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House" that may refer to the fall of the Copán dynasty. Shortage and disease afflicted the massively overpopulated valley of Copán when its last known king, Ukit Took', came to the throne on 6 February 822. He commissioned Altar L in the style of Altar Q but the monument was never finished — one face shows the enthronement of the king and a second face was started but two others were completely blank. The long line of kings at the once great city had come to an end. Before the end, even the nobility had been struck by disease, perhaps because epidemics among the malnourished masses spread to the elite. With the end of political authority at the city the population collapsed to a fraction of what it had been at its height. This collapse of the city-state, which people believe occurred sometime between 800 and 830 AD, was sudden. However, the population continued to persist and even flourish between the years 750 and 900 AD, and then gradually declined soon thereafter. In the
Postclassic period the valley was occupied by villagers who stole the stone from the monumental architecture of the city in order to build their simple house platforms.
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placed the famous Altar Q, which shows each of the 16 rulers of the city from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' through to Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, with a hieroglyphic text on top describing the founding of the dynasty. By the latter 8th century, the nobility had become more powerful, raising palaces with hieroglyphic benches that were as richly constructed as those of the king. At the same time, local satellites were displaying their own local power, as demonstrated by the ruler of Los Higos erecting his own stela in AD 781. Towards the end of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat's reign, the city of Copán was struggling with overpopulation and a lack of local resources, with a distinct fall in living standards among the populace. Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat was able to celebrate his second K'atun in AD 802 with his own monument, but the king's participation in the K'atun ending ceremony of AD 810 was marked at
Quiriguá, not at Copán. By this time the city's population was over 20,000 and it had long needed to import basic necessities from outside.
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and it is therefore likely that the remains interred in the building are his. Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil had sealed the
Chorcha phase under a new version of the temple, nicknamed Esmeralda, by AD 710. The new phase bore the first version of the Hieroglyphic Stairway, which contains a lengthy dynastic history. K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil built over the Esmeralda phase in the mid-8th century. He removed the Hieroglyphic Stairway from the earlier building and reinstalled it into his own version, while doubling the length of its text and adding five life-size statues of rulers dressed in the garb of Teotihuacano warriors, each seated on a step of the stairway. At the base of the stairway, he also raised Stela M, with his own image. The summit shrine of the temple bore a hieroglyphic text composed of full-figure hieroglyphs, each placed beside a similar glyph in faux-Mexican style, giving the appearance of a bilingual text.
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1751:(Temple 16) is a temple pyramid that is the highest part of the Acropolis. It is located between the East and West Courts at the heart of the ancient city. The temple faces the West Court within the Acropolis and is dedicated to K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', the dynastic founder. The temple was placed on top of the original palace and tomb of the king. It is the final version of a number of temples built on top of each other, as was common practice in Mesoamerica. The earliest version of this temple is nicknamed Hunal; it was built in the talud-tablero style of architecture that was typical of Teotihuacan, with traces of brightly colored murals on the surviving traces of the interior walls. The king was buried in a vaulted crypt that was cut into the floor of the Hunal phase of the building, accompanied by rich offerings of
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1456:) and apparently washing away various subsidiary architectural groups, including at least one courtyard and 10 buildings from Group 10L–2. The cut is an important archaeological feature at the site, with the natural erosion having created an enormous cross-section of the acropolis. This erosion cut away a large portion of the eastern part of the acropolis and revealed a vertical cross-section that measures 37 meters (121 ft) high at its tallest point and 300 meters (980 ft) long. Several buildings recorded in the 19th century were destroyed, plus an unknown amount of the acropolis that was eroded before it could be recorded. In order to avoid further destruction of the acropolis, the
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Stairway ascends the building on the west side from the courtyard below. The earliest version of the temple, nicknamed Yax, was built during the reign of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', the dynastic founder, and has architectural features (such as inset corners) that are characteristic of Tikal and the central Petén region. The next phase of the building was built by Yax K'uk' Mo's son K'inich Popol Hol and is nicknamed Motmot. This phase of the structure was more elaborate and was decorated with stucco. Set under the building was the Motmot capstone, covering a tomb with the unusual
Teotihuacan-style burial of a woman, accompanied by a wide variety of offerings that included animal bones,
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known king of Copán. Structure 10L-11 was built on top of several earlier structures, one of which probably contains the tomb of his predecessor K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil. A small tunnel descends into the interior of the structure, possibly to the tomb, but it has not yet been excavated by archaeologists. Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat built a new temple platform over his predecessor's tomb in AD 769. On top of this he placed a two-storey superstructure with a sculpted roof depicting the mythological cosmos. At each of its northern corners was a large sculpted
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rulers in the dynastic history of the site. The stairway takes its name from the 2200 glyphs that together form the longest known Maya hieroglyphic text. The text is still being reconstructed, having been scrambled by the collapse of the glyphic blocks when the façade of the temple collapsed. The staircase measures 21 meters (69 ft) long and was first built by
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 710, being reinstalled and expanded in the following phase of the temple by K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil in AD 755.
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ritually posed and bearing the attributes of a variety of deities, including B'olon K'awiil, K'uy Nik Ajaw and Mo' Witz Ajaw. The king also carried out major construction works, including a new version of Temple 26 that now bore the first version of the
Hieroglyphic Stairway, plus two temples that have now been lost to the erosion of the Copán River. He also encased the Rosalila phase of Temple 16 within a new phase of construction. He remodelled the ballcourt, then demolished it and built a new one in its place.
482:. It is estimated that the peak population in central Copán was between 6000 and 9000 in an area of 0.6 square kilometers (0.23 sq mi), with a further 9,000 to 12,000 inhabitants occupying the periphery—an area of 23.4 square kilometers (9.0 sq mi). Additionally, there was an estimated rural population of 3,000 to 4,000 in a 476-square-kilometer (184 sq mi) area of the Copán Valley, giving an estimated total population of 18,000 to 25,000 people in the valley during the Late Classic period.
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1755:. K'inich Popol Hol, son of the founder, demolished the palace of his father and built a platform on top of his tomb, named Yehnal by archaeologists. It was built in a distinctively Petén Maya style and bore large masks of K'inich Tajal Wayib', the sun god, which were painted red. This platform was encased within another much larger platform within a decade of its construction. This larger platform has been named Margarita and had stucco panels flanking its access stairway that bore entwined images of
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away from
Quiriguá that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat was not afraid of falling directly under its power as a full vassal state, even though it is likely that Calakmul sent warriors to help in the defeat of Copán. The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual advantage: Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quiriguá gained its independence. The disaster for Copán had long-lasting consequences; major construction ceased and no new monuments were raised for the next 17 years.
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developed over the centuries and uncovering several hieroglyphic texts that date back to the Early
Classic and verify details of the early dynastic rulers of the city who were recorded on Altar Q hundreds of years later. The deepest of these tunnels have revealed that the first monumental structures underlying the Acropolis date archaeologically to the early 5th century AD, when K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' established the royal dynasty. These early buildings were built of stone and
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Copán Valley. The two surviving stelae of K'ak' Chan Yopaat contain long, hard-to-decipher hieroglyphic texts and are the oldest monuments at the site to survive without being either broken or buried. He reigned for 49 years until his death on 5 February 628. His name is recorded on four stelae erected by his successors, one of which describes a rite performed with relics from his tomb in AD 730, almost a hundred years after his death.
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none of these predates the refounding of the city in AD 426. There is an inscription that refers to the year 321 BC, but no text explains the significance of this date. An event at Copán is linked to another event that happened 208 days before in AD 159 at an unknown location that is also mentioned on a stela from Tikal, suggesting that it is a location somewhere in the Petén Basin, possibly the great
Preclassic Maya city of
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the
Chorcha pyramid with the addition of a long superstructure with seven doorways at the front and back. Before a new building was built over the top, the upper sanctuary was demolished and a tomb was inserted into the floor and covered with 11 large stone slabs. The tomb contained the remains of an adult male and a sacrificed child. The adult's badly decayed skeleton was wrapped in a mat and accompanied by offerings of fine
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Quiriguá; there is no evidence that either city was attacked at this time and the victor seems not to have received any detectable tribute. All of this seems to imply that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat managed to somehow ambush Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, rather than to have defeated him in outright battle. It has been suggested that Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was attempting to attack another site to secure captives for
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the rest of the building, but a date in AD 571 has been deciphered. Due to the deforestation of the Copán valley, the Rosalila building was the last structure at the site to use such elaborate stucco decoration — vast quantities of firewood could no longer be spared to reduce limestone to plaster. A life-size copy of the Rosalila building has been built at the Copán site museum.
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Great Plaza, and a new version of Temple 26, nicknamed Chorcha. Smoke Imix ruled Copán for 67 years and died on 15 June 695 at the age of 79, an age that was so distinguished that it is used to identify him in place of his name on Altar Q. His tomb had already been prepared in the Chorcha phase of Temple 26 and he was buried just two days after his death.
