2011AqFF...12..340F 2889:1989NRM.....3..307P 2829:2021CBio...31E4773D 2770:2021SciA....7.3732H 2687:2011GCBio..17..767L 2640:2009TEcoE..24..312R 2536:2005ConBi..19.1294E 2420:2021Natur.589..567P 2107:on 24 February 2012 1974:(1736): 2116–2121. 1915:2017EcoEv...7.9925S 1754:. Rome: FAO. 2020. 1623:on November 6, 2007 1576:Sustainable fishing 1476:Sustainable fishery 1293:Sustainable seafood 1284:Sustainable seafood 1145:deep-water trawlers 1041:management measures 827:also considers the 469:Peruvian anchovetas 297:fisheries scientist 160:fishing enterprises 7555:Doomsday scenarios 7121:Beast of the Earth 7013:Book of Revelation 6801:Virtual black hole 6781:False vacuum decay 6731:Pollinator decline 6694:Biological warfare 6684:Biotechnology risk 6535:Resource depletion 5421:Sustainable energy 5383:Endangered species 5340:Sustainable design 5254:Consumer behaviour 5025:Outline of fishing 4644:Fisheries observer 4295:Aquatic ecosystems 3700:on 1 February 2019 3497:seafoodchoices.com 3330:on March 28, 2013. 3281:on 4 November 2012 3093:. 20 December 2016 3005:Fisheries Research 2934:Fish and Fisheries 2352:The New York Times 2027:"Fish recruitment" 1566:Perverse subsidies 1515:Environment portal 1278:Consumer awareness 1224: 860: 726:Massive growth of 690: 593:Chinese paddlefish 442: 354: 336:Growth overfishing 266: 228: 212:consumer awareness 170:is devastating to 114:resource depletion 55: 45: 7565: 7564: 7396:Zombie apocalypse 7297:Postmillennialism 7092:Great Tribulation 6865:Stellar collision 6826:Near-Earth object 6776:Geomagnetic storm 6744: 6743: 6667:Biodiversity loss 6651:Genetic pollution 6605: 6604: 6394:Biodiversity loss 6357:Societal collapse 6335:Nuclear holocaust 6320:Economic collapse 6303:Doomsday argument 6221:Antimatter weapon 6074: 6073: 6000:Earth Summit 2002 5983:Lisbon Principles 5955:Our Common Future 5633:Sustainable yield 5439:Civic agriculture 5192:Green consumption 5129:Global governance 5051: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5007:Threatened sharks 4906:Ocean Conservancy 4891:Friend of the Sea 4521: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4429:Lobster fisheries 4374:Diversity of fish 4170:Shifting baseline 4139:Fisheries science 4073: 4072: 4068:The Sea Around Us 3993:978-1-59726-102-9 3960:978-92-5-101333-5 3885:978-0-8027-1326-1 3676:The Safina Center 3570:"Goal 14 targets" 3503:on 23 March 2006. 2823:(21): 4773–4787. 2603:on March 16, 2006 2414:(7843): 567–571. 2324:978-2-940529-24-7 1923:10.1002/ece3.3530 1909:(23): 9925–9934. 1824:(YouTube video). 1769:978-92-5-133394-5 1732:978-0-674-04765-5 1725:. Belknap Press. 1670:978-92-5-132692-3 1529:Catch and release 1524:Biodiversity loss 1314:Friend of the Sea 1133:fishery subsidies 927:over-exploitation 774:Acceptable levels 740:published by the 505:fisheries in the 137:carrying capacity 130:marine ecosystems 16:(Redirected from 7610: 7530: 7529: 7521:World portal 7519: 7518: 7480:Financial crisis 7309:Nibiru cataclysm 7287:Premillennialism 7131:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 7099:Son of perdition 7087:Olivet Discourse 7063:Whore of Babylon 6689:Biological agent 6636:Human extinction 6626:Extinction event 6614: 6585:Overexploitation 6515:Land consumption 6510:Land degradation 6377: 6239:Micro black hole 6147:Chemical warfare 6101: 6094: 6087: 6078: 6041: 6040: 6029: 6028: 5973:Agenda 21 (1992) 5944: 5909:Natural resource 5796:Organic movement 5771:Impact investing 5490:Hydroelectricity 5464:Sustainable diet 5416:Renewable energy 5411:Carbon footprint 5393:Invasive species 5330:Natural building 5281:World population 5242:Marketing myopia 5202:Over-consumption 5172:Circular economy 5167:Anti-consumerism 5124:Environmentalism 5078: 5071: 5064: 5055: 4987:Marine pollution 4791:Cetacean bycatch 4786:Incidental catch 4606: 4552: 4527: 4494:Humboldt current 4352: 4270:Trophic cascades 4210:Data storage tag 4195:Fish measurement 4190:Stock assessment 4151: 4134: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4095: 4090: 4083:The Science Show 4062: 4061: 4050: 4027: 4018: 3997: 3986:. Island Press. 3976: 3974: 3972: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3924:. Archived from 3908:(1–2): 245–258. 3899: 3889: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3696:. Archived from 3686: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3576:. Archived from 3566: 3560: 3547: 3541: 3529: 3523: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3499:. Archived from 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3469:. Archived from 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3353: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3277:. Archived from 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3145: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2906:on 6 August 2012 2905: 2899:. Archived from 2874: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2840: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2789: 2764:(46): eabh3732. 2757:Science Advances 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2599:. Archived from 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2530:(4): 1294–1300. 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2439: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2327:. Archived from 2316: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2260: 2254: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2199:"Peru - Fishing" 2195: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2154: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2103:. Archived from 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2073:on 25 April 2012 2069:. Archived from 2063: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2023: 2017: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1850:. Archived from 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1760:10.4060/cb1329en 1746: 1737: 1736: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1653:10.4060/ca9229en 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1619:. Archived from 1608: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1397:fishing industry 1240:carnivorous fish 1194:are directed to 961:British Columbia 877:Fishing capacity 662:(the open seas). 