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broken away. Ku Ix was the 4th ruler in the succession. He rebuilt temple 10L-26 in the Acropolis, erecting a stela there and a hieroglyphic step at its base. Although this king is also mentioned on a few other fragments of sculpture, no dates accompany his name. The next two kings in the dynastic sequence are only known from their sculptures on Altar Q.
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dynasty describe how K'uk' Mo' arrived at the city, indirect evidence suggests that he conquered the city by military means. On Altar Q he is depicted as a Teotihuacano warrior with goggle eyes and a war serpent shield. When he arrived at Copán he initiated the construction of various structures, including one temple in the
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monument has not been completely deciphered and its style and phrasing are unusual. Originally it was used as a sculpted bench or step and the date on the monument is associated with the dedication of a funerary temple or a tomb, probably the tomb of K'inich' Yax K'uk' Mo', which was discovered underneath the same structure.
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Hieroglyphic Stairway being reinstalled on the new stairway and doubled in length. Five life-size statues of seated rulers were installed seated upon the stairway. K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil died in the early 760s and is likely to have been interred in Temple 11, although the tomb has not yet been excavated.
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within a quatrefoil frame. The frame and the hieroglyphic names of mythological locations underneath the feet of the two kings place them in a supernatural realm. The capstone bears two calendrical dates, in AD 435 and AD 441. The second of these is probably the date that the capstone was dedicated.
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in Mexico. He built the platform of Temple 11 over the tomb of the previous king in AD 769 and added a two-storey superstructure that was finished in AD 773. Around AD 776, he completed the final version of Temple 16 over the tomb of the founder. At the base of the temple, he
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K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil was installed as the 14th dynastic ruler of Copán on 7 June 738, 39 days after the execution of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. Little is known of his reign due to the lack of monuments raised after Quiriguá's surprise victory. Copán's defeat had wider implications due
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In the Late Classic, alliance with Calakmul was frequently associated with the promise of military support. The fact that Copán, a much more powerful city than Quiriguá, failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that it feared the military intervention of Calakmul. Calakmul was far enough
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K'inich Popol Hol inherited the throne of Copán from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', who was his father. He undertook major construction projects with the redesign of the core of Copán. Popol Hol is not the original name of this king but rather a nickname based on the appearance of his Teotihuacan-linked name
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climbs the west side of Structure 10L-26. It is 10 meters (33 ft) wide and has a total of 62 steps. Stela M and its associated altar are at its base and a large sculpted figure is located in the centre of every 12th step. These figures are believed to represent the most important
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is on the west side of the Acropolis. It encloses the south side of the Court of the Hieroglyphic Stairway and is accessed from it by a wide monumental stairway. This structure appears to have been the royal palace of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, the 16th ruler in the dynastic succession and the last
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The troubled times enveloping Copán at this time are evident from the funerary tomb of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, which bears sculptures of the king performing war dances with spear and shield in hand. The sculpted column from the temple shrine has a hieroglyphic text reading "toppling of the Foundation
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Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil had only recently dedicated the new ballcourt in AD 738 when a completely unexpected disaster befell the city. Twelve years earlier he had installed K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat on the throne of Quiriguá as his vassal. By 734 the king of Quiriguá had shown he was no longer
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was crowned as the 13th king in the Copán dynasty in July 695. He oversaw both the apogee of Copán's achievements and also one of the city's most catastrophic political disasters. During his reign, the sculptural style of the city evolved into the full in-the-round sculpture characteristic
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was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 702 and was his first monument. It stood at the eastern entrance to the city and is unusual in being topped by a sculpted stone roof, converting the monument into a symbolic house. It bears a hieroglyphic text that is woven into a criss-cross mat
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is immediately north of the Court of the Hieroglyphic Stairway and is to the south of the Monument Plaza. It was remodeled by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, who then demolished it and built a third version, which was one of the largest from the Classic period. It was dedicated to the great macaw deity
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shells, 10 paintpots and one or more hieroglyphic books, now decayed. There were also 12 ceramic incense burners with lids modeled into human figurines, thought to represent Smoke Imix and his 11 dynastic predecessors. The Chorcha building was dedicated to the long-lived 7th-century king Smoke Imix
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is a large building on the north side of the East Court, in the Acropolis, and faces onto it. It dates to the reign of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil and is the best preserved of the buildings from his rule. The superstructure of the building has an interior doorway with an elaborate sculpted frame and
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One of the best preserved phases of Temple 16 is the Rosalila, built over the remains of five previous versions of the temple. Archaeologist Ricardo Agurcia discovered the almost intact shrine while tunneling underneath the final version of the temple. Rosalila is notable for its excellent state of
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The 10th ruler is nicknamed Moon Jaguar by Mayanists. He was a son of B'alam Nehn, the 7th ruler. He was enthroned in May 553. His surviving monuments were found in the modern village of Copán Ruinas, which was a major complex during the Classic period. The most famous construction dating
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B'alam Nehn (often referred to as Waterlily Jaguar) was the first king to actually record his position in the dynastic succession, declaring that he was seventh in line from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'. Stela 15 records that he was already ruling Copán by AD 504. B'alam Nehn is the only king of
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Smoke Imix demolished the Papagayo phase and ritually interred the broken remains of its sculpted monuments, accompanied by stone macaw heads from an early version of the ballcourt. He then built a pyramid over the earlier phases, nicknamed Mascarón by archaeologists. It in turn was developed into
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mountains, skeletons and crocodiles. Vents in the exterior were designed so smoke from incense being burned inside the shrine would interact with the stucco sculpture of the exterior. The temple had a hieroglyphic stone step with a dedicatory inscription. The stone step is less well preserved than
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The Main Group represents the core of the ancient city and covers an area of 600 by 300 meters (1,970 ft × 980 ft). The main features are the Acropolis, which is a raised royal complex on the south side, and a group of smaller structures and linked plazas to the north, including the
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Although the exact details are unknown, in April 738 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat captured Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil and burned two of Copán's patron deities. Six days later Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was decapitated in Quiriguá. This coup does not seem to have physically affected either Copán or
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K'ak' Chan Yopaat was the eleventh dynastic ruler at Copán. He was crowned as king in AD 578, 24 days after the death of Moon Jaguar. At the time of his rule, Copán was undergoing an unprecedented rise in population, with residential land use spreading to all available land in the entire
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and David Sedat. The tomb contained the skeleton of an elderly man with rich offerings and evidence of battle wounds. The remains have been identified as those of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' due to their location underneath a sequence of seven buildings erected in his honor. Bone analysis has identified
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style typical of Teotihuacan and another with inset corners and apron moldings that are characteristic of Tikal. These strong links with both the Maya and Central Mexican cultures suggest that he was at least a Mexicanized Maya or possibly even from Teotihuacan. The dynasty founded by king K'inich
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The fertile Copán River valley was long a site of agriculture before the first known stone architecture was built in the region about the 9th century BC. The city was important before its refounding by a foreign elite; mentions of the predynastic history of Copán are found in later texts, but
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in the early 5th century AD, although the city's origins can be traced back to the Preclassic period. After this, Copán became one of the more powerful Maya city states and was a regional power in the southern Maya region. However, it suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of its former
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was dedicated by K'inich Popol Hol. Its sculpture consists purely of finely carved hieroglyphic texts and it is possible that it was originally commissioned by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' with additional texts added to the sides of the monument by his son. The text contains the same date in AD 435
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is an inscribed stone that was placed over a tomb under Structure 10L-26. Its face was finely sculpted with portraits of the first two kings of the Copán dynasty, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and K'inich Popol Hol, facing towards each other with a double column of hieroglyphs between them, all contained
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is the most famous monument at Copán. It was dedicated by king Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat in AD 776 and has each of the first 16 kings of the Copán dynasty carved around its side. Each figure is depicted seated on his name glyph. A hieroglyphic text is inscribed on the upper surface, relating the
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and were themselves built upon earlier earth and cobble structures dating to the predynastic period. The two styles of building overlap somewhat, with some of the earthen structures being expanded during the first hundred years or so of the dynastic history of the city. The early dynastic masonry
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The next ruler was K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil, a son of K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil. The early period of his rulership fell within Copán's hiatus, but later on he began a programme of renewal in an effort to recover from the city's earlier disaster. He built a new version of Temple 26, with the
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At the peak of its power in the Late Classic, the kingdom of Copán had a population of at least 20,000 and covered an area of over 250 square kilometers (100 sq mi). The greater Copán area consisting of the populated areas of the valley covered about a quarter of the size of the city of
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was the royal complex at the heart of Copán. It consists of two plazas that have been named the West Court and the East Court. They are both enclosed by elevated structures. Archaeologists have excavated extensive tunnels under the Acropolis, revealing how the royal complex at the heart of Copán
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to the Sepulturas Group to the northeast. Central Copán had a density of 1449 structures per square kilometer (3,750/sq mi), while in greater Copán as a whole this density fell to 143 per square kilometre (370/sq mi) over a surveyed area of 24.6 square kilometers (9.5 sq mi).
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After this sudden spate of activity, Smoke Imix continued to rule until almost the end of the 7th century; he dedicated another nine known monuments and made important changes to the architecture of Copán, including the construction of Structure 2, which closes the northern side of the
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Very little is known about Rulers 3 to 6 in the dynastic succession, although it is known from a fragment of a broken monument reused as construction fill in a later building that one of them was a son of Popol Hol. Ruler 3 is depicted on the 8th-century Altar Q, but his name glyph has
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A text from Tikal mentions K'uk' Mo' and has been dated to AD 406, 20 years before K'uk' Mo' Ajaw founded the new dynasty at Copán. Both names are likely to refer to the same individual originally from Tikal. Although none of the hieroglyphic texts that mention the founding of the new Copán
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is a temple that projects northwards from the Acropolis and is immediately to the north of Structure 10L-22. The structure was built by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil and K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil, the 13th and 15th rulers in the dynastic succession. The 10-meter (33 ft) wide Hieroglyphic
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is on the southeastern side of the Acropolis and has been damaged by the erosion caused by the Copán River, having lost its eastern side. Stairs on the south side of the structure lead down to a vaulted tomb that was looted in ancient times and was probably that of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat. It was
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with the richly accompanied burial of an elderly woman nicknamed the "Lady in Red". It is likely that she was the widow of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and the mother of K'inich Popol Hol. The upper chamber of the Margarita phase temple was converted to receive offerings and the unusual Xukpi stone, a
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rulership by marrying into the old Copán royal family, evidenced from the remains of his presumed widow. Bone analysis of her remains indicates that she was local to Copán. After the establishment of the new kingdom of Copán, the city remained closely allied with Tikal. The hieroglyphic text on
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who had decisively intervened in the politics of the central Petén. K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' was probably from Tikal and was likely to have been sponsored by Siyaj Chan K'awill II, the 16th ruler in the dynastic succession of Tikal. K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' may have legitimized his claim to
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The area of Copán continued to be occupied after the last major ceremonial structures and royal monuments were erected, but the population declined in the 8th and 9th centuries from perhaps over 20,000 in the city to less than 5,000. This decrease in population took over four centuries to
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is a dedicatory monument from one of the earlier phases of the 10L-16 temple constructed to honor K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'. It bears the date of AD 437 and the names both K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and K'inich Popol Hol, together with a possible mention of the Teotihuacan general Siyaj K'ak'. The
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Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat was the next ruler, 16th in the dynasty founded by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', although he appears not to have been a direct descendant of his predecessor. He took the throne in June 763 and may have been only 9 years old. He produced no monumental stelae and instead
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He continued to erect a further seven high-quality stelae until AD 736, monuments that are considered masterpieces of Classic Maya sculpture with such mastery of detail that they represent the highest pinnacle of Maya artistic achievement. The stelae depict king Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
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Smoke Imix was crowned 16 days after the death of K'ak' Chan Yopaat. He is thought to have been the longest reigning king of Copán, ruling from 628 to 695. He is believed to have been born in AD 612 and to have become king at the age of 15. Archaeologists have recovered little evidence of
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Wil Ohl K'inich, the eighth ruler, is another king known only by his appearance on Altar Q. He was succeeded by Ruler 9 in AD 551, his accession being described on the Hieroglyphic Stairway. He is also depicted on Altar Q even though he ruled for less than two years.
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to Quiriguá. The fall in Copán's income and corresponding increase at Quiriguá is evident from the massive commissioning of new monuments and architecture at the latter city, and Copán may even have been subject to its former vassal. K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil died in January 749.
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site 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) away and is mentioned on Altar L at Quiriguá in relation to the same event in 652. It is thought that he was trying to stamp his authority throughout the whole valley after the end of some earlier restriction to his freedom to rule as he wished.
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that appears on the Motmot Capstone. Stela 63 was deliberately broken, together with its hieroglyphic step, during the ritual demolishing of the Papagayo phase of Temple 26. The remains of the monuments were then interred in the building before the next phase was built.
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In the Preclassic period the floor of the Copán Valley was undulating, swampy and prone to seasonal flooding. In the Early Classic, the inhabitants flattened the valley floor and undertook construction projects to protect the city's architecture from the effects of flooding.
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activity for the first 26 years of his reign, but in AD 652 there was a sudden explosion of monument production, with two stelae being erected in the Great Plaza and a further four in important locations across the Copán Valley. These monuments all celebrated a
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actually show signs of collapse, showing the stability of this site even after the fall of the ruling dynasties and royal families. The ceremonial center was long abandoned and the surrounding valley home to only a few farming hamlets at the time of the arrival of the
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is in the East Court of the Acropolis. It covers a rich royal tomb nicknamed Sub-Jaguar by archaeologists. It is presumed to be the tomb of either Ruler 7 (B'alam Nehn), Ruler 8 or Ruler 9, who all ruled in the first half of the 6th century AD.
312:. It is one of the most important sites of the Maya civilization, which was not excavated until the 19th century. The ruined citadel and imposing public squares reveal the three main stages of development before the city was abandoned in the early 10th century.
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was originally erected in an unknown location and was later moved to the West Court of the Acropolis. It bears a long hieroglyphic text that has not yet been fully deciphered. It dates from the reign of king K'ak' Chan Yopaat and was dedicated in AD 623.
1844:. The temple was built to celebrate the completion of the king's first K'atun in power, in AD 715, and has a hieroglyphic step with a first-person phrase "I completed my K'atun". The building symbolically represents the mountain where maize was created.
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apparently plundered soon after the collapse of the Copán kingdom. Unusually for Copán, the summit shrine had four sculpted panels depicting the king performing war dances with spear and shield, emphasizing the rising tensions as the dynasty came to its end.
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or causeway that runs southwest to the Monument Plaza in the Main Group. The Sepulturas Group consists of a number of restored structures, mostly elite residences that feature stone benches, some of which have carved decorations, and a number of tombs.
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UNESCO approved funding of US$ 95,825 between 1982 and 1999 for various works at the site. The cultural monument covers 66 hectares. Looting remains a serious threat to Copán. A tomb was looted in 1998 as it was being excavated by archaeologists.
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964:. His greatest construction activity was in the area of his father's palace, now underlying Structure 10L-16, which he demolished after entombing his father there. He then built three successive buildings on top of the tomb in rapid succession.
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Fash, William L.; Andrews, E. Wyllys; Manahan, T. Kam (2005). "Political Decentralization, Dynastic Collapse, and the Early Postclassic in the Urban Center of Copán, Honduras". In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.).
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Yax K'uk' Mo' ruled the city for four centuries and included sixteen kings plus a probable pretender who would have been seventeenth in line. Several monuments have survived that were dedicated by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and by his heir.
2151:
was found in the modern village of Copán Ruinas, where it had been erected on the site of a major Classic period complex 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) outside of the site core. It was dedicated by Moon Jaguar and dates to AD 564.
2004:
and the buildings flanking the playing area carried 16 mosaic sculptures of the birds. The completion date of the ballcourt is inscribed with a hieroglyphic text upon the sloping playing area and is given as 6 January 738.
2173:, probably because of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat's close family ties to that city. The text of the column formed part of a longer text carved onto the interior walls of the temple and may describe the downfall of the Copán dynasty.
1795:
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil encased the Rosalila phase under a new version of the building in the early 8th century AD. An offering was made as part of the rites to terminate the old phase and included a collection of
985:. The stela dates to AD 534, but the text is not well understood. B'alam Nehn undertook major construction projects in the Acropolis, building over an early palace with a number of important structures.
2164:
was originally an interior column from Temple 18, the funerary shrine of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat. When it was found, it was broken in two parts at the base of the temple. It portrays the king as the elderly
2100:
first discovered the inscription on the West Side of Altar Q that tells us the date of the inauguration of Yax Pasaj. This portrayal of political succession tells us much about Early Classic Maya culture.
1385:
5338:
918:
describes the lord being elevated to kingship with the receipt of his royal scepter. The ceremonies involved in the founding of the Copán dynasty also included the installation of a subordinate king at
315:
This ancient Maya city mirrors the beauty of the physical landscape in which it flourished—a fertile, well-watered mountain valley in western Honduras at an elevation of 600 meters (1,970 feet) above
5353:
5348:
3435:
5328:
2145:-ending ceremony of AD 613. It was found in the western complex now underneath the modern village of Copán Ruinas. It bears a long hieroglyphic text that has been only partially deciphered.
1780:, including its highly elaborate painted stucco decoration. Rosalila features K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' placed at the centre of a mythological tableau, combining the founder of the dynasty with the
1460:
redirected the river to save the archaeological site, diverting it southwards in the 1930s; the dry former riverbed was finally filled in at the same time as consolidation of the cut in 1990s.