588: 574:with introduced 78:overexploitation 21: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7540:Future problems 7513: 7504: 7438: 7407: 7374:Climate fiction 7340: 7215:2012 phenomenon 7198: 7104:Sheep and Goats 6991:2 Thessalonians 6869: 6786:Gamma-ray burst 6740: 6655: 6646:Genetic erosion 6601: 6571: 6562:Water pollution 6530:Ozone depletion 6426:Desertification 6366: 6281: 6216:Doomsday device 6196:Nuclear warfare 6135: 6110: 6105: 6075: 6070: 6017: 5942: 5934: 5933:Agreements and 5928: 5865: 5669:Climate finance 5637: 5564: 5520:Reclaimed water 5473: 5425: 5397: 5354: 5308: 5294:Family planning 5275: 5148: 5105: 5087: 5082: 5052: 5039: 5016: 5012:Threatened rays 4992:Mercury in fish 4965: 4864: 4850:Shark sanctuary 4808: 4705: 4639:Catch reporting 4607: 4598: 4546: 4513: 4419:Krill fisheries 4384:Coral reef fish 4369:Ocean fisheries 4360: 4353: 4344: 4185:Condition index 4156: 4145: 4128: 4122: 4076: 4059: 4048: 4021: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3961: 3943: 3934: 3932: 3931:on 1 March 2012 3928: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3869: 3860: 3858: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3733:10.1139/f53-026 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3548: 3544: 3537:Huffington Post 3530: 3526: 3512: 3508: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3335: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3011:(2–3): 357–68. 3002: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2816:Current Biology 2808: 2807: 2803: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2624:Hays, Graeme C. 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2033:on 1 March 2014 2025: 2024: 2020: 2009: 2005: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1785: 1770: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1671: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1591:Overconsumption 1513: 1506: 1503: 1482: 1472: 1393: 1381: 1330:Fish & Kids 1286: 1280: 1235: 1229: 1204: 1129: 1127:Fishery subsidy 1123: 1100:South China Sea 1021:marine reserves 1005: 995: 945:property rights 907: 874: 865: 803:marginal growth 776: 770:to extinction. 721:schistosomiasis 679: 600: 589: 511:English Channel 451:Gulf of Trieste 407: 391: 371: 360:per recruit. A 350:Coral reef fish 338: 330: 220: 168:bottom dragging 141:ecosystem shift 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7570: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7535:Apocalypticism 7524: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7379:Disaster films 7376: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7354: 7352:Alien invasion 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7292:Amillennialism 7289: 7279: 7277:Millenarianism 7274: 7273: 7272: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Apocalypticism 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7126:Dhu al-Qarnayn 7123: 7118: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7072:Great Apostasy 7069: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7010: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6961: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6929: 6919: 6917:Last Judgement 6914: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6879: 6877: 6875:Eschatological 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6590:Overpopulation 6587: 6581: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6567:Water scarcity 6564: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6540:Sea level rise 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6503:on marine life 6500: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6458:Global warming 6455: 6450: 6448:Global dimming 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Cascade effect 6403: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6381:Climate change 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Doomsday Clock 6208: 6203: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6162:Cyberterrorism 6159: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6035: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6008:(Rio+20, 2012) 6003: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5754:Infrastructure 5751: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Eco-capitalism 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5601:Sustainability 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5569:Accountability 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5227:Sustainability 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162:Anthropization 5158: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5085:Sustainability 5083: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4982:Fish slaughter 4979: 4973: 4971: 4970:Related issues 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4911:Ocean Outcomes 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4825:Marine reserve 4822: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4710:Sustainability 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4540:sustainability 4530: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4474:Marine habitat 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:Shrimp fishery 4431: 4426: 4424:Kelp fisheries 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:Crab fisheries 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4290:Marine biology 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4240:Coded wire tag 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4180:Fish mortality 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4147: 4146: 4143:wild fisheries 4137: 4130: 4129: 4127:science topics 4123: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4071: 4070: 4055: 4054: 4053:External image 4047: 4046:External links 4044: 4020: 4019: 4013: 3998: 3992: 3977: 3959: 3941: 3890: 3884: 3867: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3790:Fisherman Life 3773: 3760:10.1086/257497 3738: 3711: 3681: 3662: 3643:(6): 696–703. 