1280:
of Copán. In AD 718, Copán attacked and defeated the unidentified site of Xkuy, recording its burning on an unusual stone cylinder. In AD 724 Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil installed
5323:
2191:
is dated to AD 524, during the reign of B'alam Nehn. Its sculpture consists entirely of hieroglyphic text, which mentions that king B'alam Nehn was ruling the city by AD 504.
1440:
The Copán buildings suffered significantly from forces of nature in the centuries between the site's abandonment and the rediscovery of the ruins. After the abandonment of the city the
4493:
2035:
and several rich burials were made. By AD 800, the complex consisted of about 50 buildings arranged around 7 major courtyards. At this time, the most important building was the
2031:
The group has a very long occupational history, with one house having been dated as far back as the Early Preclassic. By the Middle Preclassic, large platforms were being built from
1368:
dedicated hieroglyphic texts incorporated into the city's architecture and smaller altars. Texts make an obscure reference to his father but his mother was a noblewoman from distant
1589:
1528:
1393:
The first post-Spanish conquest mention of Copán was in an early colonial period letter dated 8 March 1576. The letter was written by Diego García de Palacio, a member of the
2222:
was erected in 731 by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. It places his rulership among the four most powerful kingdoms in the Maya region, alongside Palenque, Tikal and Calakmul.
935:
K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' died between AD 435 and AD 437. In 1995 a tomb underneath the talud-tablero Hunal temple was discovered by a team of archaeologists led by
1409:
led an expedition to the ruins in 1834 on behalf of the government of Guatemala and wrote articles about the site for English, French and North American publications.
3640:
Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo; Fash, Barbara W. (2005). "The Evolution of Structure 10L-16, Heart of the Copán Acropolis". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
1654:(a group of deities that supported the heavens). This superstructure had four doorways with panels of hieroglyphs sculpted directly onto the walls of the building. A
1800:
worked into the profiles of humans and gods, wrapped in blue-dyed textiles, as well as a 5-ft shark brought to the city from the nearest ocean, some 42 km distant.
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2197:
dates to AD 554, during the reign of Moon Jaguar. It originally stood in the nearby village of Copán Ruinas, which was a major complex in the Classic period.
457:
Copán had a major influence on regional centres across western and central Honduras, stimulating the introduction of Mesoamerican characteristics to local elites.
1234:
to his reign is the elaborate Rosalila phase of Temple 16, discovered entombed intact under later phases of the temple during archaeological tunneling work.
4169:; Agurcia Fasquelle, Ricardo (2005). "Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of Copán". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
5378:
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1292:. Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was confident enough in his power to rank his city among the four most powerful states in the Maya region, together with Tikal,
346:. The city developed a distinctive sculptural style within the tradition of the lowland Maya, perhaps to emphasize the Maya ethnicity of the city's rulers.
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1220:
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was dedicated by K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil in AD 761 and placed at the foot of the steps to Temple 11, which is believed to contain his burial.
1323:, the sworn enemy of Tikal. Copán was firmly allied with Tikal and Calakmul used its alliance with Quiriguá to undermine Tikal's key ally in the south.
365:. This unexpected defeat resulted in a 17-year hiatus at the city, during which time Copán may have been subject to Quiriguá in a reversal of fortunes.
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814:
798:
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References to the predynastic rulers of Copán are found in later texts, but none of these texts predate the refounding of Copán in AD 426.
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founding of the dynasty in AD 426–427. On one side, it shows the dynastic founder K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' transferring power to Yax Pasaj.
349:
The city has a historical record that spans the greater part of the Classic period and has been reconstructed in detail by archaeologists and
83:
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As one of the most important sites in Maya history, and because of its outstanding, well-preserved architecture, Copán was declared a UNESCO
977:
Copán to be mentioned in a hieroglyphic text from outside of the southeastern Maya region. His name appears in a text on Stela 16 from
5373:
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1426:
1963:, along with three severed human heads, all of which were male. Ku Ix built a new phase of the building over Motmot, nicknamed Papagayo.
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bears a portrait of K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil. It was raised at the foot of the Hieroglyphic Stairway of Temple 26 in AD 756.
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893:
Ceramic lid shaped to represent K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', recovered from the tomb of the 7th-century king Smoke Imix, under Temple 26.
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is a Late Classic compound. Archaeologists have excavated fallen façades that bear hieroglyphic inscriptions and sculpted decoration.
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were all destroyed by the Copán River as it eroded the site away, but had been recorded by investigators in the 19th century.
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worked at Copán during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the 1892–1893 excavation of the Hieroglyphic Stairway by
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507:(Cauac Sky). Although this was a major setback, Copán's rulers began to build monumental structures again within a few decades.
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1971:, including ear ornaments and a necklace of sculpted figurines. The burial was accompanied by offerings of 44 ceramic vessels,
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is a fragment of a monument bearing the name of K'inich Popol Hol. It was erected in the inner chamber of the 10L-26 temple.
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were probably both built by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. They were lost to the Copán River in the early 20th century.
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Sheets, Payson D. (2000). "The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica". In Adams, Richard E.W.; Macleod, Murdo J. (eds.).
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1165:
3946:; Sedat, David W.; et al. (2005). "Early Classic Power in Copán". In E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (eds.).
2470:
UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Ruinas de Copán from the World Database of Protected Areas, March 2022.
2170:
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buildings of the Acropolis included several with the Early Classic apron-molding style of Tikal and one built in the
1402:
361:, one of the greatest kings in Copán's dynastic history, was captured and executed by his former vassal, the king of
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in order to dedicate the new ballcourt when he was ambushed by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat and his Quiriguá warriors.
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3799:
3747:
Looper, Matthew G. (July 1999). "New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala".
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The site is divided into various groups, with the Main Group and the Cemetery Group in the site core linked by a
1328:
1054:
1569:, a large complex of overlapping step-pyramids, plazas, and palaces. The site has a large court for playing the
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1319:. K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat appears to have taken advantage of wider political rivalries and allied himself with
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1437:. The Carnegie Institution also sponsored work at the site in conjunction with the government of Honduras.
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design to form a convoluted puzzle that must be read in precisely the right order to be understood.
1836:. The outer doorway is framed by the giant mask of a deity, and has stylistic similarities with the
1662:'s collection, once depicted the king's accession to the throne, overseen by deities and ancestors.
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and macaws, which both form a part of K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo's name. The Margarita phase contained a
1756:
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873:. This AD 159 date is mentioned in several texts and is linked to a figure known as "Foliated
446:. The ruins of the site core of the city are 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) from the modern village of
439:
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An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador
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Little is known of the rulers of Copán before the founding of a new dynasty with its origins at
465:
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A head from the Structure 10L-20 that currently is at the Peabody Museum of Harvard University.
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recovered from Tomb 1, where he is said to perform an action with a stela in AD 376.
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The final version of the ballcourt was dedicated by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in AD 738.
1956:
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1405:
visited the site in the early 19th century and spent a month there drawing the ruins. Colonel
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is immediately south of the Main Group and includes a number of small structures and plazas.
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1602:. The Monument Plaza contains the greatest concentration of sculpted monuments at the site.
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kingdom from the 5th to 9th centuries AD. The city was in the extreme southeast of the
4138:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 872–877. Archived from
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1
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dedicatory monument used in one of the earlier phases, was reused in this later phase.
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and has imagery that seems to deliberately parallel the tomb lid of the Palenque king
5277:
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4199:
3943:
3869:
3835:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
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1109:
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1074:
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1983:
426:
Copán is in western Honduras close to the border with Guatemala. It lies within the
5026:
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4201:
The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation
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inside the structure, removed by Maudslay in the nineteenth century and now in the
1553:
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1119:
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1024:
943:
332:
31:
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3950:. Santa Fe, New Mexico, US.: School of American Research Press. pp. 139–199.
3644:. Santa Fe, New Mexico, US.: School of American Research Press. pp. 201–237.
2297:
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A significant portion of the eastern side of the acropolis was eroded away by the
1417:
visited Copán and included a description, map and detailed drawings in Stephens'
5233:
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Copan Sculpture Museum: Ancient Maya Artistry in Stucco and Stone. Barbara Fash.
4173:. Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.: School of American Research Press. pp. 3–32.
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Viel, René; Hall, Jay (2002). Laporte, J.P.; Escobedo, H.; Arroyo), B. (eds.).
30:
This article is about the archaeological site. For the town near the site, see
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destroying the eastern portion of the acropolis (revealing in the process its
1104:
1099:
952:
glyph. K'inich Popol Hol oversaw the construction of the first version of the
870:
450:, which is built on the site of a major complex dating to the Classic period.
62:
4188:
4078:
4058:
3965:
3659:
2209:
is a monument erected outside of the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
1776:
preservation, including the entire building from the base platform up to the
372:; the river has since been diverted to protect the site from further damage.
177:
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was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2246:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2240:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2234:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2228:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
2135:
was erected by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in the early 8th century AD.
1976:
1777:
1771:
Life-size reconstruction of the Rosalila temple at the site museum of Copán.
1566:
1059:
846:
665:
316:
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is another stela erected by Smoke Imix in the Great Plaza in AD 652.
1810:
1248:
469:
Artistic conception of Mayas at the Stela I and altar. Painting of 1898 by
3465:
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3459:
2141:
dates to the reign of K'ak' Chan Yopaat, and was erected to celebrate the
442:. It is in a fertile valley among foothills at 700 meters (2,300 ft)
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1421:, published in 1841. The site was later visited by British archaeologist
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17:
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5016:
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4378:
4363:
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1972:
1960:
1837:
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261:
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2384:
2179:
was erected outside of the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
2158:
was erected outside of the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
357:. The city suffered a major political disaster in AD 738 when
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is a platform with four stairways situated by the Monument Plaza.
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3798:. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin:
2342:
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2338:
2336:
67:
One of two simian sculptures on Temple 11, possibly representing
5191:
5151:
4981:
4645:
2185:
was erected outside the site core by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
1968:
1311:
874:
406:), meaning the "Three Witiks", although the meaning of the word
4290:
4136:
XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001
2070:
Altar Q depicts 16 kings in the dynastic succession of the city
1344:
to the fracturing of the city's domain and the loss of the key
4911:
4277:
companion site to PBS's "Nova" television documentary on Copán
338:
Copán was occupied for more than two thousand years, from the
4286:
2123:
was erected in the Great Plaza by Smoke Imix in AD 652.
1308:
an obedient subordinate when he began to refer to himself as
536:
Stela H at Copán, commissioned by Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil.
353:. Copán was a powerful city ruling a vast kingdom within the
4244:
1621:
style associated with Teotihuacan, although at the time the
947:
Stela 63, probably dating to the reign of K'inich Popol Hol.
1419:
Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán
4069:; Houston, Stephen D. (1994). "Classic Maya Place Names".
877:". This same person is mentioned on the carved skull of a
3288:
1315:, "holy lord", rather than simply as a subordinate lord
940:
the remains as being those of someone foreign to Copán.
393:
It is thought likely that the ancient name of Copán was
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
884:
5339:
9th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
3903:"The Excavation of the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan"
1787:
in avian form. The mythological imagery also includes
905:"Lord of the West" title used a generation earlier by
5354:
Buildings and structures completed in the 8th century
5349:
Buildings and structures completed in the 7th century
4283:
Published by the Peabody Museum Press. Paperback 2011
3583:
3450:
2546:
3795:
Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua
956:
at the city, which was decorated with images of the
5329:
5th-century establishments in the Maya civilization
5214:
5203:
for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
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4129:"El paisaje natural y cultural del valle de Copan"
3974:
3701:Fash, William L. "Copán." In Davíd Carrasco (ed).
3668:
1272:Stela H, depicting king Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
331:cultural region, and was almost surrounded by non-
3703:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures.
1561:The Copán site is known for a series of portrait
4255:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 94.
2368:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
5324:Populated places established in the 5th century
3981:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA:
1642:A stone head at the bottom of Structure 10L-11
1529:Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia
503:was captured and beheaded by Quirigua's ruler
4302:
4171:Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
3948:Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
3705: : Oxford University Press, 2001.
3642:Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom
3599:
3550:
3522:
3469:
3446:
3419:
3407:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3276:
3264:
2881:
2790:
2775:
2751:
2739:
2723:
2675:
2663:
2616:
2589:
2573:
2558:
2493:
2418:
2406:
1214:
8:
4262:UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
4071:Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology
3267:, pp. 335, 339; Fash et al 2005, p.268.
1359:Stela N, depicting K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
1237:
48:
27:Maya archaeological site in western Honduras
4092:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
3973:Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006).
3623:
3611:
3595:
3571:
3554:
3538:
3526:
3510:
3493:
3481:
3423:
3317:
3173:
3152:
3135:
3116:
3101:
3084:
3020:
2984:
2972:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2908:
2896:
2877:
2865:
2848:
2831:
2819:
2802:
2763:
2735:
2711:
2696:
2651:
2577:
2510:
2455:
2430:
2346:
885:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and K'inich Popol Hol
4309:
4295:
4287:
1470:
1221:
1207:
991:
327:cultural region, on the frontier with the
47:
1832:decorated with masks of the mountain god
909:, a general from the great metropolis of
4073:(33). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
3300:
2522:
2371:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
2015:is on the north side of the Main Group.
1814:The interior doorway of Structure 10L-22
1251:-ending. He also erected a stela at the
539:
3918:Schuster, Angela M.H. (May–June 1998).
3240:
2332:
1527:Instituto de Conservación Forestal and
1425:. Several expeditions sponsored by the
1150:
1127:
1003:
379:in 1980, and the site was designated a
3072:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3028:
3024:
3008:
2534:
2481:
2466:
2464:
2438:
2434:
1856:Phases of Temple 26 (Structure 10L-26)
1667:Phases of Temple 16 (Structure 10L-16)
960:, a bird that features prominently in
401:
319:. It was the capital city of a major
3913:(1). University of Pennsylvania: 4–6.
3671:The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings
3252:
3228:
3216:
3197:
2086:Stela P, depicting K'ak' Chan Yopaat.
1593:Stela M and the Hieroglyphic Stairway
278:
266:
256:
246:
237:
7:
3185:
3040:
2996:
2601:
2023:The Sepulturas Group is linked by a
1427:Peabody Museum of Harvard University
383:by the Honduran Government in 1982.
5379:Protected areas established in 1982
5359:Former populated places in Honduras
4041:Archaeology of Native North America
3930:Archaeological Institute of America
4088:"Hieroglyphs and History at Copán"
3901:Pezzati, Alessandro (April 2012).
1625:form was in use at both Tikal and
1501:.66 km (0.25 sq mi)
499:in 738, when the long-ruling king
25:
5384:Central American pine–oak forests
3584:Agurcia Fasquelle & Fash 2005
3451:Agurcia Fasquelle & Fash 2005
2547:Agurcia Fasquelle & Fash 2005
1444:gradually changed course, with a
296:is an archaeological site of the
5364:World Heritage Sites in Honduras
5309:Archaeological sites in Honduras
4492:
2315:
2303:
1238:K'ak' Chan Yopaat and Smoke Imix
1188:
1013:
697:Jaguar Mirror; Waterlily-Jaguar
117:
110:
89:
82:
61:
5299:1834 archaeological discoveries
1514:
308:, not far from the border with
215:Early Preclassic to Postclassic
4114:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4110:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1629:as well as in Central Mexico.
1598:Hieroglyphic Stairway and the
815:Ajaw K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
799:Ajaw K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil
576:Great-Sun First Quetzal Macaw
1:
1474:Copán Ruins Cultural Monument
670:
647:
639:K'altuun Hix, Tuun K'ab' Hix
628:
605:
586:
565:
202:
118:
90:
4207:University Press of Colorado
3928:. Vol. 51, no. 3.
3907:Pennsylvania Museum Archives
3722:University of Oklahoma Press
3289:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1152:Spanish conquest of the Maya
825:Smoke Shell; Smoke Squirrel
5374:Protected areas of Honduras
4043:. New York: Prentice-Hall.
3792:Looper, Matthew G. (2003).
1931:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
1731:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
1490:natural monument or feature
1450:archaeological stratigraphy
1395:Royal Audience of Guatemala
968:Other early dynastic rulers
761:B'utz' Chan; Smoke Serpent
5400:
5259:
4014:Cambridge University Press
1942:K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
1840:regional style of distant
1557:Map of the center of Copán
1462:Structures 10L–19, 20, 20A
1277:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
1264:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
897:The city was refounded by
783:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
522:
515:in the 16th century.
501:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
359:Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
241:UNESCO World Heritage Site
40:
29:
5257:
4490:
3983:Stanford University Press
3871:Maya Art and Architecture
3800:University of Texas Press
3761:10.1017/S0956536199101135
3677:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3600:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3551:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3523:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3470:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3447:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3436:British Museum Collection
3420:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3408:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3391:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3379:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3367:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3355:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3343:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3277:Sharer & Traxler 2006
3265:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2882:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2791:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2776:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2752:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2740:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2724:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2676:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2664:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2617:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2590:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2574:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2559:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2494:Stuart & Houston 1994
2419:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2407:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2078:Great Plaza of the Stelae
1538:Maya Site of Copan (1980)
1483:
1478:
1263:
777:Smoke Jaguar; Smoke Imix
287:
234:
76:
60:
54:
53:
3279:, pp. 68, 335, 339.
2778:, pp. 338, 341–342.
2726:, pp. 322, 333–338.
1535:World Heritage site
995:This article is part of
410:itself remains obscure.