3627: 3609: 3590: 3561: 3542: 3524: 3519:Digital Trends 3506: 3484: 3458: 3429: 3399: 3385: 3371: 3333: 3311: 3292: 3261: 3235: 3207: 3181: 3170: 3140: 3129: 3104: 3091:Deutsche Welle 3078: 3051: 3030: 2995: 2981: 2959: 2940:(3): 340–351. 2917: 2883:(3): 307–329. 2860: 2801: 2742: 2716: 2681:(2): 767–782. 2661: 2634:(6): 312–322. 2614: 2583: 2557: 2514: 2481: 2467: 2390: 2365: 2337: 2334:on 2015-09-26. 2323: 2301: 2273: 2255: 2252:Kurlansky 1997 2244: 2215: 2190: 2175: 2146: 2137: 2118: 2084: 2058: 2044: 2018: 2003: 1954: 1889: 1864: 1839: 1807: 1783: 1768: 1738: 1731: 1710: 1684: 1669: 1634: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1502: 1499: 1471: 1468: 1392: 1389: 1380: 1377: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1267:breeding cycle 1231:Main article: 1228: 1225: 1203: 1200: 1162:and economist 1141:fishing fleets 1122: 1119: 1017:closed seasons 1009:fishing quotas 994: 991: 937: 936: 933: 930: 906: 903: 895: 894: 889: 888: 873: 870: 864: 861: 856:mortality rate 837: 836: 806: 775: 772: 678: 675: 674: 673: 666: 663: 647: 644:Vladimir Popov 633: 626: 602: 601: 590: 583: 580: 579: 568:eutrophication 553: 546:Flash freezing 522: 499: 476: 458: 427:sustainability 419:East China Sea 406: 403: 390: 387: 370: 367: 337: 334: 329: 326: 243:Atlantic Ocean 236:United Nations 219: 216: 90:underpopulated 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7615: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7593:Fisheries law 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7550:Risk analysis 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Social crisis 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412:Organizations 7410: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7336:World to come 7334: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7282:Millennialism 7280: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7270:Messianic Age 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7255:Gog and Magog 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7245:Earth Changes 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:New Jerusalem 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7058:War in Heaven 7056: 7054: 7053:Two witnesses 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6922:Second Coming 6920: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Deforestation 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6362:World War III 6360: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6277:Transhumanism 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140:Technological 6138: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5989:Earth Charter 5987: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Environmental 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811:Refurbishment 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:Organizations 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:Green economy 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5699:Eco-socialism 5697: 5695: 5694:Eco-investing 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:Disinvestment 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500:Marine energy 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:Cultured meat 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Simple living 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Shark finning 5000: 4998: 4997:Shark culling 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:Sea Around Us 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4901:Seafood Watch 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4802:Shrimp-Turtle 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Pulse fishing 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Fisheries law 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532:Fisheries law 4528: 4524: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414:Eel fisheries 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Cod fisheries 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Demersal fish 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4356: 4351: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265:Trophic level 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4014:9780521765725 4010: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3945:Pauly, Daniel 3942: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3754:(2): 124–42. 3753: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3727:(7): 442–57. 3726: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637:Marine Policy 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3580:on 2020-09-30 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3222: 3221:The Economist 3217: 3211: 3208: 3196: 3195:New Scientist 3192: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3155: 3154:New Scientist 3151: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3052: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 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