98:Shown within Mesoamerica
41:Not to be confused with
4275:"Lost King of the Maya"
4252:Encyclopædia Britannica
3874:. London and New York:
3838:. London and New York:
3624:Martin & Grube 2000
3612:Martin & Grube 2000
3596:Martin & Grube 2000
3572:Martin & Grube 2000
3555:Martin & Grube 2000
3539:Martin & Grube 2000
3527:Martin & Grube 2000
3511:Martin & Grube 2000
3494:Martin & Grube 2000
3482:Martin & Grube 2000
3424:Martin & Grube 2000
3318:Martin & Grube 2000
3174:Martin & Grube 2000
3153:Martin & Grube 2000
3136:Martin & Grube 2000
3117:Martin & Grube 2000
3102:Martin & Grube 2000
3085:Martin & Grube 2000
3021:Martin & Grube 2000
2985:Martin & Grube 2000
2973:Martin & Grube 2000
2958:Martin & Grube 2000
2946:Martin & Grube 2000
2934:Martin & Grube 2000
2909:Martin & Grube 2000
2897:Martin & Grube 2000
2878:Martin & Grube 2000
2866:Martin & Grube 2000
2849:Martin & Grube 2000
2832:Martin & Grube 2000
2820:Martin & Grube 2000
2803:Sharer & Sedat 2005
2764:Martin & Grube 2000
2736:Martin & Grube 2000
2712:Martin & Grube 2000
2697:Martin & Grube 2000
2652:Martin & Grube 2000
2578:Martin & Grube 2000
2511:Martin & Grube 2000
2347:Martin & Grube 2000
1744:The West Court of Copán
1282:K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat
713:Ruler 8; Head on Earth
525:List of rulers of Copán
505:K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat
101:Show map of Mesoamerica
5344:820s disestablishments
5304:Maya sites in Honduras
4086:Stuart, David (1996).
4039:Snow, Dean R. (2010).
2456:Martin & Grube2000
2431:Martin & Grube2000
2322:Mesoamerica portal
2098:Tatiana Proskouriakoff
2087:
2079:
2071:
1988:
1876:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
1815:
1772:
1745:
1687:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
1643:
1594:
1558:
1390:
1360:
1273:
1195:Mesoamerica portal
954:Mesoamerican ballcourt
948:
894:
537:
474:
423:
36:Copan (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
4334:Actun Tunichil Muknal
3716:Kelly, Joyce (1996).
3598:, pp. 210, 192;
3449:, pp. 334, 340;
3422:, pp. 334, 340;
2171:K'inich Janaab' Pakal
2085:
2077:
2069:
1993:Hieroglyphic Stairway
1986:
1934:early 8th century AD
1879:early 5th century AD
1813:
1770:
1743:
1734:early 7th century AD
1690:early 5th century AD
1641:
1592:
1571:Mesoamerican ballgame
1556:
1403:Jean-Frédéric Waldeck
1388:
1358:
1271:
1143:Classic Maya collapse
946:
899:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
892:
831:Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat
560:K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
535:
468:
421:
178:14.83750°N 89.14250°W
5369:Pyramids in Honduras
4516:Altar de Sacrificios
4112:"Maya Site of Copan"
4016:. pp. 407–448.
3925:Archaeology Magazine
3667:Drew, David (1999).
3626:, pp. 194, 202.
3472:, pp. 334, 340.
3393:, pp. 342, 344.
2987:, pp. 203, 205.
2880:, pp. 197–198;
2523:Viel & Hall 2002
2433:, pp. 203–205;
2421:, pp. 339, 476.
1458:Carnegie Institution
1452:in a large vertical
1415:Frederick Catherwood
444:above mean sea level
129:Show map of Honduras
5314:Maya Classic Period
4098:on 16 December 2008
3920:"Copán Tomb Looted"
3876:Thames & Hudson
3840:Thames & Hudson
3749:Ancient Mesoamerica
3614:, pp. 194–196.
3541:, pp. 197–198.
3484:, pp. 193–196.
3369:, pp. 339–340.
3231:, pp. 278–279.
3119:, pp. 207–208.
3031:, pp. 134–135.
2975:, pp. 204–205.
2960:, pp. 203–204.
2948:, pp. 202–203.
2911:, pp. 200–201.
2805:, pp. 174–175.
2458:, pp. 206–207.
2441:, pp. 134–135.
2310:Honduras portal
2037:House of the Bakabs
1945:mid-8th century AD
1901:mid-5th century AD
1890:mid-5th century AD
1858:
1723:mid-6th century AD
1712:mid-5th century AD
1701:mid-5th century AD
1669:
1435:George Byron Gordon
1411:John Lloyd Stephens
864:Predynastic history
377:World Heritage Site
183:14.83750; -89.14250
174: /
50:
5334:426 establishments
4260:Maya Site of Copan
3866:Miller, Mary Ellen
2899:, pp. 198–199
2496:, pp. 23, 25.
2088:
2080:
2072:
1989:
1887:K'inich Popol Hol
1854:
1816:
1773:
1746:
1709:K'inich Popol Hol
1698:K'inich Popol Hol
1665:
1644:
1595:
1559:
1401:. French explorer
1399:Philip II of Spain
1391:
1361:
1274:
949:
895:
554:Alternative names
543:Name (or nickname)
538:
475:
424:
355:southern Maya area
206: 9th century
69:howler monkey gods
5284:IUCN Category III
5269:
5268:
5262:Pre-Columbian era
5207:
4716:Motul de San José
4349:Barton Creek Cave
4143:(versión digital)
4050:978-0-13-615686-4
4012:. Cambridge, UK:
3944:Sharer, Robert J.
1949:
1948:
1738:
1737:
1542:
1541:
1510:Cultural monument
1288:on the throne of
1231:
1230:
1006:Maya civilization
861:
860:
767:Chan Imix K'awiil
751:K'ak' Chan Yopaat
582:K'inich Popol Hol
422:Location of Copán
403:[oʃwitik]
381:cultural monument
298:Maya civilization
291:
290:
224:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
5391:
5319:Copán Department
5199:
4751:Punta de Chimino
4521:Arroyo de Piedra
4496:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4256:
4248:
4232:
4204:
4192:
4167:Fash, William L.
4153:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4094:. Archived from
4082:
4062:
4035:
4004:
3980:
3977:The Ancient Maya
3969:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3914:
3897:
3861:
3821:
3788:
3743:
3698:
3674:
3663:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3454:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3321:
3315:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2852:
2846:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2379:
2359:Fash, William L.
2356:
2350:
2344:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2019:Sepulturas Group
1952:Structure 10L-26
1859:
1848:Structure 10L-25
1829:Structure 10L-22
1804:Structure 10L-18
1798:eccentric flints
1749:Structure 10L-16
1670:
1647:Structure 10L-11
1549:Site description
1471:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1017:
1007:
992:
903:ochk'in kaloomte
835:763 – after 810
675:
672:
652:
649:
633:
630:
610:
607:
591:
588:
570:
567:
540:
405:
400:
340:Early Preclassic
329:Isthmo-Colombian
302:Copán Department
253:Cultural: iv, vi
207:
204:
189:
188:
186:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
147:Copán Department
130:
126:Copán (Honduras)
121:
120:
114:
102:
93:
92:
86:
65:
51:
21:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5253:
5210:
4888:
4865:
4497:
4488:
4320:
4315:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4221:
4195:
4181:
4165:
4161:
4159:Further reading
4156:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4101:
4099:
4085:
4065:
4051:
4038:
4024:
4007:
3993:
3972:
3958:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3917:
3900:
3886:
3864:
3850:
3824:
3810:
3791:
3746:
3732:
3715:
3687:
3666:
3652:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3561:
3553:, p. 340;
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:, p. 340;
3521:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3457:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3430:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3324:
3316:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3159:
3151:
3142:
3134:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:, p. 271;
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:, p. 286;
3039:
3035:
3023:, p. 204;
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:, p. 196;
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2623:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:, p. 333;
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2382:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2316:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2284:
2106:Motmot Capstone
2064:
2045:
2021:
1923:7th century AD
1912:7th century AD
1789:anthropomorphic
1633:Structure 10L-4
1587:
1551:
1493:
1479:Ruinas de Copán
1423:Alfred Maudslay
1383:
1341:
1266:
1240:
1227:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1138:Preclassic Maya
1005:
970:
887:
866:
703:Wil Ohl K'inich
673:
650:
631:
608:
589:
568:
550:
527:
521:
488:
463:
416:
398:
391:
243:
205:
182:
180:
176:
173:
168:
165:
163:
161:
160:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
72:
56:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5397:
5395:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Plan de Ayutla
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Piedras Negras
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Marco Gonzalez
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4239:
4238:External links
4236:
4234:
4233:
4219:
4193:
4179:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4124:
4107:
4083:
4063:
4049:
4036:
4022:
4005:
3991:
3970:
3956:
3940:
3915:
3898:
3884:
3862:
3848:
3830:Grube, Nikolai
3822:
3808:
3789:
3755:(2): 263–280.
3744:
3730:
3713:
3699:
3685:
3664:
3650:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3602:, p. 341.
3588:
3586:, p. 201.
3576:
3574:, p. 200.
3559:
3557:, p. 208.
3543:
3531:
3529:, p. 204.
3515:
3513:, p. 204.
3498:
3496:, p. 199.
3486:
3474:
3455:
3453:, p. 201.
3439:
3428:
3426:, p. 208.
3412:
3410:, p. 344.
3395:
3383:
3381:, p. 342.
3371:
3359:
3357:, p. 686.
3347:
3345:, p. 340.
3322:
3320:, p. 205.
3305:
3293:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3255:, p. 279.
3245:
3233:
3221:
3219:, p. 278.
3202:
3200:, p. 277.
3190:
3188:, p. 168.
3178:
3176:, p. 212.
3157:
3155:, p. 211.
3140:
3138:, p. 210.
3121:
3106:
3104:, p. 208.
3089:
3087:, p. 206.
3077:
3061:
3049:
3033:
3027:, p. 76;
3013:
3001:
2999:, p. 241.
2989:
2977:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2936:, p. 201.
2913:
2901:
2886:
2884:, p. 336.
2870:
2868:, p. 197.
2853:
2851:, p. 196.
2836:
2834:, p. 195.
2824:
2822:, p. 194.
2807:
2795:
2793:, p. 342.
2780:
2768:
2766:, p. 192.
2756:
2754:, p. 338.
2744:
2742:, p. 338.
2728:
2716:
2714:, p. 202.
2701:
2699:, p. 193.
2680:
2678:, p. 337.
2668:
2666:, p. 336.
2656:
2654:, p. 203.
2621:
2619:, p. 333.
2606:
2604:, p. 267.
2594:
2592:, p. 482.
2582:
2580:, p. 193.
2563:
2561:, p. 688.
2551:
2539:
2537:, p. 434.
2527:
2525:, p. 877.
2515:
2513:, p. 198.
2498:
2486:
2474:
2460:
2443:
2437:, p. 76;
2423:
2411:
2409:, p. 339.
2380:
2363:Davíd Carrasco
2351:
2349:, p. 209.
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2167:Maya maize god
2063:
2060:
2056:Cemetery Group
2044:
2041:
2020:
2017:
2009:Monument Plaza
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
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1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1819:Temples 10L-20
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
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1680:
1677:
1674:
1660:British Museum
1586:
1583:
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1525:
1521:
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1507:
1503:
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1499:
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1494:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1382:
1381:Modern history
1379:
1340:
1337:
1265:
1262:
1239:
1236:
1229:
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1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
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1067:
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1057:
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1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
969:
966:
962:Maya mythology
886:
883:
865:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
683:
682:
679:
676:
668:
662:
661:
656:
653:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
626:
620:
619:
614:
611:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
562:
556:
555:
552:
551:succession no.
547:
544:
523:Main article:
520:
517:
487:
484:
462:
459:
415:
412:
390:
387:
342:period to the
321:Classic period
317:mean sea level
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
239:
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235:
232:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
158:
154:
153:
140:
136:
135:
125:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:
106:
97:
88:
87:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
66:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5396:
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5380:
5377:
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5360:
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5330:
5327:
5325:
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5315:
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5310:
5307:
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5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
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5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5272:
5263:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:Joya de Cerén
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5205:
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5115:
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5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Moral Reforma
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
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5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Dzibilchaltun
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
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4980:
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4975:
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4908:
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4897:
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4862:
4859:
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4852:
4849:
4847:
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4807:
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4802:
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4779:
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4772:
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4759:
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4752:
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4709:
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4682:
4679:
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4654:
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4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Cotzumalhuapa
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Nohoch Cheʼen
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4246:"Copán"
4242:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4220:0-87081-822-8
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4180:0-85255-981-X
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4145:on 2011-09-14
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4113:
4108:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:Stuart, David
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4023:0-521-35165-0
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3992:0-8047-4817-9
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3957:0-85255-981-X
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3885:0-500-20327-X
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3849:0-500-05103-8
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3826:Martin, Simon
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3809:0-292-70556-5
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3731:0-8061-2858-5
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3711:9780195188431
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3686:0-297-81699-3
3682:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3651:0-85255-981-X
3647:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:Schuster 1998
3297:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:, p. 81.
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3059:, p. 78.
3058:
3053:
3050:
3047:, p. 78.
3046:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3011:, p. 79.
3010:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
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2607:
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2475:
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2461:
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2427:
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2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:9780195188431
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
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2327:
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2313:
2311:
2301:
2299:
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2289:
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2279:
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2266:
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2260:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
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1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
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1849:
1845:
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1839:
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1826:
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1812:
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1805:
1801:
1799:
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1742:
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1727:
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1708:
1705:
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1694:
1693:
1689:
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1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:talud-tablero
1620:
1619:
1618:talud-tablero
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1524:Administrator
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:IUCN category
1482:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:John G. Owens
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:Motagua River
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
990:
986:
984:
980:
974:
967:
965:
963:
959:
958:scarlet macaw
955:
945:
941:
938:
937:Robert Sharer
933:
930:
929:talud-tablero
924:
922:
917:
916:Copán Altar Q
912:
908:
904:
900:
891:
882:
880:
876:
872:
863:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:Smoke Monkey
808:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
646:
644:name unknown
643:
642:
638:
635:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
604:
602:name unknown
601:
600:
596:
593:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
548:
545:
542:
541:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:vassal state
493:
485:
483:
481:
472:
471:Henry Sandham
467:
460:
458:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
413:
411:
409:
404:
396:
388:
386:
384:
382:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
282:
274:
270:
263:
260:
252:
250:
242:
233:
228:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
197:
192:
187:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
113:
85:
75:
70:
64:
59:
52:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5271:
5201:
5122:San Gervasio
4962:Chichen Itza
4907:Aguada Fénix
4878:
4861:Zapote Bobal
4791:Takalik Abaj
4781:San Clemente
4434:Nim Li Punit
4250:
4200:
4170:
4147:. Retrieved
4140:the original
4135:
4116:. Retrieved
4100:. Retrieved
4096:the original
4070:
4040:
4009:
3976:
3947:
3933:. Retrieved
3923:
3910:
3906:
3870:
3834:
3794:
3752:
3748:
3717:
3702:
3670:
3641:
3619:
3607:
3591:
3579:
3546:
3534:
3518:
3489:
3477:
3442:
3431:
3415:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3243:, p. 5.
3241:Pezzati 2012
3236:
3224:
3193:
3181:
3080:
3064:
3052:
3036:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2953:
2941:
2904:
2873:
2827:
2798:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2731:
2719:
2671:
2659:
2597:
2585:
2554:
2549:, p. 4.
2542:
2530:
2518:
2489:
2477:
2426:
2414:
2366:
2361:"Copán." In
2354:
2293:Manche Ch'ol
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2043:Other groups
2036:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1774:
1748:
1747:
1720:Moon Jaguar
1666:
1646:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1575:
1560:
1543:
1465:
1461:
1439:
1418:
1407:Juan Galindo
1392:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1342:
1339:Later rulers
1333:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1275:
1258:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1065:Architecture
987:
981:, a site in
975:
971:
950:
934:
925:
902:
896:
867:
745:Moon Jaguar
528:
509:
489:
476:
456:
452:
448:Copán Ruinas
432:Copán Ruinas
428:municipality
425:
407:
394:
392:
385:
374:
367:
348:
337:
333:Maya peoples
325:Mesoamerican
314:
293:
292:
143:Copán Ruinas
32:Copan Ruinas
5229:Casa Blanca
5216:El Salvador
4967:Chunchucmil
4922:Balankanche
4831:Wajxaklajun
4796:Tamarindito
4776:San Bartolo
4706:Mixco Viejo
4661:Kaminaljuyu
4596:El Porvenir
4541:Cerro Quiac
4484:Xunantunich
4459:San Estevan
4414:Lower Dover
4209:. pp.
4205:. Boulder:
3073:Looper 2003
3069:Looper 1999
3057:Looper 2003
3045:Looper 2003
3029:Miller 1999
3025:Looper 2003
3009:Looper 2003
2535:Sheets 2000
2482:Stuart 1996
2439:Miller 1999
2435:Looper 2003
2114:Xukpi Stone
2049:North Group
2013:Great Plaza
1959:, jade and
1920:Smoke Imix
1909:Smoke Imix
1627:Kaminaljuyu
1506:Designation
1442:Copán River
1349:trade route
911:Teotihuacan
907:Siyaj K'ak'
687:B'alam Nehn
370:Copán River
351:epigraphers
344:Postclassic
304:of western
268:Inscription
181: /
157:Coordinates
5289:Maya sites
5278:Categories
5260:See also:
5244:San Andrés
5224:Cara Sucia
5137:Tortuguero
5012:Hormiguero
4987:Comalcalco
4957:Chinkultic
4942:Chacchoben
4816:Tres Islas
4701:Machaquila
4691:La Joyanca
4601:El Temblor
4586:El Mirador
4561:Chutixtiox
4551:Chitinamit
4464:Santa Rita
4409:Louisville
4369:Chaa Creek
4354:Cahal Pech
4344:Baking Pot
4318:Maya sites
4149:2010-02-26
4102:2010-04-10
3935:2010-04-06
3720:. Norman:
3675:. London:
3633:References
3253:Kelly 1996
3229:Kelly 1996
3217:Kelly 1996
3198:Kelly 1996
1928:Esmeralda
1706:Margarita
1585:Main Group
1516:Designated
1397:, to king
1253:Santa Rita
871:El Mirador
793:18 Rabbit
735:Tzi-B'alam
674: 485
651: 476
632: 465
609: 455
597:Great-Sun
590: 437
569: 437
461:Population
436:department
399:pronounced
271:1980 (4th
230:Site notes
169:89°08′33″W
166:14°50′15″N
5182:Yaxchilan
5112:Punta Sur
5047:Kohunlich
5007:Ekʼ Balam
4992:Dzibanche
4977:Chunlimón
4972:Chunhuhub
4884:El Puente
4761:Qʼumarkaj
4696:La Muerta
4686:La Corona
4681:La Blanca
4676:La Amelia
4606:El Tintal
4571:Dos Pilas
4503:Guatemala
4419:Lubaantun
4389:KaʼKabish
4189:474837429
4079:231630189
4059:223933566
3966:474837429
3785:161977572
3660:474837429
3186:Snow 2010
3041:Drew 1999
2997:Drew 1999
2602:Snow 2010
2298:Rastrojón
2288:El Puente
2062:Monuments
2001:Ballcourt
1977:spondylus
1906:Mascarón
1895:Papagayo
1782:sky deity
1778:roof comb
1717:Rosalila
1607:Acropolis
1600:ballcourt
1567:acropolis
1329:sacrifice
1171:Guatemala
1070:Astronomy
1055:Sacrifice
1050:Mythology
1035:Languages
847:Ukit Took
666:Muyal Jol
310:Guatemala
283:15.095 ha
258:Reference
199:Abandoned
5234:Cihuatán
5197:Yoʼokop
5097:Palenque
5092:Oxkintok
4952:Chicanná
4937:Calakmul
4932:Bonampak
4871:Honduras
4851:Zacpeten
4821:Uaxactun
4766:Río Azul
4756:Quiriguá
4721:Naachtun
4671:Kʼatepan
4651:Ixtonton
4526:Balberta
4511:Aguateca
4449:Pacbitun
4399:La Milpa
4384:El Pilar
4339:Altun Ha
4229:61719499
4032:33359444
4001:57577446
3894:41659173
3868:(1999).
3858:47358325
3832:(2000).
3818:52208614
3777:86542758
3769:26307992
3740:34658843
3695:43401096
2282:See also
2213:Stela 63
2207:Stela 19
2201:Stela 18
2195:Stela 17
2189:Stela 15
2183:Stela 13
2177:Stela 12
2162:Stela 11
2156:Stela 10
1917:Chorcha
1757:quetzals
1728:Purpura
1370:Palenque
1321:Calakmul
1298:Palenque
1294:Calakmul
1290:Quiriguá
1110:Medicine
1090:Textiles
1075:Calendar
1045:Religion
997:a series
921:Quiriguá
841:Yax Pac
819:749–763
803:738–749
787:695–738
771:628–695
755:578–628
739:553–578
729:Ruler 9
723:551–553
707:532–551
691:504–544
681:Ruler 6
549:Dynastic
497:Quirigua
414:Location
363:Quiriguá
306:Honduras
249:Criteria
220:Cultures
151:Honduras
139:Location
5249:Tazumal
5177:Xtampak
5117:Río Bec
5087:Ocomtún
5067:Mayapan
5052:Komchen
4947:Chactún
4917:Balamku
4902:Acanceh
4856:Zaculeu
4811:Topoxte
4801:Tayasal
4741:Pajaral
4736:Naranjo
4711:Montana
4636:Iximche
4616:Guaytán
4611:El Zotz
4591:El Perú
4581:El Chal
4576:El Baúl
4556:Chocolá
4536:Cancuén
4531:Bejucal
4474:Uxbenka
4454:Pusilha
4429:Minanha
4404:Lamanai
4359:Caracol
4266:"Copan"
4211:260–287
2275:Stela P
2269:Stela N
2263:Stela M
2256:Stela J
2250:Stela H
2244:Stela F
2238:Stela D
2232:Stela C
2226:Stela B
2220:Stela A
2149:Stela 9
2139:Stela 7
2133:Stela 4
2127:Stela 3
2121:Stela 2
2092:Altar Q
2033:cobbles
1975:pelts,
1957:mercury
1884:Motmot
1842:Yucatán
1785:Itzamna
1695:Yehnal
1652:Pawatun
1446:meander
1166:Chiapas
1161:Yucatán
1129:History
1120:Warfare
1115:Cuisine
1040:Writing
1030:Society
979:Caracol
879:peccary
659:Ruler 5
617:Ruler 3
513:Spanish
486:History
434:in the
395:Oxwitik
300:in the
273:Session
212:Periods
194:History
55:Oxwitik
18:Oxwitik
5187:Yaxuná
5172:Xpuhil
5167:Xlapak
5157:Xcaret
5132:Toniná
5107:Pomona
5062:La Mar
5032:Joljaʼ
5017:Izamal
4894:Mexico
4841:Xultun
4836:Witzna
4826:Ucanal
4786:Seibal
4656:Ixtutz
4626:Holtun
4621:Holmul
4479:Xnaheb
4439:Nohmul
4394:Kʼaxob
4379:Cuello
4364:Cerros
4326:Belize
4270:Curlie
4227:
4217:
4187:
4177:
4118:29 Jan
4077:
4057:
4047:
4030:
4020:
3999:
3989:
3964:
3954:
3892:
3882:
3856:
3846:
3816:
3806:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3738:
3728:
3709:
3693:
3683:
3658:
3648:
2375:
2365:(ed).
2143:K'atun
1973:jaguar
1961:quartz
1898:Ku Ix
1838:Chenes
1823:10L-21
1684:Hunal
1563:stelae
1286:vassal
1249:k'atun
1080:Stelae
1060:Cities
1025:People
999:on the
983:Belize
719:Sak-Lu
564:426 –
519:Rulers
5294:Copán
5162:Xelha
5147:Uxmal
5142:Tulum
5127:Sayil
5082:Muyil
5057:Labna
5042:Kiuic
5037:Kabah
5027:Jaina
5022:Izapa
5002:Edzna
4927:Becan
4879:Copán
4846:Yaxha
4806:Tikal
4771:Sacul
4731:Nakum
4726:Nakbe
4666:Kinal
4641:Ixkun
4631:Itzan
4546:Chama
4374:Colha
4132:(PDF)
3781:S2CID
3765:JSTOR
2328:Notes
2025:sacbe
1868:Date
1862:Phase
1679:Date
1673:Phase
1656:bench
1612:adobe
1578:sacbe
1488:III (
1310:k'ul
1284:as a
1176:Petén
1105:Dance
1100:Music
1095:Trade
624:Ku Ix
546:Ruled
492:Tikal
480:Tikal
440:Copán
408:witik
389:Names
294:Copán
49:Copán
43:Cobán
5192:Yula
5152:Uxul
5072:Maní
4982:Coba
4646:Ixlu
4469:Tipu
4225:OCLC
4215:ISBN
4185:OCLC
4175:ISBN
4120:2020
4075:OCLC
4055:OCLC
4045:ISBN
4028:OCLC
4018:ISBN
3997:OCLC
3987:ISBN
3962:OCLC
3952:ISBN
3890:OCLC
3880:ISBN
3854:OCLC
3844:ISBN
3814:OCLC
3804:ISBN
3773:OCLC
3736:OCLC
3726:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3691:OCLC
3681:ISBN
3656:OCLC
3646:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2112:The
2104:The
2054:The
2047:The
2007:The
1999:The
1991:The
1969:jade
1939:N/A
1873:Yax
1865:King
1834:Witz
1821:and
1761:tomb
1753:jade
1676:King
1605:The
1519:1982
1498:Area
1464:and
1433:and
1413:and
1317:ajaw
1312:ajaw
1296:and
875:Ajaw
854:17?
851:822
280:Area
4912:Aké
4268:at
3757:doi
2011:or
1454:cut
1085:Art
838:16
822:15
806:14
790:13
774:12
758:11
742:10
438:of
430:of
262:129
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857:–
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